Article(id=1215670322397892727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990921, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990921, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670322838294681, articleId=1215670322397892727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid determination of ester content in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu by mid-infrared spectroscopy, columnId=1215670315447931654, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Non-destructive Detection Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a rapid quantitative detection method for ester content in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu by using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Methods The mid-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology combined with gas chromatography was used to detect Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. Partial least squares method was employed to establish mid-infrared quantitative detection models for ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and ethyl butyrate in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. Results The detection models for ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate exhibited linear coefficients (r2) exceeding 0.99 and root mean square error were below 0.07 g/L, indicating that the models had good goodness of fit and stability. The average relative error of the prediction results after external validation was lower than 3.50%, indicating that the models had good detection performance and the predicted values were close to the true values. Due to its low content and narrow spectral range, the prediction effect of the model for ethyl butyrate was poor. Conclusion This method have a good detection ability for the contents of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. It can meet the basic needs of enterprises for the rapid detection and analysis of crude Baijiu in daily production, providing a new development direction for the rapid detection analysis, and grading of Baijiu.

, correspAuthors=Yun TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-Jie DING, Hua-Ning HOU, Li-Rong LI, Dan HUAN, Ya-Xiong ZHAO, Yun TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324746703182, articleId=1215670322397892727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=中红外光谱法快速检测浓香型原酒中的酯类含量, columnId=1215670315653452572, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品无损检测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 运用中红外光谱法建立浓香型原酒中酯类含量的快速定量检测方法。方法 采用中红外光谱分析技术结合气相色谱法对浓香型原酒进行检测, 并利用偏最小二乘法分别建立浓香型原酒中己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯的中红外定量检测模型。结果 己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯检测模型线性关系(r2)大于0.99, 均方根误差低于0.07 g/L, 说明模型具有良好拟合度和稳定性。进行外部验证后的预测结果平均相对误差低于3.50%, 说明模型具有良好的检测效果, 预测值与真实值接近。丁酸乙酯由于其含量低, 光谱范围窄, 模型效果较差。结论 此方法对浓香型原酒中的己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量具有良好的检测能力, 能够满足企业对日常生产原酒进行快速检测分析的基本需求, 为白酒的快速检测、分析、定级等提供了新的发展方向。

, correspAuthors=唐云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐云(1974—), 男, 主要研究方向为酿酒生产工艺与白酒质量控制。E-mail:
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丁力杰(1993—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为白酒检测技术开发及风味成分研究。E-mail:

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丁力杰(1993—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为白酒检测技术开发及风味成分研究。E-mail:

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丁力杰(1993—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为白酒检测技术开发及风味成分研究。E-mail:

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Spectrochim Acta A, 2023, 284: 121790., articleTitle=FT-IR combined with chemometrics in the quality evaluation of Nongxiangxing Baijiu, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215670325061276019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215670325065470324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, companyId=1215670325061276019, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jinhui Liquor Co., Ltd., Longnan 742308, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215670325073858933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, companyId=1215670325061276019, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=金徽酒股份有限公司, 陇南 742308)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215670331377898176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatogram of Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu, figureFileSmall=be+T8dBDyS2ZHPiETd7nFQ==, figureFileBig=SDvsGMiKBr4q7L5nNGYlxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670331503727305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=图1, caption=浓香型原酒色谱图, figureFileSmall=be+T8dBDyS2ZHPiETd7nFQ==, figureFileBig=SDvsGMiKBr4q7L5nNGYlxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670331793134299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mid-infrared spectrum of Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu, figureFileSmall=swdwVNVYJDZrca7jLrhVoQ==, figureFileBig=WdyppLb0QJB593N6fJ/T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670331927352041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=图2, caption=浓香型原酒试样中红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=swdwVNVYJDZrca7jLrhVoQ==, figureFileBig=WdyppLb0QJB593N6fJ/T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670332074152688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation between predicted and true values of calibration and validation values, figureFileSmall=nKY+E2d4RoVjiwvNjAiVVQ==, figureFileBig=xIYxnD0pWOrFGuUJD4dlJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670332191593206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=图3, caption=校正集、验证集的预测值与真实值相关性

注: A. 己酸乙酯; B. 乙酸乙酯; C. 乳酸乙酯; D. 丁酸乙酯, 下同。

, figureFileSmall=nKY+E2d4RoVjiwvNjAiVVQ==, figureFileBig=xIYxnD0pWOrFGuUJD4dlJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670332325810946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Linear relationship between the predicted values and the chromatographic values, figureFileSmall=0zDBF7aeoi/LlcvtCLyxWg==, figureFileBig=KqBsc+LQMurtVv7n/ZF9Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670332434862859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=图4, caption=预测值与色谱值线性关系, figureFileSmall=0zDBF7aeoi/LlcvtCLyxWg==, figureFileBig=KqBsc+LQMurtVv7n/ZF9Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670332543914769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gas chromatograph condition parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置条件 参数
分流比 50:1
检测器温度/℃ 250
进样口温度/℃ 250
进样量/μL 1.0
N2流量/(mL/min) 30
H2流量/(mL/min) 40
空气流量/(mL/min) 350
柱流量/(mL/min) 1
), ArticleFig(id=1215670332644578078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气相色谱仪条件参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置条件 参数
分流比 50:1
检测器温度/℃ 250
进样口温度/℃ 250
进样量/μL 1.0
N2流量/(mL/min) 30
H2流量/(mL/min) 40
空气流量/(mL/min) 350
柱流量/(mL/min) 1
), ArticleFig(id=1215670332732658468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Retention times, linear ranges, regression equations and correlation coefficients of 4 kinds of esters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酯类物质 保留时间/min 线性范围/(g/L) 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
乙酸乙酯 8.246 0.983~3.473 Y=0.74789X+0.00938 0.9999
丁酸乙酯 12.148 0.049~0.350 Y=1.02661X-0.00043 0.9999
己酸乙酯 16.843 0.494~10.724 Y=1.17315X+0.00674 0.9999
乳酸乙酯 18.670 0.544~2.596 Y=0.61420X+0.00806 0.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1215670332820738857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4种酯类的保留时间、线性范围、回归方程和相关性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酯类物质 保留时间/min 线性范围/(g/L) 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
乙酸乙酯 8.246 0.983~3.473 Y=0.74789X+0.00938 0.9999
丁酸乙酯 12.148 0.049~0.350 Y=1.02661X-0.00043 0.9999
己酸乙酯 16.843 0.494~10.724 Y=1.17315X+0.00674 0.9999
乳酸乙酯 18.670 0.544~2.596 Y=0.61420X+0.00806 0.9999
), ArticleFig(id=1215670332917207855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optimal modeling bands for 4 kinds of esters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 最佳建模波段/cm-1 RMSECV
己酸乙酯 2727~2519, 1454~1246 0.0903
乙酸乙酯 4000~3792, 2727~2519, 2303~1670, 1454~1246 0.0370
乳酸乙酯 4000~3792, 2303~1670, 1454~1246 0.0619
丁酸乙酯 1454~1246 0.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333026259765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种酯类最佳建模波段

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 最佳建模波段/cm-1 RMSECV
己酸乙酯 2727~2519, 1454~1246 0.0903
乙酸乙酯 4000~3792, 2727~2519, 2303~1670, 1454~1246 0.0370
乳酸乙酯 4000~3792, 2303~1670, 1454~1246 0.0619
丁酸乙酯 1454~1246 0.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333168866105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting results of esters detection models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测模型 校正集决定系数(Rc2) RMSEC 验证集决定
系数(Rp2)
RMSEP
己酸乙酯 0.998 0.069 0.997 0.065
乙酸乙酯 0.994 0.031 0.993 0.028
乳酸乙酯 0.993 0.030 0.992 0.028
丁酸乙酯 0.919 0.017 0.890 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333286306625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酯类检测模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测模型 校正集决定系数(Rc2) RMSEC 验证集决定
系数(Rp2)
RMSEP
己酸乙酯 0.998 0.069 0.997 0.065
乙酸乙酯 0.994 0.031 0.993 0.028
乳酸乙酯 0.993 0.030 0.992 0.028
丁酸乙酯 0.919 0.017 0.890 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333399552838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Optimal number of principal components of the quantitative analysis models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测模型 符合占比/% 主成分数值
己酸乙酯 97.0 12
乙酸乙酯 100.0 11
乳酸乙酯 100.0 14
丁酸乙酯 46.0 10
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333512799053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

定量分析模型最优主成分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测模型 符合占比/% 主成分数值
己酸乙酯 97.0 12
乙酸乙酯 100.0 11
乳酸乙酯 100.0 14
丁酸乙酯 46.0 10
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333647016791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

External validation results of quantitative model for esters in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
编号
己酸乙酯 乙酸乙酯 乳酸乙酯 丁酸乙酯
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
NX-1 0.08 3.35 0.08 4.49 0.03 4.23 0.03 9.68
NX-2 0.04 1.65 0.06 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.02 9.52
NX-3 0.06 2.80 0.07 3.65 0.03 2.46 0.01 3.85
NX-4 0.08 4.06 0.07 4.86 0.01 1.00 0.02 16.67
NX-5 0.27 2.85 0.08 3.88 0.03 3.30 0.01 10.00
NX-6 0.06 1.67 0.04 2.86 0.00 0.00 0.02 25.00
NX-7 0.12 8.28 0.04 2.38 0.01 1.43 0.01 12.50
NX-8 0.09 4.74 0.01 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.03 27.27
NX-9 0.13 3.70 0.02 1.40 0.01 0.81 0.01 16.67
NX-10 0.17 3.14 0.07 4.52 0.03 1.70 0.03 33.33
NX-11 0.11 2.32 0.08 4.71 0.01 0.79 0.02 25.00
NX-12 0.02 0.93 0.04 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.02 25.00
NX-13 0.03 1.28 0.04 2.68 0.05 3.65 0.01 9.09
NX-14 0.08 4.06 0.09 4.57 0.02 2.11 0.03 30.00
NX-15 0.04 1.25 0.04 2.67 0.01 1.32 0.02 18.18
NX-16 0.04 0.77 0.04 2.63 0.04 3.67 0.05 35.71
NX-17 0.04 3.74 0.01 0.57 0.01 0.73 0.03 16.67
NX-18 0.08 5.37 0.09 3.96 0.01 0.97 0.02 9.09
NX-19 0.08 5.88 0.06 3.85 0.00 0.00 0.04 21.05
NX-20 0.04 2.33 0.06 3.61 0.02 2.30 0.04 44.44
NX-21 0.08 4.88 0.06 3.80 0.01 1.54 0.03 23.08
NX-22 0.03 2.80 0.07 3.26 0.05 7.58 0.01 6.67
NX-23 0.01 0.32 0.03 1.35 0.03 3.90 0.03 27.27
NX-24 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.02 22.22
NX-25 0.07 2.17 0.04 1.65 0.01 1.12 0.02 18.18
NX-26 0.06 1.49 0.05 2.86 0.04 3.31 0.01 12.50
NX-27 0.12 11.88 0.02 1.35 0.02 1.65 0.05 55.56
NX-28 0.09 2.74 0.07 4.27 0.09 10.34 0.03 9.68
NX-29 0.08 1.22 0.06 3.35 0.04 2.38 0.01 5.56
NX-30 0.08 3.85 0.04 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.01 11.11
NX-31 0.16 5.95 0.07 4.19 0.02 3.03 0.01 4.76
NX-32 0.09 3.54 0.06 3.66 0.04 4.94 0.02 10.00
NX-33 0.05 0.97 0.05 3.38 0.04 5.00 0.03 23.08
NX-34 0.07 0.93 0.06 2.24 0.03 4.35 0.01 6.25
NX-35 0.02 0.77 0.04 1.88 0.01 1.08 0.02 28.57
NX-36 0.06 1.08 0.08 4.76 0.01 1.06 0.02 33.33
NX-37 0.06 2.53 0.02 0.94 0.03 3.70 0.02 18.18
NX-38 0.12 5.02 0.08 4.30 0.06 4.92 0.02 8.00
NX-39 0.15 6.44 0.08 4.44 0.01 0.69 0.01 6.67
NX-40 0.10 4.17 0.05 2.28 0.03 3.30 0.02 20.00
平均相对误差/% 3.18 2.98 2.36 18.73
相对误差范围/% 0.32~11.88 0.44~4.86 0.00~10.34 3.85~55.56
相对误差小于等于10%占比/% 97.50 100.00 97.50 35.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215670333751874394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670322397892727, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

浓香型原酒中酯类物质定量模型外部验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
编号
己酸乙酯 乙酸乙酯 乳酸乙酯 丁酸乙酯
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
绝对
误差/(g/L)
相对误差
/%
NX-1 0.08 3.35 0.08 4.49 0.03 4.23 0.03 9.68
NX-2 0.04 1.65 0.06 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.02 9.52
NX-3 0.06 2.80 0.07 3.65 0.03 2.46 0.01 3.85
NX-4 0.08 4.06 0.07 4.86 0.01 1.00 0.02 16.67
NX-5 0.27 2.85 0.08 3.88 0.03 3.30 0.01 10.00
NX-6 0.06 1.67 0.04 2.86 0.00 0.00 0.02 25.00
NX-7 0.12 8.28 0.04 2.38 0.01 1.43 0.01 12.50
NX-8 0.09 4.74 0.01 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.03 27.27
NX-9 0.13 3.70 0.02 1.40 0.01 0.81 0.01 16.67
NX-10 0.17 3.14 0.07 4.52 0.03 1.70 0.03 33.33
NX-11 0.11 2.32 0.08 4.71 0.01 0.79 0.02 25.00
NX-12 0.02 0.93 0.04 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.02 25.00
NX-13 0.03 1.28 0.04 2.68 0.05 3.65 0.01 9.09
NX-14 0.08 4.06 0.09 4.57 0.02 2.11 0.03 30.00
NX-15 0.04 1.25 0.04 2.67 0.01 1.32 0.02 18.18
NX-16 0.04 0.77 0.04 2.63 0.04 3.67 0.05 35.71
NX-17 0.04 3.74 0.01 0.57 0.01 0.73 0.03 16.67
NX-18 0.08 5.37 0.09 3.96 0.01 0.97 0.02 9.09
NX-19 0.08 5.88 0.06 3.85 0.00 0.00 0.04 21.05
NX-20 0.04 2.33 0.06 3.61 0.02 2.30 0.04 44.44
NX-21 0.08 4.88 0.06 3.80 0.01 1.54 0.03 23.08
NX-22 0.03 2.80 0.07 3.26 0.05 7.58 0.01 6.67
NX-23 0.01 0.32 0.03 1.35 0.03 3.90 0.03 27.27
NX-24 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.02 22.22
NX-25 0.07 2.17 0.04 1.65 0.01 1.12 0.02 18.18
NX-26 0.06 1.49 0.05 2.86 0.04 3.31 0.01 12.50
NX-27 0.12 11.88 0.02 1.35 0.02 1.65 0.05 55.56
NX-28 0.09 2.74 0.07 4.27 0.09 10.34 0.03 9.68
NX-29 0.08 1.22 0.06 3.35 0.04 2.38 0.01 5.56
NX-30 0.08 3.85 0.04 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.01 11.11
NX-31 0.16 5.95 0.07 4.19 0.02 3.03 0.01 4.76
NX-32 0.09 3.54 0.06 3.66 0.04 4.94 0.02 10.00
NX-33 0.05 0.97 0.05 3.38 0.04 5.00 0.03 23.08
NX-34 0.07 0.93 0.06 2.24 0.03 4.35 0.01 6.25
NX-35 0.02 0.77 0.04 1.88 0.01 1.08 0.02 28.57
NX-36 0.06 1.08 0.08 4.76 0.01 1.06 0.02 33.33
NX-37 0.06 2.53 0.02 0.94 0.03 3.70 0.02 18.18
NX-38 0.12 5.02 0.08 4.30 0.06 4.92 0.02 8.00
NX-39 0.15 6.44 0.08 4.44 0.01 0.69 0.01 6.67
NX-40 0.10 4.17 0.05 2.28 0.03 3.30 0.02 20.00
平均相对误差/% 3.18 2.98 2.36 18.73
相对误差范围/% 0.32~11.88 0.44~4.86 0.00~10.34 3.85~55.56
相对误差小于等于10%占比/% 97.50 100.00 97.50 35.00
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中红外光谱法快速检测浓香型原酒中的酯类含量
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丁力杰 , 侯花宁 , 李利荣 , 郇丹 , 赵亚雄 , 唐云 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品无损检测技术 2025,16(14): 105-112
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品无损检测技术 2025, 16(14): 105-112
中红外光谱法快速检测浓香型原酒中的酯类含量
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丁力杰 , 侯花宁, 李利荣, 郇丹, 赵亚雄, 唐云*
作者信息
  • 金徽酒股份有限公司, 陇南 742308
  • 丁力杰(1993—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为白酒检测技术开发及风味成分研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*唐云(1974—), 男, 主要研究方向为酿酒生产工艺与白酒质量控制。E-mail:
Rapid determination of ester content in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu by mid-infrared spectroscopy
Li-Jie DING , Hua-Ning HOU, Li-Rong LI, Dan HUAN, Ya-Xiong ZHAO, Yun TANG*
Affiliations
  • Jinhui Liquor Co., Ltd., Longnan 742308, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331005
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目的 运用中红外光谱法建立浓香型原酒中酯类含量的快速定量检测方法。方法 采用中红外光谱分析技术结合气相色谱法对浓香型原酒进行检测, 并利用偏最小二乘法分别建立浓香型原酒中己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯的中红外定量检测模型。结果 己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯检测模型线性关系(r2)大于0.99, 均方根误差低于0.07 g/L, 说明模型具有良好拟合度和稳定性。进行外部验证后的预测结果平均相对误差低于3.50%, 说明模型具有良好的检测效果, 预测值与真实值接近。丁酸乙酯由于其含量低, 光谱范围窄, 模型效果较差。结论 此方法对浓香型原酒中的己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯含量具有良好的检测能力, 能够满足企业对日常生产原酒进行快速检测分析的基本需求, 为白酒的快速检测、分析、定级等提供了新的发展方向。

浓香型原酒  /  中红外光谱法  /  气相色谱法  /  定量检测

Objective To establish a rapid quantitative detection method for ester content in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu by using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Methods The mid-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology combined with gas chromatography was used to detect Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. Partial least squares method was employed to establish mid-infrared quantitative detection models for ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and ethyl butyrate in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. Results The detection models for ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate exhibited linear coefficients (r2) exceeding 0.99 and root mean square error were below 0.07 g/L, indicating that the models had good goodness of fit and stability. The average relative error of the prediction results after external validation was lower than 3.50%, indicating that the models had good detection performance and the predicted values were close to the true values. Due to its low content and narrow spectral range, the prediction effect of the model for ethyl butyrate was poor. Conclusion This method have a good detection ability for the contents of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu. It can meet the basic needs of enterprises for the rapid detection and analysis of crude Baijiu in daily production, providing a new development direction for the rapid detection analysis, and grading of Baijiu.

Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu  /  mid-infrared spectroscopy  /  gas chromatography  /  quantitative detection
丁力杰, 侯花宁, 李利荣, 郇丹, 赵亚雄, 唐云. 中红外光谱法快速检测浓香型原酒中的酯类含量. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331005
Li-Jie DING, Hua-Ning HOU, Li-Rong LI, Dan HUAN, Ya-Xiong ZHAO, Yun TANG. Rapid determination of ester content in Nongxiangxing crude Baijiu by mid-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331005
中国白酒历史悠久, 别具一格的酿造工艺为其带来了种类纷繁复杂的有机化合物, 这些有机化合物及其量比关系是造就中国白酒独特风味的根本原因, 主要包括有酯类、醇类、酸类、醛酮类、酚类等[1-2]。酯类物质作为白酒风味的骨架成分, 含量更是超过风味物质总量的一半, 直接影响着白酒的品质与口感[3-4]。在众多酯类物质中, 己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯并称为浓香型白酒中的4大酯类物质, 其含量高低对浓香型原酒的分级储存和酒体勾调具有直接影响[5]。当前对白酒中酯类物质成分的分析检测多采用气相色谱法[6-8]、高效液相色谱法[9-11]、质谱法[4,12]等, 并结合液液萃取法、固相微萃取法等前处理技术[13-15], 但其中普遍存在分析时间长、前处理烦琐、试剂消耗多、结果分析相对较慢等缺点, 不适用于对大批量、时效性要求高的原酒样品进行快速分析检测[16-17]。因此, 如何高效、快捷的对白酒企业生产原酒中的酯类物质进行分析检测, 是促进传统白酒生产企业向智能化酿造[18]、智能分级储存[19]转型的关键步骤之一。
红外光谱技术包括近红外光谱技术(0.8~2.5 μm, 12500~4000 cm-1)与中红外光谱技术(2.5~25.0 μm, 4000~400 cm-1), 因其检测效率高、操作简单、无需复杂前处理等特点, 逐渐成为白酒行业实现快速检测分析的新趋势[20-21]。该技术在白酒酿造的多个环节已具有一定的应用基础[22-23], 包括酿酒原料检测[24]、酒糟检测[25]、大曲差异评价[26]、分类鉴定[27]、等级划分[28]等方面。其中, 中红外光谱技术相较于近红外光谱技术具有更好的稳定性和重复性, 能够自动进样、自动恒温, 并配有专用清洗液彻底清除酯类残留, 使其在原酒酯类分析中更具优势[29]。利用中红外光谱技术, 并结合化学计量学方法对原酒特征吸收谱图进行预处理, 提取特征化合物信息, 确定关键波长, 建立相应化合物的定量分析模型并进行验证, 从而快速测定原酒中关键成分的含量。模型应用后能够极大地提升实际生产中对大批量原酒的检测效率, 从传统色谱分析一个样品至少需30 min, 缩短至测定一个样品仅需2 min。不仅为浓香型原酒中关键成分的分析提供了全新的思路和方法, 对整个白酒行业也具有很好的应用价值。
本研究以金徽酒股份有限公司生产的浓香型原酒为对象, 采用傅里叶变换中红外光谱分析仪(Fourier transform mid-infrared spectrometer, FT-MIR), 结合传统气相色谱法检测结果, 运用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)建立浓香型原酒中己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯4种酯类物质的中红外定量检测模型。利用绝对误差、相对误差及精密度符合占比分析中红外各模型的检测效果, 以期为浓香型原酒的快速检测、分析、定级等开拓新的方向。
1000个浓香型原酒试样、40个外部验证原酒试样(金徽酒股份有限公司)。
无水乙醇(HPLC级, 美国Sigma公司); 己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯[色谱纯, 阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司]; 乙酸正戊酯(20000 mg/L, 坛墨质检科技有限公司)。
FTB-2.0傅里叶变换中红外光谱分析仪(美国Perkin Elmer公司); 7890B气相色谱仪配备氢火焰离子检测器(gas chromatography-hydrogen flame ionization detector, GC-FID)、CP-WAX 57 CB毛细管柱(50 m×0.25 mm, 0.2 μm) (美国Agilent公司); SQP十万分之一电子天平[赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]。
使用Agilent 7890B气相色谱仪进行原酒中4种酯类物质含量的检测。设置升温程序为: 初始温度32 ℃, 保持4 min, 5 ℃/min升温至80 ℃, 再以20 ℃/min升温至180 ℃, 保持1 min。其他条件参数见表1
参照GB/T 10345—2022《白酒分析方法》中的方法进行定量分析。采用内标法进行定量计算, 以乙酸正戊酯溶液作为内标, 以酯类质量浓度与内标质量浓度的比值为横坐标(X, g/L), 各酯类峰面积与内标峰面积的比值为纵坐标(Y), 绘制标准曲线。
样品前处理: 在10 mL容量瓶中吸取0.1 mL乙酸正戊酯内标溶液, 用待测样品进行定容, 充分混匀后按色谱条件进行测定。
中红外光谱仪开机预热至少2 h后进行调零操作, 待调零结束且通过后进行试样检测。将100 mL原酒样品装入进样杯直接进样检测, 无需降度, 光谱范围4000~400 cm-1, 每个试样平行测定3次, 结果以光谱平均值表示。
将气相色谱测得的4种酯类物质含量数据分别与中红外光谱结合, 利用Unscrambler X 10.3软件对1000个酒样的光谱数据进行分析, 通过Kennard-Stone算法将其中900组样品数据按2:1的比例划分为校正集和验证集, 其余100组样品数据划分为预测集。采用后向区间偏最小二乘法(backward interval partial least squares, Bi-PLS)对光谱数据进行特征波段的选择, 以交叉验证均方根误差(root mean square error of cross validation, RMSECV)最小所对应的特征波段作为最佳特征波段。采用PLS法结合最佳特征波段建立化合物光谱与待测成分含量的线性模型, 实现光谱信息对4种酯类物质含量的快速定量检测。
内部验证通过模型相关性系数(R2)与均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)来评估建立模型的预测效果, 其中R2越接近于1, RMSE越小, 说明模型拟合效果越好[30]
利用建立的定量检测模型, 对未参与建模的100组预测集样品中4种酯类物质的含量进行预测, 依据相对误差小于等于10%的样品数占比进行判断, 筛选模型的最优主成分数, 并对最终模型的预测效果进行判断。
外部验证通过随机选取不同品质的40个浓香型原酒样品作为对象, 采用同1.2.1中的方法, 测定样品中4种酯类物质的含量, 并与中红外检测模型预测的结果进行对比, 通过计算绝对误差与相对误差, 判断所建立中红外定量检测模型的精确度及稳定性。
采用Origin 2018软件和Excel 2021软件进行数据分析处理; 采用Octave 9.2.0数据处理软件进行最佳建模波段的筛选; 采用Unscrambler X 10.3软件分别建立4种酯类的检测模型。
浓香型原酒试样色谱图如图1所示, 图中4种酯类峰型均为尖窄峰, 峰型标准, 可完全分离, 不受相邻物质干扰。
采用内标法计算原酒中4种酯类物质含量, 以酯类质量浓度与各内标质量浓度的比值为横坐标X, 各酯类峰面积与各内标峰面积的比值为纵坐标Y, 做线性回归方程, 结果见表2。4种酯类物质标准曲线相关性系数(r2)均达到0.9999, 峰面积与质量浓度间具有良好的线性关系。
1000组浓香型原酒试样的中红外光谱图见图2。其中3500~3300 cm-1、900~400 cm-1光谱范围内的曲线不平滑, 可在建模过程中去除此范围, 避免影响建模效果。根据相关研究, 酯类酯基中C=O与C-O-C伸缩振动频率分别位于1800~1700 cm-1与1240~1150 cm-1、1050~1000 cm-1, 能够突出酯类化学键在中红外区域的基频振动[31-32]。因此将4000~3500 cm-1, 3300~900 cm-1作为4种酯类物质中红外初步建模的特征波段。
使用Octave 9.2.0数据处理软件结合Bi-PLS法对光谱波长进行筛选, 将935个波长变量等分为17个子区间进行建模, 得到不同区间组合的PLS模型。从中筛选RMSECV最小的光谱区间, 结合初步得到的光谱特征吸收峰, 得到4种酯类物质检测模型的最佳建模波段, 结果见表3
使用Unscrambler X 10.3软件结合PLS法分别建立4种酯类物质的定量检测模型。4种分析模型的校正集(蓝)与验证集(红)的预测值与真实值关系如图3所示, 相关性系数(R)2与RMSE评估模型预测效果, 结果见表4。由图3中D可知, 原酒中丁酸乙酯质量浓度范围处于0.05~0.45 g/L之间, 含量低范围窄, 造成可采集的光谱信息有限, 模型建立效果相对较差。其余3种模型的校正集和验证集R2均大于0.99, 说明模型拟合度高, RMSEC与RMSEP均小于等于0.07 g/L, 表明所建模型的内部参数值均较小且相近, 模型具有良好的建立效果。
利用未参与建模的100组样品数据分别筛选各模型的最优主成分数值, 为确保模型检测效果, 主成分数不可过大(过拟合)或过小(欠拟合)。依据绝对误差(中红外预测值与真实值差值的绝对值与真实值之比)不超过10%的占比选取最优主成分数值[32]。结果如表5所示, 其中丁酸乙酯由于含量低, 光谱范围窄, 数据分散, 造成中红外模型预测结果误差较大, 绝对误差小于等于10%占比仅为46.0%。其余3种酯类中红外模型预测结果绝对误差小于等于10%的占比均超过95.0%, 说明在所选择的主成分数值下, 模型具有良好的检测效果。
利用随机选取不同品质的40个浓香型原酒样品作为外部验证对象, 使用建立的中红外定量检测模型测定4种酯类物质含量, 并与气相色谱结果进行分析对比, 判断检测模型的精确度与稳定性。4种酯类中红外定量检测模型的预测值与色谱值分布见图4, 其中己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯3种酯类的中红外预测值与气相色谱结果均在直线Y=X附近集中分布, 预测相关系数(R2)>0.99, 说明3种模型具有良好的预测能力。40个外部验证样品的绝对误差与相对误差分布见表6, 可知在4种酯类的中红外定量检测模型中, 由于丁酸乙酯在原酒中的含量低, 使其模型的预测效果较其他3种酯类差, 预测平均相对误差达到18.73%。其余3种模型己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯的预测平均相对误差均低于3.50%, 分别为3.18%、2.98%、2.36%, 效果优于利用近红外技术对相应指标的检测, 并与现有采用中红外技术进行的类似研究结果相近[22]。以上研究结果证明, 所建立的己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯中红外定量检测模型具有良好的检测效果, 能够满足企业对日常生产原酒进行快速检测分析的基本生产需求。目前, 利用中红外光谱技术对白酒相关指标的检测研究还包括酒精度[33]、酸类[34]、醇类[35]等, 所建立相应指标模型具有较好的检测效果, 这些研究证明了中红外光谱技术可有效应用于白酒体系中有机化合物的定性与定量分析。
本研究利用傅里叶变换中红外光谱技术, 结合化学计量学, 分别建立了浓香型原酒中己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯4种酯类物质的中红外定量检测模型。结果表明, 己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯3种模型线性关系(r2)大于0.99, 均方根误差低于0.07 g/L, 说明模型具有良好拟合度和稳定性, 对模型进行外部验证后的预测相关系数(R2)同样大于0.99, 平均相对误差依次为3.18%、2.98%、2.36%, 说明模型具有良好的检测效果, 预测值与真实值接近。以上3种模型能够充分满足白酒生产企业对大批量原酒进行快速检测的实际需求。丁酸乙酯由于其在原酒中的含量低, 光谱范围窄, 数据较为散乱, 预测相关系数(R)2为0.919, 平均相对误差为18.73%, 模型检测效果较为局限, 但可在一定程度上作为参考指标, 结合气相色谱检测结果, 监测生产趋势。
随检测技术的不断更新迭代, 中红外光谱法等快速检测技术在白酒行业的应用范围也越来越广泛, 其克服了传统检测方法费时、费力、消耗试剂量多、操作水平要求高等缺点, 极大地提高了对原酒中主要酯类指标的检测效率。尽管中红外光谱技术目前依然存在如前期建模需要积累大量数据、对低含量化合物的检测效果较差、需增加多维度检测指标等某些技术难题, 但其为白酒生产企业酿造原酒的快速检测、分析、定级等提供了新的发展方向, 是一种充满潜力的新型快速检测分析技术, 在白酒行业具有广阔的应用前景。
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331005
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
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    金徽酒股份有限公司, 陇南 742308

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*唐云(1974—), 男, 主要研究方向为酿酒生产工艺与白酒质量控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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