Article(id=1153986790944924215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240813003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061490999, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061490999, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061490999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061490999, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=102, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986792148689476, articleId=1153986790944924215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of ecological purification breeding time on the nutrient composition and quality of Trionyx sinensis muscle, columnId=1153986779267978046, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the changes in muscle nutritional components and quality indicators of Trionyx sinensis at different stages of ecological purification breeding. Methods Nutritional parameters such as morphological index and protein, fat, amino acid and fatty acid in muscle and skirt were measured during the 0th, 15th and 30th d of purification, and the nutritional and quality changes of Trionyx sinensis were compared with the textural and structural characteristics. Results With the extension of ecological purification breeding time, the crude fat of Trionyx sinensis showed a trend of rapid decline followed by a slight increase, while the crude protein showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease. The total amino acid content showed a decreasing trend. In the entire ecological purification breeding process, there were significant changesin the crude protein and crude fat content in the muscles of Trionyx sinensis (P<0.05), as well as in the moisture and ash content of their skirts. There were significant differences in the content of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after purification (P<0.05), and the content of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at 15 days. Except for valine and proline, all other amino acids decreased, and there was a significant decrease in cysteine, lysine, glutamate, histidine, aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine in the purified muscles after 30 days compared to the untreated ones (P<0.05). In the whole texture mode, the hardness, adhesion and mastication of the muscle of Trionyx sinensis purified for 15 days were significantly improved (P<0.05) compared with that of the muscle before purification. Conclusion Compared with traditional pond aquaculture of Trionyx sinensis, the crude protein content, essential amino acids, and total umami amino acids are significantly increased, and the optimal purification time is 15 d. Ecological purification breeding can improve the quality of Trionyx sinensis and better meet the needs of consumers. It is a purification breeding method worth applying in production practice, which is conducive to increasing the supply of high-quality and cost-effective Trionyx sinensis and providing research data for improving the quality of high-quality aquatic products.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Jun MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang WANG, Si-Min LI, Yi ZHANG, Xiu-Zhen ZHOU, Tuan-Jian ZHENG, Qing-Qing KE, Wen-Jun MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986792710726225, articleId=1153986790944924215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=生态净化养殖时间对中华鳖肌肉营养成分和品质的影响, columnId=1151923891695350386, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 比较中华鳖在不同生态净化养殖阶段其肌肉营养成分和品质指标变化。方法 测定在净化第0、15、30 d中华鳖形态指标、肌肉和裙边中蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养成分, 并结合质构特性比较其营养与品质变化。结果 随着生态净化养殖时间延长, 中华鳖的粗脂肪呈现先快速下降后微上升的趋势, 粗蛋白呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 总氨基酸含量呈现下降趋势。整个生态净化养殖中, 中华鳖肌肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和裙边的水分、灰分有显著变化(P<0.05)。饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量在净化前后都有显著差异(P<0.05), 且饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在15 d时含量上升。除了缬氨酸、脯氨酸外, 其他氨基酸均有所下降, 且净化30 d的肌肉中半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸与未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05)。在全质构模式下, 净化15 d的中华鳖肌肉的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性与净化前的有明显提升(P<0.05)。结论 相比传统池塘养殖中华鳖的粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸总量都明显提高, 最佳净化时间为15 d。生态净化养殖能改善中华鳖的品质, 较好地符合消费者的需求, 是一种值得运用在生产实践中的净化养殖方法, 有利于增加优质优价中华鳖供给, 为高品质水产品的品质提升提供研究数据。

, correspAuthors=马文君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马文君(1974—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产养殖技术。E-mail:
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王扬(1973—), 女, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全和加工。E-mail:

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Food & Fermentation Industries, 2019, 45(22): 253-261., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of the nutritional quality and volatile flavor constituents in the muscle of Chinese soft-shelled turtle from three different environments, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174369390347825561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, awardId=2021SNLF025, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农六方”科技协作计划项目(2021SNLF025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1174369390440100251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, awardId=2023SNJF072, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(2023SNJF072), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369385180442896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369385188831505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, companyId=1174369385180442896, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369385318854935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, companyId=1174369385306272022, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院, 舟山 316022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1174369385402741019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369385411129628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, companyId=1174369385402741019, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 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Changes in morphological indicators of Trionyx sinensis during ecological purification breeding process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形体指标 0 d 15 d 30 d
解剖前 体质量/g 608.67±97.33 610.00±105.47 608.70±106.19
体高/cm 4.95±0.38a 4.90±0.48a 4.58±0.44b
体长/cm 30.83±3.73 30.43±2.54 30.41±2.80
体宽/cm 13.54±1.14 13.52±1.16 13.56±1.24
颈宽/cm 2.82±0.27 2.76±0.28 2.74±0.28
颈长/cm 11.23±1.39a 10.12±1.18b 10.32±1.79a
背甲长/cm 16.36±1.93 16.71±1.66 16.83±1.84
背甲宽/cm 13.45±1.44 14.48±1.17 13.77±1.46
后侧裙边宽/cm 2.36±0.49b 2.66±0.62a 2.77±0.65a
腹甲宽/cm 12.79±1.17 12.89±1.12 12.75±1.19
腹甲长/cm 12.57±0.80 12.50±0.67 12.47±0.81
前肢长/cm 6.45±0.98b 7.00±1.06a 7.19±1.03a
长宽比 2.27±0.18 2.25±0.11 2.24±0.09
背甲比值 0.53±0.04 0.56±0.02 0.55±0.03
解剖后 裙边长/mm 31.94±5.22 25.00±4.51 30.40±6.03
裙边质量/g 32.89±15.54 19.59±4.86 26.08±16.77
背甲质量/g 119.28±18.73 95.78±25.51 96.22±18.72
肝脏重/g 15.85±0.95a 11.51±1.33b 17.87±1.70a
空壳/g 558.83±148.67 478.24±141.72 504.92±145.97
内脏脂肪团重/g 39.59±4.09a 28.78±7.55b 43.89±6.98a
背甲指数/% 16.64±0.02 17.81±0.29 16.26±0.10
裙边指数/% 4.41±1.33 3.65±0.00 4.15±1.55
裙边比值 0.11±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.11±0.01
肝体比 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.01 0.03±0.01
脏体比 0.06±0.01 0.05±0.02 0.07±0.00
空壳率/% 76.95±0.80 88.50±0.35 84.06±0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1174369388774961528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程中形体指标变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形体指标 0 d 15 d 30 d
解剖前 体质量/g 608.67±97.33 610.00±105.47 608.70±106.19
体高/cm 4.95±0.38a 4.90±0.48a 4.58±0.44b
体长/cm 30.83±3.73 30.43±2.54 30.41±2.80
体宽/cm 13.54±1.14 13.52±1.16 13.56±1.24
颈宽/cm 2.82±0.27 2.76±0.28 2.74±0.28
颈长/cm 11.23±1.39a 10.12±1.18b 10.32±1.79a
背甲长/cm 16.36±1.93 16.71±1.66 16.83±1.84
背甲宽/cm 13.45±1.44 14.48±1.17 13.77±1.46
后侧裙边宽/cm 2.36±0.49b 2.66±0.62a 2.77±0.65a
腹甲宽/cm 12.79±1.17 12.89±1.12 12.75±1.19
腹甲长/cm 12.57±0.80 12.50±0.67 12.47±0.81
前肢长/cm 6.45±0.98b 7.00±1.06a 7.19±1.03a
长宽比 2.27±0.18 2.25±0.11 2.24±0.09
背甲比值 0.53±0.04 0.56±0.02 0.55±0.03
解剖后 裙边长/mm 31.94±5.22 25.00±4.51 30.40±6.03
裙边质量/g 32.89±15.54 19.59±4.86 26.08±16.77
背甲质量/g 119.28±18.73 95.78±25.51 96.22±18.72
肝脏重/g 15.85±0.95a 11.51±1.33b 17.87±1.70a
空壳/g 558.83±148.67 478.24±141.72 504.92±145.97
内脏脂肪团重/g 39.59±4.09a 28.78±7.55b 43.89±6.98a
背甲指数/% 16.64±0.02 17.81±0.29 16.26±0.10
裙边指数/% 4.41±1.33 3.65±0.00 4.15±1.55
裙边比值 0.11±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.11±0.01
肝体比 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.01 0.03±0.01
脏体比 0.06±0.01 0.05±0.02 0.07±0.00
空壳率/% 76.95±0.80 88.50±0.35 84.06±0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1174369388967899515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in basic nutritional components of muscles and calipash of Trionyx sinensis during ecological purification breeding process (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 肌肉 裙边
0 d 15 d 30 d 0 d 15 d 30 d
水分 79.28±0.78 78.95±0.65 79.02±0.78 74.00±0.49a 72.29±0.38b 70.40±0.28c
灰分 1.03±0.03 1.05±0.04 1.01±0.03 0.74±0.09ab 0.89±0.13a 0.60±0.04b
粗蛋白 19.03±0.74b 21.39±0.79a 19.46±0.47a 27.41±0.21c 28.34±0.50b 30.21±0.17a
粗脂肪 0.39±0.10a 0.11±0.08b 0.17±0.05b 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.03 0.04±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389202780545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程中肌肉、裙边的基本营养成分变化情况(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 肌肉 裙边
0 d 15 d 30 d 0 d 15 d 30 d
水分 79.28±0.78 78.95±0.65 79.02±0.78 74.00±0.49a 72.29±0.38b 70.40±0.28c
灰分 1.03±0.03 1.05±0.04 1.01±0.03 0.74±0.09ab 0.89±0.13a 0.60±0.04b
粗蛋白 19.03±0.74b 21.39±0.79a 19.46±0.47a 27.41±0.21c 28.34±0.50b 30.21±0.17a
粗脂肪 0.39±0.10a 0.11±0.08b 0.17±0.05b 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.03 0.04±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389366358402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in fatty acid composition and content in the muscles of Trionyx sinensis during ecological purification breeding process (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 0 d 15 d 30 d
C12:0 0.02±0.00 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.01
C14:0 1.06±0.03a 0.63±0.05b 0.77±0.16b
C15:0 0.26±0.06 0.20±0.02 0.20±0.02
C16:0 11.48±0.09 10.56±0.23 10.92±0.82
C17:0 0.27±0.04 0.20±0.02 0.22±0.04
C18:0 5.39±0.09b 6.49±0.15a 6.17±0.68ab
C20:0 0.14±0.01a 0.08±0.01b 0.12±0.01a
C21:0 0.22±0.01 0.36±0.12 0.24±0.03
C22:0 9.21±0.41c 12.89±0.12a 10.24±0.74b
C24:0 0.39±0.04 0.48±0.08 0.51±0.10
SFA 28.47±0.39b 31.90±0.63a 29.43±0.76b
C14:1n5 0.11±0.03 0.07±0.03 0.10±0.01
C16:1n7 8.17±0.12 6.15±1.32 7.73±1.06
C17:1n7 0.26±0.02a 0.16±0.02b 0.22±0.03a
C18:1n9c 19.70±0.48a 14.92±0.09b 19.69±0.43a
C18:1n9t 5.73±0.46 5.78±0.72 5.94±0.25
C20:1 1.46±0.04a 0.85±0.06c 1.08±0.12b
C22:1n9 0.37±0.06a 0.27±0.05b 0.33±0.02ab
C24:1n9 12.42±0.35 12.53±0.36 10.88±2.09
MUFA 48.22±0.41a 40.73±0.29c 45.64±0.58b
C18:2n6t 0.23±0.01a 0.18±0.04ab 0.16±0.03b
C18:2n6c 15.93±0.24b 17.86±1.22a 17.09±0.23ab
C18:3n3 0.14±0.02 0.15±0.04 0.14±0.03
C18:3n6 1.02±0.09 0.84±0.21 0.97±0.14
C20:2 0.28±0.05 0.37±0.10 0.29±0.05
C20:3n6 3.38±0.67b 5.71±0.40a 4.27±0.87b
C20:5n3 0.07±0.02 0.09±0.01 0.07±0.02
C22:2n6 0.20±0.02a 0.14±0.02b 0.18±0.01a
C22:6n3 2.05±0.46 2.03±0.16 1.77±0.21
DHA+EPA 2.13±0.02a 2.13±0.16a 1.83±0.23b
PUFA 23.29±0.07c 27.36±0.39a 24.94±0.84b
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389483798916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程肌肉中的脂肪酸组成及含量变化情况(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 0 d 15 d 30 d
C12:0 0.02±0.00 0.03±0.01 0.03±0.01
C14:0 1.06±0.03a 0.63±0.05b 0.77±0.16b
C15:0 0.26±0.06 0.20±0.02 0.20±0.02
C16:0 11.48±0.09 10.56±0.23 10.92±0.82
C17:0 0.27±0.04 0.20±0.02 0.22±0.04
C18:0 5.39±0.09b 6.49±0.15a 6.17±0.68ab
C20:0 0.14±0.01a 0.08±0.01b 0.12±0.01a
C21:0 0.22±0.01 0.36±0.12 0.24±0.03
C22:0 9.21±0.41c 12.89±0.12a 10.24±0.74b
C24:0 0.39±0.04 0.48±0.08 0.51±0.10
SFA 28.47±0.39b 31.90±0.63a 29.43±0.76b
C14:1n5 0.11±0.03 0.07±0.03 0.10±0.01
C16:1n7 8.17±0.12 6.15±1.32 7.73±1.06
C17:1n7 0.26±0.02a 0.16±0.02b 0.22±0.03a
C18:1n9c 19.70±0.48a 14.92±0.09b 19.69±0.43a
C18:1n9t 5.73±0.46 5.78±0.72 5.94±0.25
C20:1 1.46±0.04a 0.85±0.06c 1.08±0.12b
C22:1n9 0.37±0.06a 0.27±0.05b 0.33±0.02ab
C24:1n9 12.42±0.35 12.53±0.36 10.88±2.09
MUFA 48.22±0.41a 40.73±0.29c 45.64±0.58b
C18:2n6t 0.23±0.01a 0.18±0.04ab 0.16±0.03b
C18:2n6c 15.93±0.24b 17.86±1.22a 17.09±0.23ab
C18:3n3 0.14±0.02 0.15±0.04 0.14±0.03
C18:3n6 1.02±0.09 0.84±0.21 0.97±0.14
C20:2 0.28±0.05 0.37±0.10 0.29±0.05
C20:3n6 3.38±0.67b 5.71±0.40a 4.27±0.87b
C20:5n3 0.07±0.02 0.09±0.01 0.07±0.02
C22:2n6 0.20±0.02a 0.14±0.02b 0.18±0.01a
C22:6n3 2.05±0.46 2.03±0.16 1.77±0.21
DHA+EPA 2.13±0.02a 2.13±0.16a 1.83±0.23b
PUFA 23.29±0.07c 27.36±0.39a 24.94±0.84b
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389626405256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in amino acid composition and content in the muscles of Trionyx sinensis during ecological purification breeding process (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸 0 d 15 d 30 d
异亮氨酸 5.52±1.62 5.16±0.35 4.67±1.85
亮氨酸 9.28±2.65 8.98±0.69 7.88±0.58
半胱氨酸 11.87±0.39a 10.81±0.24b 10.11±0.29c
酪氨酸 5.44±0.23 5.20±1.19 4.68±0.98
缬氨酸 0.38±0.05 0.40±0.02 0.44±0.11
赖氨酸 10.90±0.50a 10.56±0.24a 9.11±0.14b
蛋氨酸 3.19±0.90 3.29±0.20 2.76±0.32
苯丙氨酸 3.67±1.05 3.64±0.35 3.05±1.22
苏氨酸 4.71±1.32 4.78±0.94 3.94±0.68
色氨酸 ND ND ND
ƩEAA 61.99±10.55 58.96±1.92 51.77±5.30
天冬氨酸 10.68±0.55a 10.64±0.50a 9.08±0.89b
谷氨酸 18.52±0.47a 16.22±0.44b 5.72±0.81c
丙氨酸 6.63±0.54a 5.74±0.28b 5.26±0.36b
精氨酸 7.65±0.46 7.35±1.41 6.29±0.70
丝氨酸 3.78±0.44 3.99±0.86 2.99±0.82
甘氨酸 5.31±0.18a 5.09±0.13a 4.39±0.54b
组氨酸 16.69±0.29a 14.80±0.04b 13.32±1.04c
脯氨酸 4.24±1.55 4.54±1.57 4.90±0.79
ƩNEAA 44.91±2.31a 41.67±2.35a 27.45±1.96b
TAA 128.45±15.88a 121.18±6.06a 98.92±10.08b
EAA/TAA 0.49±0.02b 0.49±0.02b 0.52±0.00a
鲜味氨基酸 29.20±0.83a 26.86±0.29b 14.80±0.74c
甜味氨基酸 15.71±1.50 14.81±2.06 12.65±1.34
苦味氨基酸 51.82±10.33 48.82±3.31 43.07±6.98
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389823537545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程肌肉中氨基酸组成及含量变化情况(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸 0 d 15 d 30 d
异亮氨酸 5.52±1.62 5.16±0.35 4.67±1.85
亮氨酸 9.28±2.65 8.98±0.69 7.88±0.58
半胱氨酸 11.87±0.39a 10.81±0.24b 10.11±0.29c
酪氨酸 5.44±0.23 5.20±1.19 4.68±0.98
缬氨酸 0.38±0.05 0.40±0.02 0.44±0.11
赖氨酸 10.90±0.50a 10.56±0.24a 9.11±0.14b
蛋氨酸 3.19±0.90 3.29±0.20 2.76±0.32
苯丙氨酸 3.67±1.05 3.64±0.35 3.05±1.22
苏氨酸 4.71±1.32 4.78±0.94 3.94±0.68
色氨酸 ND ND ND
ƩEAA 61.99±10.55 58.96±1.92 51.77±5.30
天冬氨酸 10.68±0.55a 10.64±0.50a 9.08±0.89b
谷氨酸 18.52±0.47a 16.22±0.44b 5.72±0.81c
丙氨酸 6.63±0.54a 5.74±0.28b 5.26±0.36b
精氨酸 7.65±0.46 7.35±1.41 6.29±0.70
丝氨酸 3.78±0.44 3.99±0.86 2.99±0.82
甘氨酸 5.31±0.18a 5.09±0.13a 4.39±0.54b
组氨酸 16.69±0.29a 14.80±0.04b 13.32±1.04c
脯氨酸 4.24±1.55 4.54±1.57 4.90±0.79
ƩNEAA 44.91±2.31a 41.67±2.35a 27.45±1.96b
TAA 128.45±15.88a 121.18±6.06a 98.92±10.08b
EAA/TAA 0.49±0.02b 0.49±0.02b 0.52±0.00a
鲜味氨基酸 29.20±0.83a 26.86±0.29b 14.80±0.74c
甜味氨基酸 15.71±1.50 14.81±2.06 12.65±1.34
苦味氨基酸 51.82±10.33 48.82±3.31 43.07±6.98
), ArticleFig(id=1174369389920006540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Nutritional value evaluation of Trionyx sinensis during ecological purification breeding process (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸 FAO/WHO模式 鸡蛋蛋白模式 AAS CS
0 d 15 d 30 d 0 d 15 d 30 d
异亮氨酸 250 331 0.73 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.46 0.45
亮氨酸 440 534 0.69 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.49 0.47
赖氨酸 340 441 1.05 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.70 0.66
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 220 386 2.25 1.87 1.88 1.28 1.07 1.07
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 380 565 0.78 0.68 0.65 0.53 0.46 0.44
苏氨酸 250 292 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.48 0.43
缬氨酸 310 411 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03
总量 2190 / 6.17 5.26 5.12 4.30 3.68 3.57
), ArticleFig(id=1174369390012281231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程中的营养价值评价(mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸 FAO/WHO模式 鸡蛋蛋白模式 AAS CS
0 d 15 d 30 d 0 d 15 d 30 d
异亮氨酸 250 331 0.73 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.46 0.45
亮氨酸 440 534 0.69 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.49 0.47
赖氨酸 340 441 1.05 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.70 0.66
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 220 386 2.25 1.87 1.88 1.28 1.07 1.07
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 380 565 0.78 0.68 0.65 0.53 0.46 0.44
苏氨酸 250 292 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.48 0.43
缬氨酸 310 411 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03
总量 2190 / 6.17 5.26 5.12 4.30 3.68 3.57
), ArticleFig(id=1174369390129721745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Changes in texture of Trionyx sinensis calipash during ecological purification breeding process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
净化时间 硬度/g 弹性/% 内聚性/g 胶着性/g 咀嚼性/g 回复性/g
0 d 7301.51±201.60b 2.59±0.47 0.71±0.24 5172.42±337.80b 11878.30±448.86b 0.75±0.09
15 d 8306.82±335.68a 2.55±0.44 0.46±0.00 6272.37±379.61a 13728.85±256.17a 0.78±0.00
30 d 8613.38±248.33a 3.01±0.35 0.74±0.24 3822.07±253.96c 9611.85±932.24c 0.77±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1174369390196830612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986790944924215, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

中华鳖在净化养殖过程裙边质构变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
净化时间 硬度/g 弹性/% 内聚性/g 胶着性/g 咀嚼性/g 回复性/g
0 d 7301.51±201.60b 2.59±0.47 0.71±0.24 5172.42±337.80b 11878.30±448.86b 0.75±0.09
15 d 8306.82±335.68a 2.55±0.44 0.46±0.00 6272.37±379.61a 13728.85±256.17a 0.78±0.00
30 d 8613.38±248.33a 3.01±0.35 0.74±0.24 3822.07±253.96c 9611.85±932.24c 0.77±0.05
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生态净化养殖时间对中华鳖肌肉营养成分和品质的影响
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王扬 1 , 李思敏 1 , 张毅 2 , 周秀珍 2 , 郑团建 3 , 柯庆青 1 , 马文君 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(1): 102-110
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(1): 102-110
生态净化养殖时间对中华鳖肌肉营养成分和品质的影响
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王扬1 , 李思敏1, 张毅2, 周秀珍2, 郑团建3, 柯庆青1, 马文君1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江省水产技术推广总站, 杭州 310023
  • 2.浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院, 舟山 316022
  • 3.淳安千岛湖清水鳖养殖有限公司, 杭州 311700
  • 王扬(1973—), 女, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全和加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*马文君(1974—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产养殖技术。E-mail:
Effects of ecological purification breeding time on the nutrient composition and quality of Trionyx sinensis muscle
Yang WANG1 , Si-Min LI1, Yi ZHANG2, Xiu-Zhen ZHOU2, Tuan-Jian ZHENG3, Qing-Qing KE1, Wen-Jun MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Zhejiang Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou 310023, China
  • 2. College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 3. Chun’an Qiandao Lake Qingshui Turtle Breeding Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311700, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240813003
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目的 比较中华鳖在不同生态净化养殖阶段其肌肉营养成分和品质指标变化。方法 测定在净化第0、15、30 d中华鳖形态指标、肌肉和裙边中蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养成分, 并结合质构特性比较其营养与品质变化。结果 随着生态净化养殖时间延长, 中华鳖的粗脂肪呈现先快速下降后微上升的趋势, 粗蛋白呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 总氨基酸含量呈现下降趋势。整个生态净化养殖中, 中华鳖肌肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和裙边的水分、灰分有显著变化(P<0.05)。饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量在净化前后都有显著差异(P<0.05), 且饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在15 d时含量上升。除了缬氨酸、脯氨酸外, 其他氨基酸均有所下降, 且净化30 d的肌肉中半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸与未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05)。在全质构模式下, 净化15 d的中华鳖肌肉的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性与净化前的有明显提升(P<0.05)。结论 相比传统池塘养殖中华鳖的粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸总量都明显提高, 最佳净化时间为15 d。生态净化养殖能改善中华鳖的品质, 较好地符合消费者的需求, 是一种值得运用在生产实践中的净化养殖方法, 有利于增加优质优价中华鳖供给, 为高品质水产品的品质提升提供研究数据。

中华鳖  /  生态净化养殖  /  营养成分  /  质构特性

Objective To compare the changes in muscle nutritional components and quality indicators of Trionyx sinensis at different stages of ecological purification breeding. Methods Nutritional parameters such as morphological index and protein, fat, amino acid and fatty acid in muscle and skirt were measured during the 0th, 15th and 30th d of purification, and the nutritional and quality changes of Trionyx sinensis were compared with the textural and structural characteristics. Results With the extension of ecological purification breeding time, the crude fat of Trionyx sinensis showed a trend of rapid decline followed by a slight increase, while the crude protein showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decrease. The total amino acid content showed a decreasing trend. In the entire ecological purification breeding process, there were significant changesin the crude protein and crude fat content in the muscles of Trionyx sinensis (P<0.05), as well as in the moisture and ash content of their skirts. There were significant differences in the content of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after purification (P<0.05), and the content of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at 15 days. Except for valine and proline, all other amino acids decreased, and there was a significant decrease in cysteine, lysine, glutamate, histidine, aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine in the purified muscles after 30 days compared to the untreated ones (P<0.05). In the whole texture mode, the hardness, adhesion and mastication of the muscle of Trionyx sinensis purified for 15 days were significantly improved (P<0.05) compared with that of the muscle before purification. Conclusion Compared with traditional pond aquaculture of Trionyx sinensis, the crude protein content, essential amino acids, and total umami amino acids are significantly increased, and the optimal purification time is 15 d. Ecological purification breeding can improve the quality of Trionyx sinensis and better meet the needs of consumers. It is a purification breeding method worth applying in production practice, which is conducive to increasing the supply of high-quality and cost-effective Trionyx sinensis and providing research data for improving the quality of high-quality aquatic products.

Trionyx sinensis  /  ecological purification breeding  /  nutritional composition  /  textural properties
王扬, 李思敏, 张毅, 周秀珍, 郑团建, 柯庆青, 马文君. 生态净化养殖时间对中华鳖肌肉营养成分和品质的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 102 -110 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240813003
Yang WANG, Si-Min LI, Yi ZHANG, Xiu-Zhen ZHOU, Tuan-Jian ZHENG, Qing-Qing KE, Wen-Jun MA. Effects of ecological purification breeding time on the nutrient composition and quality of Trionyx sinensis muscle[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 102 -110 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240813003
中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis), 别名王八、团鱼等, 属爬行纲、龟鳖目、鳖科、鳖属, 是效益高、发展快的主要养殖水产品之一[1]。中华鳖作为传统滋补食材, 鳖肉嫩弹, 鳖汤鲜香, 有着很高的营养价值[2-3], 肌肉中含有丰富的蛋白质[4-5], 同时还富含磷、铁等矿物质[6]以及维生素B1、维生素B2等维生素[7], 深受消费市场欢迎。
随着中华鳖养殖产业的不断发展, 养殖技术也在不断进步, 目前对中华鳖养殖技术研究主要集中在养殖模式[8-10]、饲料配方[11-14]、养殖周期[15-16]等因素差异对其营养成分和品质的影响。然而养殖者对了追求利益最大化, 对养殖鳖采取集约化高密度养殖方式, 导致中华鳖品质降低、压价现象常有发生。净化养殖可以提升水产品肌肉营养品质[17]。目前净化养殖方式主要应用于多种水产鱼类以提高鱼类肌肉品质, 如王扬等[18]将净养40 d后的乌鳢与传统养殖乌鳢进行比较, 发现前者的水分、粗蛋白、肥满度、必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸含量以及质构硬度、回复性、咀嚼性均比后者的要高。崔雁娜等[19]探究发现大口黑鲈暂养净化后肌肉土腥味减少。周秀珍等[20]比较了大口黑鲈肌肉在净化养殖前后的品质变化, 发现净化养殖后的鱼肉硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性、弹性、胶黏性均有若在销售前通过选择合适的净化养殖条件优化中华鳖品质, 从而提高中华鳖经济效益。ZAJIC等[21]研究发现鲤鱼在为期70 d的清水禁食饲养期间, 不饱和脂肪酸含量持续增加, 脂肪含量持续减少。LV等[22]将商业养殖草鱼放到天然湖泊中净化养殖并且停止投食, 发现净化后的鱼肉的弹力、硬度、胶黏性显著增加, 壬醛、己醛等腥味物质显著降低。虽然净化养殖方式对水产品品质影响的研究较多, 但主要以鱼类为主, 鲜少有对于净化养殖对中华鳖品质影响的相关研究[23]
本研究通过对中华鳖在生态净化养殖不同阶段形态指标的测量和比较, 同时对蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养成分含量和质构指标的测定与对比, 研究在不同生态净化养殖时间下中华鳖的形态和营养品质变化情况, 为优化中华鳖养殖模式和提升产品品质提供新的可行性方案, 助力中华鳖养殖产业和加工产业实现高质量发展。
中华鳖日本品系, 越冬3龄, 雄雌各半, 淳安千岛湖清水鳖养殖有限公司提供。
五水合硫酸铜、硫酸钾、氢氧化钠、硅油消泡剂、焦性没食子酸、氯化钠、无水硫酸钠(分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 硫酸、盐酸、硼酸、石油醚、无水乙醚、甲醇、正己烷、95%乙醇(分析纯, 上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司); 酚酞、甲基红、甲基蓝、三氯化硼甲醇(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司)。
DGG-9070A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海东麓仪器设备有限公司); AFF11/18/3216D小型焚烧炉(英国Carbolite科技有限公司); K-370凯氏定氮仪(瑞士BUCHI公司); L-8900全自动氨基酸分析仪(日本日立公司); DB-23色谱柱(60 m×0.250 mm, 0.15 μm)、8900N气相色谱仪、6890-7000B气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); TA-TXplus质构仪(英国SMS公司); XPE205DR电子天平(精度0.0001 g, 杭州康迪仪器设备有限公司)。
中华鳖从池塘中转入恒定水温的塑料水槽(30 cm× 30 cm)单独净化养殖, 停止投喂, 微流水循环系统网格内水位保持在10 cm左右, 水温保持在2~5 ℃, 隔天换水, 监控调节水体pH、亚硝酸盐及氨氮含量, 保持良好健康的生存环境, 全程无菌操作。样品分别在净化养殖时间为0、15、30 d取样检测。
不同净化时间随机选取30只中华鳖, 雌雄各15只, 根据GB/T 21044—2007《中华鳖》的方法, 按照图1标注, 测量活体中华鳖的质量、体高、体长、颈宽、颈长、背甲长、背甲宽、后侧裙边宽、腹甲宽、腹甲长、前肢长、体宽, 按照肖凤芳[24]的方法计算其长宽比。从中随机选取3只中华鳖, 自然光照活体常温运回实验室, 解剖后将肝脏、内脏完好取出, 用干净纱布吸净血渍, 称取肝脏质量、内脏脂肪团质量, 计算肝体比、脏体比、空壳率; 将背甲、裙边整齐剪下, 用干净纱布吸净血渍, 称取背甲质量、裙边重量, 计算背甲指数、裙边指数、背甲比值、裙边比值。根据蒋迪等[25]的方法进行各指标测量及计算。
各项指标计算如公式(1)~(8):
$\text { 长宽比 }=\frac{\text { 体长 } / \mathrm{cm}}{\text { 体宽 } / \mathrm{cm}}$
$\text { 肝体比 }=\frac{\text { 肝脏质量 } / \mathrm{g}}{\text { 体质量 } / \mathrm{g}}$
$\text { 脏体比 }=\frac{\text { 内脏脂肪团质量 } / \mathrm{g}}{\text { 体质量 } / \mathrm{g}}$
$\text { 空壳率 } / \%=\frac{\text { 去除内脏后的质量 } / \mathrm{g}}{\text { 体质量 } / \mathrm{g}} \times 100 \%$
$\text { 背甲指数 } / \%=\frac{\text { 背甲质量 } / \mathrm{g}}{\text { 体质量 } / \mathrm{g}} \times 100 \%$
$\text { 裙边指数 } / \%=\frac{\text { 裙边质量 } / \mathrm{g}}{\text { 体质量 } / \mathrm{g}} \times 100 \%$
$\text { 背甲比值 }=\frac{\text { 背甲长 } / \mathrm{cm}}{\text { 体长 } / \mathrm{cm}}$
$\text { 裙边比值 }=\frac{\text { 裙边长 } / \mathrm{cm}}{\text { 体长 } / \mathrm{cm}}$
水分含量测定按照GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》的第一法—直接干燥法;
粗灰分含量测定按照GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》的第一法—食品中总灰分的测定;
粗蛋白含量测定按照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》的第二法—全自动凯氏定氮法;
粗脂肪含量测定按照GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》的第一法—索氏抽提法。
脂肪酸组成和含量测定按照GB 5009.168—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》的第一法—气相色谱法。
氨基酸组成和含量按照GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》, 用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定。根据联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, FAO/WHO)建议的全鸡蛋蛋白氨基酸和氨基酸评分标准[18], 按照公式(9)~(10)计算中华鳖氨基酸评分(amino acid score, AAS)、化学评分(chemical score, CS)。
$\mathrm{AAS}=\frac{\text { (待测样品中必需氨基酸含量/(mg/g)) }}{\mathrm{FAO} / \mathrm{WHO} \text { 评分标准模式相对应的必需氨基酸含量/(mg/g) }}$
$\mathrm{CS}=\frac{\text { 待测样品中必需氨基酸含量/(mg/g) }}{\text { 鸡蛋蛋白中相对应的必需氨基酸含量/(mg/g) }}$
式中: mg/g表示每g氮中氨基酸的mg量(肌肉氨基酸含量×62.5/肌肉蛋白质的百分含量)。
将1.3.2取得的裙边, 用剪刀剪取裙边中段, 剪成2 cm×2 cm的正方形, 放于水中煮沸20 min, 冷却至室温平整地摆放于测量台上, 安装2 mm直径的P/6柱形探头, 参照程小飞等[13]的质地剖面分析, 又被称为两次咀嚼测试(texture profile analysis, TPA)测试实验, 调整测前、测中、侧后速度为1 mm/s, 形变距离3 mm, 测定时间2 s, 触发力5 g, 测定硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性。
实验重复3次测定, 用Excel 2016归纳整理所得的实验数据, 用SPSS 27软件对所有数据做统计分析和显著性差异分析, 以平均值±标准偏差形式表示结果, P<0.05表示显著性差异。
中华鳖的形体指标是判断其生长状况和营养状况的表观指标[7-8]表1显示, 中华鳖在3个净化养殖的测量时间节点中, 体高在30 d时最低, 颈长在15 d时最短, 后侧裙边宽、前肢长在未净化前最短。背甲长/体高、背甲宽/体高比值越小, 表明相同体高条件下, 看起来更高更圆, 从视觉效果上显得形体相对圆润, 在消费市场上更受欢迎。根据形体测量结果计算, 发现中华鳖净化养殖过程中背甲长/体高、背甲宽/体高逐渐变大, 随着净化养殖时间延长, 逐渐呈现出相对圆润的视觉感受[7-8]。中华鳖裙边越宽大厚实, 吃起来越有胶质感, 可以补充胶原蛋白, 是消费者在选购时除了观察外形、活力、背壳和脚趾之外的重要考虑因素, 因此裙边宽厚程度会直接影响消费者购买行为。从表1结果来看, 后侧裙边在整个净养过程中有逐渐增宽的趋势, 且15 d和30 d之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合来看, 净化养殖15 d的中华鳖的外观更符合消费者购买倾向。
中华鳖的空壳率、内脏脂肪团重量、肝体比、脏体比等是衡量中华鳖品质的重要形体指标。空壳率是指去除背甲后的可食部分与体重的比值, 空壳率越高, 说明中华鳖的可食用比例越大; 内脏脂肪团是中华鳖摄入能力消耗不掉时贮存的形式, 脂肪过多或者过少都会影响中华鳖烹饪后的口感; 肝体比和脏体比能反映中华鳖的健康状况[9]表1中形体指标结果显示, 中华鳖在净化养殖15 d时内脏脂肪团重是最低的, 空壳率是最高的。分析原因可能是盒式养殖环境和无食物投喂的养殖方法限制了中华鳖的生长, 且随着未进食时间的延长, 短时间内中华鳖先消耗内脏和肝脏周围的营养物质以供日常代谢活动, 使得其体高、壳重、内脏脂肪团重量等在净化养殖的15 d的测量时间节点上相比未净化养殖时呈现出下降的趋势, 但净化养殖15 d后可能由于自身代谢系统的调整和对环境的逐渐适应, 各个参数又有所回升, 但整体比未净化养殖时要有所降低。
中华鳖净化过程中肌肉和裙边的一般营养成分含量变化如表2所示。对于中华鳖肌肉而言, 整个净化养殖过程中, 水分、粗脂肪含量随着净化时间的延长先下降后上升, 灰分、粗蛋白含量随着净化养殖时间的延长呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。在0、15、30 d这3个净化养殖时间点上, 净化养殖15 d时肌肉中水分、粗脂肪含量最低, 灰分、粗蛋白含量最高。对于中华鳖裙边而言, 整个净化养殖过程中, 水分含量整体呈下降趋势, 灰分含量随着净化养殖时间的延长呈现出先上升后下降的趋势, 粗蛋白含量整体呈现上升趋势, 粗脂肪含量基本保持不变。在0、15、30 d这3个净化养殖时间点上, 养殖15 d时中华鳖肌肉的灰分、粗蛋白含量均为最高。
养殖方式会影响水生动物的营养成分[27]。本研究结果显示, 在净化养殖过程中, 中华鳖脂肪营养成分变化趋势与李虹辉[23]的研究结果基本一致。在评价中华鳖营养价值时, 蛋白质含量和脂肪含量是较为常用的两项重要指标[28-29]。中华鳖的肌肉在净化15 d时表现出蛋白含量显著增加、脂肪含量显著减少(P<0.05), 裙边的蛋白质含量呈现增长趋势, 可能是由于在低温的盒式单体养殖条件下, 中华鳖活动空间变小、环境温度较低, 加之净化养殖开始后停止投喂, 在食物短缺情况下, 使得中华鳖优先消耗脂肪来供能。同时降低活跃度, 减缓新陈代谢, 从而能更好地适应现有的生存条件。此外, 在净化养殖15 d时, 中华鳖肌肉、裙边的粗蛋白比原生态养殖(18.37 g/100 g, 27.36 g/100 g)、池塘养殖(17.05 g/100 g, 24.92 g/100 g)、温室养殖(17.41 g/100 g, 24.35 g/100 g)[1]的要略高, 而肌肉和裙边所测得的粗脂肪含量比原生态养殖(0.77 g/100 g, 0.22 g/100 g)、池塘养殖(0.71 g/100 g, 0.30 g/100 g)、温室养殖(0.54 g/100 g, 0.56 g/100 g)[1]的要略低。因此从常规营养成分角度而言, 中华鳖在盒式单体净化养殖模式下, 适宜的净化养殖时间为15 d。
净化养殖过程中华鳖肌肉脂肪酸测定结果如表3中显示, 整个净化过程中中华鳖的脂肪酸组成未减少, 共有27种, 包括10种SFA和17种不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA8种、PUFA9种)。但随着净化时间的延长, SFA、PUFA的含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势, MUFA的含量呈现先下降后上升的趋势。净化15 d的肌肉中MUFA、PUFA含量与黄鳍金枪鱼(24.0%, 23.2%)[30]、养殖大黄鱼(35.6%、29.9%)[31]、鸡蛋(40.0%~45.0%、20.0%~25.0%)[32]的含量情况相近, 这说明净化养殖15 d的中华鳖在脂肪酸组成方面仍然具有营养价值。
表3显示, 不同净化时间中华鳖肌肉中脂肪酸相对含量变化。从脂肪酸含量来看, 净化15 d后肌肉中SFA总相对含量相比未净化的有显著性提高(P<0.05); 净化15 d和30 d后的肌肉中C14:0相对含量比未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05); 未净化的肌肉中C18:0相对含量与15 d的有显著性差异(P<0.05); 净化15 d后的肌肉中C20:0相对含量净化相比30 d有显著性下降(P<0.05); 净化15 d的肌肉中C22:0相对含量显著性提高(P<0.05)。不饱和脂肪酸方面, 净化15 d后的肌肉中MUFA与C20:1相对含量比未净化的、30 d的有显著性下降(P<0.05); 净化15 d后的肌肉中C17:1n7、C18:1n9c、C22:1n9比未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05)。PUFA方面, 肌肉中的SFA相对含量在净化0、15、30 d均有显著性差异(P<0.05), 净化15 d后的肌肉中C18:2n6c 、C20:3n6比未净化的有显著性提高(P<0.05), 净化15 d后的肌肉中C22:2n6比未净化的、净化30 d有显著性降低(P<0.05)。
从脂肪酸组成来看, 硬脂酸(C18:0)具有减少皮肤自由基损伤、抗衰老、修复胰岛素敏感度和抗炎症等作用[33]。神经酸(C24:1n9)具有能够促进神经元生长、提高脑神经, 调节血压血脂、保护心脏血管, 促进免疫细胞修复、增强免疫力等作用[33-34]。亚油酸(C18:2n6c)具有保护心脑血管、预防动脉硬化、促进脑补发育、延缓衰老等作用; 亚麻酸(C18:3n3)对儿童智力、生长发育、视力保护具有促进作用; 花生二稀酸(C20:2)有助于帮助降低血液中胆固醇含量、改善血液循环; 二十碳三烯酸(C20:3n6)受热容易生成庚醛、4-庚烯醛等挥发性化合物, 对中华鳖肌肉风味具有重要贡献[35-36]; EPA和DHA被认为是生长发育的脂肪酸, 有预防心血管疾病等作用[33-35]。本研究中, 净化15 d的中华鳖肌肉中硬脂酸的相对含量比未净化的有显著性增加(P<0.05), 神经酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生二稀酸、二十碳三烯酸的相对含量比未净化的有所增加, DHA和EPA总相对含量没有明显减少。
此外, 脂肪酸是鳖肉在加热时形成香气的重要成因之一, 特别是肌肉里的PUFA含量, 不仅与香味浓度成正相关, 也在一定程度上反映了鳖肉的多汁程度[36]。本研究中, 净化15 d的中华鳖肌肉中PUFA总相对含量比未净化的有所增加, 且与0 d、30 d有着显著差异(P<0.05), 这说明, 净化15 d左右的中华鳖肌肉多汁性相对可能更好。从脂肪酸组成和含量角度来看, 净化养殖15 d可以较好提升中华鳖的脂肪酸营养价值。
人类之所以日常需要摄入蛋白质, 本质上是为了补充自身缺乏的小分子肽和氨基酸[37]。因此, 分析中华鳖肌肉中所含必需氨基酸多少的变化趋势, 不仅是判断蛋白质营养的重要决定指标之一[36-37], 也能用于评价不同净化养殖阶段里中华鳖的营养价值高低, 初步判断生态净化养殖效果的好坏[33,37]表4显示, 中华鳖肌肉的TAA随着净化时间延长而下降, 净化30 d的肌肉中TAA的含量最低; EAA中, 除了缬氨酸外, 其他氨基酸均有所下降, 且净化30 d的肌肉中半胱氨酸、赖氨酸含量比未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05); NEAA中, 净化30 d的肌肉中的NEAA含量也显著性下降(P<0.05), 净化30 d的肌肉中谷氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸与未净化的有显著性下降(P<0.05)。氨基酸的这一变化趋势可能是饥饿时间过久, 导致肌肉抗氧化能力受损产生氧化应激反应[23]
缬氨酸能促进脑细胞代谢, 增强抗氧化能力, 改善血管功能增强兴奋性神经功能。蛋氨酸具有促进肝脏代谢和排毒, 改善记忆力, 降低心脏病风险, 提高免疫力等功效。苏氨酸能促进肌肉生长、脂肪代谢、保护肝脏。丝氨酸会加快体内脂肪分解、代谢, 刺激肌肉生长。脯氨酸具有促进免疫细胞发育、增强免疫力、促进肌肉生长等作用[33,37]。由表4可知, 净化15 d的肌肉中缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸含量相对未净化的有所上升, 此时的蛋氨酸、苏氨酸这两个必需氨基酸含量比原生态养殖鳖(0.49 g/100 g、0.93 g/100 g)、池塘养殖鳖(0.50 g/100 g、0.91 g/100 g)、温室养殖鳖(0.48 g/100 g、0.88 g/100 g)[1] 中的含量要高。
另外, 净化养殖30 d的中华鳖肌肉中, 呈鲜味的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸、呈甘味的甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸均比未净化养殖的有较大幅度地减少, 而在净化养殖15 d变化相对未净化的要缓慢, 这反映了净养时间过长反而会降低中华鳖肌肉的滋味和风味。同时净化15 d的中华鳖肌肉中蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸含量比稻田鳖(2.00 g/100 g、3.36 g/100 g、2.76 g/100 g、3.61 g/100 g)[38]、野生鳖(1.85 g/100 g、3.12 g/100 g、2.44 g/100 g、3.30 g/100 g)[38]、温室鳖(1.97 g/100 g、3.23 g/100 g、2.33 g/100 g、3.10 g/100 g)[38]要略高。因此, 从氨基酸的含量与组成变化情况来看, 中华鳖生态净化养殖时间不宜超过30 d。
根据WHO/FAO提出的评分标准, 计算出中华鳖在不同净化时间下的AAS和CS评分变化情况。从表5中氨基酸评分的得分可知, 整个生态净化养殖阶段, 第一限制性氨基酸和第二限制性氨基酸都是缬氨酸和苏氨酸。
中华鳖的裙边是除了肌肉外的主要可食用部位, 裙边占比关乎中华鳖的食用价值, 同时裙边的感官品质也会影响消费者的选购行为[7]。通过TPA模式模拟食物被咀嚼过程, 使用硬度、弹性等质构特性量化反映了食用的口感。硬度是质地剖面分析法中是常见且重要的指标, 它能反映蒸煮后的裙边的内部结合力, 硬度低的裙边煮完后容易散开, 影响口感, 弹性能反映蒸煮后的裙边被压缩后恢复原状的能力, 一般来说, 裙边硬度大、弹性强会更富有劲道[7,25]。净化养殖过程中华鳖裙边质构测定结果如表6显示, 裙边硬度随着净化养殖时间延长逐渐上升, 内聚性随着净化养殖时间延长呈现先下降后上升的趋势, 回复性、胶着性、咀嚼性随净化养殖时间延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势。净化养殖15 d的中华鳖裙边的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性比未净化的有显著提升(P<0.05), 说明净化养殖15 d的中华鳖裙边口感比未净化时更硬更脆更有劲道。
本研究比较了无进食状态的单独净养方式下对中华鳖品质的改善作用, 并通过0、15、30 d 3个净化养殖时间点上中华鳖肌肉和裙边营养品质的变化情况对净化养殖效果和时间进行初步探讨。在此期间, 净化养殖使得中华鳖外观形体更趋向于圆润(在净化养殖15 d时后侧裙边宽增加, 内脏脂肪团重是最低的, 空壳率是最高的), 改善了中华鳖肌肉营养品质(在净化养殖15 d时, 灰分、粗蛋白、PUFA、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸含量均有所提高, 粗脂肪、苦味氨基酸含量有所降低), 改善了中华鳖裙边的口感(净化15 d的中华鳖裙边的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性比未净化的有所提升, 肌肉更多汁、鲜嫩和紧实), 且中华鳖肌肉的土腥味也比未净化时的有所减轻。在净化养殖期间, 中华鳖的形体指标、肌肉营养成分、裙边营养成分和质构都较净化前有所改善。综合来看, 盒式单体净化养殖对中华鳖的较佳的净化时间至少15 d以上, 不宜超过30 d。
将净化养殖方法应用于中华鳖, 能改善中华鳖的品质, 提升净化养殖后中华鳖产品的经济价值和营养价值, 为养殖户带来更好地收益。但本研究的净化养殖是处于无进食状态下, 在整个净化养殖过程中中华鳖总体质量会出现下降, 并且可能会出现因环境变化导致机体应激甚至发病死亡现象, 需进一步研究其解决办法, 同时更细化净化时间节点上中华鳖品质变化情况待进一步深入研究补充, 为高品质农产品生产提供研究数据。
  • 浙江省“三农六方”科技协作计划项目(2021SNLF025)
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2025年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240813003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
基金
浙江省“三农六方”科技协作计划项目(2021SNLF025)
浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(2023SNJF072)
作者信息
    1.浙江省水产技术推广总站, 杭州 310023
    2.浙江海洋大学食品与药学学院, 舟山 316022
    3.淳安千岛湖清水鳖养殖有限公司, 杭州 311700

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*马文君(1974—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为水产养殖技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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