Article(id=1215670316311958332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989471, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989471, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=298, endPage=307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670316697834324, articleId=1215670316311958332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Characteristics of pesticide residues and risk assessment of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the pesticide residues in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas and evaluate their dietary exposure risk. Methods The pesticide residues of 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples from 3 typical growing areas were prepared by standard methods. Risk assessments were performed utilizing index of food safety and hazard risk coefficients. Results Totally 39 pesticides were detected in 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples with detection rates ranged from 0.35% to 24.31%. Low-toxicity pesticides with high detection rate were difenoconazole, cyromazine, chlorfenapyr, pyraclostrobin, chlorantraniliprole and acetamiprid, successively. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples, and the detection rate and over-standard rate of samples in production were higher than those in farmers’ market and wholesale market. The risk assessment results indicated that hazard risk coefficients values of fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam were more than 2.5 wih high risk; hazard risk coefficients values of carbofuran, triazophos, cyhalothrin and acetamiprid were more than 1.5 and less than 2.5 with moderate risk; hazard risk coefficients values of other pesticides were less than 1.5 with low risk.Conclusion The residues of various pesticides and the use of pesticides beyond the prescribed range are quite common on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.. However, the risk of pesticides detected in most cases is relatively low. The main high risk factors are fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. of typical growing areas, which need to be focused on supervision and increased monitoring. Some pesticides on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. can be naturally degraded during storage, transportation and sales. The risk situation of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in the circulation stage is lower than that in the production stage, and the risk in the consumption stage will be further reduced.

, correspAuthors=Xue-Mei TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong-Ling HUANG, Jian-Xiang HUANG, Yan CHEN, Ze-Miao XIAO, Kai WAN, Ying LU, Xue-Mei TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670320132968482, articleId=1215670316311958332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=蔬菜典型种植区豇豆农药残留特点及风险评估, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析典型种植区豇豆的农药残留情况, 并对其进行风险评估。方法 采用标准方法对3个典型种植区的288份豇豆样品进行农药残留检测。采用食品安全指数和危害物风险系数对农药残留情况进行风险评估。结果 288份豇豆中共检出39种农药, 检出率为0.35%~24.31%。检出率较高的依次为苯醚甲环唑、灭蝇胺、虫螨腈、吡唑醚菌酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和啶虫脒等低毒农药。部分豇豆样品中存在多农药残留检出情况; 生产环节样品检出率和超标率均大于农贸市场和批发市场。风险评估结果表明, 倍硫磷、灭蝇胺和噻虫嗪的风险系数均大于2.5, 为高度风险; 克百威、三唑磷、氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒风险系数介于1.5~2.5, 为中度风险, 其他农药风险系数低于1.5, 为低度风险。结论 豇豆上多种农药残留、超范围用药情况较为普遍, 但大部分检出农药风险较低, 主要高风险因子为倍硫磷、灭蝇胺和噻虫嗪, 需重点监管和加大监测力度。豇豆上部分农药在储运销过程中可自然降解, 流通环节豇豆样品风险情况低于生产环节, 消费环节风险会进一步降低。

, correspAuthors=唐雪妹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐雪妹(1991—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
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黄聪灵(1990—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测。E-mail:

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黄聪灵(1990—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测。E-mail:

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Analysis and dietary risk assessment of cyromazine residue in cowpea[J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2023, 39(11): 263-269., articleTitle=Analysis and dietary risk assessment of cyromazine residue in cowpea, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686858076504320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, awardId=2024CXTD18, language=CN, fundingSource=以农业领域为单元的广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术研发创新团队建设项目(农产品质量安全共性关键技术)(2024CXTD18), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686858181361928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, awardId=XTXM202202, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XTXM202202), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686849977303900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849985692510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686849977303900, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849989886816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686849977303900, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广东省农业科学院农业质量标准与监测技术研究所, 广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215686850065384290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850069578595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686850065384290, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850082161510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686850065384290, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215686850174436201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850187019114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686850174436201, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Guangdong Agricultural Monitoring Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850191213419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, companyId=1215686850174436201, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 广东农科监测科技有限公司, 广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686856377811088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overall situation of pesticide detection in Vigna unguiculata (L.) 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注: A. 苯醚甲环唑; B. 灭蝇胺; C. 虫螨腈; D. 吡唑醚菌酯; E. 氯虫苯甲酰胺; F. 啶虫脒。

, figureFileSmall=A2MHxahpp5d+v5ESwf8Ncw==, figureFileBig=2nfHjAKe4plQ4qsvmOeJxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857195700424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The 70 kinds of pesticides (including metabolites) and their detection standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
种类
检测标准
GB 23200.121—2021 GB 23200.113—2018 GB
23200.8—2016
NY/T 761—2008 GB/T 20769—2008
杀虫剂 吡虫啉、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、噻虫嗪、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(以下简称甲维盐)、灭多威、克百威(含3-羟基克百威)、甲萘威、除虫脲、涕灭威(含涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜)、氯虫苯甲酰胺、灭幼脲、虫酰肼、氟啶脲、哒螨灵、辛硫磷、乙基多杀菌素 甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、六六六、三氯杀螨醇、甲拌磷、氧乐果、水胺硫磷、甲基异柳磷、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、三唑磷、乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、敌敌畏、杀螟硫磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷、伏杀硫磷、二嗪磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、倍硫磷 虫螨腈 灭蝇胺
杀菌剂 咪鲜胺、多菌灵、嘧霉胺、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、嘧菌酯、甲霜灵、霜霉威、醚菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯 三唑酮、异菌脲、腐霉利、五氯硝基苯、乙烯菌核利 百菌清
除草剂 二甲戊灵
植物生长调节剂 氯吡脲、多效唑
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857304752339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

70种农药(含代谢物)及其检测标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
种类
检测标准
GB 23200.121—2021 GB 23200.113—2018 GB
23200.8—2016
NY/T 761—2008 GB/T 20769—2008
杀虫剂 吡虫啉、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、噻虫嗪、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(以下简称甲维盐)、灭多威、克百威(含3-羟基克百威)、甲萘威、除虫脲、涕灭威(含涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜)、氯虫苯甲酰胺、灭幼脲、虫酰肼、氟啶脲、哒螨灵、辛硫磷、乙基多杀菌素 甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、六六六、三氯杀螨醇、甲拌磷、氧乐果、水胺硫磷、甲基异柳磷、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、三唑磷、乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、敌敌畏、杀螟硫磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷、伏杀硫磷、二嗪磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯、倍硫磷 虫螨腈 灭蝇胺
杀菌剂 咪鲜胺、多菌灵、嘧霉胺、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、嘧菌酯、甲霜灵、霜霉威、醚菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯 三唑酮、异菌脲、腐霉利、五氯硝基苯、乙烯菌核利 百菌清
除草剂 二甲戊灵
植物生长调节剂 氯吡脲、多效唑
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857426387165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

IFS of detected pesticides in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 MRL值/(mg/kg) 检出值范围
/(mg/kg)
R值
/(mg/kg)
F/[g
/(人·d)]
EDIc
/(mg/d)
SI
/(mg/kg bw)
IFS $\overline{\text{IFS}}$
1 氧乐果 0.02 ND~0.032 0.032 258 0.0083 0.0003 0.4587 0.0903
2 克百威 0.02 ND~0.190 0.105 258 0.0270 0.0010 0.4504
3 三唑磷 0.05 ND~0.340 0.208 258 0.0538 0.0010 0.8959
4 乙酰甲胺磷 0.02 ND~0.035 0.035 258 0.0090 0.0300 0.0050
5 灭多威 0.20 ND~0.026 0.026 258 0.0068 0.0200 0.0057
6 丙溴磷 ND~8.550 1.940 258 0.5004 0.0300 0.2780
7 氯氰菊酯 0.50 ND~0.163 0.048 258 0.0125 0.0200 0.0104
8 溴氰菊酯 0.20 ND~0.056 0.035 258 0.0091 0.0100 0.0151
9 甲氰菊酯 ND~0.155 0.077 258 0.0199 0.0300 0.0111
10 联苯菊酯 ND~0.852 0.141 258 0.0365 0.0100 0.0608
11 氯氟氰菊酯 0.20 ND~1.516 0.177 258 0.0457 0.0200 0.0381
12 氟氯氰菊酯 ND~0.048 0.048 258 0.0124 0.0400 0.0052
13 除虫脲 ND~0.085 0.052 258 0.0134 0.0200 0.0112
14 灭幼脲 ND~0.636 0.323 258 0.0834 1.2500 0.0011
15 吡虫啉 2.00 ND~0.441 0.115 258 0.0296 0.0600 0.0082
16 啶虫脒 0.40 ND~0.940 0.154 258 0.0397 0.0700 0.0095
17 哒螨灵 ND~0.113 0.058 258 0.0149 0.0100 0.0249
18 甲维盐 0.20 ND~0.137 0.038 258 0.0098 0.0005 0.3283
19 虫螨腈 ND~1.207 0.186 258 0.0481 0.0300 0.0267
20 噻虫嗪 0.30 ND~3.905 0.428 258 0.1103 0.0800 0.0230
21 氟啶脲 ND~0.082 0.082 258 0.0211 0.0050 0.0703
22 异菌脲 ND~0.400 0.099 258 0.0256 0.0600 0.0071
23 三唑酮 ND~0.016 0.016 258 0.0040 0.0300 0.0022
24 百菌清 5.00 ND~3.384 1.071 258 0.2764 0.0200 0.2304
25 腐霉利 ND~0.357 0.062 258 0.0161 0.1000 0.0027
26 多菌灵 ND~1.243 0.247 258 0.0638 0.0300 0.0354
27 苯醚甲环唑 ND~2.328 0.258 258 0.0666 0.0100 0.1110
28 嘧霉胺 ND~0.509 0.203 258 0.0524 0.2000 0.0044
29 烯酰吗啉 ND~3.423 0.306 258 0.0789 0.2000 0.0066
30 咪鲜胺 ND~0.826 0.180 258 0.0465 0.0100 0.0775
31 嘧菌酯 3.00 ND~1.060 0.088 258 0.0228 0.2000 0.0019
32 灭蝇胺 0.50 ND~2.760 0.300 258 0.0773 0.0600 0.0215
33 甲霜灵 ND~0.103 0.031 258 0.0079 0.0800 0.0016
34 霜霉威 ND~1.278 0.546 258 0.1409 0.4000 0.0059
35 氯虫苯甲酰胺 1.00 ND~0.597 0.106 258 0.0273 2.0000 0.0002
36 氯菊酯 1.00 ND~1.270 0.383 258 0.0988 0.0500 0.0329
37 虫酰肼 ND~0.219 0.219 258 0.0565 0.0200 0.0471
38 吡唑醚菌酯 ND~1.402 0.144 258 0.0371 0.0300 0.0206
39 倍硫磷 0.05 ND~1.160 0.272 258 0.0703 0.0070 0.1674
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豇豆样品中已检出农药的IFS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 MRL值/(mg/kg) 检出值范围
/(mg/kg)
R值
/(mg/kg)
F/[g
/(人·d)]
EDIc
/(mg/d)
SI
/(mg/kg bw)
IFS $\overline{\text{IFS}}$
1 氧乐果 0.02 ND~0.032 0.032 258 0.0083 0.0003 0.4587 0.0903
2 克百威 0.02 ND~0.190 0.105 258 0.0270 0.0010 0.4504
3 三唑磷 0.05 ND~0.340 0.208 258 0.0538 0.0010 0.8959
4 乙酰甲胺磷 0.02 ND~0.035 0.035 258 0.0090 0.0300 0.0050
5 灭多威 0.20 ND~0.026 0.026 258 0.0068 0.0200 0.0057
6 丙溴磷 ND~8.550 1.940 258 0.5004 0.0300 0.2780
7 氯氰菊酯 0.50 ND~0.163 0.048 258 0.0125 0.0200 0.0104
8 溴氰菊酯 0.20 ND~0.056 0.035 258 0.0091 0.0100 0.0151
9 甲氰菊酯 ND~0.155 0.077 258 0.0199 0.0300 0.0111
10 联苯菊酯 ND~0.852 0.141 258 0.0365 0.0100 0.0608
11 氯氟氰菊酯 0.20 ND~1.516 0.177 258 0.0457 0.0200 0.0381
12 氟氯氰菊酯 ND~0.048 0.048 258 0.0124 0.0400 0.0052
13 除虫脲 ND~0.085 0.052 258 0.0134 0.0200 0.0112
14 灭幼脲 ND~0.636 0.323 258 0.0834 1.2500 0.0011
15 吡虫啉 2.00 ND~0.441 0.115 258 0.0296 0.0600 0.0082
16 啶虫脒 0.40 ND~0.940 0.154 258 0.0397 0.0700 0.0095
17 哒螨灵 ND~0.113 0.058 258 0.0149 0.0100 0.0249
18 甲维盐 0.20 ND~0.137 0.038 258 0.0098 0.0005 0.3283
19 虫螨腈 ND~1.207 0.186 258 0.0481 0.0300 0.0267
20 噻虫嗪 0.30 ND~3.905 0.428 258 0.1103 0.0800 0.0230
21 氟啶脲 ND~0.082 0.082 258 0.0211 0.0050 0.0703
22 异菌脲 ND~0.400 0.099 258 0.0256 0.0600 0.0071
23 三唑酮 ND~0.016 0.016 258 0.0040 0.0300 0.0022
24 百菌清 5.00 ND~3.384 1.071 258 0.2764 0.0200 0.2304
25 腐霉利 ND~0.357 0.062 258 0.0161 0.1000 0.0027
26 多菌灵 ND~1.243 0.247 258 0.0638 0.0300 0.0354
27 苯醚甲环唑 ND~2.328 0.258 258 0.0666 0.0100 0.1110
28 嘧霉胺 ND~0.509 0.203 258 0.0524 0.2000 0.0044
29 烯酰吗啉 ND~3.423 0.306 258 0.0789 0.2000 0.0066
30 咪鲜胺 ND~0.826 0.180 258 0.0465 0.0100 0.0775
31 嘧菌酯 3.00 ND~1.060 0.088 258 0.0228 0.2000 0.0019
32 灭蝇胺 0.50 ND~2.760 0.300 258 0.0773 0.0600 0.0215
33 甲霜灵 ND~0.103 0.031 258 0.0079 0.0800 0.0016
34 霜霉威 ND~1.278 0.546 258 0.1409 0.4000 0.0059
35 氯虫苯甲酰胺 1.00 ND~0.597 0.106 258 0.0273 2.0000 0.0002
36 氯菊酯 1.00 ND~1.270 0.383 258 0.0988 0.0500 0.0329
37 虫酰肼 ND~0.219 0.219 258 0.0565 0.0200 0.0471
38 吡唑醚菌酯 ND~1.402 0.144 258 0.0371 0.0300 0.0206
39 倍硫磷 0.05 ND~1.160 0.272 258 0.0703 0.0070 0.1674
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857694822635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670316311958332, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

R of pesticide residues in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 超标率/% 敏感因子(S) R 风险等级
1 氧乐果 0.4 1 1.45
2 克百威 1.4 1 2.49
3 三唑磷 1.0 1 2.14
4 乙酰甲胺磷 0.4 1 1.45
5 灭多威 0 1 1.10
6 氯氰菊酯 0 1 1.10
7 溴氰菊酯 0 1 1.10
8 氯氟氰菊酯 0.7 1 1.79
9 吡虫啉 0 1 1.10
10 啶虫脒 1.0 1 2.14
11 甲维盐 0 1 1.10
12 噻虫嗪 1.7 1 2.84
13 百菌清 0 1 1.10
14 嘧菌酯 0 1 1.10
15 灭蝇胺 3.8 1 4.92
16 氯虫苯甲
酰胺
0 1 1.10
17 氯菊酯 0.4 1 1.45
18 倍硫磷 5.2 1 6.31
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豇豆样品中农药残留R

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 超标率/% 敏感因子(S) R 风险等级
1 氧乐果 0.4 1 1.45
2 克百威 1.4 1 2.49
3 三唑磷 1.0 1 2.14
4 乙酰甲胺磷 0.4 1 1.45
5 灭多威 0 1 1.10
6 氯氰菊酯 0 1 1.10
7 溴氰菊酯 0 1 1.10
8 氯氟氰菊酯 0.7 1 1.79
9 吡虫啉 0 1 1.10
10 啶虫脒 1.0 1 2.14
11 甲维盐 0 1 1.10
12 噻虫嗪 1.7 1 2.84
13 百菌清 0 1 1.10
14 嘧菌酯 0 1 1.10
15 灭蝇胺 3.8 1 4.92
16 氯虫苯甲
酰胺
0 1 1.10
17 氯菊酯 0.4 1 1.45
18 倍硫磷 5.2 1 6.31
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蔬菜典型种植区豇豆农药残留特点及风险评估
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黄聪灵 1, 2 , 黄健祥 1, 2 , 陈炎 1, 2 , 肖泽苗 1, 2 , 万凯 1, 2, 3 , 陆莹 3 , 唐雪妹 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(14): 298-307
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(14): 298-307
蔬菜典型种植区豇豆农药残留特点及风险评估
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黄聪灵1, 2 , 黄健祥1, 2, 陈炎1, 2, 肖泽苗1, 2, 万凯1, 2, 3, 陆莹3, 唐雪妹1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东省农业科学院农业质量标准与监测技术研究所, 广州 510640
  • 2 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 广州 510640
  • 3 广东农科监测科技有限公司, 广州 510640
  • 黄聪灵(1990—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*唐雪妹(1991—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
Characteristics of pesticide residues and risk assessment of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas
Cong-Ling HUANG1, 2 , Jian-Xiang HUANG1, 2, Yan CHEN1, 2, Ze-Miao XIAO1, 2, Kai WAN1, 2, 3, Ying LU3, Xue-Mei TANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 3 Guangdong Agricultural Monitoring Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408001
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目的 分析典型种植区豇豆的农药残留情况, 并对其进行风险评估。方法 采用标准方法对3个典型种植区的288份豇豆样品进行农药残留检测。采用食品安全指数和危害物风险系数对农药残留情况进行风险评估。结果 288份豇豆中共检出39种农药, 检出率为0.35%~24.31%。检出率较高的依次为苯醚甲环唑、灭蝇胺、虫螨腈、吡唑醚菌酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和啶虫脒等低毒农药。部分豇豆样品中存在多农药残留检出情况; 生产环节样品检出率和超标率均大于农贸市场和批发市场。风险评估结果表明, 倍硫磷、灭蝇胺和噻虫嗪的风险系数均大于2.5, 为高度风险; 克百威、三唑磷、氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒风险系数介于1.5~2.5, 为中度风险, 其他农药风险系数低于1.5, 为低度风险。结论 豇豆上多种农药残留、超范围用药情况较为普遍, 但大部分检出农药风险较低, 主要高风险因子为倍硫磷、灭蝇胺和噻虫嗪, 需重点监管和加大监测力度。豇豆上部分农药在储运销过程中可自然降解, 流通环节豇豆样品风险情况低于生产环节, 消费环节风险会进一步降低。

豇豆  /  农药残留  /  风险评估  /  食品安全指数  /  危害物风险系数

Objective To analyze the pesticide residues in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas and evaluate their dietary exposure risk. Methods The pesticide residues of 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples from 3 typical growing areas were prepared by standard methods. Risk assessments were performed utilizing index of food safety and hazard risk coefficients. Results Totally 39 pesticides were detected in 288 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples with detection rates ranged from 0.35% to 24.31%. Low-toxicity pesticides with high detection rate were difenoconazole, cyromazine, chlorfenapyr, pyraclostrobin, chlorantraniliprole and acetamiprid, successively. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. samples, and the detection rate and over-standard rate of samples in production were higher than those in farmers’ market and wholesale market. The risk assessment results indicated that hazard risk coefficients values of fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam were more than 2.5 wih high risk; hazard risk coefficients values of carbofuran, triazophos, cyhalothrin and acetamiprid were more than 1.5 and less than 2.5 with moderate risk; hazard risk coefficients values of other pesticides were less than 1.5 with low risk.Conclusion The residues of various pesticides and the use of pesticides beyond the prescribed range are quite common on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.. However, the risk of pesticides detected in most cases is relatively low. The main high risk factors are fenthion, cyromazine and thiamethoxam in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. of typical growing areas, which need to be focused on supervision and increased monitoring. Some pesticides on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. can be naturally degraded during storage, transportation and sales. The risk situation of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in the circulation stage is lower than that in the production stage, and the risk in the consumption stage will be further reduced.

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.  /  pesticide residues  /  risk assessment  /  index of food safety  /  hazard risk coefficient
黄聪灵, 黄健祥, 陈炎, 肖泽苗, 万凯, 陆莹, 唐雪妹. 蔬菜典型种植区豇豆农药残留特点及风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 298 -307 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408001
Cong-Ling HUANG, Jian-Xiang HUANG, Yan CHEN, Ze-Miao XIAO, Kai WAN, Ying LU, Xue-Mei TANG. Characteristics of pesticide residues and risk assessment of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. from typical vegetable-growing areas[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 298 -307 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408001
豇豆[Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]为一年生缠绕性草本植物, 风味独特、营养价值高, 深受消费者喜爱[1-2]。作为重要的“菜篮子”产品[3], 豇豆在我国常年种植面积在57万hm2左右[4-5], 主要集中在海南、广西、广东、云南、福建等地。同时, 豇豆也是海南、云南等地重要的冬季反季节蔬菜品种和冬季南菜北运主要蔬菜品种, 为保障北方冬季“菜篮子”稳定发挥了重要作用。由于豇豆上主要病虫害如蓟马、豇豆荚螟等藏匿花朵果实内部, 防治较为困难[6], 部分种植者为了保障经济收益, 不科学使用或滥用农药, 甚至喷施蔬菜上禁止使用农药; 且豇豆采收阶段花果同期, 采收上市时经常难以保证安全间隔期, 从而导致豇豆农药残留超标问题时有发生[7-11]。2021年, 农业农村部、国家市场监督管理总局等7个部门联合印发《食用农产品“治违禁 控药残 促提升”三年行动方案》, 把豇豆列为治理的重点品种之一。各地不断探索豇豆绿色安全种植模式[12], 但是受经济成本和产出的影响, 目前我国豇豆病虫害防治依然主要依赖化学防治[13-14], 质量安全风险情况需持续跟踪评估。
农药膳食风险评估作为农药风险管理体系的核心构成, 主要通过定性或定量方法评估人体可能摄入的农药风险[15]。该评估机制与农药最大残留限量标准形成双向支撑: 前者为限量标准制定提供科学依据, 后者则为风险管控设定具体阈值[16]。当前国内外关于豇豆农药残留的研究已取得系列成果: 汪雨龙等[17]针对浙江省“三棵菜”的检测发现, 豇豆中甲基异柳磷、克百威、三唑磷等8种农药存在高风险暴露; WEI等[18]和ZHANG等[8]通过对海南654份样品(80份与574份)的系统评估, 揭示了该省豇豆质量安全动态, 强调持续监测的必要性; 福建省研究显示, 522份样本中绝大多数农药的短期及长期膳食暴露风险可控[19], 但林丽容[20]对宁德市595批次豆类蔬菜的检测仍发现5.38%的超标率, 且风险排序为豌豆>豇豆>菜豆; 值得注意的是, HUAN等[21]发现2013—2014年间华南五省豇豆克百威的短期膳食暴露风险超出安全阈值。尽管现有研究积累了重要数据, 但存在显著局限性: 多数研究聚焦于单一省份或城市样本, 缺乏全国主产区的系统性分析。这种研究空白与豇豆产销特征形成矛盾——规模化产区普遍采取“集中收购-跨区销售”模式, 需经历产地→运输→批发市场→农贸市场→餐桌的全链条流通; 而分散种植户则多通过本地农贸市场直销[22]。无论何种流通路径, 任一环节的农药残留失控均可能引发健康风险[23]。消费者调查显示, 公众对食品生产流通透明度的需求日益增强, 期望通过全链条可追溯体系提升食品安全保障。由此可见, 构建覆盖种植、流通、销售全过程的农药残留监测网络至关重要。这种全链条风险评估不仅能精准识别风险节点, 更能为监管部门制定靶向性监控策略提供科学支撑, 最终实现“从田间到餐桌”的全程风险管控。
为获得多地区、综合性的风险评估结果, 本研究针对3个豇豆典型种植区的生产基地、农贸市场、批发市场和收购点等不同环节开展农残检测和风险评估。采用食品安全指数来评价豇豆中某种农药(母体及其代谢物)对消费者的健康危害程度[24-26]。同时结合常用的危害物风险系数(hazard risk coefficient, R)法对豇豆中的70种农药残留进行了分析和综合评估, 研究结果可为豇豆的精准监管及质量安全提升提供科学参考。
70种农药标准溶液(质量浓度500 µg/mL或1000 µg/mL, 纯度≥99.5%, 中国农业农村部环境保护科研监测所); 乙腈、甲醇、乙酸乙酯(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 甲酸、甲酸铵(纯度≥99.0%, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); NaCl、无水MgSO4(分析纯, 广州化学试剂厂); 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶(primary secondary amine, PSA, 40~60 μm)、石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB, 40~120 μm)(天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司); 微孔滤膜(0.22 μm, 天津津腾实验设备有限公司)。
LCMS-8040液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪、GCMS-TQ8040气相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(日本岛津仪器有限公司); SiO-6512 QuEChERS自动样品制备系统(北京本立科技股份有限公司); Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国密理博公司); EM204电子天平(精度0.01 g, 中国梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); KQ-800KDE超声波清洗器(昆山超声仪器有限公司); GL-88B旋涡混合器(海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); Hypersil GOLD液相色谱柱(150 mm× 2.1 mm, 3 µm)[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; Agilent DB-5MS气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm)[安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]。
样品采集时间为2022—2023年。288份豇豆鲜样来源于我国3个豇豆典型种植区的生产基地、批发市场、农贸市场和收购点等。样品分布情况为华南地区206个豇豆样品(E 104°28'50", N 36°18'20"; E 109°9'9", N 21°29'25"; E 108°25'17", N 22°49'23"; E 108°35'58", N 21°57'28"; E 110°17'25", N 25°16'26"; E 109°31'0", N 18°46'28"; E 108°40'15", N 19°6'48"; E 108°46'7", N 18°32'41"), 西南地区52个豇豆样品(E 100°47'29", N 22°1'12"; E 101°0'19", N 22°45'44"), 西北地区30个豇豆样品(E 18°32'41", N 34°31'11"; E 107°0'59", N 33°4'36")。所有样品均按照NY/T 789—2004《农药残留分析样本的采样方法》, 采用随机法进行样品采集, 采样量3 kg。
检测方法按照NY/T 761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留的测定》、GB/T 20769—2008《水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》、GB 23200.8—2016《食品安全国家标准 水果和蔬菜中500种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱法》、GB 23200.121—2021《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》、GB 23200.113—2018《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱联用法》, 进行农药残留筛查和检测, 检测项目详见表1。检测结果按照GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和GB 2763.1—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中2,4-滴丁酸钠盐等112种农药最大残留限量》进行判定。
本研究采用单一安全指数(index of food safety, IFS)和总体安全指数均值(overall safety index mean values, $\overline{\text{IFS}}$)评价豇豆中某种农药残留和总体农药残留对消费者健康的危害程度[27]。当IFS或$\overline{\text{IFS}}$≤1时, 表示所监测的农药在豇豆上的安全风险为可接受; IFS或$\overline{\text{IFS}}$>1时, 监测的农药在豇豆上的安全风险为不可接受。计算公式如公式(1)~(3)所示:
EDIc=Rc×F×E×P
IFSc=(EDIc×f)/SIc×bw
$\overline{\text{IFS}}=\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{c=1}^{n}\text{IFS}c}}{n}$
式中: EDIc为农药c的日实际摄入量估算值(estimate of the actual intake of pesticide, EDI); Rc为豇豆中农药c的残留量, mg/kg; F为豇豆日摄入估计量, g/(人·d); E为豇豆的可食用部分因子; P为豇豆的加工处理因子; c为检出某种特定农药; SIc为检出农药c的安全摄入值, 采用每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)表示; f为农药安全摄入量的校正因子, 取1; IFSc为豇豆中农药c的食品安全指数; n代表检出农药种类数。参考文献[28-30], 取F=258.0 g/(人·d), E=1, P=1, f=1, 成人bw=60 kg。
R是衡量一个危害物风险程度大小最直观的参数, 客观反映了危害物的超标率(P)、危害物的受关注程度即敏感因子(S)和施检频率(F) 3者之间的关系[31]。该方法能够直观全面地反映在一段时间内某种危害物的风险程度, 因此常作为评估农产品风险程度的一种重要手段。计算如公式(4)所示:
R=aP+b/F+S
式中: P为某种农药含量超过最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)的样品占样品总数的百分比; F为农药残留的检查频率; S为农药的敏感因子即受关注程度; ab为权重系数。PF都是指定时间段的计算值。敏感因子S=2适用于国内外高度关注或新的风险因子检查评估, 敏感因子S=1适用于常规风险因子检查评估, 敏感因子S=0.5适用于较低风险因子的检查评估。其中a=100, b=0.1, F=1, S=1[18]
本研究采用Microsoft Excel 2010进行数据计算和作图。
本研究重点关注豇豆中70种农药的风险情况, 覆盖蔬菜上禁止使用农药17种以及生产中使用率较高的常规农药53种。由图1可知, 采集的豇豆样品中共检出39种农药, 检出率为0.35%~24.31%。检出率在20.00%以上的农药有3种, 由高到低依次为苯醚甲环唑、灭蝇胺和虫螨腈; 检出率在10%~20%的农药有3种, 由高到低依次为吡唑醚菌酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和啶虫脒; 检出率在5%~10%的农药有10种, 由高到低依次为联苯菊酯、咪鲜胺、烯酰吗啉、甲维盐、嘧菌酯、多菌灵、噻虫嗪、氯氰菊酯、倍硫磷和氯氟氰菊酯; 其他23种农药检出率为0.35%~3.82%。值得注意的是, 在已检出的39种农药中, 蔬菜上禁止使用农药氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、灭多威、三唑磷和克百威, 检出率较低, 为0.35%~1.39%。林丽容[20]和梁启富等[19]分别报道了宁德市和福建省产豇豆的农药残留情况, 同样存在检出蔬菜禁止使用农药氧乐果、毒死蜱、水胺硫磷和三唑磷等, 反映了豇豆上使用蔬菜禁用农药偶发的现象, 需加强监管。查询中国农药信息网发现, 目前豇豆上已登记的农药成分共54种, 其中杀虫剂为34种, 杀菌剂14种, 除草剂2种, 植物生长调节剂为4种。检出的39种农药中, 杀虫剂占比为66.67%, 其他为杀菌剂; 检出农药只有28.21%在豇豆上取得登记。梁启富等[20]对采集的522个福建省产豇豆样品中的91种农药残留进行了检测分析, 检出的56种农药中, 73.21%在豇豆上未取得登记。这一结果和本研究相似, 都反映了豇豆生产中超范围用药现象普遍存在。
对比3个典型种植区农药检出情况, 华南地区、西南地区和西北地区豇豆样品中分别检出38种、23种和7种农药残留, 农药检出率分别为0.35%~12.93%、0.35~12.76%和0.35%~4.51%。华南地区豇豆样品中检出率较高农药为灭蝇胺、虫螨腈、苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯和氯虫苯甲酰胺等, 检出率在10%以上的农药有5种; 西南地区豇豆样品检出率较高的农药为苯醚甲环唑、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈、灭蝇胺、嘧菌酯等, 检出率在10%以上的农药仅有1种; 西北地区豇豆样品总体农药检出率较低。由此可见, 华南和西南地区豇豆用药种类存在共性, 但是农药残留情况不同, 这可能主要受气候影响较大。华南地区高温高湿的气候环境, 导致豇豆上病虫害频发, 且连续用药导致病虫害抗性较强, 防治难度较大, 种植户不得不轮换用药才能得到较好的防治效果, 因此检出农药残留种类较多[18]
采集的288个样品中, 有28.13%的样品未检出农药残留; 只有1种农药残留检出的样品占比为21.18%, 有13.89%、11.81%和6.94%的样品分别检出2种、3种和4种农药残留(图2)。1~4种农药检出占比53.82%, 占到样品总数的一半以上。值得注意的是, 所检测样品中有2个样品检出10种及以上农药残留, 检出5种及以上农药残留的样品占样品总数的18.05%。总体来说, 部分豇豆上有多农药残留现象, 多集中在1~5种农药, 5种及以上农药残留情况较少。本研究结果与之前文献报道的豇豆等蔬菜水果农药残留情况类似[31-33]。这可能是实际生产中, 为了追求产量和防治效果, 种植户往往选择混用多种农药进行病虫害的防治[34]
对检出率大于10%的6种农药苯醚甲环唑、灭蝇胺、虫螨腈、吡唑醚菌酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺、啶虫脒进行了分析。除灭蝇胺外, 5种农药检出值50%以上集中在0.1 mg/kg以内下(图3), 检出浓度较低; 6种农药中, GB 2763—2021中规定了灭蝇胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和啶虫脒在豇豆上的MRL分别为0.5、1.0和0.4 mg/kg, 检出值高于MRL值的样品百分比分别为16.2%、0.0%和7.1%, 其中灭蝇胺残留风险较高。苯醚甲环唑、虫螨腈和吡唑醚菌酯均存在检出值大于1.0 mg/kg的情况, 但是由于我国国家标准中未规定其在豇豆上的MRL值, 无法判定其是否超标。从表2可以看出, 已检出农药39种, 有21种在中国未制定其在豇豆上的MRL值, 占比高达53.85%。部分农药残留限量的缺失, 会导致检测结果无法判定, 可能会产生安全隐患[35]
本研究对比了生产基地、批发市场和收购点、农贸市场3个不同环节豇豆样品农药检出情况。生产基地豇豆样品中共检出36种农药残留, 各农药检出率在0.35%~16.67%, 检出率较高的农药由大到小依次为灭蝇胺、苯醚甲环唑和虫螨腈等; 农贸市场豇豆样品中共检出31种农药残留, 农药检出率为0.35%~6.94%, 检出率较高的农药由大到小依次为虫螨腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、苯醚甲环唑等; 批发市场和收购点豇豆样品中共检出20种农药残留, 检出率为0.35%~4.17%, 检出率较高的农药由大到小依次为灭蝇胺、苯醚甲环唑、倍硫磷等。总体来说, 已检出的39种农药中, 84.62%的农药检出率大小趋势相同, 且由大到小依次为生产基地、农贸市场、批发市场和收购点。
对比单个豇豆样品中农药检出数量, 发现不管检出农药多少种, 来自生产环节样品均占比最高(图2)。检出1~3种农药的生产基地样品占所有样品的百分比为28.13%, 农贸市场样品占比11.46%, 批发市场和收购点样品占比7.29%; 而检出4~6种农药的占比分别是生产基地7.99%、批发市场和收购点3.47%、农贸市场6.25%; 生产基地单个样品甚至检出高达11种农药, 而在流通环节最多检出9种农药, 且数量较少。总体来说, 单个样品检出农药残留数量由多到少依次是生产基地>农贸市场>批发市场和收购点。同时分析了农药超标豇豆样品在不同环节的分布情况, 发现有50%的超标样品来自于生产基地, 超标频次较多的是灭蝇胺、噻虫嗪、氯氟氰菊酯、倍硫磷等; 其次是农贸市场, 占比为27.78%, 超标频次较多的是灭蝇胺、啶虫脒、克百威; 来自批发市场和收购点的超标样品占总超标样品数的22.22%, 主要集中在倍硫磷超标。总体来说, 按不同环节超标概率从大到小依次是生产基地>农贸市场>批发市场和收购点。李亦奇等[36]的研究发现, 批发市场、卖场超市、网络销售等不同类型采样点蔬菜样品农药残留检测结果不同, 合格率也存在差异, 这一结论和本研究结果有相似之处。
根据1.4的方法计算豇豆中各检出农药的IFS值如表2所示, 结果表明, 豇豆中各农药的IFS值为0.0002~0.8959, $\overline{\text{IFS}}$值为0.0903, 均小于1, 表明豇豆中检出农药残留的风险水平处于可接受范围, 慢性暴露整体风险相对较低。其中克百威、氧乐果、三唑磷的IFS值相对较高, 最高的三唑磷IFS值为0.8959, 接近1, 今后的抽检工作中需持续关注。造成这几种农药IFS值较高的主要原因可能是, 克百威和三唑磷的ADI值为0.001 mg/kg bw, 氧乐果仅为0.0003 mg/kg bw。由公式(2)可知, 在农药残留量确定的情况下, ADI值越小, 该农药残留的IFS值越大, 安全风险也越高。
本研究结合R法进行综合评价, 得到更全面可靠的风险信息, 从而对豇豆中农药残留污染进行膳食风险预警。根据1.4.2中的公式(4), 当敏感因子S=1, 施检频率F=1, 权重系数a=100, b=0.1时, 各农药的R大小与农药的超标率呈正相关。当某种农药的R<1.5时, 表明豇豆中该农药对人体的风险等级为低风险; 当1.5<R<2.5时, 风险等级为中风险; 当R>2.5时, 风险等级为高风险[6,24]。所检出39种农药中有21种我国未规定MRL值, 因此未计算这些农药的风险等级。如表3所示, 有10种农药存在超标情况, 超标率较高的农药按由高到底依次为倍硫磷、灭蝇胺、噻虫嗪、克百威、啶虫脒、三唑磷, 超标率为1.0%~5.2%。其中倍硫磷和灭蝇胺的R高达6.31和4.92, 噻虫嗪为2.84, 均大于2.5, 表明所评估的豇豆样品中倍硫磷、灭蝇胺和噻虫嗪为高风险农药。而啶虫脒、氯氟氰菊酯、克百威和三唑磷的R在1.5~2.5, 风险等级为中等; 其中克百威的R值为2.49, 需要密切关注。其他农药氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、甲维盐、百菌清等的R均小于1.5, 为低风险。另外, 氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、灭多威虽然风险等级是低风险, 但是这几种农药禁止在蔬菜、瓜果、茶叶、菌类和中药材上使用, 需要加强监管和用药培训。
综合典型种植区农药残留检出情况来看, 豇豆上多农药残留、超范围用药等情况较为普遍, 个别样品存在检出蔬菜上禁止使用农药的情况, 这可能是因为豇豆病虫害频发、花果同期的生长特点, 加上典型种植区常年种植导致病虫害抗性问题产生, 已登记农药可能无法满足实际生产需求; 个别豇豆种植户认知不足, 为了追求产量和经济效益, 盲目用药甚至喷施蔬菜禁止使用药物[18,20,22]。从残留农药的检出值来看, 大部分检出水平在0.1 mg/kg以下, 整体检出浓度较低。然而, 已检出农药39种, 有21种我国未制定其在豇豆上的MRL值, 占比高达53.85%, 导致无限量值农药风险情况难以评估, 需引起注意。
对比分析不同环节豇豆残留情况, 不管是从农药检出率、单个豇豆样品农药检出数量还是不同农药超标率, 由大到小均表现为生产基地>农贸市场>批发市场和收购点, 说明豇豆质量安全问题主要来源于生产环节, 在监管检测中需重点关注[34,37]。这可能是因为生产基地采集的样品最接近生产实际, 连续采摘的生理特征导致安全间隔期难以保证, 采收时部分农药并未降解完全导致农药检出率相对较高。而批发市场和收购点在大规模转运豇豆前, 为了延长豇豆的保鲜时间, 常常采用过冰水等方式预冷, 后经转运流通进入农贸市场随后进入消费者餐桌, 这一过程一般要经历2~3 d时间, 而中间环节的冰水预冷[38]、空气中的氧气和蔬菜中的酶都会使得部分农药残留在此过程中有所降解[39-40]。同时较大规模的批发市场和收购点一般设有农药残留快速检测实验室, 技术人员会通过抽检等方式对蔬菜等样品进行速测把关, 从而可以规避一部分不合格样品流通上市[41-42], 又在一定程度上降低了批发市场豇豆样品的农药残留检出率。农贸市场较批发市场检出率等较高, 可能是本研究在抽取农贸市场豇豆样品时, 为了反映当地农药残留的真实现状, 基本是抽取本地豇豆样品进行检测, 这种本地蔬菜可能大多来自自产自销的小散户, 而这些小散户农产品质量安全意识相对较低, 用药过程中缺乏科学性, 质量问题更加突出。
风险评估结果表明, 豇豆样品中高风险因子主要集中在噻虫嗪、灭蝇胺、倍硫磷等3种常规农药。已有研究表明, 倍硫磷[19]和灭蝇胺[43]是豇豆上主要超标农药之一。而倍硫磷和灭蝇胺在豇豆上均未取得登记, 使用时无规范用药指引可能是导致超标的主要原因[44]。灭蝇胺目前在菜豆上登记可用, 种植户容易按照菜豆上的推荐剂量用于豇豆斑潜蝇防治, 然而, 已有研究表明虽然同为豆类蔬菜, 灭蝇胺在豇豆上非常容易向内部渗透, 半衰期为7.76 d远大于菜豆, 参照菜豆用量容易导致残留超标[45], 因此盲目借鉴其他蔬菜的推荐剂量防治病虫害做法并不可取, 超范围用药存在一定风险。建议进行灭蝇胺、倍硫磷等使用率高且易超标农药的残留登记试验, 为明确是否适合在豇豆上登记和指导其规范使用提供科学指引。此外, 倍硫磷属于低毒农药, 而GB 2763—2021和GB 2763.1—2022规定其在豇豆中最大残留限量为0.05 mg/kg, 和高毒农药三唑磷、水胺硫磷的MRL值相当。较低的MRL值可能是导致倍硫磷问题突出的另一主要原因。
近几年, 农业农村部门把豇豆作为重点治理品种开展整治, 合格率有了大幅提升, 但是超范围用药现象还较为普遍, 针对这一问题, 建议继续加大豇豆安全用药宣传和培训工作, 引导农民科学用药, 质量安全从源头抓起; 针对常检出农药在GB 2763—2021和GB 2763.1—2022中MRL值缺失导致检出值无法判定的问题, 建议根据豇豆实际生产情况, 加快标准制修订工作, 为豇豆质量安全提供执法依据; 针对常规农药残留风险高的情况, 建议在豇豆种植过程中推广使用化学农药与生物防治技术联用的绿色生产模式, 比如海南省的防虫网和生态调控技术[46]、浙江省的早春设施栽培和高山栽培模式[47]、乙基多杀菌素、溴氰虫酰胺替代易超标农药灭蝇胺的生物农药防治[48]等, 减少豇豆生产中农药的使用频率, 实现豇豆绿色种植和农业可持续发展; 针对不同环节检出和超标情况不同, 建议在今后的监管检测工作中, 实时更新监测数据并进行预警分析, 实时调整工作方案做到精准监测。
  • 以农业领域为单元的广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术研发创新团队建设项目(农产品质量安全共性关键技术)(2024CXTD18)
  • 广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XTXM202202)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250408001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
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以农业领域为单元的广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术研发创新团队建设项目(农产品质量安全共性关键技术)(2024CXTD18)
广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XTXM202202)
作者信息
    1 广东省农业科学院农业质量标准与监测技术研究所, 广州 510640
    2 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 广州 510640
    3 广东农科监测科技有限公司, 广州 510640

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*唐雪妹(1991—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测与评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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