Article(id=1215670314655204284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250308002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741363200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989076, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989076, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670317557661700, articleId=1215670314655204284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing in 2024, columnId=1215670312151208635, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment in Beijing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing, 2024, and explore their potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, the characterization and potential risks of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential pathogens were described by the combining high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with bio-informatics and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 182 ARGs subtypes belonging to 9 antibiotic types and 9 MGEs subtypes were detected with the abundance of 6.08×103-1.57×108 copies/g and 3.77×104-3.50×108 copies/g, respectively. It was seen that the diversity and abundance of ARGs, MGEs and bacterial community in fruits were significantly lower than those in vegetables (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the main potential pathogens, with Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter johnsonii as signature potential pathogens in solanaceous and leafy vegetables, respectively. MGEs and multiple ARGs were carried by the most of potential pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among them were mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs (57.56%). Conclusion There are various and abundant ARGs and potential pathogens in raw vegetables and fruits in Beijing, 2024, with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among bacterium are mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs, which can threaten human health. High attention shall be attached.

, correspAuthors=Juan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan LI, Li-Yu HUANG, Lu-Lu MENG, Zhong-Hui CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670320791470372, articleId=1215670314655204284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及耐药基因的特征研究, columnId=1215670313522746049, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 调研2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的分布特征, 探究其在食品安全领域的潜在风险。方法 将高通量定量聚合酶链式反应(high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, HT-qPCR)技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序与生物信息学、多元统计学分析技术相结合, 探究果蔬中ARGs、可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)以及潜在致病菌的存在特征及潜在风险。结果 共检出9大类182个ARGs和9个MGEs, 丰度范围分别为6.08×103~1.57×108 copies/g、3.77×104~3.50×108 copies/g; 水果中ARGs、MGEs以及菌群多样性和丰度均显著低于蔬菜(P<0.05); 不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、明串球菌属(Leuconostoc)、克雷伯杆菌属(Klebsiella)、黄单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和黏质沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)为主要的潜在致病菌; 肠杆菌目(Enterobacterales)和约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii)分别为茄果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜中标志性潜在致病菌; 多元统计分析显示, 果蔬中的多数潜在致病菌同时携带MGEs和多种类ARGs, 很可能具有多重耐药性状, 且耐药性状传播的主要驱动因素为MGEs携带ARGs发生的水平基因转移(57.56%)。结论 本研究揭示了2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中ARGs赋存情况严重, 其中多数潜在致病菌很可能具有多重耐药性状, MGEs携带多种ARGs发生的水平基因转移事件促进了耐药现象的在细菌群落间的广泛传播, 并通过食物链危害人类健康, 应引起高度重视。

, correspAuthors=李娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李娟(1982—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物耐药、环境污染与食品安全。E-mail:
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Identification and pathogenicity study of Hafnia alvei from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686870843970250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=118, issue=null, pageStart=34, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=49, authorNames=ZHANG J, SUI Q, TONG J, journalName=Environment International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J, SUI Q, TONG J, et al. Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts[J]. Environment International, 2018, 118: 34-43., articleTitle=Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686863109673466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, awardId=21976020, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(21976020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686863222919681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, awardId=21607007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(21607007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686863302611460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, awardId=2016000021469G182, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市委组织部优秀人才资助项目(2016000021469G182), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686863428440587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, awardId=2020-BJYJ-01, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市疾病预防控制中心科研培育专项(2020-BJYJ-01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686854792368291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854800756898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, companyId=1215686854792368291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854804951203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, companyId=1215686854792368291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所, 北京 100013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686858957312363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Diversity and abundance distributions of ARGs, MGEs, figureFileSmall=iCe37oF05Ja3A/P13fLSXg==, figureFileBig=ymX6ChZO/mb+t6PebDLkkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859070558577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ARGs、MGEs多样性及丰度分布, figureFileSmall=iCe37oF05Ja3A/P13fLSXg==, figureFileBig=ymX6ChZO/mb+t6PebDLkkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859183804789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Bacterial phylum distributions, figureFileSmall=1zCVLz29Tal2eIPS/msqOA==, figureFileBig=4XaVGwVF5DFk6A/Gy57cVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859297051002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图2, caption=细菌菌门分布, figureFileSmall=1zCVLz29Tal2eIPS/msqOA==, figureFileBig=4XaVGwVF5DFk6A/Gy57cVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859422880130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Bacterial genus distributions, figureFileSmall=05pO7BDVPHHSRjj0IWFx6Q==, figureFileBig=8hnXXr84Gv/jE+5eFG1QBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859544514952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图3, caption=细菌菌属分布, figureFileSmall=05pO7BDVPHHSRjj0IWFx6Q==, figureFileBig=8hnXXr84Gv/jE+5eFG1QBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860882497937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of bacterial alpha-diversity Simpson indices, figureFileSmall=hsu766tomqXgtIwP4LFjXg==, figureFileBig=vN/aAvdeUSBemipO53fOXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860999938453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图4, caption=细菌α多样性Simpson指数对比

注: *、**、***分别表示0.01 <P<0.05、0.001<P<0.01、P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=hsu766tomqXgtIwP4LFjXg==, figureFileBig=vN/aAvdeUSBemipO53fOXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861121573274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principal coordinate analysis based on the Bray-Curtis distance showing the bacterial communities, figureFileSmall=ZLeppFoShsuU6kW5z7qSKQ==, figureFileBig=2gT8VmHZrUUouPiMT9JEbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861226430878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于Bray-Curtis距离运算的细菌群落结构主坐标分析, figureFileSmall=ZLeppFoShsuU6kW5z7qSKQ==, figureFileBig=2gT8VmHZrUUouPiMT9JEbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861381620134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=LEfSe analysis of bacterial community structure in different types of samples (P<0.01, LDA>2), figureFileSmall=OXLBOfAQQwR/3vEVpjcgVQ==, figureFileBig=nf4PiisqEnfRjdNSgMAkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861507449262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图6, caption=样品中细菌群落结构的LEfSe分析 (P<0.01, LDA>2), figureFileSmall=OXLBOfAQQwR/3vEVpjcgVQ==, figureFileBig=nf4PiisqEnfRjdNSgMAkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861633278386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Potential pathogen distributions, figureFileSmall=l54Qg49sLMzCiWxnUvAlDw==, figureFileBig=2wZq66Rx1GAIkkXVwfAsRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861750718904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图7, caption=潜在致病菌分布, figureFileSmall=l54Qg49sLMzCiWxnUvAlDw==, figureFileBig=2wZq66Rx1GAIkkXVwfAsRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861859770815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=LEfSe analysis of potential pathogens structure in different types of samples (P<0.01, LDA>2), figureFileSmall=EOUUB+roZeCUF1UX2qkXJQ==, figureFileBig=NvbW+KLUh8iANtnNE+8JRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862014960071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图8, caption=样品中潜在致病菌的LEfSe分析(P<0.01, LDA>2), figureFileSmall=EOUUB+roZeCUF1UX2qkXJQ==, figureFileBig=NvbW+KLUh8iANtnNE+8JRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862128206285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Procrustes analysis diagram, figureFileSmall=7DRDGiRQrvFcd0vUKVyKuA==, figureFileBig=tP9nQsja/GJzYQeEEDGDSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862228869586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图9, caption=普鲁克分析图

注: A. ARGs与细菌菌属分布; B. ARGs与MGEs分布。

, figureFileSmall=7DRDGiRQrvFcd0vUKVyKuA==, figureFileBig=tP9nQsja/GJzYQeEEDGDSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862358893016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=VPA for the forcing of ARGs horizontal gene transfer, figureFileSmall=/S/yUep6E/rnSbGr1xlGsQ==, figureFileBig=xzXoSMX/xS/tyS36tJhLxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862497305052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图10, caption=ARGs水平转移的驱动因子解释率VPA, figureFileSmall=/S/yUep6E/rnSbGr1xlGsQ==, figureFileBig=xzXoSMX/xS/tyS36tJhLxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862614745570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Network analysis showing the co-occurrence of ARGs, MGEs and their potential hosts bacteria (genus), figureFileSmall=ypsImSkYPyMX1PbGQ+i8mg==, figureFileBig=eWiyPUM1znsoQXOpJGJJSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686862719603176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314655204284, language=CN, label=图11, caption=ARGs、MGEs与潜在宿主菌的网络分析(属水平)

注: 连接线代表Spearman相关系数r≥0.8, P<0.01, 节点半径与连接线数据成正比, 下同。

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2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及耐药基因的特征研究
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李娟 * , 黄梨煜 , 孟璐璐 , 陈忠辉
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025,16(14): 1-9
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025, 16(14): 1-9
2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及耐药基因的特征研究
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李娟* , 黄梨煜, 孟璐璐, 陈忠辉
作者信息
  • 北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所, 北京 100013

通讯作者:

*李娟(1982—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物耐药、环境污染与食品安全。E-mail:
Study on the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing in 2024
Juan LI* , Li-Yu HUANG, Lu-Lu MENG, Zhong-Hui CHEN
Affiliations
  • Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250308002
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目的 调研2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的分布特征, 探究其在食品安全领域的潜在风险。方法 将高通量定量聚合酶链式反应(high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, HT-qPCR)技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序与生物信息学、多元统计学分析技术相结合, 探究果蔬中ARGs、可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)以及潜在致病菌的存在特征及潜在风险。结果 共检出9大类182个ARGs和9个MGEs, 丰度范围分别为6.08×103~1.57×108 copies/g、3.77×104~3.50×108 copies/g; 水果中ARGs、MGEs以及菌群多样性和丰度均显著低于蔬菜(P<0.05); 不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、明串球菌属(Leuconostoc)、克雷伯杆菌属(Klebsiella)、黄单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和黏质沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)为主要的潜在致病菌; 肠杆菌目(Enterobacterales)和约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii)分别为茄果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜中标志性潜在致病菌; 多元统计分析显示, 果蔬中的多数潜在致病菌同时携带MGEs和多种类ARGs, 很可能具有多重耐药性状, 且耐药性状传播的主要驱动因素为MGEs携带ARGs发生的水平基因转移(57.56%)。结论 本研究揭示了2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中ARGs赋存情况严重, 其中多数潜在致病菌很可能具有多重耐药性状, MGEs携带多种ARGs发生的水平基因转移事件促进了耐药现象的在细菌群落间的广泛传播, 并通过食物链危害人类健康, 应引起高度重视。

生食果蔬  /  致病菌  /  耐药基因  /  可移动遗传元件  /  细菌群落

Objective To investigate the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing, 2024, and explore their potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, the characterization and potential risks of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential pathogens were described by the combining high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with bio-informatics and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 182 ARGs subtypes belonging to 9 antibiotic types and 9 MGEs subtypes were detected with the abundance of 6.08×103-1.57×108 copies/g and 3.77×104-3.50×108 copies/g, respectively. It was seen that the diversity and abundance of ARGs, MGEs and bacterial community in fruits were significantly lower than those in vegetables (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the main potential pathogens, with Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter johnsonii as signature potential pathogens in solanaceous and leafy vegetables, respectively. MGEs and multiple ARGs were carried by the most of potential pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among them were mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs (57.56%). Conclusion There are various and abundant ARGs and potential pathogens in raw vegetables and fruits in Beijing, 2024, with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among bacterium are mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs, which can threaten human health. High attention shall be attached.

raw fruit and vegetables  /  pathogens  /  antibiotic resistance genes  /  mobile genetic elements  /  bacterial community
李娟, 黄梨煜, 孟璐璐, 陈忠辉. 2024年北京市部分市售生食果蔬中潜在致病菌及耐药基因的特征研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250308002
Juan LI, Li-Yu HUANG, Lu-Lu MENG, Zhong-Hui CHEN. Study on the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing in 2024[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250308002
食源性疾病是全球重要的公共卫生与食品安全问题。据统计, 全球每年有约40~60亿例食源性疾病事件暴发, 其中有70%是由致病菌所引发[1]。在我国, 2011—2020年累计暴发食源性疾病事件34558起[2], 仅2023年社区居民常见食源性致病菌发病率就达18.0%[3]。有研究证实, 这些引发疾病的食源性致病菌很可能与以蔬菜为主的新鲜农产品及其农场环境有关[4-5]。随着人们对健康、方便饮食的日益追求, 生食果蔬越来越受到消费者的青睐, 它们通常以未加工的形式售卖, 只需简单清洗或去皮, 无需经过烹饪、杀菌等加工即可直接食用, 极容易引发食源性疾病[6-7]。国内外已有大量关于食用生食果蔬而引发食源性疾病的报道, 如2014年美国暴发的毒黄瓜事件, 最终证实是由沙门氏菌导致[8]。在我国, 也有从生菜、香菜、折耳根等生食蔬菜中检出沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、肠聚集黏附性大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌的文献报道[7,9]
抗生素在治疗细菌感染性疾病方面发挥了不可替代的作用, 但近几十年在养殖业等领域的滥用直接导致了动物性食品中致病菌耐药现象的日益增加[10-11]。同时, 养殖动物粪便的外排, 能够驱动抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resisitance genes, ARGs)扩散到土壤-植物系统中[12], 并借助质粒、整合子、转座子等可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs), ARGs在微生物之间进行水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT), 进而通过食物链进入人体, 逐渐实现从“环境到餐桌”的传递, 危害人类健康[13]。然而, 致病菌一旦捕获ARGs, 就会极大地增加感染性疾病的治疗难度, 对人类健康危害巨大。ARGs作为新型污染物[14], 具有“不易消亡”“可遗传”“可转移”等特性, 能够在不同介质的微生物之间传播耐药性状。近几年, ARGs在多种食品中检出, 并导致食源性致病菌多重耐药现象的出现, 严重威胁人类健康[7,10,11,15]。因此, 掌握食品安全领域中潜在致病菌及ARGs的分布特征, 并根据实际情况采取相应的措施, 对预防和控制细菌感染性疾病的暴发至关重要。
然而, 食源性致病菌的检测多采用传统培养、分离及鉴定方法, 操作复杂、费时, 需预设检测目标, 且绝大部分细菌因不能在实验室条件下进行纯培养而被忽视。随着分子生物学技术的不断发展, 高通量测序技术在全面了解食品中潜在致病菌的多样性方面潜力巨大[16]。本研究试图通过高通量16S rRNA基因Illumina测序技术, 揭示北京市部分市售常见生食果蔬中细菌群落结构及潜在致病菌分布多样性, 并结合ARGs的分布特征, 通过对ARGs的水平迁移驱动因素的解析, 以及ARGs的潜在宿主分析, 初步探究生食果蔬中ARGs的存在风险, 以期完善全国范围内ARGs的监测体系, 为进一步加强ARGs对人类健康的风险评估与控制提供科学依据。
受试样品为北京市居民餐桌上常见且具有代表性的生食果蔬: 根茎类蔬菜(R1樱桃萝卜、R2胡萝卜、R3白萝卜、R4洋葱)、叶菜类蔬菜(L1香菜、L2香葱、L3紫甘蓝、L4生菜、L5白菜)、茄果类蔬菜(S1西红柿、S2黄瓜、S3甜椒)以及水果类(F1草莓、F2桃子、F3苹果、F4梨)。所有样品分别于2024年1月、4月、8月、10月, 在北京市城中的西城区、城北的昌平区和城南的丰台区等地的多家超市、果蔬市场分散采集获得。以R1樱桃萝卜为例, 在每次集中采集时间内, 将不同售卖地点采集来的样品(每个采样点采集样品约250 g)用无菌塑料袋密封后置冰上, 4 h内运至实验室4 ℃冷藏, 48 h内在实验室无菌条件下混合后提取DNA, 依据此方法将4次集中采集来的样品的DNA进行混合后, 命名为R1样品。
快速DNA提取试剂盒(FastDNA ®SPIN kit, 美国MP生物医药公司)。
FastPrep-24™快速样品制备仪(美国MP 生物医药公司); Eppendorf 5425微量离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); NanoDrop™微量紫外-可见光分光光度计(北京科尔德科贸有限公司); SmartChip高通量荧光定量聚合酶链式反应系统(美国Wafer Gen Biosystems公司); ME 104E电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 瑞士梅特勒托利多公司)。
本研究在实验室无菌条件下, 将多地采集的样品同种混合, 除去大颗粒污物及不新鲜枝叶等, 收集可食部分, 用无菌蒸馏水清洗至日常可食用状态, 并将样品分割成小块放入料理机匀浆至充分混匀。同一编号的样品做3个平行(n=3)各取0.5 g, 置FastDNA SPIN kit试剂盒中的研磨管内, 通过FastPrep-24™快速样品制备仪, 以6.0 m/s的强度水平振荡研磨30 s, 并参考试剂盒生产商的推荐方法获得DNA溶液。
本研究将各样品总DNA送至安徽微分基因科技有限公司, 通过SmartChip高通量荧光定量聚合酶链式反应系统进行296个基因的高通量定量聚合酶链式反应(high- throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, HT-qPCR)分析, 其中包括16S rRNA内参基因、285个ARGs和10个MGEs等[17]。扩增体系(100 nL)为: 1×LightCycler 480 SYBR Green I Master、500 nmol/L each primer、DNA 模板2 ng/μL。Ct值为检测基因的荧光信号达到设定的阈值时所需的循环数。参考李娟等[17]研究中的具体操作, 由公式(1)~(3)获得目的基因的相对丰度和绝对丰度。
基因的相对拷贝数=10(31–Ct)/(10/3)
基因的相对丰度=基因的相对拷贝数/16S rRNA的相对拷贝数
基因的绝对丰度=基因的相对丰度×16S rRNA的绝对丰度
本研究将获得的各样品总DNA送往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司利用Illumina Nextseq 2000 PE300平台进行16S rRNA扩增、建库和测序, 扩增引物: 515FmodF: 5'- GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3'; 806RmodR: 5'-GGACTA CNVGGGTWTCTAAT-3', 段长度291 bp; 体系(20 μL)包含: 5×FastPfu Buffer 4 μL, 2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 µL, FastPfu DNA polymerase 0.4 µL, 牛血清白蛋白 0.2 µL, 上下游引物各0.8 µL, DNA模板1 µL, 纯水补齐20 µL; 运行参数: (95 °C, 3 min)+{(95 °C, 30 s)+(55 °C, 30 s)+(72 °C, 1 min)} ×30+(72 °C, 10 min)。所得到的双端原始测序序列进一步委托中科院生态环境研究中心用FASTP、FLASH和USEARCH等软件完成质控、过滤、拼接、降噪和聚类等操作, 获得高分辨率扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs), 并在每个样品的平均序列覆盖度大于99%的前提下, 将所有样本序列数抽平。基于Ribosomal Database Project (RDP)数据库对利用Qiime2的classify-sklearn分类器对ASVs进行物种注释, 并进行Alpha和Beta多样性分析。序列原始数据已上传至美国国家生物技术信息中心SRA数据库, 序列号为PRJNA1171770。
本研究结合病毒因子数据库(Virulence Factors Pathogenic Bacteria, VFDB, http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/)、病原体宿主相互作用(PHI-base)和潜在人类细菌病原体列表[18-19], 构建了涵盖1761种细菌病原体的物种列表作为识别本研究样品中潜在致病菌的数据库, 并将过滤后的高质量数据与该数据库进行Blast比对。该数据库随VFDB和PHI-base等的更新而及时补充。
本研究中方差分析及显著差异检验等均由SPSS 21.0软件完成, 并应用Origin 2019b软件绘制所有直方图; Past 4.03软件进行Mantel test分析; 基迪奥平台(https://www.omicshare.com/tools/)绘制主坐标分析图(principal component analysis, PCoA); 美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/page/tools/)进行细菌群落Alpha多样性分析、普鲁克分析和方差分解分析(variance partitioning analysis, VPA); 生科云平台(https://www.bioincloud.tech)进行LEfSe (LDA Effect Size)分析; 图图云平台(http://cloudtutu.com.cn/)结合gephi0.9.2软件绘制network相关性网络分析图。
本研究从北京售卖的生食果蔬中共检出9大类抗生素的182个ARGs和9个MGEs亚类, 涉及氯霉素类(7个)、氨基糖苷类(27个)、β-内酰胺类(39个)、大环内酯-林可霉素-链阳霉素类(macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B, MLSB)(16个)、磺胺类(6个)、四环素类(31个)、万古霉素类(11个)、多重耐药类(38个)及其他类(7个), 以及7个转座酶和2个整合子, 丰度范围在6.08×103~1.57×108 copies/g (ARGs)和3.77×104~3.50×108 copies/g (MGEs)。如图1所示, MGEs的丰度最高; β-内酰胺类、多重耐药类和四环素类其次; 万古霉素类和霉素类最低, 这与本团队前期调研结果[17]十分相似。说明, 新鲜果蔬中β-内酰胺类、多重耐药类和四环素类ARGs污染较为严重, 与其相对应的耐药现象很可能普遍存在。其中以叶菜类蔬菜中ARGs的存在多样性和丰度最高, 其次为茄果类和根茎类蔬菜, 水果类最低(低近102倍)。茄果类蔬菜中MGEs丰度最高, 而部分水果中却并未检出MGEs, 这可能由水果和蔬菜之间的多种差异所致, 如生长周期、对环境的敏感性以及对ARGs等物质的输送机制等, 本研究在前期研究中也发现了类似现象[17]
通过高通量测序、质控等处理, 本研究共获得1005257个优化序列, 抽平至每个样本37417个序列, 经聚类、物种分类学分析共获得细菌界下的12个门、28个纲、54个目、105个科、207个属、306个菌种。门水平下(图2), 假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为本研究样品中的优势类群。这一结果虽不同于前人的调查[20]。但其中的拟杆菌门为土壤生态系统中的常见菌, 与动植物和人类等多种真核生物宿主密切相关[21]。属水平下(图3), 样品中菌属的分布存在差异, 如假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)在香菜(L1)和甜椒(S3)中为优势菌属; 泛菌属(Pantoea)在洋葱(R4)、桃子(F2)、苹果(F3)和梨(F4)中为优势菌属; 而在草莓(F1)和香葱(L2)中葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)分别占据优势。这与范梦豪等[22]对上海市售新鲜蔬菜的调研结果一致。Alpha多样性指数(Simpson)分析图(图4)显示, 水果中的细菌多样性显著低于蔬菜(P<0.01), 而蔬菜中根茎类、茄果类以及叶菜类之间差异并不显著(P>0.05)。Beta多样性分析结果(图5)也证实了, 水果与蔬菜具有明显差异。为进一步探究构成这种差异的原因, 本研究对4类样品进行了LEfSe分析(图6, P<0.01, LDA>2), 识别出存在丰度具有显著差异的代表性菌种, 如叶菜类蔬菜中的约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii)和水果中的日本葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter japonicus)。前者为机会性致病菌, 广泛分布于自然环境甚至高抗生素选择压力的临床环境中, 具有较强的生物膜形成能力, 能对多种抗生素耐受而引发感染性疾病[23]; 后者则是含糖丰富的鲜花、水果中的常见菌[24]
近几年, 因食用新鲜蔬菜而导致的食源性疾病越来越频繁, 人们逐渐认识到, 存在于新鲜蔬菜中的致病菌,已成为公共卫生面临的又一风险[5]。本研究将抽平后的598672个优化序列与构建的细菌病原体物种列表进行比对发现, 共有8595个序列确定为潜在致病菌(检出率为1.44 %), 涉及16个属的24个菌种, 其中以不动杆菌属(如约氏不动杆菌)、明串球菌属(如肠膜明串珠球菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides)、克雷伯杆菌属(如解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌Klebsiella ornithinolytica)、黄单胞菌属(如嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和黏质沙雷氏菌属(如黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens)为优势菌属, 分别占细菌总数的9.30%、3.73%、3.57%、2.35%和1.82%。这些致病菌在临床中都比较常见, 如解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌, 能够引起患者尿路、呼吸道和血液感染, 临床死亡率可达5%[25-26]; 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌, 虽在临床上致病性较弱, 但耐药性强, 耐药机制复杂, 被世界卫生组织列为重要的多重耐药致病菌[27-28], 连续6年(2014—2019年)在全国细菌耐药监测网报道的非发酵革兰氏阴性杆菌总数中的占比均高于2.1%[28]; 黏质沙雷氏菌, 不仅可以引起人和动物多种感染性疾病, 还会导致植物患病, 多重耐药现象普遍, 严重威胁免疫力低下人群的健康[29-30]
本研究潜在致病菌的分布个体差异明显。其中, 白菜(L5)和紫甘蓝(L3)中潜在致病菌最为丰富, 分别检出11种和10种。白菜(L5)中约氏不动杆菌的相对丰度在所有检出的潜在致病菌中最高, 占细菌总数的7.37%; 而紫甘蓝(L3)中缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta)的相对丰度在所有检出的潜在致病菌中最低, 仅占细菌总数的5.35×10-3%。图7显示, 根茎类蔬菜主要以嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、解乌氨酸克雷伯菌、约氏不动杆菌、乙酰微小杆菌‌(Exiguobacterium acetylicum)和黏质沙雷氏菌为主; 叶菜类蔬菜主要以约氏不动杆菌和黏质沙雷氏菌为主; 茄果类蔬菜主要以解乌氨酸克雷伯菌和蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei)为主; 水果中主要以抗辐射不动杆菌(Acinetobacter radioresistens)、栖稻黄色单胞菌(Pseudomonas oryzihabitans)、肠膜明串珠菌和褐色类香菌(Myroides phaeus)为主。
LEfSe分析(图8, P<0.01, LDA>2)显示, 肠杆菌目(Enterobacterales)和约氏不动杆菌分别为茄果类蔬菜和叶菜类蔬菜中具有显著差异的标志性潜在致病菌。但样品中差异标志物分布于不同分类层级, 推测其组间差异可能同时涉及广泛微生物类群的整体结构(如肠杆菌目下的群落分布)和特定物种的特异性响应(如约氏不动杆菌的丰度分布)。值得注意的是, 本研究样品中肠杆菌目下主要检出了3种致病菌, 如解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌、黏质沙雷氏菌和蜂房哈夫尼菌。其中, 蜂房哈夫尼菌耐受低温, 喜欢潮湿的厌氧环境, 能够在冷藏食品中大量存在。冷藏状态下, 低温抑制了果蔬中大多数细菌的生长, 但类似蜂房哈夫尼菌这样的嗜冷菌能够大量繁殖, 造成食品腐败变质[31]。随着蜂房哈夫尼菌在人和动物临床疾病中的分离率越来越高, 人们逐渐重视对其致病机制及有效防控方面的研究[32]。可见, 果蔬经过长时间的低温保存, 虽然能减缓其腐败, 但并不能降低其中残留的致病菌对果蔬本身及人类健康的危害。
本研究通过建立在Bray-Curtis距离基础上的Mantel test分析和普鲁克分析阐述了菌群结构和MGEs存在对于ARGs赋存的驱动作用。Mantel test分析结果显示, 样本中ARGs的赋存与细菌群落结构(属水平)以及MGEs存在均呈显著正相关(R=0.38, P<0.01, 蒙特卡洛随机置换次数阈值为9999)。普鲁克分析(图9)显示, 样本虽未按分类进行聚合, 但ARGs数据与细菌群落(属水平)和MGEs数据之间分别具有一定的拟合度(M2分别为0.6492和0.6400, R=0.38, P<0.01, 蒙特卡洛随机置换次数阈值为9999)。因此, 本研究进一步利用方差分解分析(variance partitioning analysis, VPA)对样本中ARGs分布的主要驱动因素进行探究。如图10所示, MGEs数据和细菌群落结构(属水平)对ARGs赋存的解释度分别为57.56%和17.32%, 远高于于二者的共同解释度(0.01%), 说明MGEs为本研究中ARGs分布的最主要驱动因素。从以往研究来看, 细菌菌群结构、MGEs、环境因子以及金属抗性等因素, 都能够在一定程度上影响ARGs的分布[33]。本研究的总解释量为74.89%, 仍有25.11%未做更深入解释, 如食品直接接触的各项环境指标、食品类别等, 这些还有待深入探究。
网络分析(network analysis)是一种强大的分析展示工具, 可用于识别复杂相互作用中的目标物(如ARGs、MGEs), 快速估算多个样本中目标物的数量, 并进一步展示目标物的潜在宿主[33]。为进一步挖掘本研究样本中ARGs、MGEs的潜在宿主, 本研究通过基于斯皮尔曼相关性分析基础上的网络分析图对比了ARGs、MGEs与ASVs(属水平)之间的相关性(r≥0.8和P<0.01)。如图11所示, 构建的关系网络共包含230个节点和877条边, 涵盖123个ARGs、7个MGEs和105个菌属, 平均度为7.626, 其中节点的半径与携带ARGs、MGEs的数量成正比, 两个相邻节点之间的连线代表两节点显著正相关(r≥0.8和P<0.01)。其中lnuBoleCstraacC2aadA5bla_Ltet36ermF等ARGs的潜在宿主菌数量最多, 说明它们在样品的菌群中分布最广; 不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、伦黑墨氏菌属(Rheinheimera)、葡萄糖酸杆菌属(Glutamicibacter)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)、魏斯氏菌属(Periweissella)、环丝菌属(Brochothrix)、黄色单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)等菌属, 携带ARGs的种类最丰富, 涉及多重耐药类、MLSB、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类药物等, 说明它们很可能具有多重耐药性状; 而很多菌属同时携带ARGs和MGEs, 例如黄色单胞菌属(tnpA_04)、环丝菌属(tnpA_03)、克雷伯氏菌属(cIntI_1intI_1)、葡萄糖酸杆菌属(cIntI_1intI_1)、漫游球菌属(cIntI_1)等,说明以tnpA_04、tnpA_03、cIntI_1intI_1等为代表的MGEs带着插入的ARGs, 在菌属之间发生水平基因转移事件的机率非常大, 在后期基因序列的深入解析过程中, 应重点关注。
较非致病菌而言, 耐药性致病菌对人类健康构成的危害更大。本研究进一步对ARGs、MGEs与潜在致病菌之间进行了共现性网络分析(Spearman, r≥0.8和P<0.01)。如图12所示, 构建的关系网络共包含155个节点和291条边, 涵盖124个ARGs、7个MGEs和24个潜在致病菌, 平均度为3.755, 其中节点的半径与携带ARGs、MGEs的数量成正比, 两个相邻节点之间的连线代表两节点显著正相关(r≥0.8和P<0.01)。其中约氏不动杆菌、睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)、气味类香菌(Myroides odoratus)、洛菲氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii)、缺陷短波单胞菌等潜在致病菌携带丰富的ARGs, 涉及氯霉素类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、多重耐药类、磺胺类、四环素类、万古霉素类等7大类。而解鸟氨酸克雷伯菌、蜂房哈夫尼菌和栖稻黄色单胞菌分别作为整合子(cIntI_1intI_1)、IS613tnpA_04的潜在致病菌宿主, 并同时携带多种ARGs。这些菌均属于临床上较常见的机会性致病菌。其中栖稻黄色单胞菌为水果类样品中的主要潜在致病菌之一, 而蜂房哈夫尼菌为茄果类蔬菜样品中主要的、且与其他类果蔬之间具有显著性差异的标志性潜在致病菌。
本研究在市售生食果蔬中检出大量ARGs和MGEs, 涉及9个抗生素类型, 其中以β-内酰胺类ARGs检出率和MGEs的存在丰度为最高。果蔬样品中菌群结构多样且存在丰富的潜在致病菌, 以假单胞菌门、芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门为优势群落, 被检出的潜在致病菌主要属于不动杆菌属、明串球菌属(Leuconostoc)、克雷伯杆菌属。果蔬样中ARGs、MGEs、菌群结构及潜在致病菌分布呈现个体差异, 其中叶菜类蔬菜ARGs最丰富且丰度最高, 茄果类蔬菜中MGEs丰度最高, 水果中ARGs和MGEs的多样性和丰度均最低; 水果的细菌多样性显著低于蔬菜(P<0.05), 二者具有显著差异的代表性菌种分别为日本葡萄糖酸杆菌和约氏不动杆菌; 茄果类蔬菜中的肠杆菌目和叶菜类蔬菜中的约氏不动杆菌分别为各自的标志性潜在致病菌。潜在致病菌的分布, 对于果蔬种类具有一定的倾向性, 这可能与果蔬的生长过程、可食部与环境的接触情况以及运输和储存环境等都有关系, 具体的影响机制, 还有待深入研究。果蔬样品中多数潜在致病菌, 可能同时携带多种ARGs和MGEs, 具有多重耐药性状, 而导致这一现象的主要驱动因素为MGEs携带ARGs而发生的水平转移, 这对耐药性状的广泛传播, 甚至“超级细菌”的最终产生起到了促进作用, 严重威胁人类健康, 应高度重视。
本研究通过数据的获得和深入分析, 提示了新鲜果蔬作为ARGs及潜在致病菌储库, 对食品安全以及人类健康所带来的潜在风险不容忽视。鉴于目前抗生素耐药性问题国际形势严峻, 在全球“同一健康”理念的指导下, 人们对新型环境污染物——ARGs的关注, 逐渐从“农场”转移到到“餐桌”, 因此, 十分有必要在果蔬的种植、运输、加工、售卖等多环节中, 加强对ARGs及潜在致病菌的监测, 并通过制定合理的政策, 精准防控细菌抗生素耐药性状的传播, 有效降低由耐药致病菌引发的食源性疾病的发病率, 保障人民食品安全、提高人民生活质量。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21976020)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21607007)
  • 北京市委组织部优秀人才资助项目(2016000021469G182)
  • 北京市疾病预防控制中心科研培育专项(2020-BJYJ-01)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250308002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(21976020)
国家自然科学基金项目(21607007)
北京市委组织部优秀人才资助项目(2016000021469G182)
北京市疾病预防控制中心科研培育专项(2020-BJYJ-01)
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    北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所, 北京 100013

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*李娟(1982—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物耐药、环境污染与食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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