Article(id=1215670320787279956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250219002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990538, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990538, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670321240264813, articleId=1215670320787279956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid determination of the residues of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco metabolites in fish by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1215670312151208635, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment in Beijing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the determination of malachite green, crystal violet, leucomalachite green and leuco crystal violet in fish by solid-phase extraction (SPE) combine with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was subjected to protein precipitation and extraction with acetonitrile, followed by pass-through purification using an HMR-Lipid SPE column. The analytes were then separated by the BEH shield C18 chromatographic column using a mobile phase gradient with acetonitrile and ammonium acetate. The positive ion mode of the electrospray ionization source was used for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning, and the internal standard method was used for quantification. Results The linear ranges of the 4 kinds of target analytes were 0.20-10.00 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient (r) more than 0.999. The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/kg. The recoveries at 3 spiking levels (2, 5, 10 μg/kg) were 80.1%-105.2%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-14.3%. Conclusion The method is rapid, sensitive and accurate, and is suitable for the determination of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco metabolites in fish. It can provide support for quality control and market supervision.

, correspAuthors=Sai FAN, Rong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui-Ying TU, Dong CHEN, Wei LIU, Sai FAN, Rong ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670323136090291, articleId=1215670320787279956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其隐色代谢物残留量, columnId=1215670313522746049, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立固相萃取技术(solid-phase extraction, SPE)结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色孔雀石绿、隐色结晶紫的方法。方法 样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白并萃取后, 过HMR-Lipid SPE柱通过式净化。以乙腈和乙酸铵溶液为流动相梯度洗脱, 采用BEH shield C18色谱柱分离, 电喷雾离子源正离子模式进行多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)扫描, 内标法定量。结果 4种目标化合物的线性范围在0.20~10.00 ng/mL, 相关系数(r)大于0.999, 检出限为0.05 μg/kg。3个加标水平下(2、5、10 μg/kg)的回收率为80.1%~105.2%, 相对标准偏差为1.2%~14.3%。结论 本方法灵敏、快速、准确, 适用于鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其的隐色代谢物的检测, 可为鱼类的质量检测及市场监管提供技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=范赛, 赵榕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail: ;
赵榕(1969—), 女, 硕士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化。E-mail:
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屠瑞莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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屠瑞莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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注: 1为HLB-P/HMR-Lipid SPE柱100%乙腈提取液上柱; 2为HLB-P/HMR-Lipid SPE柱80%乙腈提取液上柱; 3为HMR-Lipid SPE柱100%乙腈提取液上柱; 4为HMR-Lipid SPE柱80%乙腈提取液上柱; 5为中性氧化铝柱。

, figureFileSmall=mHLNmZ5VO2UUouDakAT9Bg==, figureFileBig=oSvzHk0izI7YhKmkAOu2Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686854997885050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Gradient elution procedure of the mobile phase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min A/% B/%
0 25 75
4.0 100 0
5.0 100 0
5.2 25 75
), ArticleFig(id=1215686855127908486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流动相的梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min A/% B/%
0 25 75
4.0 100 0
5.0 100 0
5.2 25 75
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856382005392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main MS parameters of compounds such as malachite green

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 保留时间/min 母离子 锥孔电压
/V
子离子 碰撞电压
/eV
孔雀石绿 3.4 329.3 50 208.2 32
313.3* 32
隐色孔雀
石绿
4.5 331.3 66 239.3* 28
316.3 20
孔雀石绿-d5 3.4 334.2 44 318.1* 34
隐色孔雀石绿-d6 4.5 337.1 58 240.1* 28
结晶紫 4.2 372.1 30 340.2 60
356.1* 40
隐色结晶紫 4.6 374.1 25 342 55
358.2* 38
结晶紫-d6 4.2 378.2 78 358.1* 38
隐色结
晶紫-d6
4.6 380.2 18 258.6* 28
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856478474393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

孔雀石绿等化合物的主要MS参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 保留时间/min 母离子 锥孔电压
/V
子离子 碰撞电压
/eV
孔雀石绿 3.4 329.3 50 208.2 32
313.3* 32
隐色孔雀
石绿
4.5 331.3 66 239.3* 28
316.3 20
孔雀石绿-d5 3.4 334.2 44 318.1* 34
隐色孔雀石绿-d6 4.5 337.1 58 240.1* 28
结晶紫 4.2 372.1 30 340.2 60
356.1* 40
隐色结晶紫 4.6 374.1 25 342 55
358.2* 38
结晶紫-d6 4.2 378.2 78 358.1* 38
隐色结
晶紫-d6
4.6 380.2 18 258.6* 28
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856650440861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear equations, correlation coefficients and limits of detection of the target compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 曲线方程 相关系数
(r)
检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg)
孔雀石绿 Y=0.761147X+
-0.00498503
0.999 0.05 0.20
隐色孔雀石绿 Y=0.590031X+
0.00077132
0.999 0.05 0.20
结晶紫 Y=1.27175X+
0.0313064
0.999 0.05 0.20
隐色结晶紫 Y=0.712982X+
0.0157429
0.999 0.05 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856730132644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

目标化合物的曲线方程、相关系数和检出限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 曲线方程 相关系数
(r)
检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg)
孔雀石绿 Y=0.761147X+
-0.00498503
0.999 0.05 0.20
隐色孔雀石绿 Y=0.590031X+
0.00077132
0.999 0.05 0.20
结晶紫 Y=1.27175X+
0.0313064
0.999 0.05 0.20
隐色结晶紫 Y=0.712982X+
0.0157429
0.999 0.05 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856834990253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Recoveries and RSDs of the 4 kinds of target compounds (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 2 μg/kg 5 μg/kg 10 μg/kg
回收率
/%
RSD/% 回收率
/%
RSD/% 回收率
/%
RSD/%
孔雀石绿 95.4 4.0 92.4 4.4 93.2 5.8
隐色孔雀石绿 84.8 6.2 80.1 1.4 83.2 1.2
结晶紫 105.2 8.1 100.5 4.2 98.5 3.1
隐色结
晶紫
82.6 7.7 92.3 14.1 94.0 14.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856931459255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4种目标物的回收率和RSDs (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 2 μg/kg 5 μg/kg 10 μg/kg
回收率
/%
RSD/% 回收率
/%
RSD/% 回收率
/%
RSD/%
孔雀石绿 95.4 4.0 92.4 4.4 93.2 5.8
隐色孔雀石绿 84.8 6.2 80.1 1.4 83.2 1.2
结晶紫 105.2 8.1 100.5 4.2 98.5 3.1
隐色结
晶紫
82.6 7.7 92.3 14.1 94.0 14.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857032122557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of this proposed method with other methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品量 目标物 检测方法 提取方式
(净化材料规格)
前处理
时间/min
试剂
消耗量/mL
检出限
/(μg/kg)
回收率/% 参考
文献
鱼肉样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS S-MGCN (15 mg) 25 5 0.075 88.80~105.90 [12]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERs (1100 mg) 27 10 0.500 99.71~112.86 [18]
鱼虾样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (100 mg) 65 9 0.320~0.440 90.70~119.70 [21]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 40 36 0.030 84.30~100.70 [22]
水产样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 34 37 0.500 61.50~119.00 [24]
鱼肉样品0.5 g 隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS OA-MNBs (6 mg) 40 25 0.100 71.20~112.60 [29]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿 HPLC-UV MMIPs (50 mg) 167 21 0.500~0.600 88.90~102.00 [30]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (500 mg) 43 17 1.000 68.40~77.00 [31]
鱼虾样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (140 mg) 1080 51 0.100~0.200 70.00~120.00 [32]
鱼肉样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS dSPE+SPE 30 12 0.450~0.490 98.30~103.10 [33]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 12 20 0.05 80.1~105.2 本方法
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857195700425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320787279956, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

本方法与其他方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品量 目标物 检测方法 提取方式
(净化材料规格)
前处理
时间/min
试剂
消耗量/mL
检出限
/(μg/kg)
回收率/% 参考
文献
鱼肉样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS S-MGCN (15 mg) 25 5 0.075 88.80~105.90 [12]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERs (1100 mg) 27 10 0.500 99.71~112.86 [18]
鱼虾样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (100 mg) 65 9 0.320~0.440 90.70~119.70 [21]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 40 36 0.030 84.30~100.70 [22]
水产样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 34 37 0.500 61.50~119.00 [24]
鱼肉样品0.5 g 隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS OA-MNBs (6 mg) 40 25 0.100 71.20~112.60 [29]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿 HPLC-UV MMIPs (50 mg) 167 21 0.500~0.600 88.90~102.00 [30]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (500 mg) 43 17 1.000 68.40~77.00 [31]
鱼虾样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS QuEChERS (140 mg) 1080 51 0.100~0.200 70.00~120.00 [32]
鱼肉样品2.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿 UPLC-MS/MS dSPE+SPE 30 12 0.450~0.490 98.30~103.10 [33]
鱼肉样品5.0 g 孔雀石绿、 隐色孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色结晶紫 UPLC-MS/MS SPE 12 20 0.05 80.1~105.2 本方法
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超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其隐色代谢物残留量
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屠瑞莹 , 陈东 , 刘伟 , 范赛 * , 赵榕 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025,16(14): 57-63
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025, 16(14): 57-63
超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其隐色代谢物残留量
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屠瑞莹 , 陈东, 刘伟, 范赛* , 赵榕*
作者信息
  • 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100013
  • 屠瑞莹(1990—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail: ;
赵榕(1969—), 女, 硕士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化。E-mail:
Rapid determination of the residues of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco metabolites in fish by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Rui-Ying TU , Dong CHEN, Wei LIU, Sai FAN* , Rong ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250219002
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目的 建立固相萃取技术(solid-phase extraction, SPE)结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色孔雀石绿、隐色结晶紫的方法。方法 样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白并萃取后, 过HMR-Lipid SPE柱通过式净化。以乙腈和乙酸铵溶液为流动相梯度洗脱, 采用BEH shield C18色谱柱分离, 电喷雾离子源正离子模式进行多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)扫描, 内标法定量。结果 4种目标化合物的线性范围在0.20~10.00 ng/mL, 相关系数(r)大于0.999, 检出限为0.05 μg/kg。3个加标水平下(2、5、10 μg/kg)的回收率为80.1%~105.2%, 相对标准偏差为1.2%~14.3%。结论 本方法灵敏、快速、准确, 适用于鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其的隐色代谢物的检测, 可为鱼类的质量检测及市场监管提供技术支撑。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  孔雀石绿  /  结晶紫  /  隐色孔雀石绿  /  隐色结晶紫  /  鱼类

Objective To establish a method for the determination of malachite green, crystal violet, leucomalachite green and leuco crystal violet in fish by solid-phase extraction (SPE) combine with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was subjected to protein precipitation and extraction with acetonitrile, followed by pass-through purification using an HMR-Lipid SPE column. The analytes were then separated by the BEH shield C18 chromatographic column using a mobile phase gradient with acetonitrile and ammonium acetate. The positive ion mode of the electrospray ionization source was used for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning, and the internal standard method was used for quantification. Results The linear ranges of the 4 kinds of target analytes were 0.20-10.00 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient (r) more than 0.999. The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/kg. The recoveries at 3 spiking levels (2, 5, 10 μg/kg) were 80.1%-105.2%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-14.3%. Conclusion The method is rapid, sensitive and accurate, and is suitable for the determination of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco metabolites in fish. It can provide support for quality control and market supervision.

ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  malachite green  /  crystal violet  /  leucomalachite green  /  leuco crystal violet  /  fish
屠瑞莹, 陈东, 刘伟, 范赛, 赵榕. 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼类中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其隐色代谢物残留量. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250219002
Rui-Ying TU, Dong CHEN, Wei LIU, Sai FAN, Rong ZHAO. Rapid determination of the residues of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco metabolites in fish by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250219002
孔雀石绿和结晶紫都属于三苯甲烷类化合物、最初作为染料应用于纺织工业, 后来因其具有杀菌性和消毒性被应用于水产养殖业中[1-2], 用于预防和治疗养殖水产中的细菌、真菌感染, 以及养殖和运输环境的消毒[3-5]。然而, 随着研究的深入, 其潜在危害逐渐被揭示[6]。孔雀石绿和结晶紫被鱼类吸收后会代谢转化为隐色孔雀石绿和隐色结晶紫, 这些代谢物具有亲脂性, 易积聚在鱼的脂肪组织[7], 进而通过食物链被人体吸收[8]。有研究表明, 孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢产物都具有潜在的致突变、致癌性, 威胁人体健康, 其残留物还会污染养殖水系[9-10]。因此, 许多国家将孔雀石绿和结晶紫列为水产养殖禁用药物[11], 我国早在2002年就将孔雀石绿定为禁用渔药, 并将其列入了第一批“食品动物禁用的兽药及其他化合物清单”[12-13]
尽管有明确的禁令, 但由于孔雀石绿和结晶紫价格低廉且杀菌效果显著, 水产养殖中的非法添加仍时有发生, 屡禁不止。据市场监管部门的抽检数据显示, 淡水鱼是水产品中不合格率较高的品类, 孔雀石绿的检出情况时有发生[6,12,14]。这一现状凸显了加强水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留检测的紧迫性和重要性。
目前, 水产品中孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物的检测方法主要有酶联免疫吸附法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法等, 其中液相色谱-串联质谱法凭借其高灵敏度的优势, 应用最为广泛[4,15-16]。由于鱼类的样品基质复杂, 需要通过前处理过程去除样品中的磷脂和脂肪以降低目标化合物的干扰, 固相萃取(solid-phase extraction, SPE)是液相色谱-串联质谱技术最常使用的前处理方法[12,17-18]。传统SPE技术需要提取、净化、浓缩等步骤, 试剂消耗量大、前处理时间长。研究报道和预实验结果均表明孔雀石绿和结晶紫对光照、氧气、温度敏感, 在复杂的前处理过程中易发生降解[19-22]。以GB/T 19857—2005《水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留量的测定》为例, 其采用的中性氧化铝柱虽然可以实现目标物分离, 但基于极性相互作用的分离机制, 难以有效去除鱼类样品中的大量脂质杂质, 且净化后需要浓缩, 导致前处理时间较长。
针对上述问题, 本研究选用的HMR-Lipid SPE柱能高效从复杂基质中选择性吸附去除磷脂和脂肪, 同时采用通过式净化方式, 省去了活化、平衡、淋洗等过程, 提高了净化效率。并且在去除脂质干扰物的同时, 不会对目标化合物产生吸附。因此, 本研究优化了前处理方法, 采用HMR-Lipid SPE柱进行净化, 以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定, 同时检测孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色孔雀石绿和隐色结晶紫。研究成果有望为水产品质量安全监测提供更有效的技术手段, 保障消费者的健康。
实验购买鱼类样品购于北京市内各水产市场。取鱼肉样品约200 g, 切碎后用匀浆机匀浆, 制得试样, 备用。
乙腈(色谱纯, 北京Dikma公司); 乙酸铵(纯度为98%, 美国Sigma Aldrich公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
标准品: 孔雀石绿(纯度>99.9%, CAS号: 2437-29-8)、隐色孔雀石绿(纯度>97.3%, CAS号: 129-73-7)、结晶紫(纯度>93.0%, CAS号548-62-9)、隐色结晶紫(纯度>99.8%, CAS号: 603-48-5)、孔雀石绿-d5(纯度>98.4%, CAS号: 1258668-21-1)、隐色孔雀石绿-d6(纯度>99.8%, CAS号: 1173021-13-0)(中国TMstandard公司); 结晶紫-d6 (100 μg/mL, CAS号: 1266676-01-0)、隐色结晶紫-d6 (100 μg/mL, CAS号: 1173023-92-1)(天津First Standard公司)。
超高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪[Xevo TQ-S质谱仪, 配Acquity型液相色谱仪]、BEH shield C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)(美国Waters公司); JA2003天平(感量0.0001 g, 上海精科天平公司); 318K冷冻高速离心机(美国Sigma公司); MS3振荡器(德国Ika公司); 8011S组织匀浆机(美国Waring公司); KH 250DE超声波清洗器(昆山禾创公司); HMR-Lipid SPE柱(300 mg, 3 mL, 北京ANAVO公司)。
精确称取标准品各0.0100 g, 分别用乙腈溶解并定容至10 mL, 质量浓度为1000 mg/L, -18 ℃冰箱中保存。实验前根据需要, 用乙腈将标准储备溶液配制为适当浓度的标准使用液。
称取5 g(精确至0.1 g)均匀样品到50 mL离心管中, 准确加入500 μL混合内标工作液(100 ng/mL), 加入5 mL超纯水, 涡旋提取1 min, 再加入20 mL乙腈, 涡旋1 min, 振荡提取5 min。之后加入2 g氯化钠盐析分层, 以10000 r/min速度4 ℃离心5 min。
准确量取4 mL乙腈层上清液, 加入到HMR-Lipid SPE柱中。收集流出液, 取1 mL加入至棕色进样瓶中待UPLC-MS/MS分析。
UPLC条件为: BEH shield C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm); 流动相: 乙腈(A)、5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(B); 梯度洗脱程序见表1; 流速: 0.30 mL/min; 进样体积: 5 µL。
MS条件为: 离子源: 电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization, ESI)正离子模式ESI(+); 扫描方式: 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM); 毛细管电压: 3.19 kV; 离子源温度: 150 ℃; 脱溶剂温度: 500 ℃; 脱溶剂气流量: 1000 L/h; 雾化气、气帘气、辅助加热气由氮气发生器产生或使用高纯氮气, 碰撞气均为高纯氩气; 定性离子对、定量离子对, 锥孔电压及碰撞能量见表2
所有数据均表示为3次平行实验的平均值, 运用WPS表格(11.8.2)计算数据, 绘制图表。
孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢物均为碱性化合物, 使用BEH shield C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)分离效果较好, 峰拖尾情况改善[22-25], 能够在6 min内完成化合物的分离。本研究选用1.7 μm更小的填料内径, 分离度更好, 峰型更尖锐。
且乙腈作为流动相, 相比甲醇极性更高, 色谱峰强度更高、分离效果更好[22,26]。待测化合物正离子模式扫描, 选择乙酸铵作为缓冲溶液, 可以调节pH并促进化合物的电离, 提高灵敏度[23,26]。本研究比较了5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液和含0.1%甲酸的2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液作为流动相。结果表明添加甲酸后虽然隐色孔雀石绿和隐色结晶紫的色谱峰强度有所增高, 但杂质峰的响应更高。5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液的峰型更好, 且孔雀石绿和结晶紫的色谱峰强度更高。综合考虑, 选择25%乙腈, 75% 5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液作为初始流动相, 基线稳定且干扰较少, 化合物可以有效分离, 能够达到快速检测的目的。4种化合物及内标的MRM离子流图见图1
前处理过程比较了HMR-Lipid SPE柱和HLB-P/HMR-Lipid SPE柱2种新型通过式净化柱。这2种SPE柱均为动物性样品设计, 可高效去除脂肪、磷脂等杂质。由于2种SPE柱都适合乙腈提取液上样, 因此本研究进一步比较了100%乙腈和80%乙腈提取液的上柱净化效果, 其中100%乙腈提取液通过加入氯化钠盐析分层制备。为评估方法的可靠性, 本研究还比较了GB/T 19857—2005采用的中性氧化铝柱, 严格按照操作流程进行前处理, 各方法的回收率数据见图2。结果表明, 100%乙腈提取液通过HMR-Lipid SPE柱的净化效果更好, 基质干扰更少, 与文献[27]报道一致, 因此选择HMR-Lipid SPE柱作为样品的净化柱。
ESI源质谱分析过程中, 复杂基质中共萃取组分间的电离竞争效应会引发显著的基质效应, 导致目标离子信号出现抑制或增强现象, 进而影响定量分析的准确性。降低基质效应的常用策略主要包括同位素内标校正法和基质匹配标准曲线校正法。前者通过同位素标记物与目标分析物相似的物理化学性质, 补偿电离效率的波动; 后者则通过使用空白样品制备校准曲线, 模拟实际样品的基质环境。本方法综合运用上述两种校正策略: 选用阴性鱼肉样品按照1.3.1步骤制备基质匹配的标准曲线, 同时采用同位素内标校正, 能有效减少基质效应的影响。
以各目标化合物质量浓度为横坐标(X, ng/mL), 目标化合物与对应内标物峰面积比值为纵坐标(Y), 分别绘制标准工作曲线方程, 在0.20~10.00 ng/mL线性关系良好, 相关系数(r)均大于0.999。用空白样品做加标实验, 以信噪比(S/N)为3确定检出限, 以信噪比(S/N)大于10的浓度确定定量限, 4种目标化合物检出限为0.05 μg/kg, 定量限为0.20 μg/kg, 见表3。与GB/T 19857—2005方法的检出限相比(0.5 μg/kg), 本方法的检出限更低, 具有更好的灵敏度。
在空白样品中分别添加浓度为2、5、10 μg/kg的混合标准溶液, 每个浓度水平进行6次平行测定, 计算回收率。4种目标化合物的回收率范围为80.1%~105.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)范围为1.2%~14.3%, 结果见表4。表明本方法具有良好的回收率和精密度。
采用本研究建立的方法对北京市随机采购的40件鱼肉样品进行检测, 均未检出孔雀石绿和结晶紫及其代谢物。
孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其代谢产物在光照、氧气和高温等条件下容易发生去甲基化和氧化降解等反应[22,28], 因此研究过程中应注意避光, 超声过程中要注意水温不能太高。本研究中, 乙腈对于HMR-Lipid SPE柱净化和液相目标化合物分离都有较好的效果, 但是根据前期实验研究和文献报道[19], 目标化合物溶解在乙腈中易发生降解, 因此需要尽量缩短前处理时间。
将本方法与GB/T 19857—2005比较, 本方法无需淋洗、浓缩等步骤, 不仅简化了前处理过程, 还提高了灵敏度与准确度, 检出限(0.05 μg/kg)远低于国家标准方法(0.50 μg/kg)。将本方法与文献中的方法进行比较, 结果如表5所示, 本方法的检出限及回收率与列表文献方法相当或者更优, 且能够同时检测4种孔雀石绿类物质, 样品前处理所需的有机试剂更少(20 mL), 前处理时间更短(12 min)。
本研究采用鱼肉样品, 用乙腈萃取后一次性通过HMR-Lipid SPE柱, 相比传统方法省略了活化、淋洗和洗脱等步骤, 且收集的流出液无需浓缩即可直接上机测定, 试剂消耗和提取过程都有效减少, 能够在短时间内实现大批样品处理。本方法优化了前处理条件, 并通过检出限、线性、准确度、精密度和实际样品测定, 验证了方法的可行性。本方法可以快速、高效地对鱼类中的孔雀石绿、结晶紫及其隐色代谢物进行定性、定量分析, 为孔雀石绿、结晶紫、隐色孔雀石绿和隐色结晶紫这类兽药残留监测提供了技术支持。
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250219002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
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    北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100013

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*范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail: ;
赵榕(1969—), 女, 硕士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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