Article(id=1215670317234700290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250224003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989691, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989691, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989691, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318098726936, articleId=1215670317234700290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on contamination risks of modified Fusarium toxins in grain, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fusarium toxins are toxic and harmful secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic Fusarium spp. during infection in grains. Contamination with Fusarium toxins threatens the safety of staple grains and animal health. In recent years, with the deepening of toxin research and the development of detection technologies, modified mycotoxins with changed chemical structures and biochemical properties have been detected. These modified mycotoxins are produced during processing, or through chemical or biological reactions in plants, animals or microorganisms, and could not be identified by conventional detection. Modified toxins can be transduced through the food chain and release free toxins after animal consumption. This article reviewed the recent research progress of modified Fusarium toxins, including the modification types, natural occurrence, toxicology, which would provide references for the comprehensive assessment of the contamination risk of Fusarium toxins in grains and control strategies development.

, correspAuthors=Xin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-Long HU, Yi SHI, Guang-Hui SHEN, Xin LIU, Jian-Hong XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318484602931, articleId=1215670317234700290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=粮食中修饰型镰刀菌毒素污染风险研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

镰刀菌毒素是产毒镰刀菌侵染粮食作物时产生的有毒有害次级代谢产物, 其污染威胁主粮安全和人民生命健康。近年来, 随着毒素研究的深入和检测技术的迭代更新, 风险监测过程中发现, 原型毒素可在加工过程、动植物及微生物体内通过化学或生物方式改变结构及生化属性, 而不能被常规检测识别, 称为修饰型毒素。修饰型毒素可以通过食物链传导, 在动物机体释放原型毒素。本文综述了粮食作物中修饰型镰刀菌毒素的修饰类型、污染自然发生及毒理学等研究进展, 以期为镰刀菌毒素污染风险的全面评估及防控策略的研发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘馨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘馨(1985—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为粮食真菌毒素污染风险评估与防控。E-mail:
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胡世龙(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为粮食真菌毒素污染风险。E-mail:

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粮食中修饰型镰刀菌毒素污染风险研究进展
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胡世龙 1, 2 , 史亦 2 , 沈广辉 1, 2 , 刘馨 1, 2, * , 徐剑宏 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(14): 113-119
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(14): 113-119
粮食中修饰型镰刀菌毒素污染风险研究进展
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胡世龙1, 2 , 史亦2, 沈广辉1, 2, 刘馨1, 2, * , 徐剑宏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 江苏大学食品与生物工程学院, 镇江 212013
  • 2 江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 南京 210014
  • 胡世龙(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为粮食真菌毒素污染风险。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘馨(1985—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为粮食真菌毒素污染风险评估与防控。E-mail:
Research progress on contamination risks of modified Fusarium toxins in grain
Shi-Long HU1, 2 , Yi SHI2, Guang-Hui SHEN1, 2, Xin LIU1, 2, * , Jian-Hong XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2 Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250224003
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镰刀菌毒素是产毒镰刀菌侵染粮食作物时产生的有毒有害次级代谢产物, 其污染威胁主粮安全和人民生命健康。近年来, 随着毒素研究的深入和检测技术的迭代更新, 风险监测过程中发现, 原型毒素可在加工过程、动植物及微生物体内通过化学或生物方式改变结构及生化属性, 而不能被常规检测识别, 称为修饰型毒素。修饰型毒素可以通过食物链传导, 在动物机体释放原型毒素。本文综述了粮食作物中修饰型镰刀菌毒素的修饰类型、污染自然发生及毒理学等研究进展, 以期为镰刀菌毒素污染风险的全面评估及防控策略的研发提供参考。

粮食  /  产毒镰刀菌  /  镰刀菌毒素污染  /  修饰型真菌毒素  /  风险评估

Fusarium toxins are toxic and harmful secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic Fusarium spp. during infection in grains. Contamination with Fusarium toxins threatens the safety of staple grains and animal health. In recent years, with the deepening of toxin research and the development of detection technologies, modified mycotoxins with changed chemical structures and biochemical properties have been detected. These modified mycotoxins are produced during processing, or through chemical or biological reactions in plants, animals or microorganisms, and could not be identified by conventional detection. Modified toxins can be transduced through the food chain and release free toxins after animal consumption. This article reviewed the recent research progress of modified Fusarium toxins, including the modification types, natural occurrence, toxicology, which would provide references for the comprehensive assessment of the contamination risk of Fusarium toxins in grains and control strategies development.

grain  /  toxigenic Fusarium  /  Fusarium toxin contamination  /  modified mycotoxins  /  risk assessment
胡世龙, 史亦, 沈广辉, 刘馨, 徐剑宏. 粮食中修饰型镰刀菌毒素污染风险研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 113 -119 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250224003
Shi-Long HU, Yi SHI, Guang-Hui SHEN, Xin LIU, Jian-Hong XU. Research progress on contamination risks of modified Fusarium toxins in grain[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 113 -119 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250224003
镰刀菌毒素是镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌侵染粮食作物时产生的一类低分子量次生代谢产物(secondary metabolites, SM)。镰刀菌毒素可污染小麦、玉米、水稻、燕麦等多种粮食作物, 在粮食作物的种植、收获、运输及储存[1]等各环节均有发生。据联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO)的统计, 全球约20%的粮食受到真菌毒素的污染, 且存在多毒素污染的现象[2]。其中, 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)及B族伏马毒素(B-type fumonisins, FBs)在粮食作物中的污染最为普遍。毒理学研究结果显示[3], 这些镰刀菌毒素具有细胞、胚胎及致畸等毒性。鉴于镰刀菌毒素污染给粮食安全和人及动物健康造成的威胁, 多国与地区规定了针对DON、ZEN等毒素种类的限量标准[4-5], 并对粮食作物及其制品中主要镰刀菌毒素类型的污染风险进行了持续的风险监测与评估。
近年来随着毒素研究的深入和检测技术的迭代更新[6], 监测过程中发现, 粮食中存在修饰型真菌毒素与原型真菌毒素联合污染的现象。本文将围绕粮食作物中的修饰型镰刀菌毒素, 从修饰类型、污染的自然发生及毒理学研究等方面综述近年来的研究进展, 以期为粮食作物镰刀菌毒素污染风险的全面评估及防控策略提供参考。
原型毒素可以自由态存在于粮食原料及其加工制品中, 也可在加工过程、动植物及微生物体内通过化学或生物方式改变毒素的结构及生化属性。在RYCHLIK等提出修饰型毒素之前, 结合型毒素(bound mycotoxins)、隐藏型毒素(hidden mycotoxins)及隐蔽型毒素(masked mycotoxins)等概念都曾被用于定义上述发生修饰的真菌毒素。隐蔽型毒素的概念是在上世纪80年代中期提出的。检测人员发现, 基质中检出毒素的含量和实际含量有较大差异。毒素的毒理效应可以归因于某些未能检出的毒素形态, 如基质共轭态毒素。这些在化学结构、极性、水溶性和分子量等方面发生变化的毒素代谢物目前统一定名为修饰型毒素。修饰型真菌毒素的概念最早在2014年由RYCHLIK等[7]提出, 指真菌毒素的化学结构受化学或生物修饰发生改变, 从而不能在常规筛查中被检出。依据RYCHLIK等的定义, 毒素被分为原型毒素、基质结合态毒素(matrix-associated mycotoxins)及修饰型毒素[7]
原型镰刀菌毒素包括所有未发生修饰的镰刀菌毒素种类, 如DON、雪腐镰刀菌毒素(nivalenol, NIV)、ZEN和FBs。此外, DON的乙酰化衍生物3Ac-DON及15Ac-DON、NIV的乙酰化衍生物4Ac-NIV等在镰刀菌菌体内通过生物合成完成乙酰化修饰反应的毒素种类, 通常仍将其归为原型毒素。基质结合态毒素是指毒素与基质大分子化合物(如植物中的蛋白质、淀粉、脂质等)通过共价键或非共价键结合的形式发生结合。非共价键结合的基质结合态毒素也可称为物理包埋, 指由氢键、离子键等非共价键介导与毒素结合。FBs有多种物理包埋的基质结合态, 可通过水解反应将原型毒素释放[8]。镰刀菌毒素也有多种共价键结合态。SHIER等最早发现FBs的共价健结合态, 将FBs标记放射性同位素后, 在加工过程中, FBs的三羧酸侧链能够与多糖和蛋白质发生共价结合, 从而形成基质结合态的FBs[9]。ZACHARIASOVA等[10]报道DON可以通过与基质中多糖共价结合, 形成基质结合态。修饰型镰刀菌毒素则指原型镰刀菌毒素的化学结构受到外源修饰发生改变, 其修饰类型主要包括化学修饰、生物修饰等。
镰刀菌毒素的化学修饰类型主要包括热反应和非热反应。热反应修饰指谷物加工过程中的烘焙、烘烤、油炸和挤压等热反应改变毒素化学结构。玉米制品易受到FBs的污染, 加工过程中的加热反应可以促使FBs与基质中还原糖等小分子结合, 导致FBs的检出量降低, 低估了其污染风险。液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)分析了玉米制品加工过程中游离态和水解后FBs的含量, 发现水解后FBs含量显著大于游离态的FBs的含量; 加工产品中总FBs的含量是游离态FBs的1.1~2.3倍, 结合态占比显著上升; 面食加工过程中的高温、高湿、长时间比临时挤压更容易促进FBs结合态的形成, 结合态增加2.6~5.5倍。FB1在热加工过程中会与还原糖发生美拉德反应, 先形成N-(1-脱氧-D-果糖-1-基)-FB1 [N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B1, NDF-FB1], 该中间产物不稳定, 随后进一步转化成N-(羧甲基)-FB1 [N-(carboxymethyl) fumonisin B1, NCM-FB1][11]。SEEFELDER等[12]报道在加工玉米制品样品中检测到上述热反应修饰物NCM-FB1
去环氧化DON (nor-DON A/B/C/D/E/F)和去环氧化NIV (nor-NIV A/B/C)是单端孢霉烯族毒素DON或NIV在加工过程中的热降解产物[13]。在燕麦饼干烘焙过程中, 高温加热使得DON的衍生物DOM-1、isoDON和NorDONs、ZEN的硫化代谢物α-ZEL-14-S、β-ZEL-14-S积累, 这些衍生物在样品中的含量遵循不同的动力学变化规律, 随着烘焙温度和时间的变化特异出现。结合上述演变规律, 研究人员建议将燕麦饼干的烘焙工艺进行优化, 温度为175 ℃, 烘焙时间为25 min, 以平衡加工食品的安全性与可食用性[14]。高温食品加工过程(如烘焙)可以将T-2和HT-2毒素通过共价结合的形式与淀粉等基质结合形成多种结合态毒素, 显著降低T-2和HT-2毒素的毒性残留; 模拟实验结果表明, T-2毒素可与淀粉的简化模型化学物1-O-甲基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷发生模拟结合[15]。加工过程中, 除了烘焙工艺中的高温处理外, 麦芽生产过程中谷物发芽阶段, DON的葡萄糖苷修饰物D3G的含量也会随着时间增加, 达到起始浓度的8倍; 面团发酵阶段也可以促进D3G浓度的小幅增加。
在饲料加工过程中, DON在无添加剂时稳定性较高, 使用亚硫酸氢钠处理可以有效降低DON含量。在这一非热化处理过程中, DON可被修饰转化为其磺酸盐修饰态[16]。此外, 值得一提的是, 一些修饰型镰刀菌毒素, 如水解FB1 (hydrolyzed FB1, HFB1), 可以根据其修饰阶段不同被归入不同类别。玉米粉中的HFB1在传统的碱性蒸煮工艺中形成, 归为化学修饰范畴[11]; 而仔猪食用了含FB1的饲料, 在肠道中被代谢为HFB1, 则将其归类为生物修饰[17]
镰刀菌毒素的生物修饰分为官能化和共轭两种形式。官能化主要是指毒素与植物I相代谢物(酶催化反应及氧化、水解和还原等非生物降解过程中的代谢物)发生结合, 形成修饰态毒素。黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)与植物组织的核糖核酸发生共价反应, 形成官能化修饰态毒素AFB1-8,9-外环氧化物(AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide)[18], 目前鲜见镰刀菌毒素的官能化修饰的报道。
共轭是指镰刀菌毒素与植物、真菌、动物等生物体内的II相代谢物结合。镰刀菌毒素在植物中与其代谢物结合, 形成多种共轭态结合物。有学者将毒素与植物代谢物发生结合的形态特定称为隐蔽型毒素[7,19]。目前隐蔽型毒素这个定义已经因其不够全面科学, 而被修饰型毒素替换。植物在体内通过与小分子有机化学物共轭或水解、氧化还原、改变极性等方式改变毒素的化学结构的方式, 便于将毒素封隔在植物液泡或质外体等细胞器, 可以有效降低毒素对植物细胞与组织的毒性[20]。植物解毒活性的高低主要依赖植物解毒酶的活性及其与毒素的物理接触程度[21]
镰刀菌毒素在植物中的修饰形式有多种, 如DON、ZEN、NIV、T-2毒素和HT-2毒素可与植物中的葡萄糖苷结合, 形成葡萄糖苷结合态, 如D3G、ZEN的葡萄糖苷修饰物ZEN14G (ZEN-14-glucoside)、NIV的葡萄糖苷修饰物NIV14G (NIV-14-glucoside)或T-2/HT-2毒素的葡萄糖苷修饰物T-2/HT-23G (T2/HT-2-3-glucoside)[22-24]
DON、NIV等单端孢霉烯族毒素对植物细胞具有植物毒性, 而D3G的植物毒性低于DON。因此, D3G等葡萄糖苷修饰态在植物组织中的形成也被认为是一种植物应对镰刀菌毒素毒害的解毒机制。SASANYA等[25]检测镰刀菌侵染后的硬红春麦, 植物组织内D3G的含量超过游离态的DON含量, 并表现出较强的糖基化酶活性。这种解毒机制在于毒素与葡萄糖苷等的结合作用限制了其毒性基团与靶细胞成分之间的相互作用, 从而降低了毒素的毒性。此外, 糖苷化等结合可以改变毒素的分子极性, 更有利于其与膜结合转运蛋白的结合, 便于植物细胞将毒素分子从细胞质中排出。随后, 这些结合态毒素会被储存在植物液泡或质外体中, 或者与细胞壁相结合, 这种物理隔离有助于降低毒性[26-30]。D3G的转化受DON起始污染浓度及植物对镰刀菌侵染抗性的影响。研究发现, 植物组织中DON的浓度达到一定的阈值之前, DON向D3G转化效率较高; 当DON浓度过高时, DON向D3G的转化效率降低。这表明植物在DON污染水平高的条件下, 将DON糖苷化的能力受限, 向D3G的转化量减少。在赤霉病抗性较高的小麦品种中, 镰刀菌侵染程度较低, 小麦籽粒中积累的DON浓度较低, 在这样的情况下, 植物将DON转化为D3G的效率会更高。
在植物体内, DON等单端孢霉烯族毒素糖苷化的程度主要依赖植物糖苷转移酶的活性, 该酶可以结合外源葡萄糖分子并将其转移结合至DON的C3位的醇羟基上。一类古老的小麦栽培种斯卑尔脱小麦中植物糖苷转移酶活性最高, 因此, DON向D3G转化率最高。小麦、大麦中DON向D3G的转化率也较高, 玉米和黑麦中转化率则相对低, 燕麦中未检测到D3G的形成。此外, DON的糖苷化过程在种子萌发过程中最为活跃, 种子等组织中高浓度葡萄糖有助于D3G的形成[27]。LI等[22]报道在小麦中过表达催化DON转化为D3G的UDP-葡萄糖苷转移酶编码基因, 可以有效加快DON向D3G的转化, 提升小麦对DON的脱毒能力及对抵御镰刀菌侵染的抗性。
除了转化为糖苷化衍生物, DON还会在小麦中转化为硫酸盐结合态, 形成D3S和D15S等硫酸盐衍生物[31]。D3S和D15S可以在人工接种禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)孢子悬浮液及DON毒素原液的小麦植株中检测到, 上述硫酸盐衍生物和糖苷化衍生物类似, 也是植物解毒的一种机制, D15S表现出对植物核糖体活性的中度抑制作用, 而D3S则不再抑制蛋白质合成。DON向硫酸化衍生物的转化可能是通过植物磺基转移酶催化, 将DON的羟基位点C-3和C-15位与硫酸基团结合。
部分酵母、细菌及丝状真菌等微生物也可以通过自身防御机制及酶活性在体内改变镰刀菌毒素的化学结构, 对毒素进行修饰。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)可将ZEN代谢转化成α-玉米赤霉烯醇(α-zearalenol, α-ZEL)、β-玉米赤霉烯醇(β-zearalenol, β-ZEL)、ZEN-14G和ZEN-16G[32]。毛单囊菌属Trichomonascus可通过糖基化、乙酰化、酯解等多种反应对T-2毒素进行生物转化, 如加糖苷键后形成T-2-α-葡萄糖苷(T-2-α-glucoside)、通过乙酰转移酶作用生成3-乙酰基-T-2毒素(3-acetyl T-2 toxin)及通过异戊酰酯酶水解C-8异戊酰基团生成新茄镰孢菌醇(neosolaniol)[33]。上述微生物转化反应通过修饰T-2毒素的C-3羟基位点降低其毒性, 属于微生物的解毒策略。PLASENCIA等[34]报道禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)等可将ZEN转化为硫酸盐形式ZEN4S (zearalenone-4-sulfate)。伏马毒素产毒菌轮枝镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)培养物中可检测到多种FBs的酰胺基态, FB1可被转化为O-酰胺态异构体及3种N-酰胺态结合物(N-linoleoyl-FB1, N-palmitoyl-FB1和N-oleoyl-FB1)[35]。除了生物转化外, 镰刀菌毒素可以通过与微生物机制或培养基成分结合形成结合物, 从而不能在常规检测过程中被检出; 此类结合化合物的存在可能导致某些微生物发酵食品, 如酱油、葡萄酒等毒素的污染总含量的低估。
镰刀菌毒素可在人或动物体内发生结合反应, 较为常见的是葡萄糖醛酸化反应。T-2和HT-2毒素与肝组织微生物组提取物共孵育后, 可转化为葡萄糖醛酸苷结合物(T2-3-glucuronide/HT2-3-glucuronide)[36]。DON毒素也可以在大鼠或人的肝组织微生物组提取物的作用下, 被转化多种葡萄糖醛酸苷结合物DON-3/8/15-O-β-D-glucuronide[37]。ZEN可在牛尿苷5’-二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶的催化及尿苷5’-二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸(5’-diphosphoglucuronic acid, UDPGA)作为辅因子下, 发生葡萄糖醛反应, 转化为ZEN-4-O-β-D-glucuronide[38]。哺乳动物中葡萄糖醛酸苷酶负责催化毒素的葡萄糖醛酸化反应, 因其酶种类的差异, 毒素的修饰模式存在物种依赖性差异。以HT-2毒素为例, 3-羟基和4-羟基位上均可发生葡萄糖醛酸化; 猪、大鼠、小鼠和人的肝组织微生物组提取物与HT-2共孵育后, 仅有猪的提取物可同时催化HT-2毒素3-羟基和4-羟基位上的葡萄糖醛酸化反应, 其他动物组织提取物不能对上述毒素进行同类反应的催化。
在谷物发生真菌毒素污染报道中, 修饰型毒素常常与游离态的常见毒素复合污染。在某些报道中, 甚至出现修饰型毒素的污染水平显著高于后者的情况[39-40]
小麦、大麦、玉米等谷物样品中的D3G污染发生最为普遍。D3G在谷物中的自然污染报道最早可追溯至1985年[41]。D3G作为研究最广泛的修饰型镰刀菌毒素, 常与游离态DON共存于谷物、谷物类食品及饲料中, 检出比例较高。DONG等[42]采集了2015—2016年江苏小麦产区862份小麦样品, D3G的年度检出率分别为96%和97%, 平均含量为(545±28) µg/kg和(819±44) µg/kg, 样品中的D3G含量与DON含量呈显著正相关, D3G与DON的浓度平均比率(D3G/DON)约为30%。国外也有较多的D3G检出报道, 一项跨度较长的毒素污染监测结果显示, 2001—2012年美国中西部大麦样品中D3G的污染检出浓度区间为0.2~3.11 mg/kg[43]。欧洲几国采集的小麦、玉米样品中D3G的污染普遍发生, 检测浓度为10~1070 µg/kg, D3G占DON浓度的摩尔比例区间为5~46 mol%[44]。南非采集的玉米样品中D3G的检出率为53%[45]。2012—2015年采集的意大利北部玉米样品中D3G检出率为60%~100%, 平均含量54~1247 µg/kg[46]。一项针对87份啤酒样本毒素污染风险筛查发现, 仅3%的样本检出DON, 检出浓度为12~22 μg/kg, 而D3G的检出率高达55%, 检出浓度为2.5~38 μg/kg[47], 这可能与啤酒加工过程中DON的糖基化反应有关。
在毒素污染风险评估过程中, D3G与其游离态DON的比率是个重要的指标。欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)公布一项谷物毒素污染调查的结果显示, 谷物加工产品中D3G/DON的平均比值约为10%, 麦芽及啤酒中D3G/DON的比值约100%[48]。DON的去环氧化修饰态去环氧化DON (nor DON A/B/C)在谷物加工食品中的检出率为29%~66%, 平均含量为3~15 µg/kg[13]。除DON外, 其他单端孢霉烯B族毒素如NIV的糖苷化衍生物NIV3G (nivalenol-3-glucoside)在小麦、大麦和燕麦等谷物中也有检出, 检出率最高可达61.8%[49-50]。单端孢霉烯A族的T-2及HT-2毒素也有糖苷化衍生物自然污染谷物的报道[51-52]。在人工接种试验中, 糖苷化的衍生化类型更多, 侵染植物组织中可以检测到多种镰刀菌毒素如DON、T-2和HT-2等的二糖苷(DONdiG)、三糖苷(DONtriG)甚至四糖苷(DONtetraG)的衍生物[10,53-55]
除了单端孢霉烯类毒素以外, 谷物及其制品中修饰态ZEN的种类较多, 广泛存在于谷物及其加工食品中。BOEVRE等报道比利时采集的玉米样品中检出多种ZEN的I相修饰态, 如α-ZEL和β-ZEL, 检出浓度总和最高为7970 µg/kg; 而ZEN14Glc、玉米赤霉烯酮-14-硫酸盐(ZEN14Sulf)、α-ZEL14Glc及β-ZEL14Glc的检出浓度的总和最高可达9750 µg/kg; 谷物加工品如面包和早餐谷物中ZEN衍生态的污染总量超过了欧盟规定的ZEN最高限量标准(50 µg/kg或75 µg/kg)[56]。ZEN的糖苷化衍生物ZEN14Glc在谷物中的污染较为普遍, 24份小麦样品中, 22份样品检出ZEN, 浓度为11~860 µg/kg, 10份样品检出ZEN14Glc, 检出浓度普遍略低于ZEN (17~104 µg/kg)[57]。在加工玉米制品如玉米片中检测到FBs的修饰态HFB1和HFB2及NCM-FB1, NCM-FB1的含量超过了原型毒素FB1[12], 上述这种修饰态毒素含量高于原型毒素的现象常有报道[58]
鉴于多种修饰型镰刀菌毒素在谷物及其制品中高频次检出, 系统的毒理学数据及修饰态毒素在动物机体内的转化机制、消长规律研究是全面风险评估的前提。多项毒理学研究表明, D3G的细胞毒性弱于DON。此外, 由于加上了糖苷键增大了分子量及极性的改变, D3G进入机体细胞能力也显著降低[23]。饲料加工过程中亚硫酸氢钠处理使得DON转化为磺酸盐化修饰态, DON硫酸盐修饰态化合物的细胞毒性低于DON; 热处理形成的DON修饰态NorDON A检测不到细胞毒性[59]。因此D3G污染对食品安全的影响主要表现在食物链传导过程中转化为原型毒素从而对动物表现出毒害作用[60]。HOWARD等[61]报道添加NCM-FB1 (40 µmol/kg)饲料饲喂小鼠组未表现出FB1造成的毒性反应。
动物体内代谢试验发现, 植物共轭态毒素在动物的上消化道中结构稳定, 但进入肠道后会被肠道中的微生物转化为原型毒素。D3G可以在24 h内被水解, 释放出原型毒素。在大鼠模型中, 利用基于LC-MS/MS的代谢物定量分析, 验证了D3G在体内的代谢动力学, D3G的生物利用度较低, 仅3.7%的D3G给药剂量以代谢物形式出现在尿液中, 而大部分D3G在粪便中以原型毒素DON和脱氧化产物形式出现, 表明D3G在消化过程中绝大部分被水解为DON或其葡萄糖醛酸结合物DON-GluA[62]。在人的肠细胞Caco-2模型中, D3G因分子量较大且极性较高, 难以通过被动扩散或载体介导的途径进入哺乳细胞内, 其生物利用度显著低于原型毒素DON[63]; 进一步的毒理学研究表明, D3G不激活分裂原活化蛋白激酶, 不与核糖体结合, 对细胞活力、肠道屏障功能也无显著的影响, 毒性显著降低。虽然D3G的生物利用度相较于原型毒素DON显著降低, 但其在哺乳动物体内仍然存在转化释放原型毒素的风险。
以猪为模型的D3G代谢动力学研究结果显示, 猪口服D3G后, 在肠道内几乎可以完全被水解还原成DON, 但仅有少量被肠道吸收; 在尿液中检出两种DON葡萄糖醛酸结合物异构体, 表明猪体内存在DON的肝脏代谢路径。与直接给予DON相比, D3G处理组猪尿液中代谢物排泄量减少50%, 表明D3G的生物利用度较低; 静脉注射D3G后, 98%的糖苷化衍生物以原形毒素DON的形式通过尿液排泄。因此D3G的毒性风险主要源于肠道的水解释放还原[64]
GRATZ等[23]报道将T-2毒素的葡萄糖苷修饰物(T2-3-O-α-glucoside、T2-3-O-β-glucoside)与粪便中分离的细菌共培养24 h后, 70%的葡萄糖苷修饰毒素可以转化为原型毒素, 并进一步被脱乙酰基, 转化成HT-2毒素。ZEN的葡萄糖苷修饰物ZEN14G及α-ZEL、β-ZEL等葡萄糖苷修饰物α-/β-ZEL14G能够在动物体内迅速水解, 4 h内释放出约97%的原型毒素及某些未知代谢物[23]。ZEN14G的毒性显著低于原型毒素ZEN, 在牛全血及血液成分(血浆、血清、白蛋白)中均可以通过酶催化或化学分解的方式被转化为原型毒素, 分子对接模拟进一步验证了ZEN14G与血清白蛋白的结合模式[65]。在人乳腺癌细胞培养体系中, ZEN14G可转化为ZEN及其异构体α-ZEN或β-ZEN[66]。综上所述, ZEN等镰刀菌毒素在植物中的糖苷化反应这一解毒机制可能被哺乳动物肠道微生物及动物细胞逆转, 存在释放原型毒素的风险。
目前对于基质结合态毒素的毒理研究数据还很欠缺, FBs与淀粉或蛋白质的结合态可被肠道微生物菌群或肠道内的消化酶裂解, 释放原型毒素[67]。因此, 在进行风险评估的过程中, 尤其是在制定可耐受每日摄入量时, 应充分考虑修饰态毒素在动物机内转化为原型毒素的几率及其风险。
谷物中的镰刀菌毒素在生产、加工等过程中, 在植物、动物、微生物中发生化学结构改变, 形成修饰型毒素, 常规风险监测技术无法识别。修饰态镰刀菌毒素能在食物链中传导, 并在人或动物肠道内经由肠道微生物及消化酶作用, 释放出原型毒素, 从而对人类和动物的健康构成潜在风险。由于目前对于修饰型毒素的自然发生、检测方法、形成、代谢转化规律及毒性等方面存在诸多尚未明确的问题, 亟待深入系统的研究。尤其需要在毒素修饰态的形成机制、加工参数(湿度、温度、时间)等对修饰效应的影响及修饰态毒素在动物体内消化过程中潜在释放的风险深入研究与评估, 将为谷物镰刀菌毒素污染风险的全面评估和防控提供依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32402257)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(1002)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(1001)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250224003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
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国家自然科学基金项目(32402257)
国家自然科学基金项目(1002)
国家自然科学基金项目(1001)
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    1 江苏大学食品与生物工程学院, 镇江 212013
    2 江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 南京 210014

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*刘馨(1985—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为粮食真菌毒素污染风险评估与防控。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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