Article(id=1215670314202223306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743523200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767988968, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767988968, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767988968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767988968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=260, endPage=266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670315586343701, articleId=1215670314202223306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of high temperature frying on acid value and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soybean oil and peanut oil, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the changes of acid value, benzo [a] pyrene, 4 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) and 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH16) content in frying french fries soybean oil/peanut oil at different temperatures and times. Methods The acid value in oils was titrated by anhydrous ether:isopropanol (1:1, V:V) using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples were saponified by KOH/ethanol, extracted with n-hexane and cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction column, detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results With the increase of frying temperature and time, the acid value increased rapidly, and the changes in peanut oil were more sensitive. At the same temperature, both benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4 showed an irregular fluctuating growth with time, and the higher the temperature, the faster the increase. The content of PAH16 rapidly increased with time and temperature, and its changes were more sensitive than those of benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4. Under the same conditions, the increase of benzo [a] pyrene, PAH4 and PAH16 in peanut oil was less than that in soybean oil. Conclusion At the same conditions, PAH16 shows more significant changes compared to benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4, so the limits of PAH16 should be given more attention.

, correspAuthors=Xin-Feng DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai-Chun ZHANG, Xin-Feng DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318593659795, articleId=1215670314202223306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=高温煎炸对大豆油、花生油中酸价及多环芳烃含量的影响, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究不同煎炸温度、时间煎炸薯条后大豆油/花生油中酸价、苯并[a]芘、4种多环芳烃总量(4 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH4)以及16种多环芳烃总量(16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH16)含量的变化。方法 酸价以酚酞为指示剂, 用无水乙醚:异丙醇 (1:1, V:V)滴定; 多环芳烃测定, 样品经氢氧化钾乙醇溶液皂化3 min后冷却加正己烷提取, 采用Eu多环芳烃柱净化, 氮吹浓缩后经气相色谱-质谱仪分析测试。结果 随着煎炸温度、时间的增加, 酸价快速增大, 花生油变化更明显; 相同温度下, 苯并[a]芘、PAH4含量均随煎炸时间的延长呈现不规律的波动增长趋势, 温度越高增加越快; 随着煎炸时间延长、温度的升高PAH16含量快速增加, 其变化比苯并[a]芘、PAH4更加灵敏。同等条件下苯并[a]芘、PAH4以及PAH16在花生油中增加幅度比大豆油小。结论 同等条件下, PAH16变化比苯并[a]芘及PAH4变化更显著, 其限值更应受到关注。

, correspAuthors=董新凤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*董新凤(1978—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品风险监测和食品安全。E-mail:
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张楷淳(2006—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品风险监测。E-mail:

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注: 绘图时样品未检出的以检出限0.63 μg/kg计算, 下同。

, figureFileSmall=ytTYMoF3pShTN8YGsr4Ezw==, figureFileBig=dPNmosGFlMMVQ5s1pLCBGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860869910878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different frying on PAH4 content of soybean oil (A) and peanut oil (B), figureFileSmall=ibSqyLUEfA+gCXiY/DvRiQ==, figureFileBig=89osiKNc5sG/RuGbmEXk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860999934311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同煎炸条件对大豆油(A)和花生油(B)中PAH4含量的影响, figureFileSmall=ibSqyLUEfA+gCXiY/DvRiQ==, figureFileBig=89osiKNc5sG/RuGbmEXk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861121569133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different frying on PAH16 content of soybean oil (A) and peanut oil (B), figureFileSmall=vu0ehBLBOt9NfElgCDLRpg==, figureFileBig=WRi9kcSxKF3FRTSgRdZDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861222232432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同煎炸条件对大豆油(A)和花生油(B)中PAH16含量的影响, figureFileSmall=vu0ehBLBOt9NfElgCDLRpg==, figureFileBig=WRi9kcSxKF3FRTSgRdZDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861364838773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Retention time and qualitative/quantitative ions of 16 kinds of PAHs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 名称 保留时间
/min
定性/定量离子对
1 苯并[c]芴 19.476 213 (20)、215 (70)、216* (100)
2 苯并[a]蒽 22.296 226 (28)、229 (20)、228* (100)
3 环戊并[c,d]芘 22.523 224 (22)、227 (18)、226* (100)
4 22.585 226 (28)、229 (17)、228* (100)
5 5-甲基䓛 24.077 239 (36)、241 (55)、242* (100)
6 苯并[b]荧蒽 25.994 250 (23)、253 (20)、252* (100)
7 苯并[k]荧蒽 26.064 250 (25)、253 (20)、252* (100)
8 苯并[j]荧蒽 26.156 250 (26)、253 (20)、252* (100)
9 苯并[a]芘 27.218 250 (22)、253 (21)、252* (100)
10 茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘 30.177 274 (20)、277 (20)、276* (100)
11 二苯并[a,h]蒽 31.153 276 (20)、279 (26)、278* (100)
12 苯并[ghi]苝 31.174 274 (25)、277 (23)、276* (100)
13 二苯并[a,l]芘 35.556 300 (46)、303 (25)、302* (100)
14 二苯并[a,e]芘 37.114 300 (21)、303 (27)、302* (100)
15 二苯并[a,i]芘 38.098 300 (18)、303 (25)、302* (100)
16 二苯并[a,h]芘 38.635 300 (21)、303 (24)、302* (100)
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861503250812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314202223306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

16种PAHs保留时间及定性/定量离子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 名称 保留时间
/min
定性/定量离子对
1 苯并[c]芴 19.476 213 (20)、215 (70)、216* (100)
2 苯并[a]蒽 22.296 226 (28)、229 (20)、228* (100)
3 环戊并[c,d]芘 22.523 224 (22)、227 (18)、226* (100)
4 22.585 226 (28)、229 (17)、228* (100)
5 5-甲基䓛 24.077 239 (36)、241 (55)、242* (100)
6 苯并[b]荧蒽 25.994 250 (23)、253 (20)、252* (100)
7 苯并[k]荧蒽 26.064 250 (25)、253 (20)、252* (100)
8 苯并[j]荧蒽 26.156 250 (26)、253 (20)、252* (100)
9 苯并[a]芘 27.218 250 (22)、253 (21)、252* (100)
10 茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘 30.177 274 (20)、277 (20)、276* (100)
11 二苯并[a,h]蒽 31.153 276 (20)、279 (26)、278* (100)
12 苯并[ghi]苝 31.174 274 (25)、277 (23)、276* (100)
13 二苯并[a,l]芘 35.556 300 (46)、303 (25)、302* (100)
14 二苯并[a,e]芘 37.114 300 (21)、303 (27)、302* (100)
15 二苯并[a,i]芘 38.098 300 (18)、303 (25)、302* (100)
16 二苯并[a,h]芘 38.635 300 (21)、303 (24)、302* (100)
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高温煎炸对大豆油、花生油中酸价及多环芳烃含量的影响
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张楷淳 1 , 董新凤 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(14): 260-266
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(14): 260-266
高温煎炸对大豆油、花生油中酸价及多环芳烃含量的影响
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张楷淳1 , 董新凤2, *
作者信息
  • 1 重庆医科大学公共卫生学院, 重庆 400016
  • 2 石家庄市疾病预防控制中心, 石家庄市化学毒物检测及风险预警技术创新中心, 石家庄 050011
  • 张楷淳(2006—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品风险监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*董新凤(1978—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品风险监测和食品安全。E-mail:
Effects of high temperature frying on acid value and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soybean oil and peanut oil
Kai-Chun ZHANG1 , Xin-Feng DONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
  • 2 Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402005
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目的 研究不同煎炸温度、时间煎炸薯条后大豆油/花生油中酸价、苯并[a]芘、4种多环芳烃总量(4 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH4)以及16种多环芳烃总量(16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH16)含量的变化。方法 酸价以酚酞为指示剂, 用无水乙醚:异丙醇 (1:1, V:V)滴定; 多环芳烃测定, 样品经氢氧化钾乙醇溶液皂化3 min后冷却加正己烷提取, 采用Eu多环芳烃柱净化, 氮吹浓缩后经气相色谱-质谱仪分析测试。结果 随着煎炸温度、时间的增加, 酸价快速增大, 花生油变化更明显; 相同温度下, 苯并[a]芘、PAH4含量均随煎炸时间的延长呈现不规律的波动增长趋势, 温度越高增加越快; 随着煎炸时间延长、温度的升高PAH16含量快速增加, 其变化比苯并[a]芘、PAH4更加灵敏。同等条件下苯并[a]芘、PAH4以及PAH16在花生油中增加幅度比大豆油小。结论 同等条件下, PAH16变化比苯并[a]芘及PAH4变化更显著, 其限值更应受到关注。

大豆油  /  花生油  /  煎炸  /  酸价  /  多环芳烃

Objective To study the changes of acid value, benzo [a] pyrene, 4 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) and 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH16) content in frying french fries soybean oil/peanut oil at different temperatures and times. Methods The acid value in oils was titrated by anhydrous ether:isopropanol (1:1, V:V) using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples were saponified by KOH/ethanol, extracted with n-hexane and cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction column, detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results With the increase of frying temperature and time, the acid value increased rapidly, and the changes in peanut oil were more sensitive. At the same temperature, both benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4 showed an irregular fluctuating growth with time, and the higher the temperature, the faster the increase. The content of PAH16 rapidly increased with time and temperature, and its changes were more sensitive than those of benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4. Under the same conditions, the increase of benzo [a] pyrene, PAH4 and PAH16 in peanut oil was less than that in soybean oil. Conclusion At the same conditions, PAH16 shows more significant changes compared to benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4, so the limits of PAH16 should be given more attention.

soybean oil  /  peanut oil  /  frying  /  acid value  /  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
张楷淳, 董新凤. 高温煎炸对大豆油、花生油中酸价及多环芳烃含量的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 260 -266 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402005
Kai-Chun ZHANG, Xin-Feng DONG. Effects of high temperature frying on acid value and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soybean oil and peanut oil[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 260 -266 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402005
煎炸是现代生活中常见的一种烹饪方式, 在食品工业中也广泛使用[1]。酥脆可口的煎炸食品深受广大消费者的喜爱。但是油脂经过长时间的高温煎炸会发生一系列复杂的化学变化, 严重影响油脂品质, 造成酸价、过氧化值、羰基价等指标升高[2-3], 并生成对人体有害的产物, 如多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)等[4-6]存在食品安全风险。因此, 对煎炸油品质监控十分重要。
PAHs是目前已知最大的致癌物质类别[7], 长期接触PAHs的人群, 患癌风险增加[8-9], 尤其是肺癌、皮肤癌等[10-12]。另外有文献报道PAHs可能影响并干扰免疫系统、生殖系统以及内分泌系统的正常功能[13-15]。为此, 欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)确定了16种欧盟重点PAHs, 其中PAH4(苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、䓛、苯并[b]荧蒽)为与食品中PAHs污染最相关的指标[16-18]。国内外出台相关标准对食用油中PAHs进行限量要求。其中欧盟委员会发布法规(EU)No.2023/915规定了油脂中苯并[a]芘最大限量2.0 µg/kg, PHA4总量为10.0 µg/kg。
大量研究表明, 饮食接触的PAHs主要是从食用油中摄入, 其摄入量占到总摄入量的1/3左右[19-20], 长期食入直接危害人体健康。许多学者报道了煎炸油、煎炸食品中检出PAHs。路杨等[21]检测河北省136份煎炸熏烤食品中PAHs, 结果显示煎炸用油中PAHs检出值范围与检出率均明显高于原油, 其中苯并[a]芘100%检出。程莉等[22]检测120份油炸食品, 结果15种PAHs的检出率为98.33%, 其中苯并[a]芘平均污染水平为0.33 μg/kg, 检出率为17.5%。煎炸食品的消费量逐年递增, 随着人们对食品安全意识的提高, 对煎炸油及煎炸食品的关注度也逐渐增加[23]。我国目前只对煎炸油中极性组分、酸价进行限量。有些国家将极性组分、酸值、羰基价等作为煎炸油的废弃指标[24], 目前文献还未检测到将煎炸油中PAHs的含量作为油脂废弃的参考依据, 因此对煎炸油中PAHs进行系统的研究, 对煎炸油废弃标准的完善具有重大意义。
本研究选取花生油和大豆油作为煎炸用油, 以薯条为原料, 分析油炸温度和时间对煎炸油中酸价和PAHs含量的影响, 结合国内外的油脂废弃指标, 模拟分析煎炸油废弃点PAHs含量, 为煎炸食品中PAHs控制提供理论依据, 以期为餐饮业合理使用煎炸油提供参考。
大豆油采自超市, 花生油为家用自榨油。
7890A-5977气相色谱-质谱仪、DB-EUPAH毛细管柱(20 m×180 μm, 0.14 μm)(美国 Agilent 公司); Multi Reax多管涡旋仪(德国Heidolph公司); BSA2245-CW万分之一天平(德国Sartorius公司); HCG-24A氮吹仪(天津恒奥科技公司); Eu多环芳烃柱(东阳市康源科技有限公司)。
异辛烷、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙醇(色谱纯, 北京迪科马科技有限公司); 无水乙醚、异丙醇、氢氧化钾(优级纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 无水硫酸镁(优级纯, 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司); 氢氧化钾标准溶液(0.1 mol/L, 北京海岸鸿蒙标物中心); 16种PAHs标准溶液(质量浓度为200 µg/mL, 天津阿尔塔科技有限公司)。
5 L大豆油/花生油加热至指定温度, 薯条称取约50 g, 煎炸5 min, 间隔15 min; 再炸, 每天炸6 h, 连续煎炸5 d, 每2 h取一次油样。油样冷却后放入-20 ℃冰箱待测。
大豆油/花生油的酸价按照GB/T 5009.229—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中酸价的测定》分析方法进行测定。
(1)标准溶液的配制
准确吸取0.25 mL PAHs标准溶液于50 mL容量瓶中, 正己烷定容, 配成1000 µg/L的混合标准储备液, 4 ℃保存。再分别吸取0.01、0.02、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50 mL标准储备液到10 mL容量瓶, 正己烷分别定容, 即配制成1、2、5、10、20、50 ng/mL混合标准工作液, 4 ℃保存, 备用。
(2)提取净化
称取试样1 g(精确至0.001 g)于50 mL离心管中, 加5 mL氢氧化钾乙醇溶液(临用现配)涡旋混匀后于70 ℃水浴皂化3 min。取出冷却至室温, 在上述样品中加4 mL纯水和5 mL正己烷涡旋2 min, 以10000 r/min离心5 min, 正己烷提取液待净化。
提前在固相萃取柱上添加约1 g无水硫酸镁, 分别用二氯甲烷、正己烷各3 mL活化固相萃取柱, 活化后上样, 流速1.0 mL/min左右, 5 mL正己烷淋洗, 5 mL二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯溶液(体积比为1:1)洗脱, 收集洗脱液。洗脱液氮吹至近干之后加0.2 mL丙酮-异辛烷溶液(体积比为1:1)溶解残留物, 通过气相色谱-质谱仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS)测定。
(3)仪器工作条件:
色谱条件: 升温程序: 70 ℃保持2 min, 以10 ℃/min的速度升温到250 ℃, 保持2 min, 以8 ℃/min的速度升温到315 ℃, 保持5 min, 最后以20 ℃/min的速度升温到320 ℃并保持5 min; 色谱柱: DB-EUPAH毛细管柱(20 m×180 μm, 0.14 μm); 进样口温度: 280 ℃; 载气: 高纯氦气(99.999%), 流速: 0.7 mL/min; 不分流进样, 进样量: 1.0 µL。
质谱条件: 电子轰击(electron impact, EI)离子源, 电离能量70 eV, 离子源温度250 ℃, 四极杆温度150 ℃, 传输线温度280 ℃, 溶剂延迟16.5 min, 测定方式: 选择离子模式(selected ion monitoring, SIM)监测, 详见表1
采用安捷伦Mass hunter工作站软件对数据进行采集、定性和定量分析。所有统计学数据均使用Origin 2018软件计算和作图。
油脂经过长时间反复煎炸, 特别是与空气中的水分和氧气接触时, 会发生一系列的水解、聚合等复杂化学反应, 从而导致游离脂肪酸等对人体有害的成分含量升高。本研究测定并分析了大豆油和花生油在0~30 h的时间范围内加热温度分别为160、180、200 ℃时酸价的变化情况, 如图1所示。研究发现加热温度相同时酸价随加热时间增加呈上升趋势, 经过30 h的煎炸后, 大豆油的酸价从0.21 mg/g分别增长到4.39、4.77和5.97 mg/g, 花生油的酸价从0.25 mg/g分别增长到4.12、5.31和6.32 mg/g。相同时间随着煎炸温度升高, 酸价迅速增大。酸价增大的原因除甘油三酯氧化而生成游离脂肪酸, 造成上升外, 还因为薯条中的水分导致其容易发生水解, 而使酸价上升。尽管酸价大幅增长, 但在160 ℃ 30 h两种煎炸油脂中酸价均未超过GB 2716—2018《食品安全国家标准 植物油》规定的煎炸过程中的植物油限量值(≤5 mg/g), 这与王澍等[3]的实验结果相同。大豆油200 ℃煎炸至26 h后才超过限量值, 为5.25 mg/g; 花生油180 ℃煎炸至28 h超过限量值(5.13 mg/g), 200 ℃煎炸至26 h超过限量值(5.92 mg/g)。本研究结果和王澍等[3]以及李安等[2]研究酸价变化趋势相同, 但是煎炸油酸价超过限量值时煎炸时间及温度都有所不同, 这可能与选择的原料油不同有关, 也可能与选择的加热方式有关。王澍等[3]选用棕榈油180 ℃条件下煎炸24 h后超过限量值, 在煎炸36 h后酸价为6.84 mg/g。李安等[2]选用大豆油220 ℃加热48 h时达6.138 mg/g。
大豆油、花生油中苯并[a]芘变化详见图2, 由图2可知不同温度煎炸, 苯并[a]芘含量随时间变化呈现不规律的波动增长趋势, 且温度越高、时间越长, 苯并[a]芘含量增加越明显。有学者研究表明在高温条件下, 油脂与薯条中的一些成分(如糖类、淀粉等)发生聚合、分解等化学反应加速苯并[a]芘的形成[25]。实验结果发现, 在相同条件下,大豆油中苯并[a]芘增幅明显大于花生油。经过30 h的煎炸, 160、180、200 ℃时大豆油中苯并[a]芘含量从未检出分别增加至1.89、2.37、3.01 μg/kg, 这与石龙凯等[26]、沈梦瑜[27]、LIU等[28]研究结果相似。而花生油中苯并[a]芘含量从未检出分别增加至1.69、1.92、2.03 μg/kg。这可能与油脂本身的脂肪酸及抗氧化成分的含量有关。根据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》中相关规定, 本研究中检测的所有煎炸油脂中苯并[a]芘含量都符合我国国家标准限量要求(≤10 μg/kg)。对照欧盟(EU)No.2023/915号法规, 食品中PAHs最高含量中苯并[a]芘含量≤2 μg/kg的规定, 本研究检测用的大豆油经30 h煎炸后, 除160 ℃外其他两种条件苯并[a]芘含量皆超标; 在200 ℃下煎炸22 h时, 苯并[a]芘含量就达到2.01 μg/kg; 花生油只有在200 ℃下煎炸至30 h时, 苯并[a]芘含量达到2.03 μg/kg, 超过限量值。尽管花生油中苯并[a]芘随煎炸时间变化较小, 但是许多学者发现商品用花生油由于加工方式的原因其原料油中PAHs含量较高[29], 经过长时间煎炸后可能会更高, 本研究因为选取的花生油为家用自制花生油, 原料油本身未检出苯并[a]芘, 因此经过30 h煎炸后苯并[a]芘几乎未超过限量值。
图3展示出大豆油、花生油中PAH4含量随温度、时间变化的情况。结果显示PAH4的变化规律与苯并[a]芘相似, 也呈现不规律的波动增长趋势, 随着时间的延长、温度的升高PAH4含量逐渐增加, 但由于待测物种类增加, PAH4的变化更明显, 加热20 h后花生油波动幅度变小, 3个加热温度下几乎都是随时间加长PAH4含量逐渐增加, 温度越高变化越明显。大豆油不同温度煎炸30 h PAH4的含量从原油的1.89 μg/kg分别增加至4.21、5.44和5.87 μg/kg, 含量增加2~3倍, 花生油煎炸前未检出PAH4, 经过30 h的煎炸分别增加至2.77、2.91和4.68 μg/kg。与欧盟(EU)No.2023/915号法规中PAH4限量10 μg/kg的标准相比较, 本研究选用的两种油脂在3个温度条件下30 h煎炸后, PAH4的含量均小于10 μg/kg, 都符合该标准要求。同苯并[a]芘, 花生油中PAH4增加幅度比大豆油小, 其原因可能与油脂中脂肪酸不同有关。XU等[30]研究发现油脂中饱和脂肪酸碳链越长, PAH4增加越明显, 不饱和脂肪酸的不饱和程度越高, PAH4越容易生成。
煎炸温度、时间对PAH16含量变化详见图4。研究结果发现, PAH16含量随着煎炸时间延长、温度的升高逐渐增加, 几乎不再出现苯并[a]芘和PAH4的波动变化。由于PAHs组分增加至16种, 不同煎炸条件的变化对其含量的增加更加敏锐。大豆油在不同温度下煎炸30 h PAH16的含量从原来的3.37 μg/kg分别增加至22.6、27.3和36.2 μg/kg, 分别增加6.7、8.1和10.7倍, 花生油原料油未检出PAH16煎炸30 h后PAH16分别增加至13.7、16.5和20.6 μg/kg。油脂中的脂肪酸、甘油酯在长时间高温下, 容易发生脱氢、脱羧、侧链断裂和自由基重组, 最终促进芳香环的扩增和PAHs的形成。尽管花生油中16种PAHs总量增加幅度比大豆油小, 但从实验结果看, 无论原料油中是否含PAHs, 经过长时间高温煎炸后都会生成PAHs, 其含量的变化与油脂本身有一定关系, 但是主要还是受煎炸条件影响, 因此, 为控制煎炸油中PAHs的生成, 在食用煎炸食品时一定要选择合适的煎炸条件, 勿过度煎炸。
目前研究油脂中PAH16的总量限量的标准很少, 但是从本研究的结果看, PAHs种类越多, 煎炸对油脂中PAHs的总量影响越大。在长时间的高温条件下煎炸, PAH16的含量变化较苯并[a]芘及PAH4更显著。如果参照食用油中酸价的限量指标判定无论是大豆油还是花生油200 ℃煎炸26 h都超过限量值, 大豆油PAH16超过25 μg/kg, 花生油PAH16超过15 μg/kg就应该作为其限量值, 但是不同食用油由于PAH16本底值有很大差别, 要制定食用油中PAH16限量值还需进行大量研究, 综合参考。
本研究以大豆油和花生油为研究对象进行了煎炸试验, 考察了不同煎炸温度和时间, 通过对油脂中酸价和PAHs含量的检测分析, 结果表明: 加热温度相同时酸价随加热时间增加呈上升趋势, 经过30 h的煎炸后, 大豆油的酸价从0.21 mg/g增长到4.39、4.77和5.97 mg/g, 花生油的酸价从0.25 mg/g增长到4.12、5.31和6.32 mg/g。相同时间随着煎炸温度升高, 酸价迅速增大。相同温度时, 随着煎炸时间的延长, 大豆油和花生油中苯并[a]芘、PAH4、PAH16含量都呈现明显的上升趋势。煎炸30 h后, 大豆油中苯并[a]芘、PAH4、PAH16含量分别从未煎炸时的未检出、1.89 μg/kg和3.37 μg/kg增加至1.89~3.01、4.21~5.87和22.6~36.2 μg/kg; 花生油中苯并[a]芘、PAH4、PAH16含量分别从未煎炸时未检出增加至1.69~2.03、2.77~4.68和13.7~20.6 μg/kg。从研究结果看, 同等条件下大豆油变化幅度比花生油大。为降低煎炸油及煎炸食品中PAHs的风险, 保证煎炸油脂及煎炸食品的食用安全性, 适度煎炸(即较低温度和较短时间煎炸)是非常必要的。本研究结果也为将来制定食用油中PAHs的限量值及煎炸油的废弃限量值提供一定的数据支撑。
  • 河北省医学科学研究课题项目(20231706)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250402005
  • 接收时间:2025-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-02
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河北省医学科学研究课题项目(20231706)
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    1 重庆医科大学公共卫生学院, 重庆 400016
    2 石家庄市疾病预防控制中心, 石家庄市化学毒物检测及风险预警技术创新中心, 石家庄 050011

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*董新凤(1978—), 女, 博士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品风险监测和食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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