Article(id=1215670323417108686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250118001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737129600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767991165, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767991165, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767991165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767991165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=251, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670323912036616, articleId=1215670323417108686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the effects of cooking method on the nutritional content of Chinese cuisine, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the modern catering industry, public awareness of dietary nutrition has significantly increased. Cooking method and the change of nutritional content of Chinese cuisine is a key issue in culinary science, and scientific and reasonable cooking method is essential for preserving the nutrients of the dishes. A comprehensive and systematic understanding of the characteristics of cooking methods is essential for elucidating its mechanism and minimizing nutrient loss during cooking. This paper reviewed recent research progress on the effect of cooking method on the nutritional content of Chinese cuisine. Analysis of the relevant literature demonstrated that cooking, as an important stage of food processing, not only altered the flavour and the texture of the dishes but also significantly effected their nutrient composition. This paper systematically examined the effect of water-based and oil-based cooking methods on the nutritional content of plant-based, animal-based and fungal-algal dishes in Chinese cuisine, so as to provide valuable insights for scientific cooking practices and nutritional dietary, which also offering critical data references for establishing intelligent nutrition databases.

, correspAuthors=Min ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-Jie DU, Jin-Chuan XU, Ya-Zhi CHEN, Hu-Ping YANG, Min ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324532793660, articleId=1215670323417108686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着现代餐饮业的快速发展, 大众对膳食营养关注度逐渐增强, 烹饪方式与中式菜肴营养成分变化是烹饪学中一个重点问题, 科学合理的烹饪方式有助于菜肴营养成分的保留。全面系统地了解烹饪方式特征, 对于深入探究其作用机制以及减少烹饪营养损失有一定意义, 本文综述了烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展, 对相关文献的分析结果表明, 烹饪作为食品加工的重要环节, 不但会对菜肴的风味和质地产生影响, 同时还会对其营养成分产生显著影响。本文以植物类、动物类、菌藻类中式菜肴为例, 重点阐述了以水为介质、以油为介质不同烹饪方式对其营养成分的影响, 对指导科学烹饪、营养就餐具有一定的意义, 同时, 还可对智能营养数据库的建立提供数据参考。

, correspAuthors=张民, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张民(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=A8ZI2A82MJ6k8ibYWENWmA==, magXml=bt+uzBrOHiTXLXBO3UFQEg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=M4YOkoIn8yeRIIO3pXTUpg==, pdfFileSize=545818, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dq8RsR7pMkB/S7GQ2uexlA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杜俊杰(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:

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杜俊杰(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:

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Yaan: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871565390555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=7, pageStart=194, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=101, authorNames=彭文明, journalName=中国食用菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭文明. 不同烹调方法对鲍鱼菇常量营养素含量的影响[J]. 中国食用菌, 2020, 39(7): 194-197., articleTitle=不同烹调方法对鲍鱼菇常量营养素含量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871628305117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=7, pageStart=194, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=102, authorNames=PENG WM, journalName=Chinese Edible Mushroom, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENG WM. Effects of different cooking methods on macronutrient content of abalone mushroom[J]. Chinese Edible Mushroom, 2020, 39(7): 194-197., articleTitle=Effects of different cooking methods on macronutrient content of abalone mushroom, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871737357022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=103, authorNames=方珂, journalName=爆炒香菇的工艺优化及 CFD 数值模拟分析, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方珂. 爆炒香菇的工艺优化及 CFD 数值模拟分析[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871825437407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=104, authorNames=FANG K, journalName=Process optimisation and CFD numerical simulation analysis of stir-fried shiitake mushrooms, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG K. Process optimisation and CFD numerical simulation analysis of stir-fried shiitake mushrooms[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871900934880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=17, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=105, authorNames=陈冬, 王瑞雪, 王红莉, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈冬, 王瑞雪, 王红莉, 等. 六种天然提取物对油炒香菇颜色、氧化稳定性和风味特征的影响[J]. 食品科学, 2025, 46(5): 17-29., articleTitle=六种天然提取物对油炒香菇颜色、氧化稳定性和风味特征的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686871972238049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=17, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=106, authorNames=CHEN D, WANG RX, WANG HL, journalName=Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN D, WANG RX, WANG HL, et al. Effects of six natural extracts on colour, oxidative stability and flavour profile of sautéed shiitake mushrooms in oil[J]. Food Science, 2025, 46(5): 17-29., articleTitle=Effects of six natural extracts on colour, oxidative stability and flavour profile of sautéed shiitake mushrooms in oil, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872051929826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=107, authorNames=朱政辉, journalName=三种香菇预制菜肴工艺研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱政辉. 三种香菇预制菜肴工艺研究[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872148398819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=108, authorNames=ZHU ZH, journalName=Research on the process of three kinds of mushroom pre-prepared dishes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU ZH. Research on the process of three kinds of mushroom pre-prepared dishes[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872240673508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=68, issue=null, pageStart=255, pageEnd=265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=109, authorNames=RIOUX LE, BEAULIEU L, TURGEON SL, journalName=Food Hydrocolloids, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RIOUX LE, BEAULIEU L, TURGEON SL. Seaweeds: A traditional ingredients for new gastronomic sensation[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2017, 68: 255-265., articleTitle=Seaweeds: A traditional ingredients for new gastronomic sensation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872349725413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=295, issue=null, pageStart=101, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=110, authorNames=CHEN K, ROCA M, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN K, ROCA M. Cooking effects on bioaccessibility of chlorophyll pigments of the main edible seaweeds[J]. Food Chemistry, 2019, 295: 101-109., articleTitle=Cooking effects on bioaccessibility of chlorophyll pigments of the main edible seaweeds, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872429417190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=100923, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=111, authorNames=GARCÍA FS, NEIRA MJ, PALACIOS VM, journalName=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GARCÍA FS, NEIRA MJ, PALACIOS VM, et al. From marine to fork: Effects of different cooking methods on the composition of sea lettuce[J]. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 2024, 36: 100923., articleTitle=From marine to fork: Effects of different cooking methods on the composition of sea lettuce, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686850556121979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850585482111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, companyId=1215686850556121979, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850598065025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, companyId=1215686850556121979, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津农学院食品科学与生物工程学院, 天津 300392)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686854842699945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of cooking method on the nutrient content of plant-based dishes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
嫩茎、叶、
花菜类
蒸制 芹菜抗坏血酸损失15%~27%;
胡萝卜维生素A损失20%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失14.2%、还原糖含量基本不变、花青素损失17.5%、总硫代葡萄糖苷降低15%
[15,21,24]
煮制 胡萝卜煮制维生素A损失30%;
小油菜、空心菜、芥蓝抗坏血酸损失80%、粗纤维损失约10%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失25.9%、花青素损失55.5%, 总硫代葡萄糖苷降低76%;
辣椒总多酚损失30%;
西兰花萝卜硫苷损失65.92%;
韭菜、菠菜、番茄中多酚含量降低10%~40%、总黄酮有20%~40%损失
[17-18,21-22,24-25]
炒制 芹菜抗坏血酸损失约60%;
胡萝卜维生素A损失15%;
小油菜、空心菜、芥蓝抗坏血酸损失50%、粗纤维损失约10%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失35.4%、花青素损失62%, 总硫代葡萄糖苷降低76%;
西兰花中萝卜硫苷损失82.91%;
韭菜、菠菜、番茄多酚含量损失10%、总黄酮损失10%~50%;
番茄炒制后, 番茄红素顺式异构体的比例上升
[21-22、24-25,27]
根茎类 蒸制 欧防风淀粉损失27%;
番薯蛋白质损失24%、还原糖损失41%、花青素损失43%;
马铃薯蛋白质损失1%、总淀粉损失15%、抗性淀粉损失74%、维生素C损失50%
[28,30,32]
煮制 欧防风淀粉损失75%;
番薯蛋白质损失41%、还原糖损失49%、花青素损失55%、维生素C损失80%;
马铃薯蛋白质损失2%, 总淀粉损失15%左右, 抗性淀粉损失76%、维生素C损失45%;
[28,30,32]
炒制 马铃薯蛋白质损失3%, 总淀粉含量损失30%, 抗性淀粉损失65%、维生素C损失49% [32]
), ArticleFig(id=1215686854997889204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烹饪方式对植物类菜肴营养成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
嫩茎、叶、
花菜类
蒸制 芹菜抗坏血酸损失15%~27%;
胡萝卜维生素A损失20%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失14.2%、还原糖含量基本不变、花青素损失17.5%、总硫代葡萄糖苷降低15%
[15,21,24]
煮制 胡萝卜煮制维生素A损失30%;
小油菜、空心菜、芥蓝抗坏血酸损失80%、粗纤维损失约10%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失25.9%、花青素损失55.5%, 总硫代葡萄糖苷降低76%;
辣椒总多酚损失30%;
西兰花萝卜硫苷损失65.92%;
韭菜、菠菜、番茄中多酚含量降低10%~40%、总黄酮有20%~40%损失
[17-18,21-22,24-25]
炒制 芹菜抗坏血酸损失约60%;
胡萝卜维生素A损失15%;
小油菜、空心菜、芥蓝抗坏血酸损失50%、粗纤维损失约10%;
红甘蓝可溶性糖损失35.4%、花青素损失62%, 总硫代葡萄糖苷降低76%;
西兰花中萝卜硫苷损失82.91%;
韭菜、菠菜、番茄多酚含量损失10%、总黄酮损失10%~50%;
番茄炒制后, 番茄红素顺式异构体的比例上升
[21-22、24-25,27]
根茎类 蒸制 欧防风淀粉损失27%;
番薯蛋白质损失24%、还原糖损失41%、花青素损失43%;
马铃薯蛋白质损失1%、总淀粉损失15%、抗性淀粉损失74%、维生素C损失50%
[28,30,32]
煮制 欧防风淀粉损失75%;
番薯蛋白质损失41%、还原糖损失49%、花青素损失55%、维生素C损失80%;
马铃薯蛋白质损失2%, 总淀粉损失15%左右, 抗性淀粉损失76%、维生素C损失45%;
[28,30,32]
炒制 马铃薯蛋白质损失3%, 总淀粉含量损失30%, 抗性淀粉损失65%、维生素C损失49% [32]
), ArticleFig(id=1215686855127912637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of cooking method on the nutrient content of animal dishes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
畜禽类 蒸煮 猪肉水分降低10%~20%, 脂肪减少43.46%, 单不饱和脂肪酸增加、饱和脂肪酸降低约28%;
羊肉水分降低30%、脂肪降低5%、对羊肉氨基酸和脂肪酸模式影响小;
[39,40,42]
炒制 牛肉丝蛋白质增加4%~8%, 脂肪增加3%~15%, 碳水化合物降低0.3% [45]
油炸 脂肪增加18%, 碳水化合物降低0.3%
水产类 蒸制 鮰鱼脂肪降低13%, 蛋白质增加17%;
牡蛎粗蛋白降低12%, 粗脂肪减少3%, 必需氨基酸指数较大
[51-52]
煮制 鮰鱼脂肪降低15%, 蛋白质增加12%;
牡蛎粗蛋白损失16%, 粗脂肪减少2%
[51-52]
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856398786756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

烹饪方式对动物类菜肴营养成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
畜禽类 蒸煮 猪肉水分降低10%~20%, 脂肪减少43.46%, 单不饱和脂肪酸增加、饱和脂肪酸降低约28%;
羊肉水分降低30%、脂肪降低5%、对羊肉氨基酸和脂肪酸模式影响小;
[39,40,42]
炒制 牛肉丝蛋白质增加4%~8%, 脂肪增加3%~15%, 碳水化合物降低0.3% [45]
油炸 脂肪增加18%, 碳水化合物降低0.3%
水产类 蒸制 鮰鱼脂肪降低13%, 蛋白质增加17%;
牡蛎粗蛋白降低12%, 粗脂肪减少3%, 必需氨基酸指数较大
[51-52]
煮制 鮰鱼脂肪降低15%, 蛋白质增加12%;
牡蛎粗蛋白损失16%, 粗脂肪减少2%
[51-52]
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856507838666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of cooking method on the nutrient content of mycorrhizal dishes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
菌菇类 蒸制 鹿茸菇多糖增加8.73%、蛋白质变化较小, 总酚含量增加7.4%,
膳食纤维增加4.86%;
金针菇黄酮含量显著上升13.47%, 蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、多糖、多酚含量分别降低28.70%、26.99%、38.45%、35.03%、49.94%;
香菇多糖含量增加5.58%
[58,60-61]
煮制 鹿茸菇多糖降低15.49%、可溶性糖降低43.28%、蛋白含量降低24.04%、总酚含量降低约20%、膳食纤维减少20.3%;
金针菇黄酮含量显著上升9.25%, 蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、多糖、多酚含量分别降低了61.86%、28.32%、45.31%、62.95%、60.58%;
香菇多糖含量降低22.20%、麦角甾醇增加30.22%;
鲍鱼菇蛋白质减少33%、可溶性蛋白损失48%, 总酚减少72%、维生素C减少68%
[58,60-61,63]
油炸 金针菇黄酮含量降低13.31%;
香菇多糖含量降低14.10%、麦角甾醇减少24.00%
海藻类 蒸制 海莴苣蛋白质减少30%、脂肪减少19% [69]
煮制 海莴苣蛋白质减少35%、脂肪减少31% [69]
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856671416533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670323417108686, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

烹饪方式对菌藻类菜肴营养成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 烹饪方式 营养变化 参考文献
菌菇类 蒸制 鹿茸菇多糖增加8.73%、蛋白质变化较小, 总酚含量增加7.4%,
膳食纤维增加4.86%;
金针菇黄酮含量显著上升13.47%, 蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、多糖、多酚含量分别降低28.70%、26.99%、38.45%、35.03%、49.94%;
香菇多糖含量增加5.58%
[58,60-61]
煮制 鹿茸菇多糖降低15.49%、可溶性糖降低43.28%、蛋白含量降低24.04%、总酚含量降低约20%、膳食纤维减少20.3%;
金针菇黄酮含量显著上升9.25%, 蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、多糖、多酚含量分别降低了61.86%、28.32%、45.31%、62.95%、60.58%;
香菇多糖含量降低22.20%、麦角甾醇增加30.22%;
鲍鱼菇蛋白质减少33%、可溶性蛋白损失48%, 总酚减少72%、维生素C减少68%
[58,60-61,63]
油炸 金针菇黄酮含量降低13.31%;
香菇多糖含量降低14.10%、麦角甾醇减少24.00%
海藻类 蒸制 海莴苣蛋白质减少30%、脂肪减少19% [69]
煮制 海莴苣蛋白质减少35%、脂肪减少31% [69]
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烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展
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杜俊杰 , 徐锦川 , 陈雅芝 , 杨户平 , 张民 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(14): 251-259
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(14): 251-259
烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展
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杜俊杰 , 徐锦川, 陈雅芝, 杨户平, 张民*
作者信息
  • 天津农学院食品科学与生物工程学院, 天津 300392
  • 杜俊杰(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张民(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:
Research progress on the effects of cooking method on the nutritional content of Chinese cuisine
Jun-Jie DU , Jin-Chuan XU, Ya-Zhi CHEN, Hu-Ping YANG, Min ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250118001
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随着现代餐饮业的快速发展, 大众对膳食营养关注度逐渐增强, 烹饪方式与中式菜肴营养成分变化是烹饪学中一个重点问题, 科学合理的烹饪方式有助于菜肴营养成分的保留。全面系统地了解烹饪方式特征, 对于深入探究其作用机制以及减少烹饪营养损失有一定意义, 本文综述了烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展, 对相关文献的分析结果表明, 烹饪作为食品加工的重要环节, 不但会对菜肴的风味和质地产生影响, 同时还会对其营养成分产生显著影响。本文以植物类、动物类、菌藻类中式菜肴为例, 重点阐述了以水为介质、以油为介质不同烹饪方式对其营养成分的影响, 对指导科学烹饪、营养就餐具有一定的意义, 同时, 还可对智能营养数据库的建立提供数据参考。

烹饪方式  /  中式菜肴  /  营养  /  理化性质

With the rapid development of the modern catering industry, public awareness of dietary nutrition has significantly increased. Cooking method and the change of nutritional content of Chinese cuisine is a key issue in culinary science, and scientific and reasonable cooking method is essential for preserving the nutrients of the dishes. A comprehensive and systematic understanding of the characteristics of cooking methods is essential for elucidating its mechanism and minimizing nutrient loss during cooking. This paper reviewed recent research progress on the effect of cooking method on the nutritional content of Chinese cuisine. Analysis of the relevant literature demonstrated that cooking, as an important stage of food processing, not only altered the flavour and the texture of the dishes but also significantly effected their nutrient composition. This paper systematically examined the effect of water-based and oil-based cooking methods on the nutritional content of plant-based, animal-based and fungal-algal dishes in Chinese cuisine, so as to provide valuable insights for scientific cooking practices and nutritional dietary, which also offering critical data references for establishing intelligent nutrition databases.

cooking method  /  Chinese cuisine  /  nutrition  /  physicochemical properties
杜俊杰, 徐锦川, 陈雅芝, 杨户平, 张民. 烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响的研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 251 -259 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250118001
Jun-Jie DU, Jin-Chuan XU, Ya-Zhi CHEN, Hu-Ping YANG, Min ZHANG. Research progress on the effects of cooking method on the nutritional content of Chinese cuisine[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 251 -259 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250118001
中式菜肴承载着悠久的饮食文化历史, 据不完全统计, 中式烹饪方式约有500余种, 常见的有蒸、煮、煎、炸、炒、焖、炖、烧等十余种, 多样化的烹饪方式制作出无数的舌尖美味, 形成了八大菜系, 不同的饮食文化也暗含着每个地区的风土人情与饮食习惯[1]。随着“健康中国2030规划纲要”的提出, 大众更加关注膳食营养平衡, 城乡居民膳食结构发生明显改变, 合理烹饪, 尽可能降低营养成分损失显得尤为重要。目前, 智能烹饪设备与传感技术在餐饮行业正发挥着越来越重要的作用。一方面, 智能烹饪设备以其精准的控温、定时等功能, 使得菜品的标准化生产成为现实; 另一方面, 传感技术如同敏锐的“味觉”与“嗅觉”探测器, 实时监测食材在烹饪过程中的细微变化, 为烹饪数字化搭建起稳固基石。二者紧密配合, 为烹饪数字化、满足消费者多元化需求提供一定理论基础[2]
国内以往的研究主要集中在中式菜肴的风味和感官质量等方面[3-7]。近年来, 随着预制菜[8]、智慧食堂的兴起, 标准化、数字化成为饮食行业的主要发展趋势。三餐数据智能营养化以及个性化膳食推荐正逐渐走进人们的生活。通过对各类食物营养成分的精准分析, 结合个人的身体状况、运动数据、饮食习惯等多维度信息, 智慧食堂软件系统能够为每个人量身打造专属的膳食方案, 依据智能推荐, 在每一餐中精准摄取所需营养, 让精准营养就餐成为现实。就目前食品营养检测状况来看, 现场实时操作基本不可行, 而且使用大型仪器意味着投入更多的时间成本和经济成本。而现有营养数据大多是针对生鲜食品原料检测所得, 而未考虑烹饪对其营养成分的影响。临床营养大多采用原料营养成分理论推算的方式, 但因生熟菜肴营养差异较大, 使该方法的准确性不高。因此, 研究烹饪前后营养物质变化能更好为大众提供营养健康指导服务, 从而助力“健康中国行动”之“合理膳食行动”落地。本文系统综述了烹饪对植物类、动物类、菌藻类菜肴营养成分的影响, 提出不同菜肴的推荐烹饪方式, 以期为指导大众营养就餐提供参考。
目前, 慢病高发越来越普遍, 主要诱因是不健康的生活方式[9], 其中, 全球1/5的人口死亡与饮食习惯密切相关[10]。《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》(以下简称《指南》)首次提出的“东方健康膳食模式”中建议居民摄入丰富的蔬菜水果、清淡烹饪, 以期指导改善大众营养健康状况。烹饪对于合理膳食至关重要, 不仅要清淡烹饪而且要选择适宜的烹饪方式, 《指南》中明确提出会烹会选[10-12]。根据传热介质的不同, 可将烹饪分为水介质(如煮、蒸)、油介质(如炒、炸)[13]。烹饪可以通过化学反应改变食物的风味和质地。例如, 糖和蛋白质之间的美拉德反应、焦糖化作用会使食物产生诱人的香味和色泽; 烹饪过程中蛋白质变性、淀粉糊化以及纤维软化会影响食物的质地, 使其更加柔软或富有弹性。通过对上述反应的深入研究, 可以更好地控制烹饪过程, 以实现特定的风味和质地效果, 增强食物的感官吸引力。同时变性蛋白通常比天然蛋白更易消化, 淀粉凝胶化能够改善淀粉酶的水解作用, 纤维素结构的破坏使某些营养物质更易溶出, 增加了食物的消化吸收性[14]
由于饮食习惯的不同, 国外食用蔬菜多选择生食、蒸或煮。对于蔬菜菜肴, 其基本营养成分的变化主要是烹饪损失导致, 植物化学成分主要是热降解以及食物基质软化引起的含量变化[14], 例如芹菜中抗坏血酸因其热不稳定性, 经烹饪加工后含量显著降低[15]。蒸煮虽然能在一定程度保持原汁原味, 但对于蔬菜中的植物活性成分有显著影响[16]。特别是, 热处理会加速抗坏血酸氧化为脱氢抗坏血酸, 随后水解为2,3-二酮古洛糖酸, 并最终聚合为其他无营养活性组分[17]。新鲜彩椒是抗氧化物质的良好来源, 但水煮会造成抗坏血酸含量的显著降低, 水煮时间以及用水量都会影响抗坏血酸保留率, 研究还发现抗坏血酸保留率与蔬菜组织相关, 较薄的细胞膜对热的渗透性更强, 导致细胞死亡时抗坏血酸快速浸出到水中[17]。有研究者以常见叶菜类为对象[18], 发现水煮也会造成氨基态氮和抗坏血酸的损失, 而对粗纤维含量变化影响较小, 仅降低10%。同样, 西兰花烹饪也有类似发现[19]。故对于嫩茎、叶、花菜类蔬菜煮制后应考虑营养损失量, 特别是水溶性且热敏性低的营养物质保留率小[20]。有大量研究发现, 蒸制时由于蔬菜未与水彻底接触, 营养损失小, 比如, 经过蒸汽处理后红甘蓝中抗坏血酸、总酚含量变化不明显[21]。西兰花中萝卜硫素含量虽随着烹饪时间增加呈降低趋势, 但蒸制后损失较少[22]。故从营养学角度考虑, 以水为介质的烹饪方式尽量避免采用水煮。在菜肴的加工过程中, 一部分营养成分会从固形物中进入汤汁, 而已有的报导在测定营养损失时只是测定了固形物中的营养成分变化, 而未考虑到营养成分从固形物向汤汁中的迁移, 因而会造成营养损失率的结果偏大。这一问题在今后的研究中应加以关注。
中式菜肴代表性烹饪方式是炒制, 传统的旺火急炒, 可以增加某些植物活性物质的可利用性[23], 利于蔬菜中抗氧化活性保留。戚浩彧[24]基于蔬菜的营养物质水平, 对其进行聚类分析, 选择不同种类典型蔬菜研究烹饪对营养的影响, 结果表明, 烹饪使蔬菜总体营养价值降低, 蒸煮后水溶性维生素损失较高, 为30%~40%, 矿物质损失超过20%; 炒制后矿物质损失为5%~20%, 总黄酮、总酚含量增加, 故建议蔬菜进行炒制, 尽可能保留蔬菜总体营养价值, 程爱青等[25]、陈建华[26]也有相似结果。此外, 炒制利于某些脂溶性营养成分的溶出, 对炒西红柿和西红柿汤中番茄红素变化进行探究, 发现经水煮后番茄红素基本保留在番茄组织中, 而炒制后番茄红素溶出, 更易于人体消化吸收, 同时番茄红素[19]顺式异构体比例增加, 也在一定程度上提高了其生物可利用性[27]。然而, 另一方面, 炒制过程也存在脂肪增加现象, 动物油富含饱和脂肪酸, 不利于心血管健康, 而植物油中不饱和脂肪酸高温下易氧化产生自由基, 会加速机体衰老, 合理控制食用油用量, 且交替使用不同种类油显得尤为重要。
根茎类蔬菜如莲藕、马铃薯、欧防风等, 其主要营养物质是淀粉, 作为饮食中主要热量来源, 不同的烹饪方式对其影响各异。由于淀粉在水中易于凝胶化和浸出, 经煮制欧防风中淀粉含量降低75%, 蒸制后含量下降幅度小, 为27%, 而且与煮制相比, 蒸制后适口性更好[28]。但在风味方面, 通过对莲藕研究发现, 由于随着煮制时间增加, 浸出的一些风味物质又重新被植物组织吸收, 会增加莲藕中大多数风味物质的浓度, 而在蒸制过程中, 随着水蒸汽的蒸发, 一些挥发性化合物也随之蒸发, 故蒸制莲藕似乎更清淡[29]。有研究者发现蒸制对于营养成分影响与微波相似, 番薯中蛋白质、还原糖以及淀粉物质等营养成分经蒸制和微波两种不同烹饪后有部分损失, 但两者之间无显著差异; 而水溶性物质例如花青素和抗坏血酸, 经微波和蒸制后营养流失也较少[30]。烹饪方式不仅影响营养物质的含量, 对于消化特性也有一定作用, 关键在于其对细胞结构的破坏程度, 营养物质的保留率也与烹饪紧密相连, 保留率高意味着人体能摄取更充足的营养。将马铃薯和山药进行烫漂、蒸制加工后, 原料淀粉结构变疏松, 暴露出更多酶和淀粉的结合位点, 使得消化率增加[31]。综上, 以水为传热介质的烹饪方式, 蒸制可以改善根茎类蔬菜营养特性, 增加食品可及性, 但其风味略有欠缺。
炒制和油炸是以食用油为传热介质的热加工方式, 炒制过程, 根茎类蔬菜中淀粉颗粒逐渐膨胀, 少量直链淀粉浸出, 随后淀粉颗粒破碎成片状。通过对比研究炒、烧、炸、蒸、焯对马铃薯营养成分影响, 炒制后的马铃薯在抗性淀粉保留方面表现突出, 比蒸煮后高10%, 可能是炒制温度高, 高温可以增加抗性淀粉含量[32], 这一点与ROSIN等[33]研究一致。炸薯条是淀粉基炸制食品的典型代表, 有研究显示油炸可以降低马铃薯食物的血糖指数, 这一点可能是由于油炸过程形成致密的外壳, 阻挡消化酶的进入, 影响淀粉消化率和体内葡萄糖反应[34-36], 但由于含油量高而且易于生成丙烯酰胺等有害物质, 特别是淀粉含量高的食品经油炸加工后其含量会更高[37], 故油炸对于淀粉类食品营养有明显的负面影响, 改进油炸工艺是亟需解决的一大问题。
表1列举了以水为介质和以油为介质的传统烹饪方式对植物类菜肴营养成分的影响, 由表1中数据分析可知, 蒸制处理对于抗坏血酸、可溶性还原糖等营养成分的损失较小, 是一种相对健康的烹饪方式, 炒制有助于脂溶性营养成分的吸收利用, 胡萝卜中维生素A炒制后损失最低, 约15%[24], 而煮制对于植物类菜肴营养成分的破坏较大, 一些活性成分多酚、花青素等损失严重。因此, 为保留植物类菜肴中丰富的活性成分, 膳食建议选用蒸制方式, 严格把控蒸制时间, 满足健康营养双需求。
畜禽类[38]包括猪、牛、羊等, 适量摄入畜禽类产品可以获取人体所需的脂肪、必需氨基酸、脂溶性维生素, 有助于维持人体营养平衡。烹饪不仅可以杀死食源性微生物保障肉品安全, 而且有助于改善风味, 提高消化, 对营养品质和食用品质都有一定改善。脂肪的营养价值一般通过多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值体现, 有研究者以猪肉为原料, 发现经蒸、煮后烹饪损失率明显低于炸和微波, 可能是由于炸和微波温度较高, 水分流失较多, 结果显示, 经4种烹饪方式后粗蛋白和灰分含量增加, 而且多不饱和脂肪酸显著增加, 这主要是由于在加热条件下, 饱和脂肪酸发生氧化脱氢反应, 生成相应的顺式不饱和脂肪酸, 提升了猪肉脂肪酸营养价值[39]。在研究红烧肉烹饪过程中也有类似发现, 原料肉经过焯水、炖煮后, 脂肪发生酯化反应, 饱和脂肪酸降解, 含量下降28%, 对人体有益的单不饱和脂肪酸显著增加[40]。CHEN等[41]在牛肉中也得到同样的结果, 经过热处理, 肉中脂肪酸谱发生改变, 生牛肉经水煮处理后, 多不饱和脂肪酸显著增加, 建议膳食中牛肉进行适当水煮处理。对羊肉进行烹饪研究, 经水煮后羊肉损失率最低、对营养成分破坏最小, 而且可能由于水煮温度较低, 对羊肉总氨基酸以及氨基酸模式影响较小。在感官方面, 肉质嫩度与口感是影响品质的关键因素, 羊肉经水煮后剪切力和咀嚼性都最小, 表明其嫩度较好, 但口感不佳[42]。为了降低营养物质损失, 满足当下大众健康需求, 一些新派烹饪方式, 例如真空低温烹饪[43]、纳米红外电热技术[44]等逐渐成为研究热点。
炒制是畜禽类常见烹饪方式之一, 研究发现肉经炒制后, 碳水化合物变化幅度小, 蛋白质含量有一定程度增加[45], 部分脂溶性维生素的吸收率得到提升, 而且炒制对于菜肴风味形成有良好促进作用, 让人更有食欲。小酥肉是油炸肉制品领域极具代表性的一道菜肴, 一般以新鲜猪肉或鸡肉为原料, 经高温短时油炸烹饪而成。为保证菜肴的适口性与安全性, 油炸工艺是研究重点, 随着温度和时间增加, 小酥肉中水分的降低速率先快后慢, 因为在高温油炸过程中, 大量水分快速汽化蒸发, 随着时间延长, 小酥肉表面形成脆皮, 减缓内部水分散失, 而内部肉条肌纤维受热紧缩, 咀嚼时更有层次感, 外酥里嫩的独特口味深受大众喜爱[46]。值得一提的是, 有研究发现低温定型高温加热的两次油炸工艺, 烹饪损失减小, 降低了营养物质的流失, 而且油脂氧化程度比直接油炸低, 更符合现代消费者对于美味健康的新追求[47]
作为世界第一大水产养殖国, 渔业发展目前仍主要以鲜销为主[48], 鱼类丰富的蛋白质和长链多不饱和脂肪酸越来越受到大众青睐[49]。传统的烹饪方式, 蒸、煮已广泛应用于鱼的加工, 蒸和煮作为湿法烹饪代表, 在感官方面提供了鱼肉柔软的质地, 利于人体消化吸收, 同时在营养价值方面, 蒸煮也体现了良好的效果。据报道, 煮制对于鱼类烹饪损失影响较低, 可能是温度较低且部分水分被重新吸回鱼体, 在营养方面, 经蒸或煮都可以有效避免鱼蛋白质、脂肪的过度氧化[50], 而且蒸制后鱼肉必需氨基酸指数最高, 蛋白质结构变化最小、消化率最高, 由于蒸制处理传热效率较高, 若达到相同中心温度, 蒸制所需热处理强度较低, 对于脂肪破坏小, 口感影响程度轻[51]。在牡蛎的烹饪中也发现, 经蒸制后营养成分损失最小[52]。然而, 在感官方面, 经蒸煮后鱼肉风味略有欠缺, 有研究发现镜鲤鱼经蒸制、煮制后, 5’-胞苷酸二钠(5’-cytidylic acid disodium salt, CMP)、5’-肌苷酸二钠(disodium inosine-5’-monophosphate, IMP)和5’-鸟苷酸二钠(guanosine-5’-monophosphate disodium salt, GMP) 3种呈味核苷酸含量显著降低, 但两种烹饪方式之间无显著差异[53], 而在咀嚼性方面二者存在显著差异, 水煮后硬度较大, 咀嚼性较差[54]。故综合而言, 水产类更适合蒸制, 一方面, 蒸制过程温度相对稳定且不会过高, 能有效减少高温油炸、油煎等方式带来的油脂摄入过量问题。另一方面, 由于水产富含优质蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素以及矿物质等, 过度的高温、长时间烹饪容易破坏这些营养物质的结构, 致使营养流失, 而蒸制以其相对温和的加热环境, 最大程度地保留了水产食材中的营养, 让消费者在享受美味的同时, 摄取充足的营养, 助力身体健康。
油炸食品因独特的口感而广受欢迎, 炸制过程, 通过食用油介质, 质量和热量进行传递, 食物失去水分的同时吸收油, 在油和高温(150~190 ℃)的双重作用下, 赋予了鱼肉独特风味和松脆质地[55], 但食用含油量高的食品可能导致肥胖、冠心病等。研究发现, 高温油炸会发生各种热诱导的化学反应, 例如脂质氧化、氨基酸降解等, 虽然脂溶性维生素较水溶性维生素热稳定性好, 但在氧气存在情况下, 高温会将其降解。据报道, 油炸后鱼肉中氨基酸含量降低幅度大[56], 烹饪用油的脂肪酸组成会影响杂环胺的形成, 不饱和脂肪酸稳定性差, 在高温情况下可能会诱导更多杂环胺的形成[57]。油炸虽能满足味蕾一时之欢, 却暗藏诸多健康隐患, 应尽量选择更健康的烹饪与饮食方式。
综上, 以水为介质的烹饪方式对动物类菜肴营养的保留更好, 具体营养变化见表2, 而且蒸煮方式, 不仅操作简单方便, 还可以降低蛋白氧化和脂肪氧化程度, 减少有害物质的产生。同时, 由于蒸制处理传热效率高, 达到相同中心温度所用的烹饪时间短, 对于肉类氨基酸和脂肪酸模式影响小, 研究表明, 蒸制后鱼肉的氨基酸评分高达97, 比煮制高约15, 其营养价值更高[42,51]。从营养学角度分析, 对于动物类菜肴的烹饪, 蒸制更符合当下人们的健康膳食需求。
全营养时代的到来, 推动了对非传统蛋白食品的研究, 食用菌营养丰富, 因高蛋白、低脂肪、含多种生物活性, 滋味鲜美, 被公认为是超级新型食品, 其富含植物蛋白, 对于素食者有更大的市场接受度, 但具有不良风味且口感差等不足, 需经烹饪加工后方能增强食用性。对菌菇热处理后发现, 经过水煮处理, 蛋白质、多糖、膳食纤维以及总酚含量损失最严重, 可能是在水煮过程中, 亲水性物质溶解到沸水中流失, 而经蒸制处理后, 营养物质保留较好[58-60], 这一点与嫩茎、叶、花菜类的研究类似, 但与此不同的是, 对香菇特征营养物质麦角甾醇进行测定分析, 发现经过水煮后麦角甾醇含量反而会增加约30%, 这是由于麦角甾醇不溶于水, 在煮制过程中香菇细胞壁被破坏, 麦角甾醇提取率增加[61]
蛋白消化率是评价蛋白质营养价值的重要因素, 研究表明, 经蒸制的黄牛肝菌中蛋白质的保留率以及消化率都较高, 蒸制是一种适宜菌菇的烹饪加工方式[62]。在感官方面, 彭文明[63]对鲍鱼菇研究发现, 水煮后虽然其蛋白质、抗坏血酸和总酚含量降低, 但核苷酸含量和游离氨基酸含量更高, 风味更好。因此, 应根据营养、风味等不同需求, 选择适宜的烹饪方式。
炒制是以油为介质的一种简单烹饪方式, 适用于香菇这类颗粒状食品的热加工, 炒香菇是一道常见的中式菜肴, 但有研究发现, 经高温炒制, 香菇中主要活性成分香菇多糖含量降低约20%, 其蛋白质含量也显著下降[64], 而且香菇经高温炒制发生美拉德反应, 菜品色泽变暗、感官属性降低, 基于此, 很多研究者在烹饪过程中, 放入肉桂、迷迭香提取物等香料, 发现美拉德反应生成的类黑素含量降低、显著抑制香菇褐变程度、改善菜品色泽, 同时对于油脂热加工的脂质氧化、蛋白氧化进行有效抑制[65]。为了减少以上不利影响, 也可对香菇进行焯水等适当预处理, 加速酶失活, 阻止氧化反应发生, 在一定程度上保持香菇良好的状态。此外, 科学合理的预处理, 利于延长香菇保质期, 开发菌菇类预制菜肴[66]
海藻作为源自海洋的独特叶菜, 以绿色、棕色、红色最为常见, 蕴藏着诸多出色的健康优势。其中, 可食用海藻蛋白极具亮点, 具备必需氨基酸这一关键特征, 其营养价值与鸡蛋蛋白不相上下。不仅如此, 海藻的纤维素含量高达约40%, 远超普通蔬菜, 能为人体肠道健康助力。同时, 它还是叶绿素、维生素B12等各类生物活性化合物的优质摄取源, 对维持身体的良好运转起着不可小觑的作用[67-68]。然而, 一些海藻相当坚硬, 生的时候很难咀嚼, 烹饪有利于其组织的软化, 改善其质地和感官特征, 海藻类的烹饪大多采用以水为介质的方式。紫菜是最常食用的棕色海藻, 有研究者发现, 紫菜在叶绿素色素的稳定性方面是最耐煮沸的海藻, 而绿色海藻经历了更高水平的叶绿素转化, 烹饪会诱导异源异构化反应[68]。在其他营养成分方面, 煮沸也是对海藻影响最大的处理, 与沸水的接触更利于其细胞破裂和可溶性化合物的迁移, 对于海莴苣蛋白质, 锌、钾等矿物质营养成分都有较大损失, 而蒸制对其营养特性影响小, 利于亚油酸和亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸的保留, 因此探究蒸制工艺条件对于更好获得海藻类营养极为重要[69]
烹饪对常见菌藻类菜肴营养成分影响的研究内容见表3, 目前, 菌菇类以多样化的烹饪方式出现在餐桌, 由具体的数据可知, 对于香菇多糖这种有抗氧化、增强免疫等多重生物活性的物质, 经过蒸制处理, 其多糖含量增加8%左右, 但煮制后多糖降低约20%, 而且水煮对于蛋白质、多酚等营养成分损失也更大[58,60]。香菇麦角甾醇是香菇的特征性营养成分, 也是维生素D的前体, 煮制处理更有利于素食者摄入维生素D[61]。因此, 在选取烹饪方式时, 一方面需考虑原料以及其特征营养成分的特性, 另一方面, 结合就餐需求, 选择科学健康的烹饪方式, 更好地保留食材的营养。
本文综述了以水为介质、以油为介质的传统烹饪方式对中式菜肴营养成分影响, 烹饪过程会引起动植物、菌藻类食物的结构变化, 进一步影响其感官特征和营养价值。以水为介质的烹饪方式中, 煮制对于植物类菜肴营养损失较大, 而且感官品质一般, 特别是热敏性低的原料, 建议采用蒸制或者旺火急炒的方式, 以减少营养损失。如果选择煮制, 尽量减少水量, 或者将煮汤回收利用; 此外, 淀粉类食品在油炸后易于生成有害物质, 应尽量避免此类烹饪方式; 相较而言, 微波烹饪加热速度快、时间短, 营养物质损失小, 其操作便捷, 对于即食食品也是理想的加工方式。而针对动物类菜肴, 蒸煮能有效提升脂肪的营养价值和蛋白的消化吸收率, 且由于蒸制的核心是食材与蒸汽充分接触, 保留了大量水分, 口感质地更优, 似乎是保持营养质量最佳的烹饪方式。同样, 以水为介质的蒸制对于菌藻类营养的破坏也比较小, 可以有效保障食材营养价值。近年来, 烹饪对中式菜肴营养影响越来越受公众关注, 根据营养变化合理选择烹饪方式以降低营养损失显得尤为重要。同时, 智能烹饪机器人的普及带动了产业的标准化, 通过探究烹饪对菜肴营养变化规律, 有助于构建更精准且全面的智能营养数据库, 以科学合理指导膳食, 为公众提供参考建议。
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250118001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
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    天津农学院食品科学与生物工程学院, 天津 300392

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*张民(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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