Article(id=1215670319306686584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990184, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990184, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=160, endPage=168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670319830974640, articleId=1215670319306686584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of caproate bacteria and metabolic analysis of mixed bacteria in cellar mud of strong-flavor Baijiu, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To isolation and identification of caproate bacteria and metabolic analysis of mixed bacteria in cellar mud of strong-aroma white wine.Methods In this study, cellar mud from a winery in southern Sichuan was used as the research object. In the experiments of isolation and screening of caproacidobacteria in an anaerobic workstation, 120 experimental strains were finally obtained. These strains were screened using bacterial morphology analysis, gram staining, spore staining, physiological and biochemical tests, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and agarose gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain rreaction products. Results Followed enrichment and streaking screening, 8 target bacteria were selected and designated as SY1 to SY8. Further analysis identified SY4 as Clostridium kluyverii, SY1-SY3 as Bacillus Belesenii, and SY5-SY8 as Bacillus siamicus. Subsequent cultivation revealed that the fermentation products of these 8 strains contained caproic acid, a key organic acid component that significantly influences the flavor of liquor. The results demonstrated that these 8 strains were core producers of organic acids in the aromatic substance skeleton of strong-flavor liquor. Optimal fermentation conditions for SY4 were determined to be 34 °C, initial pH 6.0, ethanol concentration 2%, fermentation time 14 days, inoculation ratio 5%, with a caproic acid yield reaching up to 10.1 g/L. In co-culture fermentation experiments, the co-culture of Aspergillus fuchsinensis produced higher levels of volatile compounds compared to pure caproic acid-producing bacterial fermentation broth, including 10 kinds of alcohols, 21 kinds of esters, 9 kinds of acids and 3 kinds of aldehydes. Conclusion These findings not only provide a scientific basis for the screening of high-yield caproic acid-producing strains and the application of co-culture fermentation to enhance the flavor of strong-flavor liquor but also offer new insights into the research and development of volatile flavor compounds in liquor.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Jun FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-Qing YE, Hong-Jun FAN, Liang-Yang SHUI, Shuai ZHOU, Hao-Jie WANG, Feng-Hua ZHANG, En-Hao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324016890406, articleId=1215670319306686584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢分析研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析研究浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢。方法 本研究以川南某酒厂的窖泥为研究对象。在厌氧工作站中分离和筛选己酸菌试验, 最终获得了120株试验菌株。通过菌体形态观察、革兰染色、芽孢染色、生理生化试验分析, 并结合气相色谱-质谱技术和聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain rreaction, PCR)扩增产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析技术, 对菌株进行了系统的筛选。结果 经过富集和划线筛选, 最终筛选出8株目标细菌, 分别命名为SY1至SY8。经进分析鉴定SY4株细菌为克鲁维氏梭菌、SY1~SY3是贝莱森芽孢杆菌、SY5~SY8暹罗芽孢杆菌, 再将8株菌扩培后, 其发酵产物被检测含己酸, 这是种对白酒风味有重要影响的有机酸核心成分。研究结果表明, 这8株菌是浓香型白酒芳香物质骨架中有机酸的核心产生菌。研究发现, SY4的最佳发酵温度为34 °C, 初始pH为6.0, 乙醇含量为2.0%, 发酵时间为14 d, 接种比例5.0%, 己酸产量达10.1 g/L。在混菌发酵中, 紫红曲霉混菌较纯己酸菌发酵液多加检测出10种醇类、21种酯类、9种酸类、3种醛类。结论 本研究结果不仅为浓香型白酒生产中高产己酸菌株的筛选和混菌发酵协同增香的应用提供了科学依据, 也为白酒挥发型风味物质研发工作提供新方向。

, correspAuthors=范宏筠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*范宏筠(1970—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为酿酒工程。E-mail:
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叶青青(1992—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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Strain physiological and biochemical identification results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件 SY1 SY2 SY3 SY4 SY5 SY6 SY7 SY8
甲基红
试验
+ + + + + + - +
V-P试验 + + - + + - + +
接触酶
试验
- + + + + + + +
硝酸盐还原试验 + + + + - + + +
淀粉水解试验 + + - + + + + +
乳糖利用 + + + + + + + -
蔗糖利用 + - + + + + + +
), ArticleFig(id=1215686866037293588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670319306686584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株生理生化鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件 SY1 SY2 SY3 SY4 SY5 SY6 SY7 SY8
甲基红
试验
+ + + + + + - +
V-P试验 + + - + + - + +
接触酶
试验
- + + + + + + +
硝酸盐还原试验 + + + + - + + +
淀粉水解试验 + + - + + + + +
乳糖利用 + + + + + + + -
蔗糖利用 + - + + + + + +
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浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢分析研究
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叶青青 1, 2 , 范宏筠 1, * , 税梁扬 2 , 周帅 2 , 王浩杰 2 , 张峰华 2 , 李恩浩 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(14): 160-168
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(14): 160-168
浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢分析研究
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叶青青1, 2 , 范宏筠1, * , 税梁扬2, 周帅2, 王浩杰2, 张峰华2, 李恩浩2
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学生物工程学院, 宜宾 644000
  • 2 泸州国之荣耀酒业有限公司, 泸州 646000
  • 叶青青(1992—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*范宏筠(1970—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为酿酒工程。E-mail:
Isolation and identification of caproate bacteria and metabolic analysis of mixed bacteria in cellar mud of strong-flavor Baijiu
Qing-Qing YE1, 2 , Hong-Jun FAN1, * , Liang-Yang SHUI2, Shuai ZHOU2, Hao-Jie WANG2, Feng-Hua ZHANG2, En-Hao LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Bioengineering, Sichuan Light Chemical Engineering University, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2 Luzhou Guozhi Glory Wine Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408002
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目的 分析研究浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢。方法 本研究以川南某酒厂的窖泥为研究对象。在厌氧工作站中分离和筛选己酸菌试验, 最终获得了120株试验菌株。通过菌体形态观察、革兰染色、芽孢染色、生理生化试验分析, 并结合气相色谱-质谱技术和聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain rreaction, PCR)扩增产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析技术, 对菌株进行了系统的筛选。结果 经过富集和划线筛选, 最终筛选出8株目标细菌, 分别命名为SY1至SY8。经进分析鉴定SY4株细菌为克鲁维氏梭菌、SY1~SY3是贝莱森芽孢杆菌、SY5~SY8暹罗芽孢杆菌, 再将8株菌扩培后, 其发酵产物被检测含己酸, 这是种对白酒风味有重要影响的有机酸核心成分。研究结果表明, 这8株菌是浓香型白酒芳香物质骨架中有机酸的核心产生菌。研究发现, SY4的最佳发酵温度为34 °C, 初始pH为6.0, 乙醇含量为2.0%, 发酵时间为14 d, 接种比例5.0%, 己酸产量达10.1 g/L。在混菌发酵中, 紫红曲霉混菌较纯己酸菌发酵液多加检测出10种醇类、21种酯类、9种酸类、3种醛类。结论 本研究结果不仅为浓香型白酒生产中高产己酸菌株的筛选和混菌发酵协同增香的应用提供了科学依据, 也为白酒挥发型风味物质研发工作提供新方向。

浓香型白酒  /  己酸菌  /  混菌  /  代谢分析

Objective To isolation and identification of caproate bacteria and metabolic analysis of mixed bacteria in cellar mud of strong-aroma white wine.Methods In this study, cellar mud from a winery in southern Sichuan was used as the research object. In the experiments of isolation and screening of caproacidobacteria in an anaerobic workstation, 120 experimental strains were finally obtained. These strains were screened using bacterial morphology analysis, gram staining, spore staining, physiological and biochemical tests, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and agarose gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain rreaction products. Results Followed enrichment and streaking screening, 8 target bacteria were selected and designated as SY1 to SY8. Further analysis identified SY4 as Clostridium kluyverii, SY1-SY3 as Bacillus Belesenii, and SY5-SY8 as Bacillus siamicus. Subsequent cultivation revealed that the fermentation products of these 8 strains contained caproic acid, a key organic acid component that significantly influences the flavor of liquor. The results demonstrated that these 8 strains were core producers of organic acids in the aromatic substance skeleton of strong-flavor liquor. Optimal fermentation conditions for SY4 were determined to be 34 °C, initial pH 6.0, ethanol concentration 2%, fermentation time 14 days, inoculation ratio 5%, with a caproic acid yield reaching up to 10.1 g/L. In co-culture fermentation experiments, the co-culture of Aspergillus fuchsinensis produced higher levels of volatile compounds compared to pure caproic acid-producing bacterial fermentation broth, including 10 kinds of alcohols, 21 kinds of esters, 9 kinds of acids and 3 kinds of aldehydes. Conclusion These findings not only provide a scientific basis for the screening of high-yield caproic acid-producing strains and the application of co-culture fermentation to enhance the flavor of strong-flavor liquor but also offer new insights into the research and development of volatile flavor compounds in liquor.

strong-flavor Baijiu  /  caproic acid bacteria  /  mixed bacteria  /  metabolic analysis
叶青青, 范宏筠, 税梁扬, 周帅, 王浩杰, 张峰华, 李恩浩. 浓香型白酒窖泥中己酸菌分离鉴定和混菌代谢分析研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 160 -168 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408002
Qing-Qing YE, Hong-Jun FAN, Liang-Yang SHUI, Shuai ZHOU, Hao-Jie WANG, Feng-Hua ZHANG, En-Hao LI. Isolation and identification of caproate bacteria and metabolic analysis of mixed bacteria in cellar mud of strong-flavor Baijiu[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 160 -168 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408002
白酒文化承载着中国千百年的文化史。不同地域因地理、气候及历史背景的不同, 造就了各具特色的白酒文化。在众多香型中, 浓香型白酒[1]作为市场上重要香型之一, 以其浓郁香气和绵柔味道深受消费者喜爱。浓香型白酒的酿造以泥窖发酵为核心[2], 窖泥中的微生物菌落通过系统的生化交替的过程, 对浓香白酒的微量芳香风味形成起到了决定性的作用。窖泥不仅是浓香型白酒微生物菌群生长繁殖的主要载体, 更是白酒独特风味的“发酵室”[3-4]。在这个微生态系统中, 各类微生物如酵母菌、乳酸菌及梭形杆菌等, 在厌氧的环境下协同作用, 通过其代谢活动不断产生有机酸、酯类、醇类等多种复合的风味物质, 此类物质是形成浓香型白酒特有“窖香”的基础。研究显示, 窖泥中微生物的菌群结构与丰度直接决定了白酒的风味特性[5-6]
窖泥发酵的独特之处在于其封闭的厌氧条件, 为研究厌氧微生物提供了理想的自然试验室[7]。厌氧菌如梭菌在此环境中的代谢活动尤为关键, 它们能够在无氧条件下生存并发挥作用, 通过分解窖泥中的有机物质, 产生系列复杂的、具有生物活性的代谢产物[8]。这些产物不仅丰富了白酒的风味, 还可能对白酒的抗氧化性、口感和芳香持久性有所贡献。因此, 深入探究浓香型白酒窖泥中厌氧菌特别是梭菌的生物代谢机制, 对于优化白酒的生产工艺、提升产品品质和深化白酒风味理论具有重要的实践意义和科学价值[9]。通过现代生物技术与分子生物学方法, 对这些微生物及其代谢途径进行系统的分析和鉴定, 将进一步揭示其在白酒风味形成中的作用机制, 为白酒产业的创新与发展提供科学依据。
己酸菌, 属于梭菌科, 是窖泥微生态环境中的关键组成部分[10]。多项研究表明, 这类细菌在特定的窖泥样本中扮演着主导角色, 对浓香型白酒的窖香形成具有决定性的影响。杨将[11]发现, 己酸菌在酿造过程中所产生的己酸, 不仅增强了酒的香气, 减少了其刺激性, 而且能与酿酒酵母发酵生成的乙醇发生酯化反应, 形成己酸乙酯。杜元粉[12]研究发现该风味物质是浓香型白酒中的非常关键的芳香成分, 显著丰富了浓香白酒的绵柔口感, 从而直接影响到浓香型白酒的整体风格和品质。舒孟[13]研究红曲霉混菌协同发酵时提升代谢产物的含量。本次研究以上海生物保藏中心的紫红曲霉菌作为协同菌株。
在白酒生产中, 梭菌科的己酸菌因而在窖泥产香细菌群中占据了核心地位。己酸菌通过其发酵液在酿酒的多个关键环节中发挥作用, 包括灌窖、窖池维护、人工窖泥的培养及酯化液的制备等[14], 都体现了其作为功能菌的重要性。本研究的混菌发酵体系[15]通过模拟自然生态系统, 构建人工微生物群落, 为微生物代谢途径的优化和次级代谢产物的合成提供了新的思路。相比单一菌株培养, 混菌发酵能够激活生物合成基因簇, 提高代谢产物的种类和产量。因此, 深入探索窖泥中的厌氧细菌, 特别是己酸菌的生物学特性及其在浓香型白酒生产中的作用, 将己酸菌与其他微生物协同发酵, 混菌工艺提升对白酒酿造工艺和基酒品质具有重要的科研意义。
从泸州石洞某酒厂10年窖龄窖池采集窖底泥, 采用传统五点法取样, 用真空式厌氧袋和冰盒迅速运回酿酒技术试验室, 于4 ℃冰箱保存[16]
SW-CJ-1G超净工作台(浙江创舟仪器设备有限公司); PCR-96 聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)扩增仪(BBI生命科学有限公司); G508009高速微量离心机(中科试验仪器公司); DYY-6C电泳仪(北京六一公司); FR980凝胶成像系统、LC-20A气相色谱仪(瑞士万通公司); SMA4000紫外分光光度计(美林恒通公司); 3730XL测序仪(美国ABI公司); HPX-9082MBE便携式pH计(上海博迅实业有限公司); CX31显微镜(北京OLYMPUS公司); LS-100HG立式内循环蒸汽灭菌锅(沧州拓研试验仪器有限公司); HWS-350恒温恒湿培养箱(绍兴尚诚仪器有限公司); DHR-21000台式高速冷冻离心机(澳洲KEWLAB公司); FA2004A高精度电子天平(德力西公司); ZWM-UT1-10超纯水机(湖南中沃水务环保科技有限公司)。
十二烷基硫酸钠、苯酚(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 2-羟基乙醇(西陇科学股份有限公司); MES、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐(北京奥博星生物技术有限公司); 琼脂糖、无水乙醚、异戊醇、可溶性淀粉(天津市致远化学试剂有限公司); 针式滤膜过滤器(0.22 μm水系, 天津领航试验设备有限公司); 细菌DNA提取试剂(美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)。
紫红曲霉菌株(AS3)保藏于中国上海生物保藏管理中心(CICC, 保藏编号D11634)。
富集培养基: MES 0.5 g, 蛋白胨10.0 g, 牛肉粉10.0 g,酵母粉3.0 g, 葡萄糖5.0 g, 可溶性淀粉1.0 g, 氯化钠5.0 g,乙酸钠3.0 g, L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5 g, 琼脂0.5 g, 树脂天青(刃天青)3 mg, 超纯水1000 mL, pH 6.5±0.1, 温度 25 ℃。
筛选培养基:磷酸二氢钾0.5 g, 硫酸钠0.2 g, 氯化钠1 g, MgCl2·6H2O 0.2 g, 乳酸钠3 g, 酵母浸粉1 g, 琼脂粉20 g, 蛋白胨1.5 g, 葡萄糖0.5 g, 乙酸钠3 g, 淀粉5 g, 碳酸氢钠0.3 g, 碳酸钙(倒平板前加)10 g, 超纯水1000 mL, pH 6.5±0.1, 温度25 ℃, 1%溴甲酚蓝0.1 g[17]
扩培培养基(同上筛选培养基液体): 添加MES(防止过酸的缓冲剂)0.5 g, L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐(抗氧化剂)0.25 g,刃天青钠盐(厌氧指示剂) 0.03 g, 不添加琼脂粉[18], 温度25 ℃。
紫红曲霉种子液培养基: 葡萄糖60 g、蛋白胨提取粉20 g, 可溶性淀粉20 g, 蒸馏水1000 mL的比例进行配制, pH自然, 于121 ℃灭菌20 min备用。
己酸菌种子液培养基: 酵母粉5 g、蛋白胨10 g、葡萄糖5 g、K2HPO4·12H2O 5 g、NaCl 0.8 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 g, 蒸馏水1000 mL的比例进行配制, pH 6.8, 于121 ℃灭菌20 min备用。
混菌发酵培养基: 大米粉7 g, 葡萄糖50 g, 蛋白胨9 g, 酵母粉5 g, MgSO4·7H2O 1 g, ZnSO4·2H2O 0.5 g, K2HPO4 5 g, FeSO4·7H2O 0.1 g, MnSO4·7H2O 0.1 g, CaCl2 0.1 g, 蒸馏水 1000 mL的比例进行配制, pH 6.8, 于121 ℃灭菌20 min备用。
取酒厂10 g窖泥加100 mL无菌蒸馏水于无菌锥形瓶中, 使用磁力搅拌器将混合物搅拌10 min, 使窖泥和蒸馏水充分混合, 形成均匀的悬浮液, 悬浮液在80 ℃恒温水浴设备中保持10 min以杀死非芽孢菌后冷却至常温, 按0.5%接种量接种到已除氧灭菌的富集培养基后, 放置于36 ℃厌氧工作站中富集培养10 d[19]
将富集菌液于80 ℃恒温水浴处理10 min后, 吸取1 mL至9 mL的无菌水中, 采用稀释平板法依次稀释菌液, 吸取0.2 mL涂布至筛选平板培养基上, 在34 ℃真空厌氧工作站培养10 d, 挑选有显色反应的菌落, 再通过多次划线法得到纯化菌种。
将分离纯化后的菌株放置在34 ℃恒温厌氧培养箱中继续培养5 d, 肉眼观察菌体静态形状颜色大小, 取培养后的菌株样本, 进行革兰氏染色和芽孢染色, 制备显微镜观察用的载玻片。在革兰氏染色下, 使用带油镜的光学显微镜观察菌株的形态特征, 记录其形态、排列方式以及染色结果, 确定其革兰氏阳性或阴性特性。在芽孢染色下, 观察菌株芽孢的形成情况, 包括芽孢的数量、位置及大小, 记录芽孢的显微特征[20]
根据《常见细菌与古菌系统分类鉴定手册》文献中关于细菌形态和生理生化反应及鉴定方法, 此次需进行生理生化指标测定包括: 甲基红试验、Voges-Proskauer试验、接触酶试验(氧化酶试验)、硝酸盐还原试验、淀粉水解试验、乳糖消耗、蔗糖消耗等生理生化试验, 每个生理生化试验重复进行5次, 确保结果的准确性和可靠性[21]
根据tiangen细菌基因组DNA提取试剂操作步骤, 提取微生物群落DNA[22], 利用提取试剂盒提取分离己酸菌株DNA, 并采用细菌通用引物27F-1492R进行扩增, PCR反应体系[23]为20 µL, 体系包括DNA 0.5 µL, 2xTaq PCR Mastermix 10 µL, PrimerF 0.5 µL, PrimerR 0.5 µL, 双纯水补至20 µL。PCR温度与时间条件为: 94 ℃ 4 min, 94 ℃ 30 s, 58 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 1 min/kb, 循环30~35次;延伸5 min。扩增产物取2.5 µL与吖啶橙荧光染料混合, 用1%浓度的琼脂糖凝胶块进行15 min电泳试验, 对比Trans2Kplus DNA Marker,并用Quantus Fluorometer (Promega, USA)对回收产物进行检测定量[24]
将筛选出的己酸菌种子液按2% (V/V)、pH 6的接种量接入到培养基内分别于30、32、34、36、38 ℃下进行厌氧培养, 己酸菌发酵14 d后测定发酵液中的产己酸含量。
将筛选出的己酸菌种子液按2% (V/V)接种量在34 ℃接入到培养基内, 分别于pH 5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0进行厌氧培养, 己酸菌发酵14 d后测定发酵液中的产己酸含量。
在己酸菌培养基中乙醇的加入量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%的情况下, 各自加入2% (V/V)的己酸菌种子液, PH 6.5、34 ℃进行厌氧培养, 己酸菌发酵14 d后测定发酵液中的产己酸含量。
在培养基中己酸菌接种量分别为2.0%、3.5%、5.0%、6.5%、7.0% (V/V)的情况下, 发酵液的其他培养条件分别是: pH 6.5、34 ℃、乙醇2%进行厌氧培养, 己酸菌发酵14 d后测定发酵液中的产己酸含量。
将扩培的发酵液取20 mL进行盐酸酸化处理, 加无水乙醇至50 mL, 在12000 r/min、4 ℃条件下进行冷冻离心5 min, 取上清液, 吸取上清液, 用一次性针式滤膜过滤器(混合纤维素)0.22 µm过滤, 混合内标测定(叔戊醇、乙酸戊酯、2-乙基丁酸), 氮吹浓缩至0.5 mL于进样瓶中, 取10 µL用于气相色谱-质谱技术分析[25]
将样品置于4 ℃, 在12000 r/min的条件下离心5 min, 收集上清液。用一次性针式滤膜过滤器(水系混合纤维素)进行0.22 µm过滤, 以去除杂质和固体颗粒。
混合标准溶液的配制: 首先, 使用移液枪吸取100 µL的丁酸、己酸和2-乙基丁酸, 加入60%乙醇溶液中稀释至100 mL。然后, 从该溶液中取2.5 mL, 进一步稀释至25 mL, 此时丁酸、己酸和2-乙基丁酸的体积分数均为0.01%。
内标溶液的配制: 分别吸取适量叔戊醇、乙酸戊酯、2-乙基丁酸标准品1 mL于50 mL容量瓶中, 用60 %乙醇溶液定容至50 mL, 配制成体积分数为2%的内标溶液。
气相色谱条件: 使用日本岛津DB-WAX色谱柱(60 m× 320 µm, 0.25 µm)。进样口温度设置为240 ℃, FID检测器温度设置为250 ℃, 载气为高纯度氢气(99.999%), 流速为1 mL/min, 采取分流进样形式, 分流比设定为10:1。升温程序为: 初始温度设40 ℃, 稳定4 min; 然后以8 ℃/min的速度逐步升至180 ℃, 180 ℃稳定2 min, 接着以10 ℃/min的速率升至230 ℃, 230 ℃稳定9 min。
MS条件: 电离方式EI; 电子能量70 eV; 电子倍增器电压: 1086 V; 离子源温度150 ℃; 四极杆温度250 ℃; 质谱扫描范围45~550 m/z
按106 CFU/mL浓度己酸菌扩培液与106 CFU/mL浓度紫红曲霉扩培液于混菌发酵培养基中进行1:3、1:6、1:9的比例发酵, 发酵后通过GS-MS技术对发酵液挥发成分进行差异分析。
样品处理过程中平行样品测定3次, 方法学验证采用5次重复验证试验。应用LC-20A自带软件工作站及Office Excel 2019进行数据处理和谱图处理。
通过对窖泥微生物富集和分离纯化, 将120株试验菌种进行显示反应试验, 观察平板上呈现的菌落形态的基础上, 包括其尺寸、形状、色泽、边缘特征以及表面质感等, 同时综合考虑在特定环境条件下的生物生态特性, 并结合溴甲酚蓝显色剂和革兰氏染色法检测, 最终鉴别出8株样本菌株。菌株SY1~SY8的表面光滑, 呈隆起状, 菌落淡白色半透明不规则形状, 菌落周边呈淡黄色显色反应。菌株形态详见图1。SY1和SY3菌株为革兰氏阴性, 其余五株均为革兰氏阳性。见图2菌株的显微镜观察, 为番红色的菌株是革兰氏阴性, 其余为紫色的菌株是革兰氏阳性。8株菌株进行生理生化特性鉴定, SY4菌株经过7项检测均为阳性, 其余菌株只有6项指标为阳性, 说明SY4菌株生化特性优于其他菌株, 具体结果见表1
窖泥中筛选出的8株细菌进行种子液扩培, 将发酵液进行严格的DNA提取, 采用天根试剂公司提供的引物PrimerF和R进行PCR扩增试验, 扩增产物接着加入1%琼脂糖凝胶样品槽中进行电泳试验[26], 得到的8种菌株的扩增产物琼脂糖凝聚成像图, 见图3
根据图3的展示, 与Marker进行比对后, 可以明确16S rDNA基因的PCR扩增产物片段长度约为1500 bp, 这与正常条件下预期得到的目标片段长度相符, 因此该片段适宜用于后续的16S rDNA测序工作。测序结果将与美国国家生物技术信息中心的GenBank数据库进行同源性分析, 进而下载最接近的模式菌株序列, 确定8株细菌主要为克鲁维氏梭菌、贝莱森芽孢杆菌和暹罗芽孢杆菌。随后, 利用MEGA6.0软件采用邻接法(neighbor-joining, NJ)构建系统发育进化树, 优势菌SY4菌株相似的属和种详细信息见图4
生长曲线是指以微生物生长量为纵坐标、培养时间为横坐标所绘制的曲线; 常用的微生物生长量的测定方法有对微生物数量、重量及群体生理指标的测定[27]。本研究通过测定8株菌体培养物波长600 nm值的吸光度值来绘制生长曲线。如图5所示, 已酸菌SY4的生长周期相较于其余7株菌更短暂, 第6 d进去生长期, 至第8 d结束生长期, 进入稳定期, 且稳定期的OD值较其他菌株更高。此时, 菌数浓度和代谢产物均较其他菌株更佳, 并且稳定期的持续时间比其他菌株更长, 持续了4 d。在此阶段, 时间的延长对于代谢产物的提取尤为有利。在生物发酵行业中, 延长稳定期是促进代谢产物富集的关键策略。到第12 d, 吸光度的下降主要是由于发酵液中的底物消耗殆尽, 导致部分菌体因缺乏营养而停止生长。
图6所示, 8株菌按接种量为8% (V/V)且pH为6的情况下, 在30~38 ℃区间均生成己酸, 己酸的含量随温度的升高先呈上升后下降; SY1、SY3、SY4、SY5、SY7菌株34 ℃时己酸代谢最旺盛, 依次为6.9、4.2、8.4、8.1、8.2 g/L, 温度超36 ℃后己酸菌产酸与温度呈负相关; SY2、SY6、SY8最佳发酵温度为36 ℃, 产量依次是5.4、7.3、7.4 g/L。
图7所示, 8株菌按接种量为5% (V/V)且在温度34 ℃情况下pH 5.0~7.0范围内均可产己酸, 己酸的产量随PH的升高先上升后下降, pH为7时菌株产酸均受到抑制; SY1、SY2、SY3、SY6、SY7、SY8菌株pH 6.5时己酸产量最高, 依次是为6.4、5.1、6.1、7.3、4.1、7.4 g/L, SY4、SY5最佳发酵pH为6.0, 产量依次是9.4 g/L、5.9 g/L。
图8所示, 8株菌按接种量为5% (V/V)且在温度34 ℃情况下pH 6.0, 随乙醇的含量升高己酸的产量先上升后下降, 乙醇过高菌株产酸均受到抑制; SY1、SY2、SY4、SY6、SY7、SY8菌株在乙醇含量2.0%时己酸产量最高, 依次是为6.1、6.5、10.1、7.4、4.6、6.1 g/L, 乙醇浓度上升到2.5%, 己酸产量有所下降; SY5最佳发酵乙醇含量为1.5%, 产量是8.1 g/L, 乙醇浓度继续上升后, 己酸浓度下降。乙醇作为己酸生成的主要碳源之一, 能够有效促进其代谢途径的进行, 从而提高己酸的合成速率。因此, 己酸的产量随着乙醇添加量的增多而逐渐增加, 表明乙醇的添加对提高己酸产量具有显著的促进作用。乙醇添加量大于2.5%时, 由于乙醇对细菌具有毒理反应, 浓度过高会影响己酸菌代谢活动, 因此己酸产量会因乙醇添加量呈负相关[28]
图9所示, 8株菌按接种量为2.0%、3.5%、5.0%、6.5%、8.0% (V/V)且在温度34 ℃情况下pH 6.0, 随接种量升高己酸的产量先上升后下降, 接种量过大菌群相互争夺发酵液底物, 代谢产物转换会受到抑制; SY1、SY2、SY3、SY6、SY7、SY8菌株在接种量6.5%时己酸产量最高, 依次是为6.2、6.6、4.6、7.5、4.7、6.2 g/L, 接种量上升到8.0%, 己酸产量有所下降; SY4和SY5最佳发酵接种量为5.0%, 产量是9.9 g/L和8.1 g/L, 接种量继续上升后, 己酸浓度下降。在接种量为2.0%时, 菌群总量较低, 导致合成己酸所需的微生物数量不足。因此, 随着接种量的增加, 微生物数量得到提升, 进而促进了己酸的合成, 导致已酸产量随接种量的增加而增加。接种量通常认为是影响微生物发酵工艺的基本研究条件, 影响微生物生长速率的基本因素, 适当的增大接种量对加快代谢产物累积是有利的[29]。SY4~SY5接种量等于6.5%时, 会抑制己酸菌的生长和代谢, 但在8.0%时, 有短暂的回升。
通过气相色谱-质谱技术对纯己酸菌发酵液和混菌发酵1:3、1:6、1:9进行挥发性成分测定, 纯己酸发酵液检测出醇类20种, 酯类17种, 酸类10种, 醛类3种, 酚类3种, 混菌发酵液共检测出挥发性成分96种, 其中醇类30种, 酯类38种, 酸类19种, 醛类6种, 酚类3种。紫红曲霉混菌较纯己酸菌发酵液多检测出的10种醇类, 21种酯类, 9种酸类, 3种醛类, 如图10
为了更加直观清晰地分析4组试验, 样品中特征挥发性风味物质的变化, 根据每类挥发性特征物质成分的产量生成热图, 如图11。混菌发酵1:9中挥发性化合物如己酸、己酸乙酯等产量为最佳状态[30]
研究通过对窖泥中微生物的富集与连续传代培养, 结合生物技术手段分析己酸菌发酵性能, 揭示了己酸菌液培养过程中的动态变化规律。通过己酸菌单因素发酵试验研究, 结果显示, SY4菌株具有极佳的代谢性能, 最优发酵条件是温度34 °C、pH 6、乙醇含量2.0%时, 接种5.0%, 己酸产值到达10.1 g/L。将优质菌株SY4与上海生物所保藏菌AS3混菌发酵, 通过气相色谱-质谱技术数据结合热图分析混菌发酵代谢成分, 紫红曲霉混菌较纯己酸菌发酵液多检测出10种醇类, 21种酯类, 9种酸类, 3种醛类, 酚类物质种类未增加, 混菌1:9时发酵液中己酸和己酸乙酯等芳香物质的产量为最高, 说明本次筛选的己酸菌和紫红曲霉混菌发酵对浓香白酒的风味的提升有正相关意义。
  • 四川省重点实验室基金项目(NJ-2022-05)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
基金
四川省重点实验室基金项目(NJ-2022-05)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学生物工程学院, 宜宾 644000
    2 泸州国之荣耀酒业有限公司, 泸州 646000

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*范宏筠(1970—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为酿酒工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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