Article(id=1154125575523394493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240130011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753094579820, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753094579820, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753094579820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753094579820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=276, endPage=283, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154125575909270462, articleId=1154125575523394493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in milk and dairy product by QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in the milk and dairy product by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted by acetonitrile vortex extraction, and the analytical solution was purified by QuEChERS dSPE EMR Lipid degreasing tube. After centrifugation, it was tested on a membrane machine. The acetonitrile primary water as the mobile phase was used, the flow rate was set at 0.25 mL/min, the gradient elution procedure was applied, the GL Sciences InertSustain C18 chromatographic column was used for separation, the electro spray positive ion (ESI+) mode, the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for detection, and the matrix matching external standard method was used for quantification. Results The methodological validation indicators were well that the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-20.0 ng/mL with the correlation coefficients (r2) larger than 0.998. The average recoveries of 2-hexylpyridine were 94.45%-109.63% and the relative standard deviations were 3.93%-9.53% at 0.005, 0.010 and 0.050 mg/kg with 3 kinds of spiked levels. Conclusion The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements for residue detection.

, correspAuthors=Dong-Dong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-Ming WANG, Mei-Ling WANG, YI-Ming WANG, Tao PENG, Dong-Dong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1154125604858356017, articleId=1154125575523394493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法检测乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)测定乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量的分析方法。方法 样品经乙腈涡旋提取, 分析液经QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂专用管净化, 离心后过膜上机检测。测试方法以乙腈-一级水为流动相, 流速设置为0.25 mL/min, 应用梯度洗脱程序, 采用GL Sciences InertSustain C18色谱柱进行分离, 电喷雾正离子(electro spray ionization, ESI+)模式, 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 基质匹配外标法进行定量。结果 对于乳及乳制品基质, 2-己基吡啶在0.5~20.0 ng/mL的质量浓度与其相对应的峰面积之间线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)均大于0.998, 在0.005、0.010和0.050 mg/kg 3种不同浓度添加水平下, 2-己基吡啶的平均回收率为94.45%~109.63%, 相对标准偏差为3.93%~9.53%。结论 本方法可满足乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶检测的正确度、精密度和灵敏度的要求。

, correspAuthors=陈冬东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈冬东(1975—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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汪春明(1986—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619705033539858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125575523394493, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quantitative and qualitative ion pairs, retention time, residence time and collision energy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 驻留时间/ms Q1偏差电压/V 碰撞能量/eV Q3偏差电压/V
2-己基吡啶 4.72 164.1 93.1* 100 -17.0 -26.0 -17.0
106.1 100 -11.0 -26.0 -19.0
78.1 100 -11.0 -50.0 -30.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619705104843027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125575523394493, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定量定性离子对、保留时间、驻留时间及碰撞能量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 驻留时间/ms Q1偏差电压/V 碰撞能量/eV Q3偏差电压/V
2-己基吡啶 4.72 164.1 93.1* 100 -17.0 -26.0 -17.0
106.1 100 -11.0 -26.0 -19.0
78.1 100 -11.0 -50.0 -30.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619705167757588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125575523394493, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calibration curve, correlation coefficient, MEs, average recoveries and RSDs of 2-hexylpyridine (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质 线性方程 相关系数(r2) MEs/% 0.005 mg/kg 0.010 mg/kg 0.050 mg/kg
平均回收率/% RSDs/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
奶粉 Y=20873X-7196 0.999 10.44 102.31 9.53 98.22 4.11 104.33 4.76
酸奶 Y=25677X+7010 0.998 10.15 109.63 5.45 107.36 6.53 105.11 3.93
纯奶 Y=30107X-6194 0.999 29.12 98.57 6.82 108.92 4.92 94.45 7.22
果奶 Y=32360X-8822 0.998 38.78 103.83 5.51 97.38 6.17 97.91 6.44
奶酪 Y=27645X+7610 0.998 18.62 99.51 6.48 103.83 5.72 107.66 4.37
), ArticleFig(id=1177619705230672149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1154125575523394493, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2-己基吡啶的线性方程、相关系数、MEs、平均回收率和RSDs (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质 线性方程 相关系数(r2) MEs/% 0.005 mg/kg 0.010 mg/kg 0.050 mg/kg
平均回收率/% RSDs/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
奶粉 Y=20873X-7196 0.999 10.44 102.31 9.53 98.22 4.11 104.33 4.76
酸奶 Y=25677X+7010 0.998 10.15 109.63 5.45 107.36 6.53 105.11 3.93
纯奶 Y=30107X-6194 0.999 29.12 98.57 6.82 108.92 4.92 94.45 7.22
果奶 Y=32360X-8822 0.998 38.78 103.83 5.51 97.38 6.17 97.91 6.44
奶酪 Y=27645X+7610 0.998 18.62 99.51 6.48 103.83 5.72 107.66 4.37
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QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法检测乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量
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汪春明 1, 2, 3 , 王美玲 1, 2, 3 , 王一名 1, 2, 3 , 彭涛 3 , 陈冬东 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(5): 276-283
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(5): 276-283
QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法检测乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量
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汪春明1, 2, 3 , 王美玲1, 2, 3, 王一名1, 2, 3, 彭涛3, 陈冬东3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中检科(北京)测试认证有限公司, 北京 100176
  • 2.检科院(北京)科学技术有限公司, 北京 100176
  • 3.中国检验检疫科学研究院, 北京 100176
  • 汪春明(1986—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈冬东(1975—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
Determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in milk and dairy product by QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Chun-Ming WANG1, 2, 3 , Mei-Ling WANG1, 2, 3, YI-Ming WANG1, 2, 3, Tao PENG3, Dong-Dong CHEN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. CAIQ (Beijing) Testing and Certification Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 2. CAIQ (Beijing) Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 3. Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240130011
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目的 建立高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)测定乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量的分析方法。方法 样品经乙腈涡旋提取, 分析液经QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂专用管净化, 离心后过膜上机检测。测试方法以乙腈-一级水为流动相, 流速设置为0.25 mL/min, 应用梯度洗脱程序, 采用GL Sciences InertSustain C18色谱柱进行分离, 电喷雾正离子(electro spray ionization, ESI+)模式, 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 基质匹配外标法进行定量。结果 对于乳及乳制品基质, 2-己基吡啶在0.5~20.0 ng/mL的质量浓度与其相对应的峰面积之间线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)均大于0.998, 在0.005、0.010和0.050 mg/kg 3种不同浓度添加水平下, 2-己基吡啶的平均回收率为94.45%~109.63%, 相对标准偏差为3.93%~9.53%。结论 本方法可满足乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶检测的正确度、精密度和灵敏度的要求。

2-己基吡啶  /  乳及乳制品  /  高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in the milk and dairy product by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted by acetonitrile vortex extraction, and the analytical solution was purified by QuEChERS dSPE EMR Lipid degreasing tube. After centrifugation, it was tested on a membrane machine. The acetonitrile primary water as the mobile phase was used, the flow rate was set at 0.25 mL/min, the gradient elution procedure was applied, the GL Sciences InertSustain C18 chromatographic column was used for separation, the electro spray positive ion (ESI+) mode, the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for detection, and the matrix matching external standard method was used for quantification. Results The methodological validation indicators were well that the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-20.0 ng/mL with the correlation coefficients (r2) larger than 0.998. The average recoveries of 2-hexylpyridine were 94.45%-109.63% and the relative standard deviations were 3.93%-9.53% at 0.005, 0.010 and 0.050 mg/kg with 3 kinds of spiked levels. Conclusion The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements for residue detection.

2-hexylpyridine  /  milk and dairy product  /  high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
汪春明, 王美玲, 王一名, 彭涛, 陈冬东. QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法检测乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 276 -283 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240130011
Chun-Ming WANG, Mei-Ling WANG, YI-Ming WANG, Tao PENG, Dong-Dong CHEN. Determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in milk and dairy product by QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 276 -283 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240130011
2-己基吡啶(2-hexylpyridine), CAS: 1129-69-7, 中文别名为2-正己基吡啶, 分子式C11H17N, 化学结构式如图1所示, 相对分子质量为163.26。2-己基吡啶纯品为无色到淡黄色液体, 有蔬菜样的青香气味, 并具有药草香和油脂气息[1-3]。2-己基吡啶是重要的原料和中间体, 即用于有机合成、医药、农药、染料等领域, 同时也被用在蔬菜、肉类和坚果等食品中起到改善食品味道或气味的作用[4-6]。2022年10月2-己基吡啶被用于我国的食品添加剂并公开征求意见[7], 到2023年3月2-己基吡啶新品种的安全性评估材料进行审查并通过[8], 表明该物质可配制成食品用香精后用于各类食品(GB 2760表B.1食品类别除外), 来改善食品的味道。GB 2760表B.1中不得添加食品用香料、香精的食品有巴氏杀菌乳、灭菌乳和高温杀菌乳、发酵乳和婴幼儿配方食品, 可见2-己基吡啶不能作为添加剂用于这些食品中。因此有必要建立乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶的检测方法。
目前, 征求意见中2-己基吡啶的测定方法为气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器-面积归一化法, 此方法的局限性在于: 样品中除目标物以外的组分, 会对目标物的分析过程有显著的干扰, 并影响分析结果的准确性, 特别是干扰峰和测定目标峰有重合; 目标化合物在这一特定的色谱条件下其特征的保留时间过长(39.16 min); 样品的全部组分必须流出, 并可测出其信号, 实际操作烦琐且难以准确定量。同时也未见到2-己基吡啶的其他研究报告, 为了更快速高效地检测乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶残留, 本研究利用快速检测方法QuEChERS、聚合物净化材料QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid, 结合高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS), 建立2-己基吡啶的分析测试方法, 以期为定性、定量分析乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶提供参考。
LC-20AD-LCMS-8045三重四极杆液质联用仪、GL Sciences InertSustain C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm)、Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)(日本Shimadzu公司); ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)(美国Waters公司); STV-100多管涡旋混合仪(中国茂丰公司); VORTEX GENIE 2可调速涡旋混匀器(美国Scientific Industries公司); LG-25M离心机(中国蜀科公司); EFAA-DC24-RT氮吹仪(中国安谱公司); XS105&PL303分析天平(感量0.01 g和0.00001 g, 瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); 默克Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司)。
2-己基吡啶(100 mg, 美国Panphy公司); 甲酸、乙腈、丙酮、甲醇(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); POLY-SERY HLB聚乙烯-亲水亲油平衡柱(上海安谱公司); 氯化钠(NaCl, 分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(reversed phase silica gel C18, C18)、QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid、N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine, PSA)(美国Agilent科技有限公司); 增强型无机除脂固相萃取填料(HMR-Lipid)(北京纳鸥公司); 活性硅土(active silica, Si)(美国Supelco公司); Cleanert LipoNo、弗罗里硅土(Florisil)、中性氧化铝(alumina N-neutral, AL-N) (BONDESIL-AL-N)(天津Bonna-Agela公司); 石墨化碳黑(graphitized carbon black, GCB)(上海月旭科技有限公司); 0.22 μm尼龙(Nylon)滤膜、0.22 μm聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)滤膜、0.22 μm聚醚砜(polyethersulfone, PES)滤膜、混合纤维素酯(mixed cellulose esters, MCE)滤膜(天津津滕公司); 0.2 μm亲水性聚丙烯(waterborne polypropylene, GHP)滤膜(美国Waters公司)。
2-己基吡啶标准储备液的配制: 准确称取2-己基吡啶90 mg于10 mL容量瓶中, 用丙酮定容至刻度, 即得到9 mg/mL的2-己基吡啶标准储备液。
标准中间液的配制: 准确移取适量上述标准储备液于100 mL容量瓶中, 用乙腈将其定容至刻度, 即得1.0 μg/mL 2-己基吡啶标准中间液。
工作曲线标准溶液的配制: 分别移取1.0 μg/mL的2-己基吡啶标准中间溶液5、10、20、50、100、200 μL于6个10 mL容量瓶, 分别由乙腈定容至刻度得到中间工作溶液; 分别取6份1 mL空白基质溶液, 用氮气吹干, 分别移取1 mL上述中间工作溶液复溶, 即得0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 ng/mL基质匹配系列标准工作溶液。
(1)提取
将2.0 g的样品置于50 mL的具塞离心管中, 加入5 mL的一级水混匀, 保持静止30 min, 之后加入10 mL乙腈, 2500 r/min涡旋混合15 min, 再加入3.0 g NaCl振摇混合30 s, 20000 r/min高速离心3 min, 移取上清液待净化。
(2)净化
取4 mL提取液到QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid的15 mL净化管中(开始先加2 mL一级水涡旋混匀), 涡旋混合5 min使净化充分, 之后8000 r/min高速离心3 min, 取净化液到内含1 g NaCl的15 mL离心管中, 涡旋混匀30 s, 8000 r/min离心3 min, 移取1 mL净化液过0.22 μm PTFE膜装瓶, 待HPLC-MS/MS测定。
(1)液相色谱条件
色谱柱为C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm); 柱温箱温度为40 ℃; 进样量为2.0 μL。流动相A为乙腈, B为一级水, 流速设置为0.25 mL/min; 梯度洗脱程序为: 0~0.1 min, 45% B; 0.1~2.0 min, 45%~5% B; 2.0~4.0 min, 5% B; 4.0~4.5 min, 5%~45% B; 4.5~6.0 min, 45% B; 6.5 min结束。
(2)质谱条件
电喷雾离子化(electro spray ionization, ESI)模式; 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测; 加热气流量(F): 10 L/min; 接口温度: 300 ℃; 雾化器流量(N): 3 L/min; 加热块温度: 300 ℃; 脱溶剂管(desolvation line, DL)温度(D): 250 ℃; 干燥气流量: 8 L/min。质谱参数详见表1
利用Excel 2016进行数据整理。
准确配制1.0 μg/mL的2-己基吡啶溶剂标准溶液, 并利用ESI+模式和ESI-模式对目标物进行全扫描。结果表明, 2-己基吡啶较适合于ESI+, 其准分子离子峰[M+H]+m/z 164.15, 获得全扫描质谱图见图2。输入前体离子为m/z 164.15, 碰撞能量为-35 eV, 进行产物离子扫描, 得到的谱图见图3, 在此基础上, 对碰撞能量、Q1和Q3偏差电压等参数进一步优化。根据国际食品法典委员会CAC/GL 90—2017质谱分析方法, 要满足4点鉴定法, 识别点数必须有一个母离子和两个子离子。在本研究中, 选取离子丰度最高、基体干扰最小的3个离子对, 并将它们作为表征化合物的特征离子对, 其中, 选取了信号强度更大的离子对作为定量离子。2-己基吡啶的质谱特征离子对、保留时间、Q1和Q3偏差电压和碰撞能量等参数见表1
当使用电喷雾离子化模式进行样本分析时, 在流动相中添加适当的酸(甲酸、乙酸等), 可使目标化合物形成[M+H]+离子, 加入适量的碱(甲酸铵、乙酸铵或氨水)可以减少[M+Na]+、[M+K]+的形成, 促进目标物形成[M-H]-, 从而提高目标离子的灵敏度。本研究中有机相(A相)分别由乙腈和甲醇构成; 由乙酸铵-水、一级水、甲酸-乙酸铵-水、甲酸-水构成无机相(B相)。通过A、B两项不同的组合比较分析发现, A相为一级水, B相为乙腈, 2-己基吡啶的离子化效率最佳, 且峰形尖锐。分析认为2-己基吡啶较适合于ESI+, 无机相中加入氨水使其出现前沿分叉峰导致响应降低; 虽然添加适当的酸, 可使目标化合物形成[M+H]+离子, 但在流动相中加入0.1%甲酸(V:V)会使2-己基吡啶出现拖尾和分叉峰。部分流动相对比色谱图详见图4。最终本研究选择乙腈和一级水作为流动相。
在液相色谱分析中, 决定分离效果的一个重要参数是色谱柱的选择, 但色谱柱类型的选择范围很广。为了充分验证不同极性色谱柱对2-己基吡啶的色谱响应, 且考虑到2-己基吡啶无极性官能团, 本研究选择GL Sciences InertSustain C18 (150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm)、Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ (150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)、ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 以上柱子基本涵盖了非极性到中等极性色谱柱。通过对比发现2-己基吡啶在C18色谱柱的峰形优于C18-AQ和T3。即使官能团同样都为十八烷基(GL Sciences InertSustain C18和Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ), 然而GL Sciences InertSustain C18的色谱响应高于Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ, 分析原因为C18色谱柱是一种通用的反相色谱柱, 以十八烷基为固定相, 现代技术几乎可以实现完全的封端, 减少了硅胶基体的干扰, 为中等极性到非极性化合物提供最大的保留, Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ采用键距优化技术, 严格控制十八烷基在硅胶表面键合长链之间的距离, 从而增加固定相与流动相特别是水之间的接触面, 提高极性化合物的保留, 2-己基吡啶无极性官能团, 极性较弱, 使得其在Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ的色谱响应弱于GL Sciences InertSustain C18。故本研究选择GL Sciences InertSustain C18色谱柱。
近年来, 目标物检测愈发向更高效、更准确和更快速的方向发展。QuEChERS由于具有简便、经济、效率高和环保等特点, 目前已广泛应用于药物残留[9-14]、添加剂[15]、生物毒素[16-21]等检测中。QuEChERS方法通常使用的净化填料为PSA、C18、GCB。其中PSA用于净化的基质为有机酸、金属离子以及一些糖类和酚类; C18去除脂类等非极性干扰物; GCB去除色素、甾醇类等平面结构的非极性干扰物[22]。汪春明等[23]研究不同种类规格固相萃取柱的除油效果时, 发现AL-N的除油效果较好, 考虑到研究基质富含油脂较多, 加入AL-N作为待考察净化填料。另两个待考察无机氧化物净化材料为Si和FL。新型脂质净化材料, 如增强型基质去除固相吸附剂(enhanced matrix removal, EMR)可以高效且选择性地去除样本中的脂质杂质, 而不会导致分析物的损失, 同时选择QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid、HMR-Lipid、Cleanert LipoNo、POLY-SERY HLB作为新型聚合待考察净化材料。
分别准确称取400 mg PSA、400 mg C18、50 mg GCB、400 mg Si、400 mg FL、400 mg AL-N到5 mL聚乙烯离心管中, 分别加入2 mL 50 ng/mL 2-己基吡啶标准溶液, 2500 r/min涡旋混匀10 min, 10000 r/min高速离心3 min, 分别取1 mL上机测定, 将上机测定的浓度进行记录, 并对其进行计算, 用以评估不同传统净化材料对2-己基吡啶产生的吸附或干扰, 回收率详见图5。过C18净化填料后, 2-己基吡啶的回收率只有29%, 分析原因为2-己基吡啶长的碳链与碳十八发生分子间作用力而使其吸附于C18之上, 从而导致其回收率低; 过GCB净化填料后, 2-己基吡啶的回收率为66%, 分析原因为GCB六角碳原子平面网格对2-己基吡啶中吡啶平面芳香环的吸附作用是导致其回收率低的直接原因。同样, GCB独特的平面结构, 也会对一些平面结构的农药造成约25%的损失, 比如噻菌灵、多菌灵、蝇毒磷、百菌清、吡嗪酮和嘧菌环胺[24]; 过Si净化填料后, 2-己基吡啶回收率略微降低, 非键合的Si是极性吸附剂, 呈弱酸性, 分析认为2-己基吡啶被Si吸附是其回收低的主要原因; PSA、FL和AL-N对2-己基吡啶回收率影响较小。
按照1.2.2的方法开展前处理, 使用不同的有机聚合净化填料来对其进行净化, 然后按照1.2.3方法上机进行检测, 并对其进行计算, 其回收率如图6所示。用HMR-Lipid净化后, 2-己基吡啶回收率只有53%左右, 且目标物出现分裂峰, 见图7, 分析原因可能是使用HMR-Lipid材料净化后产生了明显的溶剂效应; 使用Cleanert LipoNo、POLY-SERY HLB和EMR-Lipid净化材料后回收率分别为76%、83%和95%, EMR-Lipid净化后的提取溶剂更接近流动相可能是其回收高的主要原因。因此选用EMR-Lipid作为本研究的净化材料。
合适的滤膜对实验结果的影响至关重要, 滤膜的选择主要取决于滤膜与所过滤样液之间的化学兼容性。Nylon和PTFE可用于水性和有机溶液的过滤, 化学兼容性广泛。PES具有低蛋白吸附特性, 用于蛋白溶液的过滤, 也可用于温和有机溶液的过滤。GHP用于水和腐蚀性有机溶液的过滤, 其低蛋白结合的特性可保证蛋白样品的高回收。MCE微孔滤膜由硝酸纤维素酯和醋酸纤维素酯混合而成, 可以阻挡流体中微粒和微生物的通过, 达到净化流体中微生物、微粒的效果。分别移取1 mL 50 ng/mL 2-己基吡啶标准溶液加入Nylon、PTFE、PES、GHP和MCE滤膜过滤后上机检测, 计算回收率, 结果见图8。由图8可知: GHP滤膜对2-己基吡啶具有强烈的吸附作用, GHP滤膜与蛋白结合低, 而研究基质蛋白含量高, 致使部分蛋白通过滤膜可能是其回收低的主要原因; MCE滤膜对2-己基吡啶有基质增强效应; 使用PES和PTFE过滤, 都能满足方法验证学的要求, 考虑到研究基质和提取溶液的特性, 本研究选择PTFE作为样液的滤膜。
在对目标物进行检测时, 经常会使用到以下几种萃取溶剂: 乙腈、正己烷、酸化乙腈、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、丙酮以及它们的不同比例的混合萃取液。正己烷和乙酸乙酯在萃取含油量高的样本时, 由于混合液中含有较高的油脂成分, 从而加大了后续纯化的难度, 且EMR-Lipid净化材料适合水溶性提取溶剂的净化, 因而除去。本研究在前面研究基础上, 比较0.1%乙酸乙腈(V:V)、乙腈、丙酮、甲醇作为提取溶剂来考察提取效率。按1.2.2节处理样品并上机检测计算回收率。回收率见图9。从图9可以看出: 以丙酮、甲醇作为提取溶剂时, 其回收率小于70%, 丙酮和甲醇的共提取物多, 后续净化难度大使其回收率降低; 乙腈、0.1%乙酸乙腈作为提取溶剂都能使2-己基吡啶的回收率达到90%以上, 且随着酸的加入, 回收率有所降低, 结合2.1.2节可知, 加入0.1%甲酸(V:V)使2-己基吡啶出现拖尾和分叉峰从而导致响应降低。综合考虑, 选择乙腈作为提取溶剂。
基质效应(matrix effect, ME)是指由于样本基质与被测物质进行共同洗脱, 从而导致分析信号的改变。ME产生的主要原因是样品提取物中存在基质或其他干扰, 这些杂质通过与目标分析物共洗脱, 影响质谱的电离效率[25-26]。基质的存在会对检测方法的准确性产生极大的影响, ME是由不同的基质组成引起的, 并对复杂基质中目标物的检测和定量构成障碍, 强烈的ME可能导致显著的定量失真[27-28]。此外, 即使样品中没有共洗脱物质, 流动相中存在的微量杂质也可以显著改变分析物的峰值。ME不能完全消除, 但可通过改变校准技术来最小化ME[29]。配制溶剂标准溶液和与之相同浓度的基质标准溶液, 一同进行上机检测, 并利用线性拟合计算出斜率, 以此来评估方法的基质影响, 用η表示ME系数: η=(基质匹配标准曲线的斜率-溶剂标准曲线的斜率)/溶剂标准曲线的斜率×100%。当|η|<10%, ME不显著; 相反, 会产生显著的基质加强或削弱效应[30]。按1.2.2节处理空白试样(S/N<3)获得空白基体萃取液, 按1.2.1节分别配制溶剂标准溶液和与之浓度相同的基质匹配标准溶液。由表2可知: 2-己基吡啶的ME明显, 且差异巨大, 其中果奶的基质增强效应为38.78%; 奶粉的基质减弱效应达到10.44%。鉴于此, 本研究采用基质匹配校准曲线。
以空白样品添加目标物色谱相应值为S/N≥10的添加浓度为方法定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)。以2-己基吡啶的质量浓度(X, ng/mL)为横坐标, 2-己基吡啶的峰面积(Y)为纵坐标, 结果表明, 目标物在质量浓度0.5~20.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)均大于0.998, 方法的LOQ为0.005 mg/kg。本研究方法的LOQ远低于“征求食品添加剂新品种意见”[7]推荐方法, 因此可满足乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶定性定量分析的要求。
依1.2.2和1.2.3节, 对奶粉、酸奶、纯奶、果奶、奶酪进行前处理及上机检测, 选择S/N<3, 且不含2-己基吡啶的样品作为空白, 以0.005、0.010和0.050 mg/kg为加标水平, 进行添加回收实验。所有样品添加2-己基吡啶标准溶液后, 静置30 min, 待样品充分吸收目标物后, 同样按照1.2.2和1.2.3节条件对样品进行处理和测定, 每个水平重复6次。由表2可知: 2-己基吡啶的平均回收率为94.45%~109.63%, RSDs为3.93%~9.53%。表明本方法回收率和精密度能满足乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶的分析要求。
采用本方法对奶粉中2-己基吡啶质控样品进行检测, 通过测定具有特性值和不确定度的质控样品, 来对检测方法进行验证。所用质控样品2-己基吡啶特性值及不确定度分别为(0.253±0.023) mg/kg。质控样品平行测定6次, 取平均值为0.254 mg/kg, 采用稳健统计方法计算的z值为0.8。所得|z|<2, 说明检测结果为满意, 证明本方法能够准确检测奶粉中的2-己基吡啶。采用本方法对市售的10种乳制品共计52份样品进行2-己基吡啶残留量检测。结果显示, 所测样品均未检出2-己基吡啶。为了更好地监控乳制品质量安全, 需要持续检测乳及乳制品中的2-己基吡啶非法添加量。
针对乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量的测定, 本研究以乙腈为萃取溶剂, 通过QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid对样品进行净化, 并对HPLC-MS/MS进行优化, 实现了对乳及乳制品中2-己基吡啶含量的定性定量检测, 为乳及乳制品风险的有效预防提供了一种有效、可靠的分析检测手段。
  • 中国检验检疫科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2023JK016)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240130011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
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中国检验检疫科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2023JK016)
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    1.中检科(北京)测试认证有限公司, 北京 100176
    2.检科院(北京)科学技术有限公司, 北京 100176
    3.中国检验检疫科学研究院, 北京 100176

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* 陈冬东(1975—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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