Article(id=1215670316773326848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989581, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989581, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989581, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989581, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=276, endPage=284, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318065172502, articleId=1215670316773326848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on food classification and result determination from market regulation perspective, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Food supervisory sampling and inspection serves as a critical approach in food safety regulation, where scientifically precise food classification directly determines the accuracy of result evaluation and the effectiveness of inspection practices. Currently, multiple food classification systems coexist in China, with discrepancies in the categorization of food items across these frameworks. These inconsistencies have led to significant challenges in accurately classifying food products and determining evaluation outcomes. This study systematically investigated the characteristics and application relationships of China’s primary food classification systems. Through case analyses of products including Qingtuan (glutinous rice dumplings), pickled mustard and peanut butter, it revealed classification discrepancies across different systems for homologous foods and identified key factors influencing food classification and result determination. Findings demonstrated that comprehensive judgment in supervisory inspection must integrate inspection protocols, production licensing categories, product standards and ingredient processing information. The accuracy of result determination was jointly affected by classification precision, enforcement rigor of evaluation principles and standardized application of criteria. This paper proposed a series of recommendations, including the optimization of food classification determination mechanisms, the development of a food classification reference database, the refinement of early warning systems for standard revisions, the enhancement of classification and determination capabilities within inspection institutions and the establishment of a national food classification information platform. These measures were intended to provide a scientific foundation and practical references for government regulatory bodies and inspection agencies to streamline supervision and sampling workflows, improve the accuracy of food categorization and outcome assessment, and ultimately enhance the overall efficiency of food safety regulation.

, correspAuthors=Jing XI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rong-Jun LIAO, Xiao-Ru LIANG, Huan DU, Jing XI, Wen-Yi YE, Rong YI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318421688366, articleId=1215670316773326848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=市场监管视角下食品分类与结果判定的研究进展, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

食品监督抽检工作是食品安全监管的重点手段之一, 科学精准的食品分类关系到结果判定的准确性和抽检工作的质量优劣。目前我国多个食品分类体系并行, 各体系间食品类别划分存在差异, 给食品分类和结果判定工作造成了实质性困扰。本文系统地研究了我国现阶段主要食品分类体系及其特性与应用关系, 结合青团、酸菜、花生酱等产品实例解析同类食品在不同体系中的分类差异, 并归纳总结影响食品分类与结果判定的关键因素。研究表明, 监督抽检工作中食品分类需结合抽检细则、生产许可类别、产品执行标准、配料工艺等信息进行综合判断; 结果判定的准确性受到食品分类精准性、判定原则执行力度及判定标准应用规范性等多因素共同影响。本文提出优化食品分类判定机制、开发食品分类对照数据库、完善标准修订预警机制、加强检验机构分类判定能力建设和建立全国食品分类信息平台等建议, 可为政府监管部门与检验检测机构优化监督抽检工作流程, 提升食品分类和结果判定准确性, 提供科学依据和实例参考, 以达到持续提升食品安全监管效能的目的。

, correspAuthors=席静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*席静(1973—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为国内外农食产品的安全评估。E-mail:
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廖荣军(1991—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检验与质量安全控制。E-mail:

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廖荣军(1991—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检验与质量安全控制。E-mail:

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China Quality Long March, 2025(2): 80., articleTitle=New changes in bread and pastry additives: Sodium dehydroacetate withdrawn from some food fields, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872890786545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=17, pageStart=169, pageEnd=172, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=100, authorNames=刘世娟, journalName=现代食品, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘世娟. 食品安全抽检数据质量问题分析及提升建议[J]. 现代食品, 2023, 29(17): 169-172., articleTitle=食品安全抽检数据质量问题分析及提升建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686872966284019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=17, pageStart=169, pageEnd=172, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=101, authorNames=LIU SJ, journalName=Modern Food, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU SJ. 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Common problems and improvement suggestions in food inspection report review[J]. Laboratory Testing, 2023, 1(3): 1-5., articleTitle=Common problems and improvement suggestions in food inspection report review, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686858953113907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, awardId=KYHZ2024B17, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年广州市质量发展与标准化战略专项(KYHZ2024B17), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686859074748732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, awardId=2024HK281, language=CN, fundingSource=海关总署科研项目(2024HK281), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686853634736148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686853643124758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, companyId=1215686853634736148, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686853647319065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, companyId=1215686853634736148, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广州海关技术中心, 广州 510623)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686858273636623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differences of classification differences between GB 2760—2024, production license classification and national sampling inspection rules (partial products)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称 GB 2760—2024分类 生产许可分类 《国抽细则》分类
面包 归为面包(07.01), 与糕点(07.02)并列 归入糕点 归入糕点
馒头、包子 归为发酵面制品(06.03.02.03), 与糕点(07.02)分属不同类别 归入糕点 归入粮食加工品-发酵面制品
年糕、米糕、发糕 归为米粉制品(06.02.04), 与糕点(07.02)分属不同类别 归入糕点 归入粮食加工品-米粉制品
豆浆 归为植物蛋白饮料(14.03.02), 与非发酵豆制品(04.04.01)分属不同类别 归入非发酵豆制品 归入非发酵性豆制品
混合坚果制品/枣夹核桃 混合型产品按原料分别归类:
坚果原料归为熟制坚果与籽类(04.05.02.01); 果干原料归为水果干类(04.01.02.02)
归入炒货食品及坚果制品 归入炒货食品及坚果
制品
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858483351829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GB 2760—2024与生产许可分类、《国抽细则》分类差异(部分产品)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称 GB 2760—2024分类 生产许可分类 《国抽细则》分类
面包 归为面包(07.01), 与糕点(07.02)并列 归入糕点 归入糕点
馒头、包子 归为发酵面制品(06.03.02.03), 与糕点(07.02)分属不同类别 归入糕点 归入粮食加工品-发酵面制品
年糕、米糕、发糕 归为米粉制品(06.02.04), 与糕点(07.02)分属不同类别 归入糕点 归入粮食加工品-米粉制品
豆浆 归为植物蛋白饮料(14.03.02), 与非发酵豆制品(04.04.01)分属不同类别 归入非发酵豆制品 归入非发酵性豆制品
混合坚果制品/枣夹核桃 混合型产品按原料分别归类:
坚果原料归为熟制坚果与籽类(04.05.02.01); 果干原料归为水果干类(04.01.02.02)
归入炒货食品及坚果制品 归入炒货食品及坚果
制品
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858621763871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variations in regulatory limit indicators under GB 2760—2024 (partial products)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称 分类说明 类别名称 防腐剂、甜味剂、着色剂限量指标差异情况
青团 正确类别 米粉制品(06.02.04) 山梨酸、双乙酸钠、纳他霉素和甜蜜素均为不得使用
易误归入类别 糕点(07.02) 山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、双乙酸钠≤4.0 g/kg、纳他霉素≤
0.3 g/kg、甜蜜素≤1.6 g/kg
面包 正确类别 面包(07.01) 不得使用纳他霉素
易误归入类别 糕点(07.02) 纳他霉素≤10 mg/kg(以残留量计)
发酵型酱腌菜 正确类别 发酵蔬菜制品(04.02.02.06) 腌渍蔬菜中所列举的食品添加剂均不得使用
易误归入类别 腌渍的蔬菜(04.02.02.03) 苯甲酸≤1.0 g/kg、山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、脱氢乙酸≤
0.3 g/kg、二氧化硫残留量≤0.1 g/kg、柠檬黄≤0.1 g/kg、糖精钠≤0.15 g/kg、三氯蔗糖≤0.25 g/kg、甜蜜素≤
1.0 g/kg、安赛蜜≤0.3 g/kg
酱花生米(仁) 正确类别 其他加工的坚果与籽类(如腌渍的果仁)(04.05.02.05) 苯甲酸、山梨酸和脱氢乙酸均不得使用
易误归入类别 腌渍的蔬菜(04.02.02.03) 苯甲酸≤1.0 g/kg、山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、脱氢乙酸≤0.3 g/kg
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858730815781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316773326848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GB 2760—2024限量指标差异情况(部分产品)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品名称 分类说明 类别名称 防腐剂、甜味剂、着色剂限量指标差异情况
青团 正确类别 米粉制品(06.02.04) 山梨酸、双乙酸钠、纳他霉素和甜蜜素均为不得使用
易误归入类别 糕点(07.02) 山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、双乙酸钠≤4.0 g/kg、纳他霉素≤
0.3 g/kg、甜蜜素≤1.6 g/kg
面包 正确类别 面包(07.01) 不得使用纳他霉素
易误归入类别 糕点(07.02) 纳他霉素≤10 mg/kg(以残留量计)
发酵型酱腌菜 正确类别 发酵蔬菜制品(04.02.02.06) 腌渍蔬菜中所列举的食品添加剂均不得使用
易误归入类别 腌渍的蔬菜(04.02.02.03) 苯甲酸≤1.0 g/kg、山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、脱氢乙酸≤
0.3 g/kg、二氧化硫残留量≤0.1 g/kg、柠檬黄≤0.1 g/kg、糖精钠≤0.15 g/kg、三氯蔗糖≤0.25 g/kg、甜蜜素≤
1.0 g/kg、安赛蜜≤0.3 g/kg
酱花生米(仁) 正确类别 其他加工的坚果与籽类(如腌渍的果仁)(04.05.02.05) 苯甲酸、山梨酸和脱氢乙酸均不得使用
易误归入类别 腌渍的蔬菜(04.02.02.03) 苯甲酸≤1.0 g/kg、山梨酸≤1.0 g/kg、脱氢乙酸≤0.3 g/kg
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市场监管视角下食品分类与结果判定的研究进展
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廖荣军 , 梁小茹 , 杜欢 , 席静 * , 叶雯仪 , 易蓉
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(14): 276-284
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(14): 276-284
市场监管视角下食品分类与结果判定的研究进展
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廖荣军 , 梁小茹, 杜欢, 席静* , 叶雯仪, 易蓉
作者信息
  • 广州海关技术中心, 广州 510623
  • 廖荣军(1991—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检验与质量安全控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*席静(1973—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为国内外农食产品的安全评估。E-mail:
Research progress on food classification and result determination from market regulation perspective
Rong-Jun LIAO , Xiao-Ru LIANG, Huan DU, Jing XI* , Wen-Yi YE, Rong YI
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331004
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食品监督抽检工作是食品安全监管的重点手段之一, 科学精准的食品分类关系到结果判定的准确性和抽检工作的质量优劣。目前我国多个食品分类体系并行, 各体系间食品类别划分存在差异, 给食品分类和结果判定工作造成了实质性困扰。本文系统地研究了我国现阶段主要食品分类体系及其特性与应用关系, 结合青团、酸菜、花生酱等产品实例解析同类食品在不同体系中的分类差异, 并归纳总结影响食品分类与结果判定的关键因素。研究表明, 监督抽检工作中食品分类需结合抽检细则、生产许可类别、产品执行标准、配料工艺等信息进行综合判断; 结果判定的准确性受到食品分类精准性、判定原则执行力度及判定标准应用规范性等多因素共同影响。本文提出优化食品分类判定机制、开发食品分类对照数据库、完善标准修订预警机制、加强检验机构分类判定能力建设和建立全国食品分类信息平台等建议, 可为政府监管部门与检验检测机构优化监督抽检工作流程, 提升食品分类和结果判定准确性, 提供科学依据和实例参考, 以达到持续提升食品安全监管效能的目的。

监督抽检  /  食品分类  /  分类体系  /  结果判定

Food supervisory sampling and inspection serves as a critical approach in food safety regulation, where scientifically precise food classification directly determines the accuracy of result evaluation and the effectiveness of inspection practices. Currently, multiple food classification systems coexist in China, with discrepancies in the categorization of food items across these frameworks. These inconsistencies have led to significant challenges in accurately classifying food products and determining evaluation outcomes. This study systematically investigated the characteristics and application relationships of China’s primary food classification systems. Through case analyses of products including Qingtuan (glutinous rice dumplings), pickled mustard and peanut butter, it revealed classification discrepancies across different systems for homologous foods and identified key factors influencing food classification and result determination. Findings demonstrated that comprehensive judgment in supervisory inspection must integrate inspection protocols, production licensing categories, product standards and ingredient processing information. The accuracy of result determination was jointly affected by classification precision, enforcement rigor of evaluation principles and standardized application of criteria. This paper proposed a series of recommendations, including the optimization of food classification determination mechanisms, the development of a food classification reference database, the refinement of early warning systems for standard revisions, the enhancement of classification and determination capabilities within inspection institutions and the establishment of a national food classification information platform. These measures were intended to provide a scientific foundation and practical references for government regulatory bodies and inspection agencies to streamline supervision and sampling workflows, improve the accuracy of food categorization and outcome assessment, and ultimately enhance the overall efficiency of food safety regulation.

supervisory sampling and inspection  /  food classification  /  classification system  /  result determination
廖荣军, 梁小茹, 杜欢, 席静, 叶雯仪, 易蓉. 市场监管视角下食品分类与结果判定的研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 276 -284 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331004
Rong-Jun LIAO, Xiao-Ru LIANG, Huan DU, Jing XI, Wen-Yi YE, Rong YI. Research progress on food classification and result determination from market regulation perspective[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 276 -284 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331004
食品监督抽检工作是我国《中华人民共和国食品安全法》中确立的一项重要监管制度[1-2], 是我国食品监管体系的重点环节之一, 也是各级政府作好科学防范食品安全风险隐患, 筑牢食品安全屏障的重要抓手[3-4]。按照习近平总书记关于加强食品安全监管的“四个最严”要求, 保障人民群众“米袋子”“菜篮子”“果盘子”食品安全。近年来全国各级市场监管部门聚焦百姓关切的食品安全民生问题, 持续开展食品安全抽检监测活动, 仅2023—2024年全国市场监管部门实施各级食品安全抽检监测任务就达1322.6万批次[5-6], 切实守护着广大人民群众“舌尖上的安全”。
经过多年来的抽检工作, 发现目前我国存在多个食品分类体系同时执行, 各体系之间食品类别划分存在差异性的情况[7-8], 如馒头在监督抽检工作中归类为发酵面制品, 在食品生产许可分类中则归类为糕点[9]。同时, 我国食品品种繁多, 不少地方特色食品分类不明确, 如按“特色乳制品”许可生产的“乳糖”产品未纳入监督抽检计划中, 在部分食品安全标准中也没有相应分类。此外, 近年来市面上还出现一些分类定性较为模糊的、原料或工艺“跨界”的、具有双重或多重属性的创新型产品[10-12], 如果汁碳酸饮料、植物基肉制品、牛磺酸维生素功能饮料。“不同食品分类体系之间分类矛盾”“食品分类边界模糊”等问题给政府监管部门和检验检测机构造成了实质性困扰。余晓琴等[13]认为, 食品分类是影响结果判定的第一要素。特别是食品分类的准确性会直接影响到结果判定的精确性和可信性[14-17], 如GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》规定苯甲酸及其钠盐在“果蔬汁类及其饮料”的最大使用量为1.0 g/kg, 但不得在“果蔬汁(浆)”中使用。如果将苹果汁(浆)错误归为果蔬汁类饮料, 会导致苯甲酸及其钠盐的限量要求引用错误, 导致检验结论判定错误, 继而影响监管部门的后续核查处置工作, 甚至对监管部门和检验机构的公信力造成不良影响[18-19]。于艳艳等[7]对粮食加工品的食品分类体系进行研究, 指出新产品类型、标准之间分类的矛盾是导致抽检食品分类困难或判定错误的主要因素。聂磊等[20]基于食品安全监督抽检工作视角, 系统分析了我国与国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)、日本等食品分类体系的差异, 指出我国因缺乏统一分类依据, 不利于监管的大数据分析, 进而影响行政监管效果的科学评价与食品安全潜在风险的精准预判。我国食品安全监管的现状表现为不同食品分类体系基于特定监管目标形成差异化的分类逻辑。短期内, 各体系间的差异性难以消除, 然而正是这种分类维度的多样性, 恰恰凸显了食品分类规范的重要性。食品分类的规范性不仅是技术层面的标准统一问题, 更是提高监管效能的基础性工程。因此, 为提升食品监督抽检工作的高质量水平, 开展食品分类和结果判定的规范性研究确有必要[21-24]。本文对监督抽检工作中食品分类与结果判定的研究进展进行综述, 旨在为政府监管部门与检验检测机构优化工作流程提供科学依据与实践参考, 进而提升食品安全监管效能。
2020年3月1日, 国家市场监督管理总局颁布的部门规章《食品生产许可管理办法》[25]实施。《食品生产许可管理办法》第五条规定明确食品生产许可分类的依据和准则, 市场监管部门按照食品的风险程度, 结合食品原料、生产工艺等因素, 对食品生产实施分类许可。《国家市场监督管理总局公告》(2020年第8号)[26]发布修订后的《食品生产许可分类目录》, 按“食品、食品添加剂类别-类别编号-类别名称-品种明细”方式进行分类, 包括31类食品、1类食品添加剂, 合计32大类, 但不包括餐饮食品、初级食用农产品, 形成一套相对独立的食品生产许可分类体系(简称生产许可分类体系)。以“葡萄酒”为例, 分类为“酒类-1502-葡萄酒及果酒-葡萄酒”。
国家市场监督管理总局于每年2月发布《国家食品安全监督抽检实施细则》(简称《国抽细则》), 是用于指导食品监督抽检工作的规范性文件, 也是各级市场监管部门制定和实施食品安全抽检计划的重要依据。《国抽细则》的食品分类体系是基于监督抽检工作的实际需要, 结合生产许可分类体系制定而成, 对各类食品的定义、产品品种进行详细说明, 可操作性较强。以《国抽细则》(2024年版)[27]为例, 将计划抽检的食品划分成34大类, 并按食品大类(一级)、食品亚类(二级)、食品次亚类(三级)和食品细类(四级)4个级别进行分类。以“葡萄酒”为例, 分类为“酒类-发酵酒-葡萄酒-葡萄酒”。
目前食品监督抽检工作使用的通用标准包括食品中食品添加剂、真菌毒素、重金属等污染物、农药残留、兽药残留、致病性微生物等限量指标要求, 均属于食品安全国家强制性标准[28]。GB 2760—2024、GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》、GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》、GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》、GB 29921—2021《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限量》均以附录方式形成相应的食品分类体系。例如, GB 2760—2024为界定食品添加剂的使用范围形成附录E“食品分类系统”, 以“食品分类号、食品类别/名称”的方式对食品进行分类, 合计16大类; GB 2761—2017、GB 2762—2022、GB 29921—2021以附录A“食品类别(名称)说明”对食品进行分类说明, 将食品分为10大类、22大类、13大类; GB 2763—2021在附录A“食品类别、类别说明”中将食品分为29大类。以“无汽葡萄酒”以例, 在GB 2760—2024中的分类为“15.03.01.01-酒类-发酵酒-葡萄酒-无汽葡萄酒”。
《国抽细则》作为国家层面的食品抽检工作指南, 其核心目的在于构建严谨统一的分类体系, 为全国市场监管部门制定抽检计划提供标准化依据, 具有2个特点: (1)覆盖面广, 已包括所有基础食品类别, 包含33个食品大类, 267个食品细类; (2)适用性强, 可确保全国范围内抽检品种食品分类的一致性。但考虑到部分地域特色食品如广东煲汤料包、猪红等在全国范围内无法进行统一分类和设置检测项目, 暂未将此类产品纳入细则中。
生产许可分类体系是市场监督管理部门对食品生产实施分类许可的依据, 也是生产企业对其生产产品进行分类的依据, 适用于所有具有食品生产许可证编号的产品, 因此相较于其他2个分类体系, 生产许可分类体系最为完整[29], 包含32个食品大类, 287个食品细类。地域特色食品如广东煲汤料包、猪红等产品在该体系中分别归属为其他食品和食用血制品(其他肉制品)。
食品安全标准分类体系主要用于抽检食品检验检测结果的判定工作。食品安全标准(GB系列)包括其附录内容作为技术法规, 均为强制执行要求。应注意的是, 不同食品安全标准分类体系的适用范围及分类方式存在较大差异, 如GB 2763—2021中芽菜类为一个食品大类, 而GB 2762—2022中则将芽菜类归为其他新鲜蔬菜大类, 因此不同食品安全标准分类体系仅适用于相应标准本身, 不能相互通用或套用[30-31]
《国抽细则》分类体系在食品安全抽样及检验检测工作中发挥主导作用, 监督抽检工作中食品类别归属应严格按照该分类体系执行。该分类体系按照食品原料、工艺、产品特征等要素建立较完善的分类框架, 以确保抽样代表性与后期结果判定、行政决定的准确性。食品安全标准分类体系在检验检测结果判定环节发挥主导作用, 出于风险评估的角度, GB 2760—2024、GB 2762—2022等强制性标准针对不同食品类别的限量指标要求有所不同[32], 如甜味剂糖精钠在果脯类蜜饯的最大使用量为1.0 g/kg, 在话化类蜜饯则为5.0 g/kg(话化类蜜饯工艺中需强化风味和口感, 且单次食用量较小, 故允许使用量较高; 而果脯蜜饯因糖分天然充足且单次摄入量大, 因此限量指标更为严格); 重金属铅(以Pb计)在婴幼儿配方食品限量要求(≤0.08 mg/kg)与生乳限量要求(≤0.02 mg/kg)也不相同(婴幼儿配方食品按1:8的常规冲调比例换算后, Pb限量指标较生乳更为严格)。监管部门及检验检测机构应严格按照食品安全标准中的食品类别进行结果判定, 以确保判定结论准确有效。生产许可分类体系是食品生产的分类标识, 通过核查生产许可证信息可以对食品信息进行追溯, 如生产许可单元明细; 产品执行标准; 工艺参数, 包括关键控制点及工艺流程图等, 该体系可为食品生产分类和检验结果判定工作提供信息支撑。
由于各个食品分类体系的制定原则、侧重点以及适用范围存在差异, 不同食品分类体系之间存在分类矛盾现象。其中以GB 2760—2024分类与生产许可分类、《国抽细则》分类之间归类不一致情况较为常见, 如表1所示。针对此类问题本文通过选取食品抽检中的典型案例进行分析。
某款“青汁团子(冷加工糕点)”产品, 生产许可为糕点类(SC****8336), 执行GB/T 20977—2007《糕点通则》标准, 某检验机构将其归类为糕点类进行监督抽检。经检测产品中山梨酸及其钾盐(以山梨酸计)含量为0.132 g/kg, 该机构参照GB 2760—2024糕点(食品分类号07.02)允许最大使用量进行结果评定, 判为合格。
该案例有两处分类错误。(1)抽样时未遵循《国抽细则》进行食品分类。《国抽细则》(2024年版)第二十四类“糕点”特别备注“青团不在糕点抽检范围内”。因此抽样活动存在分类错误, 正确分类应将其归为“粮食加工品-米粉制品”。(2)结果判定未执行食品安全标准分类体系。依据GB 2760—2024及表A.1食品名称/分类说明, 青团原料组成与加工特性应归类为“粮食加工品-米粉制品(食品分类号06.02.04)”。而米粉制品中不得使用山梨酸及其钾盐。机构结果评定时误用“糕点(07.02)”类中山梨酸及其钾盐(以山梨酸计)限量要求(≤1.0 g/kg), 判定其合格。实际上该产品检出山梨酸及其钾盐, 属于超范围使用食品添加剂, 应判定为不合格。
某款“酸菜”产品执行企业标准Q/SYY 000*S《酸菜》, 生产许可为酱腌菜类别(SC****0355)。某检验机构将其归为酱腌菜类进行抽检。经检测产品中柠檬黄含量为0.0196 g/kg, 该机构参照GB 2760—2024“腌渍的蔬菜”(食品分类号04.02.02.03)中柠檬黄允许最大使用量(≤0.1 g/kg)进行结果评定, 判为合格。
在《国抽细则》分类体系和生产许可分类中, “酸菜”产品均归属为酱腌菜类, 机构按此类别进行抽检无误。但在GB 2760—2024附录E中对于用盐或其他调料腌渍加工的蔬菜制品(即酸菜类产品)有2个类别, 存在发酵工艺的归为“发酵蔬菜制品”(食品分类号04.02.02.06), 无发酵工艺则归为“腌渍的蔬菜”(食品分类号04.02.02.03)。经核查企业标准, 该“酸菜”产品工艺流程包含“清洗-整理-发酵-切分或不切分-包装”, 存在发酵过程, 应将其归为发酵蔬菜制品。GB 2760—2024表A.1规定: “发酵蔬菜制品”不得使用柠檬黄。但机构误按“腌渍的蔬菜”类别判定产品检出柠檬黄仍符合限量要求, 为合格产品。其实该产品作为“发酵蔬菜制品”检出柠檬黄属于超范围使用食品添加剂, 应判定为不合格产品。
某检验机构在报告复核时发现, 一款“花生酱”产品存在限量标准引用错误的情况。检验机构误将产品归类至调味品类别并执行Pb限量标准(≤1.0 mg/kg), 而实际应采用坚果及籽类制品类标准(Pb限量要求≤0.2 mg/kg)。虽然针对该批次产品Pb含量为“未检出”, 所作出的检验结论也正确, 但也暴露出因分类体系差异所带来的误判风险。特别是两类产品Pb限量标准差异显著: 调味品(香辛料除外)为≤1.0 mg/kg, 坚果及籽类的泥(酱)严格至≤0.2 mg/kg(相差5倍)。如果所检产品Pb含量处于0.2~1.0 mg/kg区间时会引发结果误判。
在《国抽细则》分类体系和生产许可分类中, “花生酱”产品均归为调味料-半固体调味料, 检验机构按此类别进行抽检是正确的, 但结果判定时却错误的沿用上述分类, 仍将花生酱归入GB 2762—2022调味品类别中。而忽略了GB 2762—2022表A.1中明确将花生酱归为坚果及籽类-坚果及籽类的泥(酱)的要求。因此, 针对Pb项目应按坚果及籽类制品类的限量标准(≤0.2 mg/kg)进行判定[33]
经前文梳理表明, 监督抽检工作中食品类别归属应严格按照《国抽细则》分类体系执行。由于不同食品分类体系之间的分类矛盾现象, 给食品分类工作带来一定的难度。周海燕等[15]认为食品分类工作中应充分考虑产品类型、配料等标签和生产工艺等多方面信息, 以确保食品抽检分类正确。王海璐[34]认为食品分类需视具体情况而定, 要了解产品标准适用范围、产品类型等信息, 不能凭经验判断, 必要时需联系企业进行确认。可见, 仅从单一信息(样品名称或执行标准或生产许可明细)对某些产品进行分类时有可能会造成分类错误[35-37], 检验机构应当综合《国抽细则》、生产许可类别、执行标准、配料工艺等信息对食品类别进行综合判定。因此, 检验机构一方面要充分掌握国内现有食品分类体系之间的差异情况, 另一方面对一些易混淆的食品品种要能准确的判断其食品类别, 以两款产品为例。
(1)《国抽细则》(2024年版)中, 非发酵性豆制品抽检范围包括“腐竹、油皮及其再制品”“豆干、豆腐、豆皮等”两类。某款品名为豆皮, 执行标准为GB 2712—2014《食品安全国家标准 豆制品》, 产品类型为非发酵豆制品的产品。由于品名为豆皮, 执行标准、产品类型都指向非发酵豆制品, 容易错误归为“豆干、豆腐、豆皮等”。但由于“豆干、豆腐、豆皮等”生产流程中有凝固工艺, 而该产品配料并未添加凝固剂(如氯化镁), 且产品表面油亮, 正确归类应为“腐竹、油皮及其再制品”中的油皮类别[38]
(2)某款产品类别为鱼肉灌肠类、执行标准为SB/T 10279—2017《熏煮香肠》的产品, 查询其生产许可证中也有“肉制品-肉灌制品(灌肠类)”生产单元, 容易错误归为“熟肉制品-熏煮香肠火腿制品”。但熟肉制品主要原料为以鲜(冻)畜、禽产品, 该产品主要原料是鱼肉, 不符合熟肉制品的定义, 应正确归类为“水产制品-熟制动物性水产制品”。
结果判定作为食品安全监督抽检的决定性环节, 直接关系产品是否合格及后续所采取何种监管措施。近年来, 不少行业专家从不同角度对食品分类和结果判定的相关问题进行分析研究, 研究内容重点集中在食品分类错误对结果判定产生的影响以及通用标准食品分类体系独立性等内容[16,18,37], 对结果判定的细节问题未有详尽的阐述。笔者在工作中接触过多个产品食品分类正确但结果判定错误的案例。如某检验机构因对GB 2760—2024中“最大使用量”和“最大允许限”概念认知有误, 针对2批次糕点的“防腐剂混合使用时各自用量占其最大使用量的比例之和”项目结果判定错误, 最终该机构召回原报告, 重新出具合格报告。再如某检验机构因忽略GB 2726—2016《食品安全国家标准 熟肉制品》标准仅适用于预包装的熟肉制品, 而以此标准判定某批次散装称重的酱卤肉制品菌落总数超标, 发生结果误判, 最终该机构召回原报告, 重新出具合格报告, 以上两起误判事件均对检验机构的公信力造成不良影响。本文在系统论述“食品分类对结果判定影响”的基础上, 进一步对影响结果判定的关键因素, 如判定原则、判定依据(标准)等进行归纳总结, 以期避免抽检工作中结果误判的错误反复发生。
抽检工作指南《国抽细则》(2024年版)对结果判定原则作出明确规定, 原则上应按照细则中检验项目所依据的法律法规或标准要求进行判定; 如果被检产品所执行的产品标准和质量要求高于该要求时, 应按被检产品执行标准和质量要求从严判定。具体规则归纳如下。
根据《中华人民共和国标准化法》第二十七条规定[39], 团体标准、企业标准、推荐性标准遵循“明示承诺原则”。当企业主动将上述标准标注于所生产食品标签时, 该标准要求即对其产品产生“强制约束力”。以国家市场监督管理总局通报的抽检不合格产品以及工作中接触的产品为例。
(1)国家市场监督管理总局2025年第2号抽检通告显示, 某款花生酱过氧化值(以脂肪计)检验值不符合产品执行标准限量要求(≤0.25 g/kg); 某款酿造酱油全氮(以氮计)含量不符合产品执行标准限量要求(≥1.5 g/100 mL); 某款陈醋不挥发酸(以乳酸计)含量不符合产品执行标准限量要求(≥0.5 g/100 mL)[40]。上述指标在相应的食品安全国家标准中均未设置对应的限量要求, 可见, 上述产品执行标准并非食品安全国家标准, 是依据“明示承诺原则”进行判定。
(2)国家市场监督管理总局2024年第28号抽检通告显示, 某款绿葡萄干(水果制品)霉菌数不符合产品执行标准限量要求(≤25 CFU/g)[41]。我国目前既未制定水果制品食品安全国家标准, 也未设立霉菌限量指标, 产品是依据“明示承诺原则”进行判定。
(3)某款“阳江豆豉”产品执行企业标准, 企标中Pb(以Pb计)指标的限量要求(≤0.25 mg/kg)比GB 2762—2022中豆豉类产品Pb(以Pb计)指标的限量要求(≤0.3 mg/kg)严格。根据从严判定原则, 该产品Pb(以Pb计)项目按“≤0.25 mg/kg”进行判定。
(4)某款“下饭菜(酱腌菜)”产品执行标准为NY/T 437—2023《绿色食品 酱腌菜》, NY/T 437—2023中规定产品中不得检出苯甲酸及其钠盐, 而GB 2760—2024中“腌渍的蔬菜”(04.02.02.03)苯甲酸及其钠盐最大使用量为1.0 g/kg。根据从严判定原则, 该产品苯甲酸项目应按“不得检出”进行判定。
(5)某款“臭豆腐”产品执行推荐性标准GB/T 23494—2009《豆腐干》, 规定了臭豆腐干的蛋白质指标要求(≥7.0 g/100 g), 而强制性标准GB 2712—2014并未设置蛋白质指标要求。当企业明示产品执行GB/T 23494—2009时, 蛋白质指标即转化为强制性要求, 必须符合≥7.0 g/100 g的限量规定; 而当产品执行GB 2712—2014时, 则无需遵循蛋白质指标要求。
国家市场监督管理总局办公厅复函(国市监食生函〔2019〕1286号)中明确指出, 当食品标签使用“不添加”“0添加”等词汇修饰配料(含食品添加剂)时, 产品应不含相应物质[42]。这一要求在实际监管中多次得到验证。例如, 贵州省市场监督管理局2023年第23期抽检通告中显示, 某款标签明示“未添加任何防腐剂”的酿造食醋中, 苯甲酸及其钠盐检出值为0.205 g/kg, 被判定为不合格产品[43]; 国家市场监督管理总局2024年第30号抽检通告中, 一款标注“不添加任何防腐剂”的酱油珍珠小米辣(酱腌菜)检出山梨酸及其钾盐0.206 g/kg, 同样是标签声明与实物不符的违规行为[44]。另一方面, 产品标签中对特定成分含量的标注, 也构成企业对产品质量要求的自我承诺。2024—2025年间多期抽检通告显示, 部分产品存在质量指标与标签标示值不符的问题。例如, 2024年第10号通告中运动营养食品维生素B1、特殊膳食食品[如富铁超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)酵母饮、液态钙特殊膳食]的钠含量, 以及米醋总酸(以乙酸计)检测值虽满足食品安全国家标准, 却低于标签标示范围[45]; 同年第28号、第30号通告中, 多批次产品的钠含量亦呈现类似偏差, 产品种类有婴幼儿营养米粉、乳清蛋白粉、运动营养食品以及婴幼儿罐装辅助食品[41,44]。2025年第2号通告中, 某款植物露酒酒精度数不符合产品标签标示限量范围(标签标示为42%vol)[40]
使用强制性通用标准对产品进行结果判定时, 应严格按照相应标准的附录食品分类体系进行分类判定, 避免限量指标要求引用错误[46]。以GB 2760—2024部分产品限量指标要求差异情况为例, 详见表2
(1) GB 2726—2016、GB 29921—2021、GB 17401—2014《食品安全国家标准膨化食品》等标准仅适用于预包装食品的结果判定[47-48], 而不得用于非预包装食品、现制现售食品。
(2) GB 7099—2015《食品安全国家标准 糕点、面包》、GB 7100—2015《食品安全国家标准 饼干》中酸价、过氧化值指标检测的前提为产品配料中含有油脂。油脂是油和脂肪的统称, 油脂制品(人造奶油、人造黄油)并不属于油脂的范畴。例如, 某款面包产品配料显示仅添加油脂制品(如黄油、起酥油等), 则依据标准要求, 无需开展酸价、过氧化值的检测。
(3) GB 2712—2014、GB 19295—2021《食品安全国家标准 速冻面米与调制食品》、GB 10136—2015《食品安全国家标准 动物性水产制品》、GB 19643—2016《食品安全国家标准 藻类及其制品》等微生物指标适用于即食类产品。判断产品否为即食类产品, 重点关注包装上是否标注“即食”“开袋即食”“直接食用”等字眼。非即食类产品, 如湿粿条、饺子皮等, 食用前需进一步加热或烹调, 通过高温杀灭大部分微生物, 因此我国未对非即食食品的微生物限量要求作出规定[49]。使用即食类产品微生物指标要求去判定非即食类食品往往会导致判定错误。
经科学研究已发现防腐剂脱氢乙酸及其钠盐对人体健康存在潜在风险[50-51]。因此, 2025年2月8日起实施的GB 2760—2024针对脱氢乙酸限量要求进行调整, 严格限制脱氢乙酸及其钠盐在生产过程中的使用, 如腌渍蔬菜类别中脱氢乙酸最大使用量由2014版标准的1.0 g/kg降至0.3 g/kg; 糕点类食品则从原允许使用0.5 g/kg调整为完全禁止使用, 在新版标准实施时间节点后生产的食品需严格执行此要求。因此检验机构需结合产品具体生产日期进行结果判定, 避免出现新旧标准限量要求不一致而引起结果错判[52-53]
我国食品安全监管框架下多个食品分类体系长期并存运行, 不同体系间因制定原则、适用范围与侧重点的差异, 导致分类逻辑碎片化问题突出, 其本质反映了监管职能分散化与标准化基础研究不足的矛盾。具体表现为《国抽细则》未涵盖部分地域特色食品, 生产许可分类与抽检标准衔接不足, 而食品安全标准作为技术法规, 分类精细但独立性强, 易与其他分类体系产生不一致的情况。通过上文中青团、酸菜、花生酱等典型案例分析表明, 因不同体系对其原料属性、加工方式或风险等级的界定分歧, 导致监管部门、检验机构及企业对食品分类存在认知差异, 引发抽检分类错误和限量标准引用错误等问题, 形成食品安全监管漏洞并削弱风险防控效能。同时, 分类精准性、判定标准应用的规范性及监管从严原则的执行力度等因素共同影响结果判定的准确性。检验机构对分类体系差异(如混淆米粉制品与糕点)和易混淆食品(如腐竹、油皮与豆皮)认识不足、标准更新滞后(如脱氢乙酸限量调整)、推荐性标准误用(如蛋白质指标)以及对即食与非即食产品界定模糊等问题, 进一步放大了错判误判风险, 导致监管部门、检验机构及企业对产品判定结果存在争议。
鉴于以上问题, 建议: (1)优化食品分类判定机制, 针对青团、馒头、酸菜、花生酱等易错误分类的食品, 由国家市场监督管理总局牵头组织收集并制定跨体系分类对照表, 同步制定分类判定流程图, 指导检验机构在综合《国抽细则》、生产许可类别、产品执行标准、配料工艺等信息的基础上对食品类别进行综合判定; (2)对于兼具多重属性(如同时符合“果蔬汁类饮料”和“含乳饮科”定义的“水果牛奶饮料”), 当现有依据无法明确归类时, 检验机构应建立主动核查机制, 通过跨部门协作、专家研讨或联系生产经营单位等方式确认产品类别; (3)开发整合《国抽细则》、生产许可与食品安全标准的分类数据库, 从技术角度, 运用智能化手段对产品名称、工艺参数实现智能匹配; (4)持续完善标准修订预警机制, 在标准衔接环节提前6个月发布新标准解读与过渡指引, 缓解企业合规调整与检验机构信息滞后的矛盾; (5)强化检验机构分类判定能力建设, 利用典型误判案例、专项培训及开通动态反馈通道, 提升对分类体系异同点的认知; (6)建立全国食品分类信息平台, 推动监管部门、企业和检验机构的数据互通与标准协同, 实现食品分类从“相对独立”向“相互融合”的转型。最终, 通过统一分类框架、强化国际协调和推动数字化治理等方式, 以期显著提升监管效能, 为食品安全风险预判提供科学支撑, 为精准化监管筑牢技术基础。
  • 2024年广州市质量发展与标准化战略专项(KYHZ2024B17)
  • 海关总署科研项目(2024HK281)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250331004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
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2024年广州市质量发展与标准化战略专项(KYHZ2024B17)
海关总署科研项目(2024HK281)
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    广州海关技术中心, 广州 510623

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*席静(1973—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为国内外农食产品的安全评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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