Article(id=1215670320338489388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250604001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990431, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=237, endPage=244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670321173155948, articleId=1215670320338489388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of characteristic flavor of typical meat products, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Meat products are essential for a balanced human diet due to their high protein content, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, and their flavor is a core attribute that determines their quality and consumer preference. Different types of meat products have distinctive flavor characteristics due to differences in processing techniques. The paper introduced 4 typical types of meat products: Cured meat products, soy sauce and marinated meat products, fermented meat products, smoked meat products, etc. Under the process of curing, soy sauce and marinade, fermentation, smoking, etc., their proteins, fats and microorganisms decomposed aldehydes, ketones, esters and other volatile flavors, to form a unique flavor profile. Based on these flavor formation characteristics, traditional flavor control technology through process optimization and spice compounding to achieve flavor improvement, and modern technology with the help of molecular analysis, microbial engineering and other means to achieve precise control, aimed to provide a reference for future research on the molecular mechanism of flavor formation of typical meat products, multi-omics linkage technology development and other fields, and to further promote the enhancement of the flavor and quality of meat products and sustainable development of the industry.

, correspAuthors=Gui-Shan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting WU, Ying-Lan LI, Jia-Xin CHEN, Yue REN, Fa-Bin YAN, Gui-Shan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670323920425226, articleId=1215670320338489388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=典型肉制品特征风味形成机制与调控技术研究进展, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肉制品由于其高蛋白质含量、维生素、矿物质和微量元素而对平衡人类饮食是必需的, 其风味是决定其品质与消费者偏好的核心属性。不同类型的肉制品因加工工艺的差异, 形成了各具特色的风味特征。本文介绍了腌腊肉制品、酱卤肉制品、发酵肉制品、烟熏肉制品4类典型产品腌制、酱卤、发酵、烟熏等工艺下, 利用自身的蛋白质、脂肪及微生物分解出醛、酮、酯等挥发性风味, 形成独特的风味特征。基于这些风味形成特点, 传统风味调控技术通过工艺优化与香辛料复配实现风味改良, 现代技术则借助分子分析、微生物工程等手段实现精准调控, 旨在为未来典型肉制品风味形成分子机制、多组学联用技术开发等领域的相关研究提供参考, 进一步推动肉制品风味品质提升与产业可持续发展。

, correspAuthors=刘贵珊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘贵珊(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏工程。E-mail:
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吴婷(1995—), 女, 硕士, 助理农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏工程。E-mail:

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DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101167, articleTitle=Characterization of key aroma compounds in roasted chicken using SPME, SAFE, GC-O, GC-MS, AEDA, OAV, recombination-omission tests, and sensory evaluation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215733050693046587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, awardId=31760435, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31760435), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215733046456799493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046469382406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046456799493, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046477771015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046456799493, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215733046549074184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046557462793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046549074184, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Center of Pingluo County, Shizuishan 753400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046561657098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046549074184, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 平罗县农产品质量安全中心, 石嘴山 753400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215733046628765963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046637154572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046628765963, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Nissin Foods (China) Holding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046645543181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, companyId=1215733046628765963, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 日清食品(中国)投资有限公司, 上海 200235)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215733050462359865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification and sources of flavor substances in typical meat products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式 关键风味物质 主要化合物 感官特征 主要生成途径 参考文献
腌腊肉制品 醇类 3-十二醇、4-甲基-5-癸醇、2,4-二甲基-2-戊醇、2-庚醇、芳樟醇、4-松油醇、松醇、1,3-丁二醇、(E)-2-壬烯-1-醇 茉莉花味、胡椒香气、丁香香气 糖类降解 [23]
吡嗪 3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪 青草香 羰氨反应 [23]
醛类 异戊醛 、庚烯醛和庚醛、反式-2-辛烯醛 奶油、果味 蛋白质分解 [23]
酮类 甲基庚烯酮、6-甲基-2-庚酮 青草香 脂肪氧化 [23]
酯类 苯乙酸乙酯 梨香 脂质水解 [23]
酚类 百里香酚、苯酚、愈创木酚、3-甲基愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚 烟熏香 微生物代谢 [6]
碳氢化合物 反-罗勒烯、β-月桂烯、6-松烯 柑橘香 微生物代谢 [23]
酱卤肉制品 酯类 乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、γ-丁内酯、茴香脑、 果香、酒香 脂肪氧化与醇类酯化 [24]
醛类 壬醛、己醛、反-2辛烯醛、壬醛、辛醛、苯乙醛、十二醛、癸醛、正庚醛、苯甲醛 脂肪香味 脂肪降解 [24]
醇类 α-松油醇、芳樟醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、 清香、 木香、脂肪香 脂肪的氧化降解、羰基化合物的还原 [10]
烃类 松油烯、γ-松油烯、α-石竹烯、D-柠檬烯、萜品 油烯、α-蒎烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、月桂烯 清香 脂肪酸氧化 [24]
酚类 丁香酚 辛香 微生物代谢 [24]
吡嗪 2-乙烷基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪 坚果香 美拉德反应 [24]
呋喃 2-正戊基呋喃 焦香 糖类高温分解 [24]
发酵肉制品 酯类 乙酸酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯 果香、花香、奶油 酯化反应 [17]
酸类 乙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、辛酸 酸香 微生物作用(乳酸菌、葡萄球菌代谢)对碳水化合物的分解 [13]
醛类 乙醛、己醛、壬醛、辛醛、庚醛、癸醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛 青草、坚果、麦芽 脂肪酸氧化、蛋白质水解和氨基酸降解 [13]
醇类 1-辛烯-3-醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙醇、芳樟醇 果香 脂质的降解和氧化 [13]
游离氨基酸与肽类 精氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、呈味肽 鲜味、咸香 内源性蛋白酶分解
蛋白质
[15]
烟熏肉制品 酚类 愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、丁香酚、苯酚、 烟熏香、木质香 木材、木质素热裂解(200~400 ℃) [19]
呋喃类 糠醛、5-甲基糠醛、5-羟甲基-2-糠醛 焦糖香、焦香 含己糖和戊糖单元的物质热解生成 [22]
吡嗪类 甲基吡嗪、二甲基吡嗪 烤香、坚果香 Strecker降解 [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050554634554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670320338489388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型肉制品特征风味物质分类与来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式 关键风味物质 主要化合物 感官特征 主要生成途径 参考文献
腌腊肉制品 醇类 3-十二醇、4-甲基-5-癸醇、2,4-二甲基-2-戊醇、2-庚醇、芳樟醇、4-松油醇、松醇、1,3-丁二醇、(E)-2-壬烯-1-醇 茉莉花味、胡椒香气、丁香香气 糖类降解 [23]
吡嗪 3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪 青草香 羰氨反应 [23]
醛类 异戊醛 、庚烯醛和庚醛、反式-2-辛烯醛 奶油、果味 蛋白质分解 [23]
酮类 甲基庚烯酮、6-甲基-2-庚酮 青草香 脂肪氧化 [23]
酯类 苯乙酸乙酯 梨香 脂质水解 [23]
酚类 百里香酚、苯酚、愈创木酚、3-甲基愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚 烟熏香 微生物代谢 [6]
碳氢化合物 反-罗勒烯、β-月桂烯、6-松烯 柑橘香 微生物代谢 [23]
酱卤肉制品 酯类 乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、γ-丁内酯、茴香脑、 果香、酒香 脂肪氧化与醇类酯化 [24]
醛类 壬醛、己醛、反-2辛烯醛、壬醛、辛醛、苯乙醛、十二醛、癸醛、正庚醛、苯甲醛 脂肪香味 脂肪降解 [24]
醇类 α-松油醇、芳樟醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、 清香、 木香、脂肪香 脂肪的氧化降解、羰基化合物的还原 [10]
烃类 松油烯、γ-松油烯、α-石竹烯、D-柠檬烯、萜品 油烯、α-蒎烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、月桂烯 清香 脂肪酸氧化 [24]
酚类 丁香酚 辛香 微生物代谢 [24]
吡嗪 2-乙烷基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪 坚果香 美拉德反应 [24]
呋喃 2-正戊基呋喃 焦香 糖类高温分解 [24]
发酵肉制品 酯类 乙酸酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯 果香、花香、奶油 酯化反应 [17]
酸类 乙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、辛酸 酸香 微生物作用(乳酸菌、葡萄球菌代谢)对碳水化合物的分解 [13]
醛类 乙醛、己醛、壬醛、辛醛、庚醛、癸醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛 青草、坚果、麦芽 脂肪酸氧化、蛋白质水解和氨基酸降解 [13]
醇类 1-辛烯-3-醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙醇、芳樟醇 果香 脂质的降解和氧化 [13]
游离氨基酸与肽类 精氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、呈味肽 鲜味、咸香 内源性蛋白酶分解
蛋白质
[15]
烟熏肉制品 酚类 愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、丁香酚、苯酚、 烟熏香、木质香 木材、木质素热裂解(200~400 ℃) [19]
呋喃类 糠醛、5-甲基糠醛、5-羟甲基-2-糠醛 焦糖香、焦香 含己糖和戊糖单元的物质热解生成 [22]
吡嗪类 甲基吡嗪、二甲基吡嗪 烤香、坚果香 Strecker降解 [22]
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典型肉制品特征风味形成机制与调控技术研究进展
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吴婷 1, 2 , 李应兰 2 , 陈佳鑫 1 , 任越 1 , 晏发斌 3 , 刘贵珊 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(14): 237-244
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(14): 237-244
典型肉制品特征风味形成机制与调控技术研究进展
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吴婷1, 2 , 李应兰2, 陈佳鑫1, 任越1, 晏发斌3, 刘贵珊1, *
作者信息
  • 1 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021
  • 2 平罗县农产品质量安全中心, 石嘴山 753400
  • 3 日清食品(中国)投资有限公司, 上海 200235
  • 吴婷(1995—), 女, 硕士, 助理农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘贵珊(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏工程。E-mail:
Research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of characteristic flavor of typical meat products
Ting WU1, 2 , Ying-Lan LI2, Jia-Xin CHEN1, Yue REN1, Fa-Bin YAN3, Gui-Shan LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2 Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Center of Pingluo County, Shizuishan 753400, China
  • 3 Nissin Foods (China) Holding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200235, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250604001
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肉制品由于其高蛋白质含量、维生素、矿物质和微量元素而对平衡人类饮食是必需的, 其风味是决定其品质与消费者偏好的核心属性。不同类型的肉制品因加工工艺的差异, 形成了各具特色的风味特征。本文介绍了腌腊肉制品、酱卤肉制品、发酵肉制品、烟熏肉制品4类典型产品腌制、酱卤、发酵、烟熏等工艺下, 利用自身的蛋白质、脂肪及微生物分解出醛、酮、酯等挥发性风味, 形成独特的风味特征。基于这些风味形成特点, 传统风味调控技术通过工艺优化与香辛料复配实现风味改良, 现代技术则借助分子分析、微生物工程等手段实现精准调控, 旨在为未来典型肉制品风味形成分子机制、多组学联用技术开发等领域的相关研究提供参考, 进一步推动肉制品风味品质提升与产业可持续发展。

酱卤肉制品  /  发酵肉制品  /  老汤迭代技术  /  微胶囊技术  /  等离子体技术  /  组学技术

Meat products are essential for a balanced human diet due to their high protein content, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, and their flavor is a core attribute that determines their quality and consumer preference. Different types of meat products have distinctive flavor characteristics due to differences in processing techniques. The paper introduced 4 typical types of meat products: Cured meat products, soy sauce and marinated meat products, fermented meat products, smoked meat products, etc. Under the process of curing, soy sauce and marinade, fermentation, smoking, etc., their proteins, fats and microorganisms decomposed aldehydes, ketones, esters and other volatile flavors, to form a unique flavor profile. Based on these flavor formation characteristics, traditional flavor control technology through process optimization and spice compounding to achieve flavor improvement, and modern technology with the help of molecular analysis, microbial engineering and other means to achieve precise control, aimed to provide a reference for future research on the molecular mechanism of flavor formation of typical meat products, multi-omics linkage technology development and other fields, and to further promote the enhancement of the flavor and quality of meat products and sustainable development of the industry.

sauced meat products  /  fermented meat products  /  old soup iteration technology  /  microencapsulation  /  cold plasma technology  /  histologic technology
吴婷, 李应兰, 陈佳鑫, 任越, 晏发斌, 刘贵珊. 典型肉制品特征风味形成机制与调控技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 237 -244 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250604001
Ting WU, Ying-Lan LI, Jia-Xin CHEN, Yue REN, Fa-Bin YAN, Gui-Shan LIU. Research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of characteristic flavor of typical meat products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 237 -244 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250604001
肉制品通常以畜禽肉类作主要原料, 通过腌、卤、酱、熏、烤、油炸、发酵等加工制作的半成品或熟肉制品。依据加工工艺的不同, 主要可分为腌腊肉制品、酱卤肉制品、烟熏肉制品和发酵肉制品等[1]。值得注意的是, 不同的加工工艺是塑造特征风味的核心驱动力。
肉制品风味的形成依赖于肌肉纤维、胶原蛋白含量、肉汁和脂肪等基质成分。在加工过程中, 这些基质经历前体物质的降解、脂类物质氧化、蛋白质反应等一系列变化产生, 最终产生构成风味的两大类物质: 挥发性化合物(醛类、酮类、酯类等)与非挥发性物质(氨基酸、多肽、核苷酸)[2]。作为满足消费者期望的核心要素之一, 研究者正积极探索多种途径以改善与调控风味: 一方面, 开发应用新兴热加工(如精准控温技术)和非热加工技术[如超声波、等离子体等][3]; 另一方面, 借助代谢组学、分子感官科学等创新方法解析关键风味化合物的形成机制。此外, 针对储存过程中风味劣变问题, 研究还聚焦于利用天然抗氧化剂结合纳米包埋/微胶囊技术以抑制氧化、延长缓释周期, 以开发智能包装材料实现风味品质的实时监测[4]
随着消费者对健康与风味多样化需求的提升, 系统性地解析加工技术对典型肉制品特征风味的影响并开发高效调控技术成为当前研究热点。为此, 本文将从特征风味及调控策略2个方面展开综述, 旨在为肉制品产业升级提供理论支持。
腌腊肉制品种类繁多, 主要有板鸭、腊鸡(风干鸡等)、腊肉、火腿等[5], 在不同腌腊肉制品中均检测到醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类、酚类及含硫含氮化合物等核心挥发性成分。
腌腊肉制品的风味多样性源于腌制工艺、脱水方式等主要加工工艺, 通过不同路径调控脂质氧化、蛋白质降解及微生物代谢, 形成特征风味。如, HAO等[6]在18个风干牛肉样品中检测到醇类、醛类和碳氢化合物, 占整体风味的76.49%。这是由于真空滚揉腌制工艺通过机械剪切破坏肌原纤维结构, 加速脂肪酸释放, 使醛类增加, 而低温风干抑制微生物过度繁殖, 保留脂氧酶活性, 持续催化不饱和脂肪酸氧化生成醛类与醇类。伊比利亚火腿通过低盐腌制结合长时间低温熟成, 这一过程能够促进微生物分解氨基酸, 生成含硫化合物。同时自然风干过程中, 内源蛋白酶缓慢降解肌原纤维蛋白, 释放的氨基酸与还原糖发生美拉德反应, 生成2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇(烤坚果味)等特征物质[7]。此外, 陇西腊肉独有的烟熏工艺使得木材热解产生萜烯类化合物, 具有独特风味[8]
值得注意的是, 腌腊肉制品的风味物质并非是单一成分, 而是由来源广泛、形成途径错综复杂的多种化合物组合而成, 这使得腌腊肉制品呈现出多种多样的风味特征。
酱卤肉制品的制作, 要历经预煮和浸泡使风味渗透、烧煮充分熟化, 以及酱制或卤制等关键工序, 最终形成特色风味[9]
风味主要源于原料肉中蛋白质与脂肪的热降解产物、美拉德反应生成的挥发性杂环化合物, 以及香辛料中萜类、酚类物质的协同作用[10]。在制作过程中, 预煮工序使脂肪细胞破裂, 释放的脂肪酸经高温卤制(95 ℃)氧化生成醛类, 如德州扒鸡的己醛、庚醛含量占比达45%, 是肉香的主要贡献者[11]。与此同时, 浸泡工艺通过渗透压作用促进香辛料中萜类物质(如八角中的D-柠檬烯、丁香中的丁子香酚)渗透至肉基质, 其与肌肉蛋白热降解产生含氮化合物[12]。此外, 高温卤制的焖煮工序会促进肌原纤维蛋白降解, 释放的游离氨基酸与还原糖发生美拉德反应, 生成少量呋喃类(焦香)物质, 同时乙醇与脂肪酸酯化生成乙酸乙酯, 而酯类(如乙酸乙酯)和醇类(如1-辛烯-3-醇)会进一步丰富风味的层次。
值得关注的是, 加工参数的细微差异会导致风味物质的组成显著波动。因此, 产品质量差异较大、加工损耗高仍是其发展的瓶颈问题。
发酵肉制品以新鲜肉类为原料, 在自然环境或者人工条件的控制下, 借助微生物代谢或酶催化的作用发酵制成的[13]。在发酵肉制品中, 产生独特风味的主要有发酵乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌、戊糖片球菌等微生物, 通过参与碳水化合物代谢, 或者加速脂肪、蛋白质分解转化, 在风味化合物的形成过程中扮演了重要的角色[14]。发酵肉制品的滋味物质以游离氨基酸、有机酸[15]为主要成分, 挥发性风味物质涵盖醇类、醛类、酸类等[13]
发酵肉制品以自然发酵为主, 主要利用不同的发酵剂, 通过控制发酵温度、时间等参数调控风味。比如金华火腿依赖乳酸菌葡萄球菌等多菌种协同, 赋予其脂香、花香等复合风味[14]。与此不同, WANG等[16]运用单菌种发酵, 接种木葡萄球菌YCC3发酵哈尔滨香肠, 发现该菌种能有效促进庚醛和2,4-癸二烯醛含量的提升。而发酵工艺的调整可通过影响微生物酶的活性重塑风味。蒋翠翠等[17]的研究表明, 在低温发酵下, 表皮葡萄球菌N30显著促进了酸肉中辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等化合物的生成, 其中壬醛和1-辛烯-3醇是形成脂香和花香等香气的关键成分。综上, 发酵菌株的种类、发酵工艺和配料等因素均对发酵肉制品风味有重要影响。
主要经熏制工艺加工而成的肉制品为烟熏肉制品[18]。其风味物质主要受烟熏过程作用影响, 从而实现酚类、呋喃类等特征风味物质的定向生成。冷熏工艺以木质素低温分解为风味的主要来源, 如达尔马提亚火腿利用在木质素在冷熏过程中生成4-甲基苯酚(5.1%)、4-甲基愈创木酚(3.9%)、4-乙基愈创木酚(3.2%)和2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2.6%)等酚类物质[19], 长时间熏制促进酚类物质沉积与蛋白质结合形成稳定风味复合体。中温热熏则兼顾酚类和酮类物质的产生, 欧式烟熏培根利用中温热熏, 使木质素分解成愈创木酚、紫丁香酚等酚类化合物, 同时脂肪氧化产生酮类物质, 使风味大幅提升[20]。而高温熏制会使得糖类热降解产物产生呋喃、吡嗪类, 增加焦香味。在贵州传统烟熏腊肉可鉴定出2-甲基呋喃(0.01%)、2-乙酰基呋喃(1.46%)、5-甲基糠醛(13.56%)[21]、糠醇(3.45%)和糠醛(9.54%)等呋喃类物质[22]
不同风味的烟熏肉制品不仅与熏肉品种、前处理方式、辅料等有密切关系, 熏制时间、温度等也是影响其种类和含量的重要因素。表1详细罗列了典型肉制品中的主要风味物质及其对应来源。
在调控典型肉制品风味进程中, 新型添加物技术正在引领风味精准化的变革。在腌腊肉制品中, VIDAL等[25]在咸肉中添加了3%赖氨酸和5%酵母提取物, 不仅有效缓解了低钠导致的风味缺陷, 还降低了酸味, 咸味和余味也得到了改善, 总体感官评价提高了27%, 为腌腊肉制品风味改良提供了氨基酸-酵母协同增效的技术范式。与此同时, 功能性多糖也在风味改良中被应用。SUN等[26]在鸭肉中添加了20 g/kg菊粉, 结果发现鲜味和甜味氨基酸的含量增加了2.63%, 并降低挥发性异味物质, 通过调节肉品内源性酶活性, 实现了风味的定向积累。
在酱卤肉制品中香辛料一直是塑造风味特征的核心要素。周少潼[27]使用水和乙醇两种提取方法制取了主效物质含量不同的八角茴香提取液, 并建立卤制体系应用于鸭肉卤制, 发现组氨酸、精氨酸、肌苷酸和鸟苷酸含量呈现上升趋势, 鲜味和咸味较为明显。深入分析发现, 香辛料不仅通过挥发性萜类、酚类物质赋予产品独特香气, 其非挥发性成分如氨基酸、核苷酸也参与风味构建, 如: 桂皮中的酚类抑制脂质氧化异味, 小茴香中的谷氨酸增强鲜味。进一步研究表明, 葛缕子种子精油等天然香辛料通过抑制美拉德褐变与调节酶促反应, 优化了风味物质的生成路径[28]。此外, 在发酵肉制品加工中, 香辛料的添加除了可以有效去除原料肉中的不良气味, 赋予产品独特的风味外, 更为关键的是为有益菌创造适宜的生长环境, 显著增强有益菌在生态竞争中的优势地位。
随着消费者对健康、天然食品的需求增长, 新型辅料研发将聚焦于天然、功能性成分。从药食同源植物中提取的生物活性成分, 如姜黄素、白藜芦醇等, 兼具抗氧化、抗菌与风味调节功能, 有望成为新型风味改良剂; 而纳米技术、微胶囊化等新型递送系统可实现辅料的精准释放与靶向作用, 进一步提升风味调控效率。
发酵肉制品品质的优劣与发酵剂的品质与类型密切相关。传统生产应用中, 添加单发酵剂和复合发酵剂是主要的接种方式。在开发新型发酵剂中, 通过筛选并优化菌种实现风味的精准调控。研究人员在自然发酵的牛肉干中成功分离筛选出乳酸片球菌BP2、清酒乳杆菌BL6和发酵乳杆菌BL11, 发现接种后酸度显著提高, 蛋白质、脂质氧化程度降低, 牛肉干风味明显改善, 其中乳酸片球菌BP2处理组感官评分最高[29]。在火腿发酵工艺中, WANG等[30]添加青霉及青霉和葡萄球菌混合发酵剂后, 均测出苯甲醛、苯乙醛、2-壬酮和芳樟醇, 2-庚酮含量更高, 使得火腿有更浓郁的果香, 且总氨基酸含量比自然发酵更高, 说明微生物发酵剂可以提供更好的风味。
近年来, 生物技术的飞速发展为新型发酵剂的筛选和构建提供了强大的助力。ZHAO等[31]基于代谢组学剖析了香肠发酵过程, 揭示了葡萄球菌、乳球菌和肠球菌在风味形成中的关键作用, 同时指出肠杆菌等可能与生物胺积累有关, 为菌种的筛选提供了精准靶点。XIAO等[32]利用高通量测序, 发现木糖葡萄球菌A2、植物乳杆菌R2能够增强哈尔滨干香肠中优势菌群的竞争力, 促进风味物质的积累, 为菌种配方的优化提供了依据。YANG等[33]通过基因组学分析, 证实了盐水弧菌和葡萄球菌对腊肉风味调控的重要作用, 从基因层面诠释了微生物与风味的内在联系。
以上研究表明, 新型发酵剂技术正从传统的经验式筛选向基于多组学技术的精准设计转变。通过对微生物代谢途径、菌群互作机制的深入解析, 科研人员能够开发出更具针对性、高效性的发酵剂产品, 实现对不同肉制品风味的精准调控。
在酱卤肉制品中, 老汤是决定风味的关键因素, 尤以烹制多次且融合多种原料的老汤为佳。例如, 反复烹制鸡的老汤, 经过长期熬煮, 会不断富集游离氨基酸、核苷酸等可溶性滋味物质, 还能够产生上百种挥发性气体成分, 比如: 醇、醛、酮、酯及一些含氧、硫、氮元素, 通过复杂的风味协同作用, 呈现出卤煮制鲜醇浓厚的独特滋味[34]。传统工艺的科学解构与参数优化成为技术升级的关键。如QIN等[35]采用三角感官试验和气相色谱-质谱法追踪老汤中挥发性成分, 发现八角茴香中的特征物物茴香脑(占挥发性成分的23%)在第3次复用时含量下降47%, 据此建立香辛料动态补加模型: 第2次复用时补加40%~50%八角茴香, 第3次追加20%~30%, 使风味物质保留率提升至82%。这一发现将经验性的“老汤养护”转化为可量化的工艺参数。近年来, 一些新型肉汤处理方式在提升风味方面也颇具成效。如: SUN等[36]开发了使用蒸汽预热联合微波烹饪处理肉汤的方法, 发现蒸汽预热处理有助于蛋白质更充分地展开构象, 促进其降解为氨基酸和核苷酸从肉中释放到肉汤中, 从而提高了肉汤的咸味感知。
老汤迭代可以使酱卤肉制品的风味更具独特性, 但是, 在炖煮过程中, 重复使用的腌料逐渐渗透在卤鸡中, 会导致杂环胺含量升高[37]。因此未来应建立老汤风味物质指纹图谱和残渣过滤净化技术, 结合机器学习算法预测最佳复用次数, 实现老汤风味的数字化调控, 使老汤迭代技术从技艺传承迈向现代食品工程。
作为一种新兴的非加热手段, 超声波通过空化效应和机械振动实现分子级风味调控, 在酱卤、腌腊肉制品中应用广泛。其空化作用能使肌原纤维蛋白展开, 暴露出疏水基团(如酪氨酸残基), 提升醛、酮类风味物质结合能力。ZOU等[38]报道, 牛肉超声处理后, 醛、酮、醇和其他与脂肪氧化相关的风味成分的含量增加, 800 W的功率下的超声波处理对于风味影响最大。而低频超声能够激活脂氧酶, 促进ω-3脂肪酸生成己醛(青草香), 同时抑制ω-6路径的壬醛(纸板味)生成。如: SUN等[39]在400 W超声解冻组中, 通过抑制脂质氧化和游离氨基酸降解, 有效减少了腊鸭的异味醛类, 提升了鲜味强度。微波加工与其他加工工艺相结合的模式也为风味调控提供了新思路。TONG等[40]发现用超声辅助磷酸盐固化联合处理后, 腌制鸡肉中酮、酸、脂、醇和风味成分(己醛除外)的总含量均有所增加。此外, JIANG等[41]在酱牛肉加工实验中对比发现, 发现与单一滚揉组相比, 超声辅助滚揉组处理后硫代巴比妥酸反应物质含量, 脂质氧化增加, 挥发性风味物质的种类和数量明显更多(P<0.05)。超声辅助滚揉组中, 300 W处理组挥发性物质增加幅度最大, 尤其是醇类、醛类和醚类, 有助于增强五香牛肉的整体风味特征。
超声波技术在典型肉制品中已经实现了风味定向调控, 要充分发挥其优势, 仍需进一步探索适合不同肉制品的超声功率、处理时间, 结合协同工艺, 精准、高效调控。
微胶囊技术是在食品材料上创建外膜或涂层等特殊材料用于保护和(或)保存生物活性、挥发性和易降解的化合物, 可以将流质体转化为粉末、隔离活性物质、抑制不良风味、保护不稳定组分以及控制成分释放的方向等。在发酵肉制品中展现出卓越的应用成效。邵爽[42]针对低温发酵肉制品牛干巴, 开发茶多酚-迷迭香提取物复合微胶囊, 发现其能够减少丙酮等不良风味物质生成, 同时激活脂肪酶活性, 促进亚油酸氧化生成壬醛、己醛等关键香气物质, 醛类物质含量显著高于空白组(P<0.05), 使牛干巴风味得到改善。SOLOMANDO等[43]将益生菌-风味物质复合微胶囊应用于干腌香肠, 通过双层包埋技术(外层海藻酸钠、内层壳聚糖)实现乳酸菌与风味前体物质的协同释放。在发酵过程中, 乳酸菌代谢产生的酯类物质(如乙酸乙酯)含量增加60%, 同时微胶囊缓释的香辛料精油(如迷迭香酸)使产品抗氧化能力提升35%。
当前, 多种微胶囊技术正在被开发。如: 使用精油包埋于多层壁材中, 在酱卤肉制品高温加工过程中, 精油风味保留率明显提升, 避免了因高温导致的风味损失; 微胶囊香辛料在腌腊肉制品中, 通过特定的香辛料精油使得挥发性成分在腌制阶段缓慢释放, 提高了香气物质的渗透深度。随着技术的不断发展, 未来有望开发出更多功能化、智能化的微胶囊体系, 进一步推动肉制品风味品质的提升与创新。
等离子体加工技术由介质气体在高压电场下发生电离, 产生活性氧自由基、活性氮自由基、正负离子等物质并改变肉制品中醇、醛和酯类等挥发性风味物质的组成和浓度从而影响风味[44]。LUO等[45]用不同电压(0、50、60、70 kV)处理腊肉发现, 随着处理电压的增加, 肌原纤维蛋白与正丁醛、庚醛和辛醛等醛类化合物的结合能力显著增强, 其中70 kV处理组通过激活脂氧酶活性, 促进亚油酸氧化生成醛类(占挥发性物质的38%), 同时通过蛋白构象改变增加风味物质结合位点, 使腊肉的脂香特征更为突出且持久。该技术为腊肉风味的标准化调控提供了新路径。在酱卤肉制品中, 王晨[46]利用天然精油协同低温等离子体处理盐水鸭, 发现等离子体处理可促进脂质氧化生成壬醛、正辛醛和2,6-二甲基吡嗪等化合物, 同时精油的添加通过清除自由基, 减少己醛、庚醛等不饱和醛, 以及丙酮、等酮类物质的生成, 虽然等离子体技术能够在一定程度上改善肉制品风味。然而, 该技术在实际应用中也存在一些局限性, 如当低温等离子体处理时间为9 min时, 肉丸出现明显异味[47]。因此, 在实际应用中, 需要根据肉品的种类和处理条件, 合理选择等离子体处理参数, 以充分发挥其优势, 同时避免其潜在的负面影响。
与肉类风味和味道特征相关的代谢组学分析主要针对脂质和蛋白质的代谢物进行, 这些代谢物可分为脂质组学和风味代谢组学, 脂质组学通过研究脂质成分和含量来研究细胞脂质代谢, 而风味代谢组学则深入研究挥发性化合物和氨基酸的代谢过程, 多组学基于生物信息学分析来识别大数据中的表达差异并预测潜在的生物标志物[48]。转录组学探索有可能产生更好肉质的基因, 特别是那些涉及背最长肌肌内脂肪比例和组成的基因。蛋白质组学则聚焦于加工过程中蛋白质结构与功能的改变, 阐释其对风味物质生成与稳定的作用机制。例如, SIMUNE等[49]利用蛋白质组、肽组和代谢组技术分析发酵香肠中风味物质, 发现几乎所有游离氨基酸的浓度降低, 挥发性化合物的数量增加, 并且找到相关的特征风味特征。除此之外, 感官组学在肉制品风味解析中也发挥着重要作用。NIE等[50]利用感官组学方法对烤鸡关键香气成分进行研究, 通过香气萃取稀释分析法筛选出醛类、酮类、呋喃类、吡嗪类和呋喃酮类香气成分共计47种。感官组学技术精准解析了肉制品在不同加工条件下的香气成分及其感官特征, 为风味优化与肉制品品质提升提供了科学依据。随着人工智能技术的迅猛发展, 机器学习和深度学习在食品风味解析中的应用已成为新兴趋势。通过多组学数据融合, 人工智能可高效解析风味物质的结构与感官属性之间的复杂关系, 提升风味预测与调控的精准度。
典型肉制品的风味特征由原料特性、加工工艺共同塑造, 呈现出复杂的香气与滋味体系。在传统肉制品中, 腌腊肉制品、酱卤肉制品、烟熏肉制品的风味源于脂质氧化、美拉德反应、微生物代谢及卤汤中香辛料的渗透; 发酵肉制品则依赖乳酸菌、酵母菌等微生物的协同作用, 形成独特的酸香与酯香。传统加工工艺的提升和新型加工技术的结合为风味调控提供了精准工具。尽管现有研究已取得显著进展, 但仍存在以下挑战与未来研究方向: (1)风味形成机制的深度解析。利用食品科学与神经科学交叉领域研究进展, 通过高时空分辨率的神经记录技术, 如脑电图、脑磁图、光纤记录和钙成像, 实现了对味觉神经冲动的实时监测, 继而通过机器学习算法和神经网络模型, 将脑电数据转化为图谱, 以判别不同风味刺激的神经特征。(2)鼓励新型调控技术的产业化应用。当前新技术的应用大多处在试验阶段, 肉制品产业化需要结合政策进行深度发展, 可耦合超声波、超高压与脉冲电场技术, 实现高效杀菌与风味保留的协同效应, 减少化学添加剂的使用。(3)跨学科技术的深度融合, 加强食品科学、微生物学与材料科学的交叉研究, 结合精准调控策略, 开发智能包装, 实现风味物质的定向保留与可控释放, 从而推动肉制品加工向高品质、智能化的方向转型升级, 为产业可持续发展提供理论支撑和技术保障。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31760435)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250604001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
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国家自然科学基金项目(31760435)
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    1 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院, 银川 750021
    2 平罗县农产品质量安全中心, 石嘴山 753400
    3 日清食品(中国)投资有限公司, 上海 200235

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*刘贵珊(1979—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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