Article(id=1153986793130156628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061491477, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061491477, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061491477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061491477, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=195, endPage=201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986794518471289, articleId=1153986793130156628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Comparative study on 3 kinds of standard detection methods of Cronobacter in food, columnId=1153986783114154916, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare three domestic and foreign Cronobacter detection methods, for verifying the actual detection performance of three standard methods: GB 4789.40—2016 National standard for food safety food-Microbiology tests Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) test, GB 4789.40—2024 National standard for food safety food-Microbiology tests Cronobacter test and ISO 22964—2017 Food chain microbiology-Horizontal detection methods for Cronobacter spp. Methods Three standard methods were used to detect Cronobacter in 403 samples collected from 2020 to 2022, including infant formula, cereal-based infant supplements, corn ingredients, and raw and supplemental ingredients of infant formula, and to test Cronobacter isolates for drug susceptibility. Results The total contamination rate of Cronobacter in 403 samples was 17.9% (72/403), and the contamination rates of corn raw material, cereal-based infant supplement and infant formula were 37.3% (38/102), 23.4% (33/141) and 1.0% (1/100), respectively. Although there was no significant difference in the total detection rate among the three standard methods (χ2=3.601, P=0.170), 41.5 ℃ could effectively improve the detection rate compared with 44 ℃ (χ2=18.813, P=0.000). The resistance rate of 72 strains of Cronobacter was 55.6% (40/72), among which the resistance rates of cefazolin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were 52.8% (38/72), 5.6% (4/72), and 1.4% (1/72), respectively. Conclusion This study shows that GB 4789.40—2024 has reached the level of the international relevant methods, providing data support for the mutual recognition of the test results of GB 4789.40 and ISO 22964 methods. Cronobacter has high resistance to cefazolin, which should be avoided when choosing antibiotics for clinical treatment.

, correspAuthors=Xin GAN, Li BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie-Ying ZHENG, Wei-Liang WU, Jian-Yun ZHAO, Xin GAN, Li BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986800101090062, articleId=1153986793130156628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品中3种克罗诺杆菌标准检测方法的比对研究, columnId=1153986783244178342, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 比较3种国内外克罗诺杆菌检测方法, 验证GB 4789.40—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验》、GB 4789.40—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌检验》和ISO 22964—2017《食物链微生物学—克罗诺杆菌的水平检测方法》3种标准方法的实际检测性能。方法 采用3种标准方法, 对2020—2022年采集的包括婴儿配方奶粉、谷基婴幼儿辅食、玉米原料和婴儿配方奶粉原辅料在内的403份样品进行克罗诺杆菌的检测, 并对克罗诺杆菌分离株进行药物敏感性检测。结果 403份样品中克罗诺杆菌的总污染率为17.9% (72/403), 玉米原料、谷基婴幼儿辅食和婴儿配方奶粉的污染率分别为37.3% (38/102)、23.4% (33/141)和1.0% (1/100)。3种标准方法的总检出率虽然没有显著差异(χ2=3.601, P=0.170), 但41.5 ℃相较于44 ℃可以有效提升检出率(χ2=18.813, P=0.000)。72株克罗诺杆菌耐药率为55.6% (40/72), 其中头孢唑林、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药率分别为52.8% (38/72)、5.6% (4/72)、1.4% (1/72)。结论 本研究表明GB 4789.40—2024已达到国际相关方法的水平, 为GB 4789.40和ISO 22964方法检测结果的互认提供数据支持。克罗诺杆菌对头孢唑林具有较高的耐药性, 在临床治疗选择抗生素时应避免使用该药物。

, correspAuthors=甘辛, 白莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*甘辛(1984—), 男, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
白莉(1981—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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郑洁莹(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:

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Food Research International, 2020, 137: 109643., articleTitle=Isolation, comparison of identification methods and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369405376017124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369405380211429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, companyId=1174369405376017124, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: ***表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=J0hlXb4FtL/YRS5T/uNCnQ==, figureFileBig=y8aMeJOIyphsx00JDPUjRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369408400110353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Contamination rates of Cronobacter in 403 samples from 4 categories

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 阴性样品 检出情况 总计
GB 4789.40—2016 GB 4789.40—2024 ISO 22964—2017
玉米原料 64 (62.7%) 25 (24.5%) 38 (37.3%) 36 (35.3%) 102
谷基婴幼儿辅食 108 (76.6%) 27 (19.1%) 32 (22.7%) 32 (22.7%) 141
婴儿配方奶粉 99 (99.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 100
婴儿配方奶粉原辅料 60 (100.0%) 0 0 0 60
), ArticleFig(id=1174369408492385042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4大类403份样品中克罗诺杆菌的污染率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 阴性样品 检出情况 总计
GB 4789.40—2016 GB 4789.40—2024 ISO 22964—2017
玉米原料 64 (62.7%) 25 (24.5%) 38 (37.3%) 36 (35.3%) 102
谷基婴幼儿辅食 108 (76.6%) 27 (19.1%) 32 (22.7%) 32 (22.7%) 141
婴儿配方奶粉 99 (99.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 100
婴儿配方奶粉原辅料 60 (100.0%) 0 0 0 60
), ArticleFig(id=1174369408584659731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Intra-laboratory results of detection of Cronobacter LOD50 in 3 kinds of substrates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品(添加菌株)
乳清蛋白粉(Crono-Condi) 婴儿配方奶粉(Crono-YL25) 成人奶粉(ATCC 29544)
菌液浓度/(CFU/mL) 0.515 0.545 0.595
mLst-Vm结果阳性 6 9 4
mLst-Vm结果阴性 14 11 16
mLst-Vm-LOD50/(CFU/mL) 1.013 0.638 1.867
CSB结果阳性 5 9 4
CSB结果阴性 15 11 16
CSB-LOD50/(CFU/mL) 1.253 0.638 1.867
), ArticleFig(id=1174369408655962900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验室内3种基质中克罗诺杆菌LOD50检出结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品(添加菌株)
乳清蛋白粉(Crono-Condi) 婴儿配方奶粉(Crono-YL25) 成人奶粉(ATCC 29544)
菌液浓度/(CFU/mL) 0.515 0.545 0.595
mLst-Vm结果阳性 6 9 4
mLst-Vm结果阴性 14 11 16
mLst-Vm-LOD50/(CFU/mL) 1.013 0.638 1.867
CSB结果阳性 5 9 4
CSB结果阴性 15 11 16
CSB-LOD50/(CFU/mL) 1.253 0.638 1.867
), ArticleFig(id=1174369408718877461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Antibiotic susceptibility results of 72 Cronobacter strains against 18 kinds of antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素 耐药 中介 敏感
菌株数 耐药率/% 菌株数 中介率/% 菌株数 敏感率/%
头孢唑林 38 52.8 0 0 34 47.2
氨苄西林 4 5.6 0 0 68 94.4
阿莫西林/克拉维酸 1 1.4 1 1.4 70 97.2
呋喃妥因 0 0 21 29.2 51 70.8
头孢西丁 0 0 1 1.4 71 98.6
甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑 0 0 1 1.4 71 98.6
哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦纳 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
头孢曲松 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
头孢吡肟 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
氨曲南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
厄他培南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
亚胺培南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
阿米卡星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
庆大霉素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
妥布霉素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
环丙沙星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
左氧氟沙星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
替加环素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1174369408895038230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

72株克罗诺杆菌对18种抗生素的敏感性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素 耐药 中介 敏感
菌株数 耐药率/% 菌株数 中介率/% 菌株数 敏感率/%
头孢唑林 38 52.8 0 0 34 47.2
氨苄西林 4 5.6 0 0 68 94.4
阿莫西林/克拉维酸 1 1.4 1 1.4 70 97.2
呋喃妥因 0 0 21 29.2 51 70.8
头孢西丁 0 0 1 1.4 71 98.6
甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑 0 0 1 1.4 71 98.6
哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦纳 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
头孢曲松 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
头孢吡肟 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
氨曲南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
厄他培南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
亚胺培南 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
阿米卡星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
庆大霉素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
妥布霉素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
环丙沙星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
左氧氟沙星 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
替加环素 0 0 0 0 72 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1174369409108947735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Resistance spectrum of Cronobacter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素耐受数量 耐药谱 菌株数
0 敏感与中介株 32
1 头孢唑林 35
1 氨苄西林 2
2 氨苄西林-头孢唑林 2
2 阿莫西林/克拉维酸-头孢唑林 1
), ArticleFig(id=1174369409264136984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

克罗诺杆菌的耐药谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗生素耐受数量 耐药谱 菌株数
0 敏感与中介株 32
1 头孢唑林 35
1 氨苄西林 2
2 氨苄西林-头孢唑林 2
2 阿莫西林/克拉维酸-头孢唑林 1
), ArticleFig(id=1174369409465463577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986793130156628, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Food kinds and resistance outcomes

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食品种类 分离数 耐药数 耐药率/%
婴儿配方奶粉 1 1 100.0
玉米原料 38 22 57.9
谷基婴幼儿辅食 33 17 51.5
合计 72 40 55.6
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食物种类与耐药结果

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食品种类 分离数 耐药数 耐药率/%
婴儿配方奶粉 1 1 100.0
玉米原料 38 22 57.9
谷基婴幼儿辅食 33 17 51.5
合计 72 40 55.6
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食品中3种克罗诺杆菌标准检测方法的比对研究
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郑洁莹 1, 2 , 吴炜亮 1 , 赵柬云 2 , 甘辛 2, * , 白莉 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025,16(1): 195-201
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025, 16(1): 195-201
食品中3种克罗诺杆菌标准检测方法的比对研究
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郑洁莹1, 2 , 吴炜亮1, 赵柬云2, 甘辛2, * , 白莉1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南方医科大学公共卫生学院, 广州 510515
  • 2.国家食品安全风险评估中心, 国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估重点实验室, 北京 100021
  • 郑洁莹(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*甘辛(1984—), 男, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
白莉(1981—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
Comparative study on 3 kinds of standard detection methods of Cronobacter in food
Jie-Ying ZHENG1, 2 , Wei-Liang WU1, Jian-Yun ZHAO2, Xin GAN2, * , Li BAI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2. National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927009
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目的 比较3种国内外克罗诺杆菌检测方法, 验证GB 4789.40—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验》、GB 4789.40—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌检验》和ISO 22964—2017《食物链微生物学—克罗诺杆菌的水平检测方法》3种标准方法的实际检测性能。方法 采用3种标准方法, 对2020—2022年采集的包括婴儿配方奶粉、谷基婴幼儿辅食、玉米原料和婴儿配方奶粉原辅料在内的403份样品进行克罗诺杆菌的检测, 并对克罗诺杆菌分离株进行药物敏感性检测。结果 403份样品中克罗诺杆菌的总污染率为17.9% (72/403), 玉米原料、谷基婴幼儿辅食和婴儿配方奶粉的污染率分别为37.3% (38/102)、23.4% (33/141)和1.0% (1/100)。3种标准方法的总检出率虽然没有显著差异(χ2=3.601, P=0.170), 但41.5 ℃相较于44 ℃可以有效提升检出率(χ2=18.813, P=0.000)。72株克罗诺杆菌耐药率为55.6% (40/72), 其中头孢唑林、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药率分别为52.8% (38/72)、5.6% (4/72)、1.4% (1/72)。结论 本研究表明GB 4789.40—2024已达到国际相关方法的水平, 为GB 4789.40和ISO 22964方法检测结果的互认提供数据支持。克罗诺杆菌对头孢唑林具有较高的耐药性, 在临床治疗选择抗生素时应避免使用该药物。

克罗诺杆菌  /  GB 4789.40  /  ISO 22964  /  方法比对  /  耐药性

Objective To compare three domestic and foreign Cronobacter detection methods, for verifying the actual detection performance of three standard methods: GB 4789.40—2016 National standard for food safety food-Microbiology tests Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) test, GB 4789.40—2024 National standard for food safety food-Microbiology tests Cronobacter test and ISO 22964—2017 Food chain microbiology-Horizontal detection methods for Cronobacter spp. Methods Three standard methods were used to detect Cronobacter in 403 samples collected from 2020 to 2022, including infant formula, cereal-based infant supplements, corn ingredients, and raw and supplemental ingredients of infant formula, and to test Cronobacter isolates for drug susceptibility. Results The total contamination rate of Cronobacter in 403 samples was 17.9% (72/403), and the contamination rates of corn raw material, cereal-based infant supplement and infant formula were 37.3% (38/102), 23.4% (33/141) and 1.0% (1/100), respectively. Although there was no significant difference in the total detection rate among the three standard methods (χ2=3.601, P=0.170), 41.5 ℃ could effectively improve the detection rate compared with 44 ℃ (χ2=18.813, P=0.000). The resistance rate of 72 strains of Cronobacter was 55.6% (40/72), among which the resistance rates of cefazolin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were 52.8% (38/72), 5.6% (4/72), and 1.4% (1/72), respectively. Conclusion This study shows that GB 4789.40—2024 has reached the level of the international relevant methods, providing data support for the mutual recognition of the test results of GB 4789.40 and ISO 22964 methods. Cronobacter has high resistance to cefazolin, which should be avoided when choosing antibiotics for clinical treatment.

Cronobacter  /  GB 4789.40  /  ISO 22964  /  comparison of method  /  antibiotic susceptibility
郑洁莹, 吴炜亮, 赵柬云, 甘辛, 白莉. 食品中3种克罗诺杆菌标准检测方法的比对研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 195 -201 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927009
Jie-Ying ZHENG, Wei-Liang WU, Jian-Yun ZHAO, Xin GAN, Li BAI. Comparative study on 3 kinds of standard detection methods of Cronobacter in food[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 195 -201 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927009
克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter)是肠杆菌科一种兼性厌氧的条件致病菌, 国际食品微生物规范委员会将其列为对限制人群危害严重, 能产生慢性后遗症并危及生命的食源性致病菌[1]。由于该菌的易感人群为0~6月龄的早产儿和新生儿, 因而受到婴儿食品生产加工行业、监管机构和消费者的高度关注。尽管婴儿食品的加工过程受到严格的监管和控制, 相关产品污染导致婴儿感染克罗诺杆菌的散发病例或暴发事件仍时有发生[2]。目前, 克罗诺杆菌包括7个种和3个亚种, 感染后可引发脑膜炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎和菌血症等严重临床症状[3], 由于临床症状和病例所在地区医疗条件的不同, 致死率高达40%~80%[4]。该菌还可以引起成人, 尤其是老年人和免疫功能低下或缺陷的人感染[5], 成人感染的症状包括结膜炎、胆汁性败血症、尿毒症和肺炎等[6]。克罗诺杆菌广泛分布于自然环境中, 能在包括婴儿食品在内的饮料、谷物类食品、植物、新鲜农产品、动物产品等产品中长期存活, 在饮用水、污水、土壤以及食品加工环境、医院和家庭环境中也可被检测到[7-8]。研究表明克罗诺杆菌可在婴儿配方奶粉(powdered infant formula, PIF)中存活长达2.5年, 即使只有微量的污染, 也能导致婴儿食用后发生严重感染[9-10]。除PIF外的其他婴儿食品也可能成为克罗诺杆菌的载体[11]。因此, 迫切需要可靠的克罗诺杆菌检测方法, 提升对PIF和其他婴儿食品中克罗诺杆菌的检测和监测能力[12]
克罗诺杆菌可在6至45 ℃的温度范围内生长, 报道显示不同的温度对其生长有显著影响[13]。GB 4789.40—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验》的检验流程与ISO 22964—2006《乳和乳制品中克罗诺杆菌检测》基本一致。GB 4789.40—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌检验》较2016版方法进行了大量调整, 将选择性增菌培养温度调整为(41.5±1) ℃。ISO 22964—2017《食物链微生物学—克罗诺杆菌的水平检测方法》在2006版基础上, 除将选择性增菌培养温度调整为(41.5±1) ℃外, 还将选择性培养基改良月桂基硫酸盐胰蛋白胨肉汤(modified lauryl sulfate tryptose vancomycin medium, mLST/Vm)替换为克罗诺杆菌选择性肉汤(Cronobacter screening broth, CSB), 显色培养基改为克罗诺杆菌显色分离琼脂(chromogenic Cronobacter isolation agar, CCI)。不同的检测方法可能存在性能差异, 随着对国际合作和数据共享的要求越来越高, 特别是在发生食源性疾病暴发事件时, 标准方法之间的一致性对于检测结果的准确性是非常必要的[14]。本研究旨在比较GB 4789.40—2016、GB 4789.40—2024和ISO 22964—2017国内外3种标准方法的实际检测性能, 为未来GB 4789.40和ISO 22964方法的检测结果的互认提供可靠的数据支撑。
本研究自2020—2022年, 采集了来自我国的4大类共计403份样品, 包括来自零售农贸市场、超市和网上商店的100份婴儿配方奶粉、141份谷基婴幼儿辅食和102份玉米原料, 以及婴儿配方食品生产企业采集的60份婴儿配方奶粉原辅料, 其中乳清蛋白粉和乳糖粉各20份, 低聚果糖和半乳糖各10份。所有用于分析检测的样品均在保质期内。
胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(tryptone soya agar, TSA)、缓冲蛋白胨水(buffered peptone water, BPW)、mLST/Vm、脑心浸液琼脂(brain-heart infusion agar, BHA)(北京陆桥科技有限公司); CSB、CCI (A公司); 阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基(brilliance Enterobacter sakazakii agar, DFI)(英国Oxoid公司); 0.45%生理盐水(法国生物梅里埃公司)。
DensiCHEK-plus比浊仪、VITEK 2 COMPACT全自动微生物分析仪、VITEK革兰阴性鉴定卡、革兰阴性细菌药敏卡AST-GN16(法国生物梅里埃公司); C1000聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)仪、Gel Doc电泳仪、凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司); PL602-L电子天平(精度0.01 g, 瑞士梅特勒-托多利公司); SQ810C高压灭菌锅(重庆雅马拓科技有限公司)。
每个样品无菌称量100 g置于灭菌容器中, 加入预热至41 ℃的900 mL BPW, 充分混匀, 37 ℃培养(18±2) h。
GB 4789.40—2016标准: 预增菌液充分混匀后, 取1 mL接种于10 mL mLST/Vm肉汤中并混匀, 44 ℃培养(24±2) h。将选择性增菌液混匀后, 分别取1接种环划线接种于2个DFI平板上, 37 ℃培养(24±2) h。
GB 4789.40—2024标准: 预增菌液充分混匀后, 取1 mL接种于10 mL mLST/Vm肉汤中并混匀, 41.5 ℃培养(24±2) h。将选择性增菌液混匀后, 分别取1接种环划线接种于2个DFI上平板, 37 ℃培养(24±2) h。
ISO 22964—2017标准: 预增菌液充分混匀后, 取0.1 mL接种于10 mL CSB肉汤中并混匀, 41.5 ℃培养(24±2) h。将选择性增菌液混匀后, 分别取1接种环划线接种于2个CCI平板, 41.5 ℃培养(24±2) h。
从CCI或DFI平板上挑选蓝绿色的克罗诺杆菌可疑单菌落, 划线接种于TSA平板上, 37 ℃培养(24±2) h。从TSA平板上挑取纯化后的菌落, 置于3 mL 0.45%的灭菌生理盐水中制备0.5个麦氏单位的菌悬液, 用VITEK革兰阴性鉴定卡进行鉴定。
从TSA平板上挑取纯化后的菌落, 提取DNA。克罗诺杆菌属水平鉴定引物针对内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)设计, 上下游引物由上海英骏生物技术有限公司合成, 序列分别为: ITS-F 5'-GGGTTGTGCGAAAGCGAA-3', ITS-R 5'-GTCTTCGT GCTGCGAGTTTG-3'[15], 目的条带大小为282 bp。采用25 μL PCR反应体系: 2×Master Mix 12.5 μL, 上下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL, ddH2O 9.5 μL, 模板DNA 1 μL。反应条件: 94 ℃预变性5 min; 94 ℃变性30 s, 57 ℃退火30 s, 72 ℃延伸30 s, 35个循环; 72 ℃延伸5 min。采用2%的琼脂糖凝胶检测, 120 V恒压电泳30 min后用凝胶成像系统观察结果。
按照GB 4789.45—2023《食品安全国家标准 微生物学检验方法验证准则》的要求, 选取3大类样品: 成人奶粉(乳与乳制品)、婴儿配方奶粉(特殊膳食)和乳清蛋白粉(原料)。取100 g样品添加至900 mL BPW中制备预增菌, 每类样品各制备22份, 其中20份样品分别添加浓度为10-1 CFU/mL的菌液各1 mL, 另设置空白对照1份, 阳性对照1份(浓度为10-1 CFU/mL), 37 ℃培养18 h。其中不同样品中添加不同来源的克罗诺杆菌菌株, 成人奶粉/ATCC 29544(标准菌株), 婴儿配方奶粉/Crono-YL25(环境分离株), 乳清蛋白粉/Crono-Condi(食品分离株)。取1 mL前增菌液分别加至1管10 mL mLst-Vm增菌液中, 41.5 ℃培养24 h, 另取100 μL增菌液加至CSB肉汤中, 41.5 ℃培养24 h。选择性增菌液划线接种DFI平板和CCI平板。LOD50 [检出限(limit of detection, LOD)]是指期望获得50%阳性结果的微生物污染浓度[16], 两种方法的检测性能, 按公式(1)计算:
$\operatorname{LOD}_{50}=\frac{0.7 \times d}{\ln [n /(n-y)]}$
式中, d为样品的接收参考值[CFU/g(mL)]; y为经确证的阳性结果数(份); n为测试总数(份)。
将鉴定为克罗诺杆菌的待测菌株接种于BHA平板, 37 ℃培养(24±2) h, 在3 mL 0.45%的生理盐水中制成0.5个麦氏单位的菌悬液, 取145 μL加入3 mL 0.45%的生理盐水, 充分混匀, 使用AST-GN16药敏卡进行药物敏感性实验。
使用SPSS 26.0软件中的χ2检验对实验数据进行组间差异的比较, 以α=0.05为检验水准, P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0.1软件对不同选择性增菌温度的污染率进行绘图分析, 比较检出情况的差异。
婴儿配方奶粉、谷基婴幼儿辅食、玉米原料和婴儿配方奶粉原辅料在内的4大类403份样品, 具体污染情况见表1, 其中克罗诺杆菌阳性样品共72份, 污染率为17.9% (72/403)。全部阳性样品中, 玉米原料38份(52.8%, 38/72), 谷基婴幼儿辅食33份(45.8%, 33/72), 婴儿配方奶粉1份(1.4%, 1/72)。玉米原料、谷基婴幼儿辅食和婴儿配方奶粉的污染率分别为37.3% (38/102)、23.4% (33/141)和1.0% (1/100)。60份婴儿配方奶粉原辅料检测结果均为阴性。
全部403份样品, GB 4789.40—2016方法的总检出率为13.2% (53/403), ISO 22964—2017方法的总检出率为17.1% (69/403), GB 4789.40—2024方法的总检出率为17.6% (71/403), 具体结果详见表1。3种方法的总检出率没有显著差异(χ2=3.601, P=0.170), 但玉米原料采用GB 4789.40—2024方法的克罗诺杆菌检出率高于GB 4789.40—2016 (χ2=3.881, P=0.049)。此外, 在全部72份阳性样品中, 采用41.5 ℃选择性增菌培养温度共检出71株克罗诺杆菌(98.6%), 显著高于44.0 ℃时检出的53株菌(73.6%) (χ2=18.813, P=0.000)(图1)。全部72株菌株经VITEK革兰阴性鉴定卡鉴定和PCR鉴定后均为克罗诺杆菌。
20份乳清蛋白粉样品前增菌液中分别添加1 mL浓度为0.515 CFU/mL的Crono-Condi康迪蒙提克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter. condimenti)食品分离株稀释液, mLst-Vm与CSB肉汤经41.5 ℃培养后划线接种显色平板, 结果显示20份样品中经mLst-Vm选择性增菌后共6份显色培养基培养结果为阳性, LOD50=1.013 CFU/100 g, 经CSB肉汤选择性增菌后仅5份显色培养基培养结果为阳性, LOD50=1.253 CFU/100 g。阳性对照克罗诺杆菌检测为阳性, 空白对照结果为阴性。20份婴儿配方奶粉样品前增菌液中分别添加1 mL浓度为0.545 CFU/mL的环境来源的Crono-YL25阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii) 分离株稀释液, mLst-Vm与CSB肉汤经41.5 ℃培养后结果一致, 20份样品中共9份显色培养基培养结果为阳性, LOD50=0.638 CFU/100 g。阳性对照克罗诺杆菌检测为阳性, 空白对照结果为阴性。20份成人奶粉样品前增菌液中分别添加1 mL浓度为0.595 CFU/mL的ATCC 29544阪崎克罗诺杆菌标准菌株稀释液, mLst-Vm与CSB肉汤经41.5 ℃培养后结果一致, 20份样品中共4份显色培养基培养结果为阳性, LOD50=1.867 CFU/100 g (表2)。阳性对照克罗诺杆菌检测为阳性, 空白对照结果为阴性。
上述全部72株来自玉米原料、谷基婴幼儿辅食和婴儿配方奶粉的克罗诺杆菌分离株抗生素敏感性检测结果显示, 共有耐药株40株, 总耐药率为55.6% (40/72)。其中头孢唑林、氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率分别为52.8% (38/72)、5.6% (4/72)和1.4% (1/72), 详见表3。另有呋喃妥因中介21株, 阿莫西林/克拉维酸中介1株, 头孢西丁中介1株, 甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑中介1株。对哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦纳、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、厄他培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、替加环素的敏感率为100.0%。全部耐药菌株中, 耐头孢唑林38株(95.0%, 38/40), 耐氨苄西林4株(10.0%, 4/40), 耐阿莫西林/克拉维酸1株(2.5%, 1/40), 其中单耐药菌37株, 分别为耐氨苄西林2株、耐头孢唑林35株; 双耐药菌3株, 其中耐氨苄西林和耐头孢唑林2株, 耐阿莫西林/克拉维酸和耐头孢唑林1株, 详见表4。72株克罗诺杆菌中, 38株来自玉米原料, 其中耐药菌株22株, 耐药率为57.9% (22/38), 33株来自谷基婴幼儿辅食, 耐药菌株17株, 耐药率为51.5% (17/33), 另有1株是来自婴儿配方奶粉的耐药菌株, 见表5
克罗诺杆菌作为一种重要的食源性致病菌, 具有较强的环境胁迫抗性, 可以承受高温、强酸、低水分活度等压力, 并能形成生物膜。此外, 在巴氏灭菌、营养缺乏、低温或干燥条件下, 克罗诺杆菌可进入活的非可培养(viable but non-culturable, VBNC)状态来抵御不良环境[17-18]。克罗诺杆菌进入VBNC状态后仍具有致病能力[19], 使得该菌在加工和保藏条件较为严苛的食品产品中长期存活, 进而对消费者的健康产生严重威胁。报道显示, 婴儿感染侵袭性克罗诺杆菌引起的脑膜炎能引发脑梗塞、脑室炎等一系列并发症, 更为严重的是即便存活也可能存在神经系统后遗症, 对生长和发育产生长期影响[20]。我国每年对婴幼儿相关食品及原辅料有着巨大的市场需求, 因此构建更可靠的分离和检测方法对于保障消费者健康, 防止克罗诺杆菌感染以及减少婴幼儿食品和原辅料中克罗诺杆菌的污染至关重要。
婴儿配方奶粉污染是婴儿感染克罗诺杆菌的主要途径之一, 我国GB 29921—2021《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限量》中规定该菌在婴儿配方食品(0~6月龄)中不得检出, 目前各国尚未针对婴儿辅食(>6月龄)制定克罗诺杆菌限量要求。玉米粉和婴幼儿谷基辅食均属于非灭菌产品, 相比其他食品及原料成分具有更高的克罗诺杆菌污染率[21], 处理时极易产生粉尘, 存在交叉污染厨房加工环境和其他食品进而造成家庭成员感染的风险。本研究检测出谷物基辅食食品和玉米粉的总污染率为29.2% (71/243), 高于其他文献报道的污染率(5.3%~12.2%)[21-23]。本研究收集的100份婴儿配方奶粉和60份婴儿配方奶粉原辅料在内的160份样品中仅检出1份阳性样品, 阳性率为0.6%。同时本实验室之前的研究显示, 在119份婴儿配方奶粉样品中, 克罗诺杆菌的检出率仅为3.4%[24]。新版GB 4789.40克罗诺杆菌检验食品安全国家标准适用范围增加了婴幼儿辅食, 同时为更好地比较方法检测性能的差异, 本次研究采集了141份谷物基婴幼儿食品和102份玉米原料作为重要的谷物基原辅料进行验证。这两类样品中克罗诺杆菌的总污染率高达29.2% (71/243), 其中GB 4789.40—2024 (28.8%, 70/243)和ISO 22964—2017标准(28.0%, 68/243)的阳性样品检出率均高于GB 4789.40—2016 (21.4%, 52/243)。若使用GB 4789.40—2016标准方法会导致约有26.4% (19/72)的阳性样品被漏检, 对产品的质量安全和消费者的身体健康构成了较大的隐患。其中1份阳性样品仅被GB 4789.40—2016方法检出, 可能与该婴儿米糊培养后变黏稠, 难以充分混匀和取样有关, 有待对该类产品的样品制备开展更深入研究。
温度是影响微生物生长的重要因素之一, 当温度过高时, 细菌中蛋白质、核酸、细胞膜等物质由于热作用发生变性或凝固导致细菌死亡。克罗诺杆菌耐热性较强, 部分克罗诺杆菌甚至能抵抗低温巴氏杀菌法, 常规热处理并不能完全杀灭该菌[25]。然而, 克罗诺杆菌耐热性存在种间差异, ORIESKOVA等[26]对克罗诺杆菌进行基因组测序, 发现67.1% (49/73)阪崎克罗诺杆菌和64.3% (9/14)丙二酸盐克罗诺杆菌中存在耐热基因岛, 提高其在环境和婴幼儿食品中的存活率。本研究验证结果显示3种标准方法中影响检出率的最主要因素为选择性增菌培养温度, 41.5 ℃相较44 ℃可以显著提高阳性样品的检出率, 与之前文献报道的情况一致[27]。虽然选择性增菌肉汤mLST/Vm (17.6%, 71/403)和CSB (17.1%, 69/403)之间没有显著差异, 但CSB对其他细菌的抑制能力较mLST/Vm弱, 存在其他细菌生长较好而抑制克罗诺杆菌生长的个别情况, 而显色培养基DFI和CCI琼脂对检出率没有影响。
不同的标准检测方法在称样量、选择性培养基和培养温度等整个样品检测流程的个别步骤存在一定的差异, 可能会导致检测灵敏度等检测指标出现差异。因此, 通过比较研究建立替代方法和标准方法之间的等效性是方法验证的一个重要部分[14]。本研究结果显示GB 4789.40—2024与ISO 22964—2017标准方法在检测3种基质中的克罗诺杆菌的LOD50没有明显的差异, 这两种标准方法在检测婴儿配方奶粉、成人奶粉、乳清蛋白粉中的克罗诺杆菌时具有等效性。此外, 本研究显示GB 4789.40—2024与ISO 22964—2017标准方法检测全部403份样品的结果基本一致, 较GB 4789.40—2016检出率有了较大提升, 可以更好地承担食品中克罗诺杆菌的准确检测工作, 提升产品的质量安全并减少由于方法导致的漏检发生。GB 4789.40—2024已达到国际相关方法的水平, 因此本研究可为我国与欧盟等广泛使用ISO标准的国家的相关产品进出口检测结果的互认提供数据支持。
目前全球范围内, 食品中的克罗诺杆菌检测的标准方法仍主要为基于培养的分离和鉴定传统方法。培养基和培养温度对克罗诺杆菌的检出率影响较大, 部分耐热性较强的克罗诺杆菌可以在较高温度培养时检出, 而部分耐热性较弱或存在损伤的菌株则存在漏检的风险, 而较低的培养温度和选择性弱的培养基则存在污染严重的问题。因此不断完善、构建更可靠、高效的检测和鉴定方法, 对于保障消费者健康, 防止克罗诺杆菌感染以及减少婴幼儿食品中克罗诺杆菌的污染至关重要, 最终为婴幼儿食品安全提供保障。
近年来的研究报告证实, 克罗诺杆菌具有较强的耐药性, 且呈逐年增高趋势。青霉素、第一代、第二代头孢菌素等医院常用的抗生素对克罗诺杆菌已失去抑制作用[28]。为了更新有效的抗生素治疗方案, 监测克罗诺杆菌的抗生素耐药性也是必要的[29]。本研究对全部72株克罗诺杆菌分离株进行了抗生素敏感性测试, 了解婴幼儿食品和玉米原料中克罗诺杆菌分离株的耐药情况, 为临床合理使用抗生素以及有效预防和控制克罗诺杆菌感染提供数据支持。本研究耐药结果显示受试菌株对头孢唑林的耐药性最高, 达到52.8% (38/72), 其次为氨苄西林, 耐药率为5.6% (4/72)。与周厚德等[30]发现从婴幼儿配方食品中分离的克罗诺杆菌对头孢唑啉的耐药率(62.5%, 15/24)基本一致; 低于裴晓燕等[31]发现从婴幼儿配方奶粉中分离的克罗诺杆菌的头孢唑啉耐药率(93.8%, 15/16)和CARVALHO等[32]从婴儿食品中分离出的克罗诺杆菌头孢唑啉耐药率(94.4%, 68/72)。以上数据表明克罗诺杆菌对头孢唑林具有较高的耐药性, 在临床治疗选择抗生素时应避免使用该药物。其中21株克罗诺杆菌为呋喃妥因中介, 占中介株的87.5% (21/24), 提示该菌可能存在一定对呋喃妥因的耐药趋势。目前有研究表明克罗杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、三代头孢菌素以及其他多种抗生素的耐药性已出现。这说明克罗诺杆菌的耐药性正逐渐增强, 感染克罗诺杆菌的治疗难度也逐渐增大[25]。在进行克罗诺杆菌研究时要加强对婴幼儿食品分离株和临床分离株的药敏监测, 及时发现其耐药谱的变化, 能提供早期预警并根据其药敏结果针对性用药。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240927009
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
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    1.南方医科大学公共卫生学院, 广州 510515
    2.国家食品安全风险评估中心, 国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估重点实验室, 北京 100021

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*甘辛(1984—), 男, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
白莉(1981—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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