Article(id=1215670315947049958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989384, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989384, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989384, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=321, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670316353897462, articleId=1215670315947049958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of microbial contamination in frozen drinks from 2022 to 2024 in Taicang City, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the microbial contamination in frozen drinks sold in Taicang City from 2022 to 2024. Methods A total of 118 samples of frozen drinks sold in Taicang City were collected from 2022 to 2024, inspected and judged according to GB 2759—2015 National food safety standard-Frozen drinks and ingredients. Results One sample had an excessive total bacterial count, and 4 samples had an excessive coliform group, with failure rates of 0.85% and 3.39%, respectively; the 72.88% (86/118) of the samples had a measured total bacterial count of greater than or equal 5 CFU/g, and 6.78% (8/118) of the samples had a measured coliform bacterial count of greater than or equal 5 CFU/g; Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the sample. Conclusion From 2022 to 2024, the hygiene quality of frozen drinks sold in Taicang City is relatively good. It is recommended that regulatory authorities continue to conduct hygiene supervision on frozen drinks production enterprises. Enterprises continue to strengthen hygiene management, control production, transportation and storage processes, to ensure the hygiene quality of frozen drinks.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Jun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Jun YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318182613022, articleId=1215670315947049958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品中微生物污染情况分析, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品的微生物污染情况。方法 采集2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品118份, 按GB 2759—2015《食品安全国家标准 冷冻饮品和制作料》进行检验判定。结果 1份样品菌落总数超标, 4份样品大肠菌群超标, 两者的不合格率分别为0.85%和3.39%; 72.88% (86/118)的样品菌落总数实测值≥5 CFU/g, 6.78% (8/118)的样品大肠菌群实测值≥5 CFU/g; 金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌在样品中均未检出。结论 2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品卫生状况相对较好, 建议监管部门持续对冷冻饮品生产企业进行卫生监管, 企业持续加强卫生管理, 严控生产、运输、储存各环节, 确保冷冻饮品卫生质量。

, correspAuthors=杨晓珺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨晓珺(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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Hainan Medical Journal, 2021, 32(15): 2004-2007., articleTitle=Analysis of coliform contamination in food in Panyu District, Guangzhou City, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686862119817676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=98, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=46, authorNames=刘羽晏, 刁玉华, 张联琴, journalName=中国乳业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘羽晏, 刁玉华, 张联琴, 等. 2020—2022年昆明市鲜奶吧巴氏杀菌乳中微生物污染现状分析[J]. 中国乳业, 2024(12): 98-103., articleTitle=2020—2022年昆明市鲜奶吧巴氏杀菌乳中微生物污染现状分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686862233063889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=98, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=47, authorNames=LIU YY, DIAO YH, ZHANG LQ, journalName=China Dairy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU YY, DIAO YH, ZHANG LQ, et al. 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China Dairy, 2024(12): 98-103., articleTitle=Analysis of microbial contamination in pasteurized milk in Kunming fresh milk bar from 2020 to 2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686862354698712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=71, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=48, authorNames=牟文婷, 陈国利, 王启果, journalName=疾病预防控制通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=牟文婷, 陈国利, 王启果. 2015—2016年乌鲁木齐市食品微生物指标菌监测分析[J]. 疾病预防控制通报, 2017, 32(4): 71-73., articleTitle=2015—2016年乌鲁木齐市食品微生物指标菌监测分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686862488916445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=71, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=49, authorNames=MOU WT, CHEN GL, WANG QG, journalName=Bulletin of Disease Control and Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOU WT, CHEN GL, WANG QG. Analysis of microbial indicators of food in Urumqi, 2015—2016[J]. Bulletin of Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, 32(4): 71-73., articleTitle=Analysis of microbial indicators of food in Urumqi, 2015—2016, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686849943753554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849952142165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, companyId=1215686849943753554, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Taicang Inspection and Testing Center, Taicang 215400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849964725079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, companyId=1215686849943753554, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=太仓市检验检测中心, 太仓 215400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686853001401325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Detection results of total bacterial count in different storage periods, figureFileSmall=nOt1Gv+bFHTbhGBcYGgmmw==, figureFileBig=VoTadHsvoZ667pGr5YnThw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686853072704503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同贮存期菌落总数检验结果, figureFileSmall=nOt1Gv+bFHTbhGBcYGgmmw==, figureFileBig=VoTadHsvoZ667pGr5YnThw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686853194338305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Detection results of coliform bacteria in different storage periods, figureFileSmall=r0L/hDnYWaZi1wZOc1mzPg==, figureFileBig=lySYoxbSVbQjIq3czv/j4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686853282418699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同贮存期大肠菌群检验结果, figureFileSmall=r0L/hDnYWaZi1wZOc1mzPg==, figureFileBig=lySYoxbSVbQjIq3czv/j4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686853378887702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Failure rates of microbial items in frozen drinks sold in Taicang City from 2022 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 样品数/份 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
菌落总数 大肠菌群 金黄色葡萄球菌 沙门氏菌 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
2022 55 2 (3.64) 0 (0.00) 2 (3.64) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
2023 33 1 (3.03) 1 (3.03) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
2024 30 2 (6.67) 0 (0.00) 2 (6.67) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1215686853517299745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品微生物项目不合格率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 样品数/份 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
菌落总数 大肠菌群 金黄色葡萄球菌 沙门氏菌 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
2022 55 2 (3.64) 0 (0.00) 2 (3.64) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
2023 33 1 (3.03) 1 (3.03) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
2024 30 2 (6.67) 0 (0.00) 2 (6.67) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1215686853634740269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of total bacterial count and coliform bacteria in frozen drinks from different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 样品
数/份
菌落总数 大肠菌群
≥5 CFU/g的
样品数/份
≥5 CFU/g的
样品比例/%
≥5 CFU/g的
样品数/份
≥5 CFU/g的
样品比例/%
2022 55 41 74.55 6 10.91
2023 33 23 69.70 0 0.00
2024 30 22 73.33 2 6.67
χ2 - - 0.249 - 3.885
P - - 0.883 - 0.143
), ArticleFig(id=1215686853731209272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同年份冷冻饮品中菌落总数、大肠菌群污染情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 样品
数/份
菌落总数 大肠菌群
≥5 CFU/g的
样品数/份
≥5 CFU/g的
样品比例/%
≥5 CFU/g的
样品数/份
≥5 CFU/g的
样品比例/%
2022 55 41 74.55 6 10.91
2023 33 23 69.70 0 0.00
2024 30 22 73.33 2 6.67
χ2 - - 0.249 - 3.885
P - - 0.883 - 0.143
), ArticleFig(id=1215686853869621316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of failure rates of frozen drinks of different categories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年度 冰淇淋 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
雪糕 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
雪泥 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
冰棍 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
2022 15 0 (0.00) 20 1 (5.00) 3 0 (0.00) 17 1 (5.88)
2023 4 0 (0.00) 11 0 (0.00) 3 0 (0.00) 15 1 (6.67)
2024 3 0 (0.00) 14 2 (14.29) 1 0 (0.00) 12 0 (0.00)
总计 22 0 (0.00) 45 3 (6.67) 7 0 (0.00) 44 2 (4.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1215686853940924495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同品类冷冻饮品不合格率的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年度 冰淇淋 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
雪糕 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
雪泥 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
冰棍 不合格数/份
(不合格占比/%)
2022 15 0 (0.00) 20 1 (5.00) 3 0 (0.00) 17 1 (5.88)
2023 4 0 (0.00) 11 0 (0.00) 3 0 (0.00) 15 1 (6.67)
2024 3 0 (0.00) 14 2 (14.29) 1 0 (0.00) 12 0 (0.00)
总计 22 0 (0.00) 45 3 (6.67) 7 0 (0.00) 44 2 (4.55)
), ArticleFig(id=1215686854041587804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the main components of frozen drinks in different categories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品类 主要组成成分
冰淇淋 生牛乳、植物油、稀奶油、白砂糖、葡萄糖浆、乳粉
雪糕 饮用水、白砂糖、植物油、麦芽糖浆、麦芽糊精、乳清粉、乳粉、豆粉
雪泥 饮用水、麦芽糖浆、白砂糖、果葡糖浆、麦芽糊精
冰棍 饮用水、白砂糖、果葡糖浆
), ArticleFig(id=1215686854142251108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670315947049958, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同品类冷冻饮品主要组成成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品类 主要组成成分
冰淇淋 生牛乳、植物油、稀奶油、白砂糖、葡萄糖浆、乳粉
雪糕 饮用水、白砂糖、植物油、麦芽糖浆、麦芽糊精、乳清粉、乳粉、豆粉
雪泥 饮用水、麦芽糖浆、白砂糖、果葡糖浆、麦芽糊精
冰棍 饮用水、白砂糖、果葡糖浆
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2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品中微生物污染情况分析
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杨晓珺 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(14): 321-326
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(14): 321-326
2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品中微生物污染情况分析
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杨晓珺*
作者信息
  • 太仓市检验检测中心, 太仓 215400

通讯作者:

*杨晓珺(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
Analysis of microbial contamination in frozen drinks from 2022 to 2024 in Taicang City
Xiao-Jun YANG*
Affiliations
  • Taicang Inspection and Testing Center, Taicang 215400, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206003
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目的 了解2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品的微生物污染情况。方法 采集2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品118份, 按GB 2759—2015《食品安全国家标准 冷冻饮品和制作料》进行检验判定。结果 1份样品菌落总数超标, 4份样品大肠菌群超标, 两者的不合格率分别为0.85%和3.39%; 72.88% (86/118)的样品菌落总数实测值≥5 CFU/g, 6.78% (8/118)的样品大肠菌群实测值≥5 CFU/g; 金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌在样品中均未检出。结论 2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品卫生状况相对较好, 建议监管部门持续对冷冻饮品生产企业进行卫生监管, 企业持续加强卫生管理, 严控生产、运输、储存各环节, 确保冷冻饮品卫生质量。

冷冻饮品  /  微生物污染  /  菌落总数  /  大肠菌群  /  致病菌

Objective To investigate the microbial contamination in frozen drinks sold in Taicang City from 2022 to 2024. Methods A total of 118 samples of frozen drinks sold in Taicang City were collected from 2022 to 2024, inspected and judged according to GB 2759—2015 National food safety standard-Frozen drinks and ingredients. Results One sample had an excessive total bacterial count, and 4 samples had an excessive coliform group, with failure rates of 0.85% and 3.39%, respectively; the 72.88% (86/118) of the samples had a measured total bacterial count of greater than or equal 5 CFU/g, and 6.78% (8/118) of the samples had a measured coliform bacterial count of greater than or equal 5 CFU/g; Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the sample. Conclusion From 2022 to 2024, the hygiene quality of frozen drinks sold in Taicang City is relatively good. It is recommended that regulatory authorities continue to conduct hygiene supervision on frozen drinks production enterprises. Enterprises continue to strengthen hygiene management, control production, transportation and storage processes, to ensure the hygiene quality of frozen drinks.

frozen drinks  /  microbial contamination  /  total bacterial count  /  coliform group  /  pathogenic bacteria
杨晓珺. 2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品中微生物污染情况分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 321 -326 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206003
Xiao-Jun YANG. Analysis of microbial contamination in frozen drinks from 2022 to 2024 in Taicang City[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 321 -326 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206003
冷冻饮品的制作, 是选取饮用水、乳及其制品、糖类、豆制品、植物油等原料中的若干种作为主要原料, 按需选择是否添加食品添加剂等辅料, 经配料、灭菌、凝冻、冷冻等生产工艺, 最终制成固态或半固态的食品成品, 常见的冷冻饮品品类有冰淇淋、雪糕、冰棍、雪泥、甜味冰、食用冰等。长期以来, 冷冻饮品因入口沁凉、口味多样、消暑解渴, 深受广大消费者的喜爱。
冷冻饮品是一种需要在特定低温条件下生产并保存的食品, 所以冷冻饮品的生产具有独特的工艺, 由于生产工艺、生产环境、设备条件的不同, 以及包装、运输、储存、销售等过程中操作不规范, 冷冻饮品极易受到微生物的污染[1-2]。过去有暴发多起由受污染的冷冻饮品引起的食源性疾病。2013年, 德国某餐厅发生一起因葡萄球菌污染冰淇淋引起的食物中毒事件[3]; 继2015年美国蓝铃公司的冰淇淋受单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌污染, 引发李斯特菌病事件[4]后, 2021年, 美国某冰淇淋公司又暴发了单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌污染事件, 导致28人患病, 1人死亡[5], 给消费者健康带来极大冲击。参考我国国家市场监督管理总局对外公示的食品安全监督抽检通报, 对冷冻饮品的抽检数据展开统计分析, 发现当前冷冻饮品出现不合格状况的原因主要集中在微生物污染层面[6-9]
冷冻饮品由于不是大宗食品, 相关的微生物污染的调查研究较少。目前国内的文献资料显示, 针对冷冻饮品微生物污染的调查研究只在少数城市开展, 关注的指标多为卫生指示菌, 如2016—2022年, 海南省共抽取冷冻饮品933批次, 菌落总数和大肠菌群不合格率分别为3.43%和4.72%[10]; 2019年, 天津市采集249份冷冻饮品, 菌落总数和大肠菌群的总不合格率为7.2%[11], 但相关研究的数据量有限, 不能反映我国冷冻饮品整体的微生物污染情况。此外, 对食源性致病菌污染情况的调查研究也十分有限, 部分文献资料显示冷冻饮品中存在致病菌污染[12-16], 但内容和数据不够详细。总体来看, 目前我国的冷冻饮品微生物污染情况缺乏全面的研究。
基于上述分析, 本研究选择在太仓市范围内采集市售冷冻饮品, 开展冷冻饮品中菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌5种微生物指标的调查研究。通过检验分析, 掌握太仓市市售冷冻饮品的微生物污染情况, 以期为冷冻饮品的微生物污染情况提供基础数据, 为冷冻饮品的风险评估提供数据支撑, 为冷冻饮品的安全监管提供参考依据, 确保冷冻饮品的质量安全。
严格按照《国家食品安全监督抽检细则》要求, 对太仓市范围内各大超市、冷饮批发店等流通领域销售的冷冻饮品进行采样, 采用车载冰箱进行冷冻保存运输, 即刻送检。
2022—2024年采样共计118份, 其中2022年55份, 2023年33份, 2024年30份。
严格按照GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》, GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数》, GB 4789.10—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》, GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》, GB 4789.30—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验》的要求, 分别对118份样品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的检验, 并按照GB 2759—2015《食品安全国家标准 冷冻饮品和制作料》和GB 29921—2021《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限量》进行判定。菌落总数和大肠菌群的计数检出限均为5 CFU/g。
严格遵循无菌操作原则, 所用试剂和培养基均验收合格且在质保期内, 采用标准菌株进行验证, 所用仪器经计量校准后使用, 保证检验结果真实有效。
每批次产品抽取5个平行样品进行检验。应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析, 采用χ2检验比较组间差异, 显著性水平α=0.05, P<0.05代表差异有统计学意义。使用Excel 2021软件进行作图。
2022—2024年共采集冷冻饮品样品118份, 不合格样品5份, 不合格率为4.24%。各年度不合格率差异没有统计学意义(χ2=0.604, P=0.739), 其中, 1份样品菌落总数超标, 4份样品大肠菌群超标, 菌落总数、大肠菌群两者的不合格率分别为0.85%和3.39%, 详见表1
从检验结果看, 菌落总数和大肠菌群是冷冻饮品微生物项目不合格的主要指标, 原因可能是不合格产品的生产企业规模相对较小, 更容易存在对原料及生产加工过程卫生条件把控不严格, 生产设备及配套工具清洗消毒工作执行不到位, 产品在运输及储存阶段对温湿度、通风等条件把控不佳的情况, 极易增加微生物污染的风险, 对产品品质造成不良影响。但整体来看, 菌落总数不合格率明显低于大肠菌群, 主要原因是判定标准GB 2759—2015中, 菌落总数限量值(105 CFU/g)与大肠菌群限量值(102 CFU/g)不同有关。另外, 金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌均未在样品中检出, 但根据相关研究显示, 冷冻饮品[17-20], 甚至其生产环境都存在致病菌检出的情况[13-14], 特别是单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌, 其可在冷冻环境中存活[21-22], 且对易感人群有较高的致死率[23], 需引起重视。
2022—2024年采集的样品中, 72.88% (86/118)的样品菌落总数实测值≥5 CFU/g, 6.78% (8/118)的样品大肠菌群实测值≥5 CFU/g, 菌落总数、大肠菌群的结果比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05), 见表2。冷冻饮品的生产工艺繁复, 涵盖配料混合流程, 紧接灭菌、均质处理, 后续进行冷却、老化、凝冻搅拌、灌装、硬化和包装等步骤, 在整个生产过程中, 灭菌环节仅进行一次, 是冷冻饮品生产的关键控制点。从检验数据来看, 冷冻饮品中菌落总数检出比例较高, 原因可能是加热灭菌工艺不达标, 未能杀灭所有微生物, 尤其对耐热性细菌的灭菌效果较弱, 且后续环节无法消除微生物污染[24-26], 致使微生物残留, 进而影响产品质量。大肠菌群检出比例较低, 说明正常的灭菌工艺能杀灭大肠菌群, 但由于灭菌步骤处于整个生产流程中相对前置的环节, 若对后续各环节的人员、设备、环境等卫生条件把控不当, 易引入大肠菌群污染。
贮存期是指样品从生产到检验的时间跨度。冷冻饮品共检验118份, 菌落总数实测值主要分布在<5 CFU/g (27.12%, 32/118)、5~<10 CFU/g (4.24%, 5/118)、10~<100 CFU/g (44.92%, 53/118)、100~<1000 CFU/g (16.95%, 20/118)、1000~<10000 CFU/g (2.54%, 3/118)、10000~<100000 CFU/g (4.24%, 5/118) 6个区段。菌落总数实测值在不同贮存期分布的差异无统计学意义(χ2=10.862, P=0.950), 见图1。大肠菌群实测值主要分布在<5 CFU/g (93.22%, 110/118)、5~<10 CFU/g (2.54%, 3/118)、10~<100 CFU/g (1.69%, 2/118)、100~<1000 CFU/g (1.69%, 2/118)、1000~<10000 CFU/g (0.85%, 1/118) 5个区段。大肠菌群实测值在不同贮存期分布的差异无统计学意义(χ2=7.525, P=0.962), 见图2。说明随着贮存期的延长, 菌落总数和大肠菌群实测值没有明显增加。菌落总数实测值在各贮存期均主要落在<5 CFU/g、10~<100 CFU/g和100~<1000 CFU/g区段, 而大肠菌群基本没有检出, 原因可能是样品初始便受到微生物污染, 后续灭菌工艺能杀灭大肠菌群, 未能杀灭所有细菌, 但残留的活菌数较低, 且在低温环境下细菌虽能生长, 繁殖速度却有所减缓甚至停止, 使得菌落总数在不同贮存期间保持相对一致的低水平状态。
GB/T 30590—2014《冷冻饮品分类》将冷冻饮品分为7类, 本研究中所采集的冷冻饮品仅包含冰淇淋、雪糕、雪泥、冰棍4类, 详见表3。可以看出, 雪糕和冰棍是冷冻饮品主要的不合格品类, 两者的不合格数占比分别为6.67%和4.55%, 其余品类未检出不合格。
进一步统计, 冷冻饮品菌落总数实测值≥5 CFU/g的比例从大到小依此为: 雪糕84.44% (38/45)、冰淇淋72.73% (16/22)、冰棍63.64% (28/44)、雪泥57.14% (4/7), 大肠菌群实测值≥5 CFU/g的比例从大到小依此为: 雪糕8.89% (4/45)、冰棍6.82% (3/44)、冰淇淋4.55% (1/22)、雪泥0.00% (0/7)。可以看出, 不同品类的冷冻饮品均不同程度地受到细菌的污染, 其中雪糕和冰淇淋菌落总数实测值≥5 CFU/g的比例高于冰棍和雪泥, 这可能是由于不同品类冷冻饮品的主要组成成分不同, 详见表4。其中, 冰棍与雪泥主要以饮用水和糖类为原料, 相比雪糕、冰淇淋含有乳和乳制品、植物油、豆制品等, 成分相对简单, 其原料微生物基数较低, 且冰棍与雪泥含水含糖量可能相对较高, 高糖环境不利于微生物生长繁殖[27]。另外, 冰棍与雪泥生产工艺相对简单, 灭菌工艺后到制成成品环节较少, 减少了微生物在生产过程中从环境、设备等途径污染产品的机会。大肠菌群污染比例整体较低, 但仍存在一定的卫生问题, 需持续优化生产卫生条件。
在食品领域, 微生物限量指标主要涵盖两大类别, 即指示菌与致病菌, 就冷冻饮品而言, 其微生物指示菌通常聚焦于菌落总数和大肠菌群, 其中菌落总数作为一般指示菌, 能反映产品被细菌污染程度以及卫生质量状况; 大肠菌群作为粪便污染指示菌, 能够检出产品是否受过粪便的污染[28-30]。当食品中微生物指示菌超出标准限值, 会使食品中的营养成分遭受严重破坏, 进而大幅加快食品腐败变质的进程, 成为致病风险的潜在诱因, 对人体健康构成严重威胁。因此, 指示菌的持续监测对预防潜在的食品安全问题至关重要。
从监测结果来看, 2022—2024年太仓市市售冷冻饮品整体质量处于相对较好的水平, 微生物检出水平较低, 无致病风险, 但仍有少部分产品菌落总数和大肠菌群超标, 建议食品安全监管部门持续强化监管举措, 对企业产品甚至生产环境进行微生物检验, 确保产品卫生质量符合要求。冷冻饮品生产企业持续强化卫生管理, 特别是小规模企业, 加强原料卫生质量管控, 从源头上预防冷冻饮品的微生物污染; 改进并监控灭菌过程, 确保灭菌工艺的有效性; 严格执行清洁与消毒工作, 确保环境洁净无污、设备无菌运行; 严格把控储存及运输条件, 保证温度符合要求; 严格管理工作人员的卫生、健康及操作规范, 保证冷冻饮品的卫生质量符合要求。
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
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    太仓市检验检测中心, 太仓 215400

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*杨晓珺(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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