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Article(id=1215670311874384566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767988413, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767988413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767988413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767988413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670313375945406, articleId=1215670311874384566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Assessment of the risk of quinolone antibiotic residues in freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing based on the index of food safety, columnId=1215670312151208635, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment in Beijing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the residue status and exposure levels of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics in common freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing. Methods The 90 freshwater fish and shrimp products from 40 supermarkets and farmers’ markets in 9 districts and counties of Beijing were randomly sampled for the determination of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics in fish and shrimp meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The exposure risk of quinolone antibiotic residues in fish and shrimp to residents of 10 gender/age groups was assessed by the index of food safety (IFS). Results The 4 kinds of quinolone antibiotics were detected in 90 fish and shrimp samples. The detection rate for pefloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 1.11% (1/90), 1.11% (1/90), 26.67% (24/90) and 6.67% (6/90). There were excessive samples of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and enrofloxacin detected, with an exceedance rate of 1.11% (1/90), 1.11% (1/90) and 5.56% (5/90) respectively. Norfloxacin and lomefloxacin were not detected in all samples. The IFS of quinolone antibiotics ranged from 0.040-0.067 in the general-case scenario and from 0.170-0.283 in the worst-case scenario, which was much less than 1. Conclusion The detection of quinolone in freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing is dominated by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and the health risk of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics to human beings is at a safe level in this study, which provides regional data support for the assessment of the quality of aquatic products and the revision of food safety standards.

, correspAuthors=Qiang LIN, Sai FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao SUN, Chen ZHANG, Min CAO, Qiang LIN, Sai FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670314088977097, articleId=1215670311874384566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于食品安全指数评估北京市售淡水鱼虾喹诺酮类抗生素残留风险, columnId=1215670313522746049, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解北京市售淡水鱼虾中6种喹诺酮类抗生素的残留情况及暴露水平。方法 随机抽检2023—2024年北京市9个区县40个商超农贸市场的90件淡水鱼虾产品, 采用液相色谱‐串联质谱法对鱼虾肉中的6种喹诺酮抗生素含量进行测定。通过食品安全指数(index of food safety, IFS)评估鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素残留量对10个性别/年龄组居民的暴露风险。结果 90件鱼虾样品中有4种喹诺酮类抗生素检出, 培氟沙星的检出率为1.11% (1/90), 氧氟沙星的检出率为1.11% (1/90), 恩诺沙星的检出率为26.67% (24/90), 环丙沙星的检出率为6.67% (6/90), 且培氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星有超标样本检出, 超标率分别为1.11% (1/90)、1.11% (1/90)、5.56% (5/90), 诺氟沙星和洛美沙星在所有样品中均未检出。在常规暴露情景和最坏暴露情景下, 喹诺酮类抗生素IFS范围分别处于0.040~0.067和0.170~0.283之间, 远小于1。结论 本次研究中北京市售淡水鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素检出以恩诺沙星、环丙沙星为主, 6种喹诺酮类抗生素对人体的健康风险处于安全水平, 为水产品质量评估及食品安全标准修订提供区域性数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=林强, 范赛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林强(1986—), 男, 硕士, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为卫生检验方向。E-mail: ;
范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=r8jK4PdidQPgKWJIhVb9pQ==, magXml=anFhHpbTOwdwA+lrYLqVPA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rja5F8U6FsWfuoIjn4WcfA==, pdfFileSize=986585, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=R7nwe/CaAeOIf8ZRDRzOmA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BEMTEVIDpiclKX+WuCXoow==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙潇(1992—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检测。E-mail:

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孙潇(1992—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检测。E-mail:

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孙潇(1992—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检测。E-mail:

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Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2020, 37(5): 770-782., articleTitle=Occurrence and human health risks of twenty-eight common antibiotics in wild freshwater products from the Xiangjiang River and comparison with the farmed samples from local markets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686867522077282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=19, issue=3, pageStart=269, pageEnd=271, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, authorNames=颜其贵, 刘菲, 余树明, journalName=四川农业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=颜其贵, 刘菲, 余树明, 等. 草鱼细菌性败血症病疫苗的研究[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2001, 19(3): 269-271., articleTitle=草鱼细菌性败血症病疫苗的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686867694043750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=19, issue=3, pageStart=269, pageEnd=271, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=YAN QG, LIU F, YU SM, journalName=Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN QG, LIU F, YU SM, et al. Evaluation of aeromonas hydrophila vaccine[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2001, 19(3): 269-271., articleTitle=Evaluation of aeromonas hydrophila vaccine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686867786318443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=31, issue=16, pageStart=23780, pageEnd=23789, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=SHAO GJ, PAN XD, HAN JL, journalName=Environmental Science and Pollution Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAO GJ, PAN XD, HAN JL. Antibiotic residues in commercial freshwater fish from Southeast China: Distribution and human healthy risk assessment[J]. 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Food Control, 2017, 80: 217-225, articleTitle=Antibiotic residues in meat, milk and aquatic products in Shanghai and human exposure assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686867987645042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=fux053, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=BENGTSSON PJ, KRISTIANSSON E, LARSSON DGJ, journalName=FEMS Microbiology Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BENGTSSON PJ, KRISTIANSSON E, LARSSON DGJ. Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance[J]. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2018, 42(1): fux053., articleTitle=Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686868079919735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=15, issue=4, pageStart=1421, pageEnd=1451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=43, authorNames=BONDAD RMG, MACKINNON B, KARUNASAGAR I, journalName=Reviews in Aquaculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BONDAD RMG, MACKINNON B, KARUNASAGAR I, et al. Review of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture[J]. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2023, 15(4): 1421-1451., articleTitle=Review of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686862027538836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, awardId=BJSP2021101345, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市食品风险监测项目(BJSP2021101345), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686854792364135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854800752744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686854792364135, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Changping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854809141354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686854792364135, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京市昌平区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215686854884638833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854888833138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686854884638833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Yanqing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686854897221748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686854884638833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京市延庆区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215686855002079356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686855014662270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686855002079356, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686855023050880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, companyId=1215686855002079356, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686859213160771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=IFS of quinolones for 10 age/gender residents under the general-case (A) and the worst-case scenarios (B), figureFileSmall=MGfMxMaiblfvlVxD5+u3vQ==, figureFileBig=h81J52dCWZi8dDELIda69Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859313824074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=图1, caption=10个年龄/性别居民在常规情况(A)和最坏情况(B)下喹诺酮的IFS, figureFileSmall=MGfMxMaiblfvlVxD5+u3vQ==, figureFileBig=h81J52dCWZi8dDELIda69Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686859427070288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Random sampling information table of fish and shrimp sold in Beijing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样品种 采样区域
石景山 通州 门头沟 昌平 顺义 海淀 丰台 密云 大兴
草鱼 - √ - √ √ - √ √ √
河鲈鱼 √ √ √ √ - √ √ √ √
鲫鱼 √ √ √ √ √ - √ √ √
鲤鱼 √ - √ √ √ - √ √ √
罗非鱼 √ - - √ - - - - √
黑鱼 - - - √ - - √ - √
鲟鱼 - - - - - √ - - -
黄辣丁 - √ - - - - - - √
武昌鱼 √ √ - √ - - - - √
罗氏虾 - - - - - √ - - -
白虾 √ - - - - - - - -
河虾 √ - √ √ - √ √ - -
小龙虾 - √ √ √ √ - √ - -
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859557093723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

市售淡水鱼虾随机采样信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样品种 采样区域
石景山 通州 门头沟 昌平 顺义 海淀 丰台 密云 大兴
草鱼 - √ - √ √ - √ √ √
河鲈鱼 √ √ √ √ - √ √ √ √
鲫鱼 √ √ √ √ √ - √ √ √
鲤鱼 √ - √ √ √ - √ √ √
罗非鱼 √ - - √ - - - - √
黑鱼 - - - √ - - √ - √
鲟鱼 - - - - - √ - - -
黄辣丁 - √ - - - - - - √
武昌鱼 √ √ - √ - - - - √
罗氏虾 - - - - - √ - - -
白虾 √ - - - - - - - -
河虾 √ - √ √ - √ √ - -
小龙虾 - √ √ √ √ - √ - -
), ArticleFig(id=1215686860874105183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

MRM parameters of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喹诺酮类抗生素 母离子
/Da		 子离子
/Da		 碰撞能量/eV 去簇电压/V 保留时间/min
培氟沙星 333.9 315.9
290.9*		 27
25		 90 5.51
氧氟沙星 362.0 318.1*
261.0		 26
35		 90 5.46
恩诺沙星 360.1 316.2*
342.2		 26
30		 90 6.32
环丙沙星 332.1 314.3*
288.0		 27
25		 80 5.69
洛美沙星 352.3 265.2*
308.2		 23
30		 90 6.12
诺氟沙星 320.2 301.9*
276.1		 28
25		 80 5.44
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861008322919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

6种喹诺酮类抗生素MRM参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喹诺酮类抗生素 母离子
/Da		 子离子
/Da		 碰撞能量/eV 去簇电压/V 保留时间/min
培氟沙星 333.9 315.9
290.9*		 27
25		 90 5.51
氧氟沙星 362.0 318.1*
261.0		 26
35		 90 5.46
恩诺沙星 360.1 316.2*
342.2		 26
30		 90 6.32
环丙沙星 332.1 314.3*
288.0		 27
25		 80 5.69
洛美沙星 352.3 265.2*
308.2		 23
30		 90 6.12
诺氟沙星 320.2 301.9*
276.1		 28
25		 80 5.44
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861125763439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Aquatic products consumption of 10 age/sex groups in the 5th China total diet study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 性别 平均体重/kg 水产品消费量/(g/d)
2~7 男 17.9 21.8
女
8~12 男 33.1 37.3
女
13~19 男 56.4 54.1
女 50.0 41.3
20~50 男 63.0 69.3
女 56.0 60.1
51~65 男 65.0 74.5
女 58.0 63.1
大于65 男 59.5 81.6
女 52.0 61.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861230621045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第5次中国总膳食研究10个性别/年龄组水产品消费量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁 性别 平均体重/kg 水产品消费量/(g/d)
2~7 男 17.9 21.8
女
8~12 男 33.1 37.3
女
13~19 男 56.4 54.1
女 50.0 41.3
20~50 男 63.0 69.3
女 56.0 60.1
51~65 男 65.0 74.5
女 58.0 63.1
大于65 男 59.5 81.6
女 52.0 61.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861373227384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Verification results of detection methods for 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics residues in aquatic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喹诺酮类抗生素 线性范围/(μg/L) r2值 (平均回收率±相对标准偏差)/% 检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg)
低 中 高
培氟沙星 1~100 0.9983 92.4±8.7 101.4±4.8 108.6±9.9 0.1 0.3
氧氟沙星 1~100 0.9992 65.4±8.8 74.3±8.8 71.2±3.3 0.1 0.3
恩诺沙星 1~100 0.9988 76.7±14.4 74.2±3.0 77.7±5.6 0.1 0.3
环丙沙星 1~100 0.9994 98.4±9.4 96.1±9.0 101.0±4.5 0.1 0.3
洛美沙星 1~100 0.9992 71.2±13.0 77.7±9.8 71.5±6.2 0.1 0.3
诺氟沙星 1~100 0.9999 92.1±9.6 95.2±9.5 101.1±7.8 0.1 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861494862202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水产品中6种喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测方法验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喹诺酮类抗生素 线性范围/(μg/L) r2值 (平均回收率±相对标准偏差)/% 检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg)
低 中 高
培氟沙星 1~100 0.9983 92.4±8.7 101.4±4.8 108.6±9.9 0.1 0.3
氧氟沙星 1~100 0.9992 65.4±8.8 74.3±8.8 71.2±3.3 0.1 0.3
恩诺沙星 1~100 0.9988 76.7±14.4 74.2±3.0 77.7±5.6 0.1 0.3
环丙沙星 1~100 0.9994 98.4±9.4 96.1±9.0 101.0±4.5 0.1 0.3
洛美沙星 1~100 0.9992 71.2±13.0 77.7±9.8 71.5±6.2 0.1 0.3
诺氟沙星 1~100 0.9999 92.1±9.6 95.2±9.5 101.1±7.8 0.1 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861608108416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection situations and exceeding situations of quinolone antibiotics in different species of fish and shrimp sold in Beijing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 检测项目 检出率
/%		 超标率
/%		 平均残留量/(μg/kg) 残留量范围/(μg/kg)
鱼类 恩诺沙星 35.00 8.33 83.39 2.34~875.00
环丙沙星 10.00 未超标 11.78 0.96~149.68
氧氟沙星 1.67 1.67 200.39 200.39
培氟沙星 1.67 1.67 5.69 5.69
虾类 恩诺沙星 10.00 未超标 5.26 3.12~9.03
环丙沙星 / / / /
氧氟沙星 / / / /
培氟沙星 / / / /
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861738131846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670311874384566, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

北京市售淡水鱼虾不同种类间喹诺酮类抗生素检出情况与超标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 检测项目 检出率
/%		 超标率
/%		 平均残留量/(μg/kg) 残留量范围/(μg/kg)
鱼类 恩诺沙星 35.00 8.33 83.39 2.34~875.00
环丙沙星 10.00 未超标 11.78 0.96~149.68
氧氟沙星 1.67 1.67 200.39 200.39
培氟沙星 1.67 1.67 5.69 5.69
虾类 恩诺沙星 10.00 未超标 5.26 3.12~9.03
环丙沙星 / / / /
氧氟沙星 / / / /
培氟沙星 / / / /
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基于食品安全指数评估北京市售淡水鱼虾喹诺酮类抗生素残留风险
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孙潇 1 , 张晨 1 , 曹民 1 , 林强 2, * , 范赛 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025,16(14): 10-16
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025, 16(14): 10-16
基于食品安全指数评估北京市售淡水鱼虾喹诺酮类抗生素残留风险
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孙潇1 , 张晨1, 曹民1, 林强2, * , 范赛3, *
作者信息
  • 1 北京市昌平区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102200
  • 2 北京市延庆区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102100
  • 3 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100013

    • 孙潇(1992—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*林强(1986—), 男, 硕士, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为卫生检验方向。E-mail: ;
范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
Assessment of the risk of quinolone antibiotic residues in freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing based on the index of food safety
Xiao SUN1 , Chen ZHANG1, Min CAO1, Qiang LIN2, * , Sai FAN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Changping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102200, China
  • 2 Beijing Yanqing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102100, China
  • 3 Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407002
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摘要
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目的 了解北京市售淡水鱼虾中6种喹诺酮类抗生素的残留情况及暴露水平。方法 随机抽检2023—2024年北京市9个区县40个商超农贸市场的90件淡水鱼虾产品, 采用液相色谱‐串联质谱法对鱼虾肉中的6种喹诺酮抗生素含量进行测定。通过食品安全指数(index of food safety, IFS)评估鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素残留量对10个性别/年龄组居民的暴露风险。结果 90件鱼虾样品中有4种喹诺酮类抗生素检出, 培氟沙星的检出率为1.11% (1/90), 氧氟沙星的检出率为1.11% (1/90), 恩诺沙星的检出率为26.67% (24/90), 环丙沙星的检出率为6.67% (6/90), 且培氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星有超标样本检出, 超标率分别为1.11% (1/90)、1.11% (1/90)、5.56% (5/90), 诺氟沙星和洛美沙星在所有样品中均未检出。在常规暴露情景和最坏暴露情景下, 喹诺酮类抗生素IFS范围分别处于0.040~0.067和0.170~0.283之间, 远小于1。结论 本次研究中北京市售淡水鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素检出以恩诺沙星、环丙沙星为主, 6种喹诺酮类抗生素对人体的健康风险处于安全水平, 为水产品质量评估及食品安全标准修订提供区域性数据支撑。

喹诺酮类抗生素  /  淡水水产品  /  食品安全指数法  /  风险评估

Objective To understand the residue status and exposure levels of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics in common freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing. Methods The 90 freshwater fish and shrimp products from 40 supermarkets and farmers’ markets in 9 districts and counties of Beijing were randomly sampled for the determination of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics in fish and shrimp meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The exposure risk of quinolone antibiotic residues in fish and shrimp to residents of 10 gender/age groups was assessed by the index of food safety (IFS). Results The 4 kinds of quinolone antibiotics were detected in 90 fish and shrimp samples. The detection rate for pefloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 1.11% (1/90), 1.11% (1/90), 26.67% (24/90) and 6.67% (6/90). There were excessive samples of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and enrofloxacin detected, with an exceedance rate of 1.11% (1/90), 1.11% (1/90) and 5.56% (5/90) respectively. Norfloxacin and lomefloxacin were not detected in all samples. The IFS of quinolone antibiotics ranged from 0.040-0.067 in the general-case scenario and from 0.170-0.283 in the worst-case scenario, which was much less than 1. Conclusion The detection of quinolone in freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing is dominated by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and the health risk of 6 kinds of quinolone antibiotics to human beings is at a safe level in this study, which provides regional data support for the assessment of the quality of aquatic products and the revision of food safety standards.

quinolone antibiotics  /  freshwater aquatic products  /  index of food safety  /  risk assessment
孙潇, 张晨, 曹民, 林强, 范赛. 基于食品安全指数评估北京市售淡水鱼虾喹诺酮类抗生素残留风险. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 10 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407002
Xiao SUN, Chen ZHANG, Min CAO, Qiang LIN, Sai FAN. Assessment of the risk of quinolone antibiotic residues in freshwater fish and shrimp sold in Beijing based on the index of food safety[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 10 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407002
正文
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0 引言
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鱼虾类水产品是人类膳食营养中蛋白质的主要来源之一, 具有高蛋白质和低饱和脂肪的优点, 近年来消费者对鱼虾类水产品的消费兴趣与日俱增。为满足日益增长的需求, 养殖户多采用集约化或半集约化的养殖方式增加产量[1-2], 在高密度的养殖条件下, 使水产病害的发生、传播的控制难度加大, 因此养殖户采取在喂养饲料中添加抗生素或直接将抗生素添加到养殖塘水中的方式预防控制疾病感染, 减少经济损失[3-4]。
喹诺酮类抗生素是以4-喹诺酮母核为基本结构的人工合成抗菌药, 氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、培氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星和洛美沙星是第3代喹诺酮类抗生素的典型代表, 凭借代谢稳定、抗菌谱广等特性, 在水产养殖中被广泛应用。喹诺酮类抗生素的长期使用使其在养殖水产品中不断蓄积, 并通过食物链进入人体[5-9]。且由于抗生素在各类动物养殖业中的广泛应用, 导致环境长期处于抗生素“假持续”状态, 长此以往在人体内形成蓄积。过量的喹诺酮类抗生素会导致性早熟、肝肾衰竭、急性中毒等疾病, 更重要的是会造成微生物耐药基因的形成及传播, 从而削弱临床抗生素的治疗效果, 成为公共卫生安全的一大隐患[7,9-11]。为保证消费者健康, 政府制定了相关喹诺酮类抗生素的残留限量标准, 根据GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》及GB 31650.1—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中41种兽药最大残留限量》规定, 鱼类样品中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、洛美沙星最大残留限量为2 μg/kg, 恩诺沙星残留标志物记为恩诺沙星与环丙沙星之和, 最大残留限量为100 μg/kg; 农业部公告第2292号规定培氟沙星禁止在食用动物中使用。
食品安全指数法(index of food safety, IFS)是一种以量化形式反映食品中污染物对人体健康影响的综合性风险评估方法, 传统分析方法(如合格率评估)仅能判断污染物是否超标, 无法反映风险程度。IFS通过结合食品摄入量、污染物残留水平及每日允许摄入量等多维数据, 动态评估暴露风险, 广泛应用于各类食品中的农药残留、兽药残留和重金属残留的风险评估[10,11-13]。
目前, 针对水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留的研究主要集中在检测方法的开发, 关于残留量统计分析的报道大多以沿湖海地区为主, 浙江、山东、广州等地淡水鱼虾产品近期均存在较高水平的喹诺酮类抗生素检出, 并出现超标违规现象[4,14-16]。但针对北京市售水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留量分析数据较少, 因此有必要开展相关监测分析。本研究结合居民水产品消费量, 对2023—2024年北京市市售淡水鱼虾中6种喹诺酮类抗生素进行风险评估。旨在丰富北京地区的水产品喹诺酮残留数据, 与国内其他地区数据形成互补, 为全国范围更宏观的水产品质量研究、标准制定提供区域样本支撑。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品采集
本研究中淡水鱼虾购自北京市石景山区、通州区、门头沟区、昌平区、顺义区、海淀区、丰台区、密云区、大兴区9个区40个商超农贸市场, 选择居民日常食用频次相对较高的9种淡水鱼(草鱼、河鲈鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、罗非鱼、黑鱼、鲟鱼、黄辣丁、武昌鱼)和4种淡水虾(罗氏虾、白虾、河虾、小龙虾), 共计13类90件北京市售常见淡水鱼虾类样品, 采样工作于6~7月开展, 每个区随机抽取3个采样点以上, 并于相应采样点收集2~3份样品, 所采样品质量不低于500 g。所有样品采集、储存后检测均按照GB/T 30891—2014《水产品抽样规范》完成。现场采集到的样品放至存有冰块的转运箱中运送至实验室, 去鳞去壳后取肌肉部分存样, 保存至-20 ℃冰柜中。具体采样信息见表1。
1.2 仪器与试剂
Triple Quad 4500液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(美国AB SCIEX公司); Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)、Waters Oasis PRiME-HLB固相萃取柱(200 mg/6 mL)(美国Waters公司); BCE423i-1CCN型电子天平[精度1 mg, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; N-EVAP 112型氮吹仪(美国Organomation公司); QL-901型旋涡振荡器(海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); 2-16KL型高速冷冻离心机(德国SIGMA公司); Milli—Q去离子水发生器(美国Millipore公司)。
氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、培氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星标准品(纯度>98%, 德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司); 甲醇、乙腈、甲酸(色谱纯, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 乙二胺四乙酸二钠、柠檬酸、十二水合磷酸氢二钠(分析纯, 中国医药集团有限公司)。
1.3 样品处理
依据国家安全风险评估中心编制的《2024国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》内相关标准操作规程, 结合GB 31658.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 动物性食品中四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类药物残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》, 准确称取均质试样2 g(精确到0.01 g)置于50 mL聚丙烯离心管中, 加入10 mL 0.1 mol/L 乙二胺四乙酸-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液, 涡旋振荡10 min, 10000 r/min低温(4 ℃)离心5 min, 采用此过程提取两次, 并合并上清液。取上清液至Waters Oasis@PRiME-HLB固相萃取柱中, 将过柱后的上清液于40 ℃水浴温度下氮气吹干, 用1 mL 0.1%甲酸水溶液复溶, 涡旋混合1 min, 待上机测定。同步制备平行、空白、加标回收样品。
1.4 溶液配制
标准储备液(1000 mg/L): 分别称取0.01 g标准品置于10.0 mL棕色容量瓶中, 用0.1%甲酸甲醇溶解并定容至刻度, 标准储备液质量浓度为1000 mg/L, -20 ºC冰箱中保存, 有效期3个月。
混合标准工作液(10 mg/L): 分别取各标准储备液(1000 mg/L) 100 μL至10.0 mL 容量瓶中, 用甲醇定容至刻度, 配成混合标准溶液。各组分质量浓度为10 mg/L, 4 ℃保存, 可保存3个月。
基质工作曲线的绘制: 用甲醇将混合标准工作液稀释为10、100、1000 µg/L的混合标准使用液。为减小基质效应对待测目标物结果的影响, 采用提前筛选出的鱼肉空白基质按照上述固相萃取法前处理, 配制成1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 µg/L的基质工作曲线溶液。
1.5 实验条件
1.5.1 液相色谱条件
液相色谱柱: Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm); 柱温40 ℃; 进样量5 µL; 流速0.2 mL/min; 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液; 流动相B为40%甲醇-乙腈溶液; 梯度洗脱程序: 0~0.01 min, 90% A; 0.01~6.00 min, 90%~70% A; 6.00~9.00 min, 70%~50% A; 9.00~10.50 min, 50%~0% A; 10.50~12.00 min, 0% A; 12.00~13.00 min, 0%~90% A; 13.00~15.00 min, 90% A。
1.5.2 质谱条件
离子源: 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), ESI(+)模式; 扫描模式: 多离子反应监测采集模式; 喷雾电压: 5.5 kV; 离子源温度: 550 ℃; 气帘气压力: 2.5×105 Pa; 雾化气压力: 5.5×105 Pa; 辅助加热气压力: 5.5×105 Pa。6种喹诺酮类抗生素详细质谱参数见表2。
1.6 市售鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素风险暴露评估方法
遵循国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)针对食品中污染物风险评估所设定的定义与步骤开展。运用暴露评估中的点评估法结合食品安全指数, 以鱼虾中的喹诺酮类抗生素为其单一暴露途径, 对市售常见9种淡水鱼类和4种淡水虾中喹诺酮类药物残留的安全性予以评估, 具体计算公式见式(1)[17]:
$IFS=\frac{C\times F}{BW\times ADI}\times {10}^{-3}$
式中: C代表污染物于鱼虾水产品中的残留浓度, μg/kg; F为鱼虾水产品每日摄入量, g/d, 参考第5次中国总膳食研究10个性别/年龄组水产品日消费量(表3); BW为平均体重(body weight)(见表3)[18], kg; ADI为污染物每日允许的摄入量(allowable daily intake), μg/(kg·BW·d)。当IFS≥1时, 表示存在风险, 当IFS<1时, 表示无风险; 且IFS数值与风险呈正比。
根据GB 31650—2019、GB 31650.1—2022, 恩诺沙星每日允许摄入量(计为恩诺沙星和环丙沙星之和)为6.2 μg/(kg·BW·d), 洛美沙星每日允许摄入量为25 μg/(kg·BW·d), 诺氟沙星每日允许摄入量为14 μg/(kg·BW·d), 氧氟沙星每日允许摄入量为5 μg/(kg·BW·d), 目前在国家标准、相关国内外卫生组织、食品安全部门均未查询到培氟沙星的每日允许摄入量, 采用每日临床最低治疗剂量除以1000安全因素系数再除以60 kg体重计算, 估算出培氟沙星每日允许摄入量为6.6 μg/(kg·BW·d)[19-20]。
1.7 数据处理
采用Analyst工作站对采集数据进行定性、定量分析, MultiQuant 2.1为数据处理分析软件, 再使用Excel 2019进行数据整理, 通过Origin 2021完成绘图。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 质量控制
以不含6种喹诺酮类抗生素的空白基质为对象, 在恒定的试验条件设定低(0.5 μg/kg)、中(5.0 μg/kg)、高(25.0 μg/kg) 3个加标水平, 对6种喹诺酮类抗生素的加标回收率与精密度进行检测, 3个添加水平浓度下分别测定6次, 计算加标回收率和相对标准偏差。本次实验中3个加标水平下平均加标回收率在65.4%~108.6%, 相对标准偏差数值均小于15%(样本量n=6)。线性范围、检出限和定量限见表4, 且满足实验要求。
2.2 市售鱼虾中6种喹诺酮类抗生素整体检出情况
采用上述检测方法对从北京市售9个地区40个商超农贸市场购买的居民日常食用频次较高的13种淡水鱼虾进行喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测, 4种喹诺酮类抗生素存在检出, 包括培氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星及环丙沙星。
所检测90件样品中, 共计24件样品含有喹诺酮类抗生素, 总检出率为26.67%。其中培氟沙星检出件数及超标件数均为1件, 检出率1.11%, 合格率98.89%, 超标率为1.11% (1/90), 残留量为5.69 μg/kg; 氧氟沙星检出件数及超标件数均为1件, 检出率1.11%, 合格率98.89%, 超标率为1.11% (1/90), 残留量为200.39 μg/kg; 恩诺沙星检出件数为24件, 检出率26.67%, 合格率为94.44%, 超标率为5.56% (5/90), 药物残留量范围2.34~875.00 μg/kg; 环丙沙星检出件数6件, 检出率为6.67%, 药物残留量范围1.62~ 149.68 μg/kg, 90件样品中均未检出洛美沙星和诺氟沙星2类抗生素。与针对中国山东省6种喹诺酮类抗生素的研究结果相比[14], 本次检测呈现出相似趋势, 表现为残留量恩诺沙星>环丙沙星>氧氟沙星>其余3种喹诺酮类抗生素。其中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星的检出率分别为41.90%、8.75%、1.25%, 总检出率达43.10%。与之相比, 本次北京市水产品检测中呈现的抗生素残留检出率相对较低, 这一现象可能由调查样本基数、养殖环节用药规范程度、抽检品种类分布以及地方监管效能等多重因素共同作用所致。结合北京市近年来持续强化的食用农产品质量安全专项整治行动, 较低的检出率可能在一定程度上反映出属地监管措施的有效性。
2.3 市售鱼和虾不同种类间6种喹诺酮类抗生素检出情况
所检9种鱼类中有5种检出恩诺沙星, 4种检出环丙沙星, 1种检出培氟沙星, 1种检出氧氟沙星, 其中5种鱼类检出2种及以上喹诺酮类抗生素残留。鱼类样品检出主要集中于鲈鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼和黑鱼中。6件超标样品(占总样品的6.67%)均来自上述鱼类, 具体包括: 2件鲈鱼(33.33%)、2件草鱼(33.33%)、1件鲤鱼(16.67%)及1件黑鱼(16.67%)。
4种虾类中有3种检出恩诺沙星, 其余5种喹诺酮类抗生素在虾类样品中均未检出, 培氟沙星、氧氟沙星仅在鱼类样品中有检出且超标。由表5可见, 本次检测中恩诺沙星在鱼类样品中的检出率显著高于虾类样品, 且鱼类样品恩诺沙星的超标率为8.33%; 虾类样品虽检测出恩诺沙星, 但并未出现超标情况。
2.4 商超与农贸市场6种喹诺酮类抗生素检出情况
本研究共采集北京市90件淡水水产品, 其中45件来自商超(覆盖常见连锁品牌及小型商店), 45件来自农贸市场(包括社区早市及传统农贸市场)。商超和农贸市场6种喹诺酮类抗生素检出率分别为28.89% (13/45)、24.44% (11/45); 6件超标样品中, 83.33% (5/6)集中于农贸市场渠道, 早市摊位占其中的20.00% (1/5), 另有1件超标样品来自商超中的小型商店。
2.5 市售鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素风险暴露评估
暴露评估是量化食品中抗生素残留风险的关键环节。在常规暴露情景下, 以实验所得市售检出鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素残留量的平均值计算, 各性别/年龄组的总喹诺酮类抗生素IFS范围处于0.040至0.067之间; 在最坏暴露情境下, 基于实验获得的市售检出鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素残留量最大值计算, 各性别/年龄组的总喹诺酮类抗生素IFS范围则在0.170至0.283之间(图1)。
当食品安全指数IFS的数值小于1时, 表示该类喹诺酮抗生素在鱼虾水产品中的残留量处于较低水平, 对人体健康产生影响较轻微, 相应的风险处于可接受范围之内。并且IFS的数值越小, 所表征的潜在风险程度就越低, 表明该水产品的安全性越高。反之, 若IFS大于1, 则说明该类喹诺酮抗生素的残留情况可能对人体健康造成影响, 此时所伴随的风险是不可接受的。IFS的数值越大, 风险程度就越高, 需要及时启动风险控制程序, 降低其残留量, 从而保障消费者食用水产品的安全性[18]。
在本次检测的喹诺酮类抗生素中, 恩诺沙星的检出率最高。在常规暴露与最坏暴露情况下, 其食品安全指数在总食品安全指数中的占比分别为80.2%和16.4%。氧氟沙星仅检出1件, 在常规暴露与最坏暴露情况下, 其食品安全指数在总食品安全指数中的占比分别为19.4%和82.1%。经评估, 北京市市售水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留, 在各性别/年龄组的IFS值均远小于1, 表明潜在风险程度很低, 当前北京市居民因食用鱼虾类水产品而接触喹诺酮类抗生素的风险处于较低水平。
3 讨论
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3.1 市售淡水鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素的来源及变化
目前水产集约化养殖模式较为普遍, 加之近年来种质退化, 导致鱼虾类对疾病的易感性显著上升。喹诺酮类抗生素凭借其广谱抗菌特性以及高效性, 成为控制水产养殖细菌感染的重要手段。市售鱼虾可能在养殖过程中因环境污染或用药管理不当而暴露于喹诺酮类抗生素环境中, 导致多种抗生素残留的复合污染现象。在实际应用中, 主要通过口服给药途径, 将药物与饲料混合后投喂使用[1-3,21-22]。
恩诺沙星是本次研究中检出率最高的喹诺酮类抗生素, 其普遍性可从多个角度进行分析。首先, 从养殖的角度来看, 恩诺沙星在饲料中的使用因养殖种类、地域分布及养殖模式而有所差异。广州某典型淡水养殖区[23]以及中国东部淡水养殖区[24], 恩诺沙星均被广泛添加于饲料中, 作为主要的抗生素成分之一, 与本研究的检测结果契合, 进一步印证了恩诺沙星在养殖业中的普遍应用。其次, 与其他养殖水产品(如龟类、蟹类、蛙类等)相比, 恩诺沙星在鱼虾养殖中的使用更为广泛, 这种差异直接导致了其在鱼虾产品中的残留概率及浓度相对较高[6-7,25]。此外喹诺酮类抗生素的残留水平呈现明显的季节性变化, 7—9月期间恩诺沙星的残留水平显著高于其他月份, 而4月的平均检出浓度与1—3月相比也有显著差异[4]。本次研究在6—7月进行采样, 正值初夏气温快速上升期, 此阶段水产养殖病害防控压力显著增加, 可能导致喹诺酮类抗生素使用频率相应升高。综上所述, 恩诺沙星的高检出率可归因于其在鱼虾养殖中的广泛应用、饲料中的普遍添加以及采样时间与抗生素使用高峰期的重合, 这些因素共同作用下使得恩诺沙星成为本次研究中检出率最高的喹诺酮类抗生素。
3.2 喹诺酮类抗生素鱼类分布特征分析
从环境因素看, 喹诺酮类抗生素因其特殊的理化性质, 极易被养殖水体中的悬浮颗粒物吸附, 并随沉降作用在池塘底部积累[26]。从鱼类生物学特性及养殖模式分析, 鲫鱼、鲤鱼属于底栖鱼类, 其摄食行为主要发生在水体底层, 且在实际养殖过程中常采用混养模式, 这使得它们更易受到沉积于池底的喹诺酮类抗生素影响。草鱼主要活动于水体中下层, 对细菌性败血症等病害有高度易感性, 预防治疗用药频次高于其他鲤科鱼类, 这可能是其体内喹诺酮类抗生素检出率较高的重要原因[27-31]。研究表明, 掠食性底栖鱼类, 特别是鲈鱼和黑鱼体内抗生素残留水平高于杂食性及草食性鱼类, 其幼年期以浮游动物为食源, 成年后则主要捕食贝类和小型鱼类, 这种复杂的食物链关系和鱼类的摄食习性, 导致喹诺酮类抗生素在食物链传递过程中产生明显的生物放大效应[14], 且由于黑鱼较高的经济价值, 养殖户倾向于更为频繁的预防性用药, 以降低养殖风险。综上可能是鲈鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼及黑鱼在本次研究中检出率和超标率相对较高的关键因素。
3.3 北京市售鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素残留结果与其他地区研究对比分析
本次北京市售淡水鱼虾中喹诺酮类抗生素的总检出率为26.67%, 其中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的检出率分别为26.67%、6.67%和1.11%, 恩诺沙星的平均残留浓度为47.58 μg/kg。中国东南部地区8种淡水鱼中恩诺沙星的检出率和平均残留浓度分别为68.7%和62.5 μg/kg[32], 上海市淡水产品中的喹诺酮类抗生素残留水平(42.3%)高于畜禽类产品(2.9%), 5种淡水鱼和虾的检出率分别为58.5%和16.7%, 其中恩诺沙星检出率分别为50.9%和16.7%[33], 福建省10种淡水鱼恩诺沙星、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的检出率分别为50.4%、20%和0.9%[19]。各地区检出结果均以恩诺沙星和环丙沙星为主, 与本次研究结果相似。
尽管北京市售淡水鱼虾喹诺酮类抗生素残留水平较低, 但其潜在的健康风险仍需关注。长期低剂量暴露可能导致抗生素耐药性的发展, 甚至通过食物链影响人类健康[34]。因此, 建议在现有监管基础上, 进一步加强对喹诺酮类抗生素的合规使用限制和残留监测, 未来在养殖环节中推广替代性治疗方案(如益生菌、疫苗等), 以减少对抗生素的依赖[35]。
4 结论
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本研究对北京市售13种鱼和虾中的6种喹诺酮类抗生素进行残留量分析及摄入风险暴露评估, 检出结果以恩诺沙星、环丙沙星为主, 培氟沙星、氧氟沙星有少量检出, 诺氟沙星、洛美沙星未检出。鉴于样本量有限, 研究存在局限性, 后续可通过多季节、多样点、多品种采样增强数据代表性。综合数据显示, 目前北京市市售鱼虾中的6种喹诺酮类抗生素对人体暴露风险较低, 在合理摄入鱼虾水产品前提下处于相对安全水平, 居民可放心食用。建议合理安排膳食, 避免长期食用单一种类鱼虾产品, 以获取多样氨基酸和脂肪酸。同时, 监管部门仍需持续关注市售水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留问题, 防范食品安全隐患。
基金
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  • 北京市食品风险监测项目(BJSP2021101345)
文献
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250407002
  • 接收时间：2025-04-07
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-07
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北京市食品风险监测项目(BJSP2021101345)
作者信息
    1 北京市昌平区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102200
    2 北京市延庆区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 102100
    3 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100013

通讯作者:

*林强(1986—), 男, 硕士, 副主任医师, 主要研究方向为卫生检验方向。E-mail: ;
范赛(1982—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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