Article(id=1215670317528301571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989761, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318534934585, articleId=1215670317528301571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Development of determination procedure and dietary exposure risk assessment for 3 kinds of zearalenone mycotoxins in maize flour, columnId=1215670312151208635, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment in Beijing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop a method for the determination of zearalenone (ZEN), ɑ-zearalenol (ɑ-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) in maize flour by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and assess the dietary exposure risk. Methods The samples were extracted by 70% acetonitrile-water (V/V), purified by QuEChERS, then detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by matrix matching curve. The pollution index and hazard quotient (HQ) are used for dietary exposure risk assessment. Results ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL showed good linearity within the ranges of 0.2-100.0, 0.2-100.0 and 0.5-100.0 μg/L respectively. The limits of detection of ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL were 0.5, 0.5 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively; the limits of quantitation were 1.5, 1.5 and 4.5 μg/kg respectively. Within the addition concentration range of 5.0-60.0 μg/kg, the recovery rates of the 3 kinds of target substances were between 80.4% and 103.0%, and the precisions were all less than 15%. This method was used to test 30 commercially available maize flour samples. The detection rate of ZEN was 80%, while α-ZOL and β-ZOL were not detected. The pollution index of ZEN was less than 0.7 and the HQ of ZEN was less than 1, it indicated that there was no risk and the threat to human health was small.Conclusion The method is sensitive, accurate and effective for routine monitoring of ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in maize flour. This method can be expected to use for the determination of the ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in other grain and its products.

, correspAuthors=Yu-Xia WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Xia WEI, Si-Jing ZHANG, Jun ZUO, Fang WANG, Jian-Guo WANG, Ya LI, Zi-Tong ZHANG, Kai LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670319419932803, articleId=1215670317528301571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=玉米粉中3种玉米赤霉烯酮真菌毒素的检测及其膳食暴露风险评估, columnId=1215670313522746049, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测玉米粉中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)、ɑ-玉米赤霉烯醇(ɑ-zearalenol, ɑ-ZOL)、β-玉米赤霉烯醇(β-zearalenol, β-ZOL)含量的方法, 并对其人群暴露进行风险评估。方法 玉米粉样品经70%乙腈-水(V/V)振荡提取, QuEChERS-固相萃取净化, 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定3种ZEN类毒素, 基质匹配外标法定量, 采用污染指数和风险商(hazard quotient, HQ)进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 ZEN、ɑ-ZOL、β-ZOL分别在0.2~100.0、0.2~100.0、0.5~100.0 μg/L的范围内线性良好。ZEN、ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL的检出限分别为0.5、0.5和1.5 μg/kg; 定量限分别为1.5、1.5和4.5 μg/kg。在5.0~60.0 μg/kg的添加浓度范围内, 3种目标物的回收率在80.4%~103.0%之间, 且精密度均小于15%。采用该方法检测30份市售玉米粉样品, ZEN检出率为80%, ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL无检出。ZEN的污染指数小于0.7, HQ<1, 说明没有风险, 对人体健康威胁小。结论 该方法样品制备简单快速、准确、灵敏、能满足限量标准要求, 可用于玉米粉样品的检测, 有望进一步推广应用于粮食和粮食制品中3种ZEN类毒素的分析检测。

, correspAuthors=魏玉霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏玉霞(1979—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为理化检验。E-mail:
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The fifth China total diet study[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215670329083609957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, awardId=YHLD2019004, language=CN, fundingSource=通州区高层次人才发展计划项目(YHLD2019004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215670319772254374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215670319801614507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, companyId=1215670319772254374, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Tongzhou District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 101100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215670319814197422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, companyId=1215670319772254374, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京市通州区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215670327024206549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Recovery rates of 3 kinds of ZEN mycotoxins under different purification conditions, figureFileSmall=yqS4BcB3bROzDwFVcLuuAg==, figureFileBig=VNoPZGJKfX2Jy0pxoo9RVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670327124869850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同净化条件下3种ZEN真菌毒素的回收率

注: 1. 50 mg PSA/150 mg MgSO4; 2. 50 mg C18; 3. 50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/100 mg MgSO4; 4. 50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/50 mg Carb/150 mg MgSO4; 5. 50 mg PSA/50 mg Carb/150 mg MgSO4; 6. 50 mg PSA/100 mg MWCNTS/100 mg MgSO4; 7. 50 mg PSA; 8. 50 mg PSA/100 mg C18

, figureFileSmall=yqS4BcB3bROzDwFVcLuuAg==, figureFileBig=VNoPZGJKfX2Jy0pxoo9RVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670327405888248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chromatograms of each compound in the spiked samples of the blank matrix (5.0 µg/kg), figureFileSmall=VdOxi9/7BWyDTlen4aX+rQ==, figureFileBig=brJlh3WTeBkKbzYztmLkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670327552688902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=图2, caption=空白基质加标样品的各化合物色谱图(5.0 µg/kg), figureFileSmall=VdOxi9/7BWyDTlen4aX+rQ==, figureFileBig=brJlh3WTeBkKbzYztmLkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215670327670129422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

MRM parameters of ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔电压/V 碰撞电压/V
ZEN 317.16 130.91 4 32
174.95 4 26
a-ZOL 319.16 159.85 2 20
275.10 2 26
β-ZOL 319.16 275.10 2 32
159.85 2 20
), ArticleFig(id=1215670327812735772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ZEN、ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL的MRM参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔电压/V 碰撞电压/V
ZEN 317.16 130.91 4 32
174.95 4 26
a-ZOL 319.16 159.85 2 20
275.10 2 26
β-ZOL 319.16 275.10 2 32
159.85 2 20
), ArticleFig(id=1215670327934370597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification table of product contamination risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数阈值 等级划分 等级描述
<0.7 A 无污染
0.7~1.0 B 污染度数低, 需注意预防
1.0~2.0 C 轻微污染
2.0~3.0 D 中度污染
>3.0 E 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1215670328039228204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

产品污染风险分类表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数阈值 等级划分 等级描述
<0.7 A 无污染
0.7~1.0 B 污染度数低, 需注意预防
1.0~2.0 C 轻微污染
2.0~3.0 D 中度污染
>3.0 E 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1215670328202806073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Recovery rates of 3 kinds of ZEN mycotoxins under different extraction conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件 ZEN
/%
α-ZOL
/%
β-ZOL
/%
提取溶液 乙腈-水-甲酸 91.4 72.1 71.0
乙腈-水 108.0 83.2 84.4
乙腈-水(加盐包) 89.2 64.5 71.3
提取条件
超声10 min 97.2 78.5 80.4
超声30 min 110.0 86.2 77.7
振荡30 min 110.0 89.1 84.9
), ArticleFig(id=1215670328320246594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同提取条件下3种ZEN真菌毒素的回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件 ZEN
/%
α-ZOL
/%
β-ZOL
/%
提取溶液 乙腈-水-甲酸 91.4 72.1 71.0
乙腈-水 108.0 83.2 84.4
乙腈-水(加盐包) 89.2 64.5 71.3
提取条件
超声10 min 97.2 78.5 80.4
超声30 min 110.0 86.2 77.7
振荡30 min 110.0 89.1 84.9
), ArticleFig(id=1215670328496407374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Recoveries and precisions (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 加标量/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
ZEN 5.0 91.4 12.0
15.0 92.5 4.6
60.0 92.3 12.0
a-ZOL 5.0 80.4 12.0
15.0 98.9 4.8
60.0 95.7 4.6
β-ZOL 5.0 84.6 12.0
15.0 103.0 9.0
60.0 95.6 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1215670328643208023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670317528301571, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

准确度和精密度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 加标量/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
ZEN 5.0 91.4 12.0
15.0 92.5 4.6
60.0 92.3 12.0
a-ZOL 5.0 80.4 12.0
15.0 98.9 4.8
60.0 95.7 4.6
β-ZOL 5.0 84.6 12.0
15.0 103.0 9.0
60.0 95.6 6.5
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玉米粉中3种玉米赤霉烯酮真菌毒素的检测及其膳食暴露风险评估
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魏玉霞 * , 张思静 , 左郡 , 王芳 , 王建国 , 李亚 , 张子彤 , 雷凯
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025,16(14): 24-29
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025, 16(14): 24-29
玉米粉中3种玉米赤霉烯酮真菌毒素的检测及其膳食暴露风险评估
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魏玉霞* , 张思静, 左郡, 王芳, 王建国, 李亚, 张子彤, 雷凯
作者信息
  • 北京市通州区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101100

通讯作者:

*魏玉霞(1979—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为理化检验。E-mail:
Development of determination procedure and dietary exposure risk assessment for 3 kinds of zearalenone mycotoxins in maize flour
Yu-Xia WEI* , Si-Jing ZHANG, Jun ZUO, Fang WANG, Jian-Guo WANG, Ya LI, Zi-Tong ZHANG, Kai LEI
Affiliations
  • Beijing Tongzhou District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 101100, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402004
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目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测玉米粉中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)、ɑ-玉米赤霉烯醇(ɑ-zearalenol, ɑ-ZOL)、β-玉米赤霉烯醇(β-zearalenol, β-ZOL)含量的方法, 并对其人群暴露进行风险评估。方法 玉米粉样品经70%乙腈-水(V/V)振荡提取, QuEChERS-固相萃取净化, 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定3种ZEN类毒素, 基质匹配外标法定量, 采用污染指数和风险商(hazard quotient, HQ)进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 ZEN、ɑ-ZOL、β-ZOL分别在0.2~100.0、0.2~100.0、0.5~100.0 μg/L的范围内线性良好。ZEN、ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL的检出限分别为0.5、0.5和1.5 μg/kg; 定量限分别为1.5、1.5和4.5 μg/kg。在5.0~60.0 μg/kg的添加浓度范围内, 3种目标物的回收率在80.4%~103.0%之间, 且精密度均小于15%。采用该方法检测30份市售玉米粉样品, ZEN检出率为80%, ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL无检出。ZEN的污染指数小于0.7, HQ<1, 说明没有风险, 对人体健康威胁小。结论 该方法样品制备简单快速、准确、灵敏、能满足限量标准要求, 可用于玉米粉样品的检测, 有望进一步推广应用于粮食和粮食制品中3种ZEN类毒素的分析检测。

玉米赤霉烯酮  /  ɑ-玉米赤霉烯醇  /  β-玉米赤霉烯醇  /  超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  QuEChERS  /  膳食暴露风险评估

Objective To develop a method for the determination of zearalenone (ZEN), ɑ-zearalenol (ɑ-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) in maize flour by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and assess the dietary exposure risk. Methods The samples were extracted by 70% acetonitrile-water (V/V), purified by QuEChERS, then detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by matrix matching curve. The pollution index and hazard quotient (HQ) are used for dietary exposure risk assessment. Results ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL showed good linearity within the ranges of 0.2-100.0, 0.2-100.0 and 0.5-100.0 μg/L respectively. The limits of detection of ZEN, ɑ-ZOL and β-ZOL were 0.5, 0.5 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively; the limits of quantitation were 1.5, 1.5 and 4.5 μg/kg respectively. Within the addition concentration range of 5.0-60.0 μg/kg, the recovery rates of the 3 kinds of target substances were between 80.4% and 103.0%, and the precisions were all less than 15%. This method was used to test 30 commercially available maize flour samples. The detection rate of ZEN was 80%, while α-ZOL and β-ZOL were not detected. The pollution index of ZEN was less than 0.7 and the HQ of ZEN was less than 1, it indicated that there was no risk and the threat to human health was small.Conclusion The method is sensitive, accurate and effective for routine monitoring of ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in maize flour. This method can be expected to use for the determination of the ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in other grain and its products.

zearalenone  /  ɑ-zearalenol  /  β-zearalenol  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  QuEChERS  /  dietary exposure risk assessment
魏玉霞, 张思静, 左郡, 王芳, 王建国, 李亚, 张子彤, 雷凯. 玉米粉中3种玉米赤霉烯酮真菌毒素的检测及其膳食暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 24 -29 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402004
Yu-Xia WEI, Si-Jing ZHANG, Jun ZUO, Fang WANG, Jian-Guo WANG, Ya LI, Zi-Tong ZHANG, Kai LEI. Development of determination procedure and dietary exposure risk assessment for 3 kinds of zearalenone mycotoxins in maize flour[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 24 -29 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402004
玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)是镰刀菌属真菌产生的一种次级代谢产物, 具有生殖毒性、免疫毒性和致癌性[1-5]。ZEN主要污染玉米、小麦、高粱和大米等谷物, 据调查, 全世界每年都有谷物受到真菌毒素不同程度的污染[6-9]。GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定, 小麦和小麦粉、玉米及其制品中ZEN的限量标准为60 μg/kg; 欧盟对谷物及其制品进行了详细的区分, 限量在20~400 μg/kg之间[10-11]
ZEN易被还原为α-玉米赤霉烯醇(ɑ-zearalenol, α-ZOL)和β-玉米赤霉烯醇(β-zearalenol, β-ZOL), 且α-ZOL的毒性强于ZEN, β-ZOL的毒性与ZEN相当[12-13]。因此有必要对食品中的ZEN、ɑ-ZOL、β-ZOL进行分析检测, 保证食品安全。
GB 5009.209—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中玉米赤霉烯酮的测定》规定了多种食品中ZEN的标准检测方法。GB/T 21982—2008《动物源食品中玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、玉米赤霉酮和玉米赤霉烯酮残留量检测方法 液相色谱-质谱/质谱法》规定了同时检测动物源性食品中ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL的液相色谱-串联质谱法, 其中GB 5009.209— 2016代替GB/T 21982—2008中ZEN的检测方法。有文献报道采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测奶粉和牛奶[12-13]、食品和药用植物[14-15]、尿[16-17]等样品中的ZEN及部分代谢物。已报道的文献中样品净化中采用了QuEChERS[12-15], 免疫亲和净化[11,18], 固相萃取和液液萃取[16-17]等方法, 其中免疫亲和净化、固相萃取和液液萃取法有机溶剂使用量大且操作烦琐。QuEChERS方法具有简单、快速等特点, 近年来在真菌毒素检测中也得到了越来越广泛的应用。目前, 对于粮食及其制品中ZEN及其代谢物的同时测定, 没有现行有效的标准检测方法, 文献报道也很少。因此, 本研究提出采用QuEChERS进行样品制备, 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测, 保证样品制备和检测的速度、准确和通量, 建立适用于大批量样品检测的同时测定玉米粉中ZEN、α-ZOL和β-ZOL的检测方法, 进行实际样品检测并进行膳食暴露风险评估。以期在大批量样品分析监测中得到应用。
Waters Acquity UPLC-TQS液相色谱-质谱联用仪(美国Waters公司); IKA MS3漩涡混合器(德国IKA公司); 3-18K离心机(德国Sigma公司); AFS 80E超纯水仪(美国Millipore 公司); UW4200H电子天平(d=0.01 g, 日本SHIMADZU公司); SHZ-B水浴恒温振荡器(上海博讯医疗生物仪器股份有限公司); 基质分散固相萃取净化管、0.22 μm滤膜(北京纳鸥科技有限公司)。
北京市部分地区市售玉米粉样品, 共30件。其中超市16件, 市场11件, 网购3件。
乙腈、甲醇(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); 甲酸(色谱纯, 中国安谱公司); ZEN标准溶液(质量浓度100 μg/mL)、α-ZOL标准溶液(质量浓度10 μg/mL)、β-ZOL标准溶液(质量浓度10 μg/mL) (美国Romer公司); Waters ACQUITY BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)(美国Waters公司); 水为超纯水。
称取(5.00±0.05) g的样品于50 mL离心管, 加入20 mL 70%乙腈/水溶液, 涡旋混匀, 振荡30 min提取。4 ℃ 10000 r/min离心10 min, 取2 mL上清液于QuEChERS固相萃取净化管, 涡旋。4 ℃ 10000 r/min离心5 min, 上清液过0.22 μm的滤膜, 上机测定。
(1)混合标准中间液
分别准确吸取一定量ZEN、α-ZOL和β-ZOL标准溶液, 用乙腈稀释并定容, 配制1 μg/mL的混合标准溶液。
(2)标准系列溶液
准确吸取适量混合标准中间液, 用乙腈-水(3:7, V/V)定容, 配制成0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 ng/mL的混合标准系列溶液, 现用现配。
(3)基质匹配标准系列溶液
准确吸取一定量的混合标准中间液, 以阴性玉米粉样品提取液(按样品前处理流程1.3.1制备)作为溶剂, 配制成0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 ng/mL的混合标准系列溶液。
(1)液相色谱条件
采用Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱分离; 流动相A=5 mmoL乙酸铵水溶液, 流动相B=乙腈; 流速: 0.3 mL/min; 进样量3 μL; 柱温40 ℃; 梯度洗脱条件为: 0~0.5 min (95% A)~1.0 min (30% A)~6.0 min (0% A)。
(2)质谱条件
质谱条件: 电离模式为电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization, ESI)负离子模式-; 脱溶剂气流量: 1000 L/Hr; 锥孔电压: 22 V; 喷雾电压: -1.5 KV; 雾化气压力: 7 bar; 离子源温度: 550 ℃。检测方式: 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM), 参数见表1
本研究采用污染指数评价ZEN的污染等级[19]。按公式(1)~(2)计算污染指数, 结果根据表2判断。
${P}_{i}={C}_{i}/{S}_{i}$
${P}_{N}=\sqrt{({P}_{\text{i}ave}^{2}+{P}_{imax}^{2})/2}$
式中: Pi为ZEN单因素污染指标; PN为综合污染指数; Ci为玉米粉中ZEN的浓度, µg/kg; Si为玉米粉中ZEN的国家规定限量标准; PiavePimax分别代表ZEN的Pi的平均值和最大值。
用风险商(hazard quotient, HQ)法进行膳食暴露风险评估, 根据公式(3)和(4)计算HQ[20-21]。HQ指通过膳食摄入ZEN的安全风险的大小, 即表示为通过食用玉米粉摄入ZEN的每日摄入估计量(estimated daily intake, EDI)与每日最大耐受摄入量(provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, PMTDI)之比。HQ<1, 无风险; HQ>1, 有风险, 且HQ数值与风险成正比。
$\text{EDI}=\frac{C\times K}{\text{BW}}$
$\text{HQ}=\frac{EDI}{PMTDI}$
式中: HQ为风险商; EDI为每日摄入估计量, µg/(kg·day); PMTDI为每日最大耐受量, µg/(kg·day); C为样品中ZEN污染的平均含量, µg/kg; K为人均消费量, g/d; BW为身体质量, kg。
本研究前处理条件优化为3个平行样品测定, 方法学验证为6次平行测定。采用MasslynxV4.2软件进行数据处理, 采用Excel 2013进行原始数据处理和绘图。
在样品提取时结合GB 5009.209—2016和文献报道方法[14-17], 选择在提取液中加入一定比例的水, 提高ZEN及其代谢物的提取效果。本研究采用基质加标样品, 以回收率为指标, 依次比较了以下不同提取条件的提取效果(1) 乙腈-水-甲酸(70/29/1, V/V/V)和乙腈-水(70/30, V/V)作为提取液; (2)提取中加入提取盐包(4 g MgSO4, 1 g NaCl, 1 g TSCD, 0.5 g DHS)和不加盐包; (3)振荡和超声时间的影响。结果见表3, 由表3可见, 用乙腈-水(70/30, V/V)做提取溶剂, 振荡30 min的提取效果最佳。
QuEChERS固相萃取中应用的吸附剂主要有C18、石墨化炭黑、乙二胺-N-丙基硅胶(primary secondary amine, PSA)以及多壁碳纳米管等。C18能有效去除脂肪和类脂等非极性杂质, PSA主要用于去除碳水化合物、酚类、脂肪和极性色素等、石墨化炭黑可去除色素[22-25], 多壁碳纳米管可去除色素、有机酸、重金属离子等杂质[26-28]。本研究比较了8种不同的QuEChERS固相萃取管的净化效率, 结果见图1。8种净化柱的净化效果。由图1可见, ZEN在50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/100 mg MgSO4中的净化效率最高, a-ZOL和β-ZOL在50 mg PSA/150 mg MgSO4中净化效率最高, 50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/100 mg MgSO4次之。综合考虑各个化合物的净化效果, 选择50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/100 mg MgSO4进行净化。该净化方式与谢瑜杰等[13]报道的奶粉样品的净化和蒋晓宏等[14]净化糌粑样品的方法一致。
采用500 μg/L的标准溶液, 通过蠕动泵以20 μL/min的流速, 采用Intellistart软件, 分别优化ZEN、a-ZOL和β-ZOL的质谱条件。液相色谱分离中以5 mmoL乙酸铵水溶液/乙腈为流动相, 通过优化梯度洗脱条件, 得到空白基质加标样品中各化合物的色谱图见图2
分别考察了溶剂曲线和基质匹配曲线, 在溶剂体系中ZEN、ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL的线性范围均为0.1~100.0 μg/L, r均大于0.998。基质匹配曲线中ZEN、α-ZOL和β-ZOL的线性范围分别为0.2~100.0, 0.2~100.0和0.5~100.0 μg/L, 相关系数r均大于0.998。
采用空白基质加标样品进行灵敏度测定, ZEN、a-ZOL和β-ZOL的检出限(S/N=3)分别为: 0.5、0.5和1.5 μg/kg; 定量限(S/N=10)分别为: 1.5、1.5和4.5 μg/kg。满足ZEN限量标准的要求。
取空白玉米粉样品, 在5.0、15.0和60.0 μg/kg 3个不同浓度水平, 考察回收率和精密度。由表4可见, 低、中、高3个不同浓度加标条件下玉米粉样品中ZEN、ɑ-ZOL和β-ZOL回收率在80.4%~103.0%之间, 精密度均小于15%。
样品中共提取物的存在会影响分析目标物的响应, 形成基质效应(matrix effects, ME)。根据式(5)计算ME[29-30]
$ME/\%=(\frac{基质匹配标准去进斜率}{溶剂标准曲线斜率}–1)\times 100\%$
|ME|>50%为强基质效应; 20%≤|ME|≤50%为中等基质效应; |ME|<20%为弱基质效应。经测定, 本方法中ZEN、α-ZOL和β-ZOL的ME为33.5%、41.5%和39.1%, 为中等基质抑制效应。因此, 在样品检测中选择基质匹配曲线, 提高分析检测的可靠性。
采用本方法对市售30份玉米粉样品进行了分析测定, 结果表明: 30件样品均未检出α-ZOL和β-ZOL, 24件样品中检测出ZEN, 检出率为80%, 其中一份样品为1.12 µg/kg, 在检出限和定量限之间, 其余23件样品检出范围在1.5~30.1 µg/kg, 23件样品的平均值为11.2 µg/kg, 中位数为8.39 µg/kg。
本研究通过综合污染指数法和风险商对玉米粉中检出的ZEN污染水平和健康风险进行评估。ZEN的平均污染指数Pi值为0.151, 整体的污染指数PN为0.370, 均小于0.7, 属于无污染。
按照成人(60 kg)和儿童(16.5 kg)平均每天消费玉米16.8 g和7.34 g[31-32], 计算得到的成人和儿童的EDI分别为0.00246和0.00202 µg/(kg·day), 结合ZEN的每日可耐受摄入量0.5 µg/(kg·day)[31], 计算得到成人和儿童的HQ分别为0.00492和0.00404, 结果均小于1。表明成人和儿童的玉米粉中的ZEN无显著风险。与孟繁磊等[31]对吉林玉米真菌毒素膳食风险评估研究结果一致。但本次评估可能存在的不确定因素: (1)选择市售玉米粉为样品, 涵盖了超市、市场和网购等渠道, 但样本量比较小。因此玉米粉中ZEN的实际污染水平可能会有偏差。(2)进行平均摄入量评估时, 采用成年人和儿童的玉米消费量进行评估。在玉米的实际消费中除了玉米粉, 还存在玉米淀粉、玉米制品等形式, 可能会导致EDI偏高, 从而引起HQ值偏大。(3)评估中采用的玉米消费量来源于《第五次中国总膳食研究》评估, 而非当地的人均消费数据, 可能会导致评估结果有所偏差。
本研究建立了同时测定玉米粉中ZEN、ɑ-ZOL、β-ZOL的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析测定方法。用乙腈/水提取, 50 mg PSA/50 mg C18/100 mg MgSO4基质分散固相萃取净化, 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析检测, 基质匹配外标法定量。该方法样品简单、快速, 精密度好、回收率高、灵敏度高、稳定可靠。该方法成功应用于玉米粉中3种ZEN类真菌毒素的检测并有望进一步推广应用于粮食及其制品中3种ZEN类真菌毒素的分析测定。采用污染指数和风险商进行膳食暴露风险评估, 结果为无风险。
  • 通州区高层次人才发展计划项目(YHLD2019004)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402004
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
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通州区高层次人才发展计划项目(YHLD2019004)
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    北京市通州区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101100

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*魏玉霞(1979—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为理化检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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