Article(id=1153986789942485553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241009004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061490759, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061490759, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061490759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061490759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=207, endPage=215, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986790877815349, articleId=1153986789942485553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application of next-generation sequencing technology on microbial flora of fermented vegetables, columnId=1153986782044607364, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Fruit and Vegetable Processing and Quality Safety Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fermented vegetables are considered one of the most nutritious and beneficial foods for health. The research in the microbial community structure is a great significance to explore the dominant strain resources and improve the flavor quality of fermented vegetables. This paper summarized the application of the next-generation sequencing technology on microbial community of fermented vegetables. Some analysis methods were emphatically introduced involving with microbial community succession, Alpha diversity analysis, Beta diversity analysis, functional annotation (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway annotation, cluster of orthologous group annotation, gene ontology annotation), network and correlation analysis of environmental factors. Based on the research progress, this paper suggests implement combined application among the next-generation sequencing technology and multiple omics technology including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics. The correlation between microbial function with color, flavor and texture of fermented vegetables should be investigated. The new strain resources with fermenting high-quality vegetables should be screened and obtained. It provides a theoretical basis for the transformation of traditional fermented vegetables to standardization, industrialization and modernization in China.

, correspAuthors=Gao-Wa SAREN, Ke FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gao-Wa SAREN, Ying CHEN, Nan DIAO, Yun DING, Hao XIE, Yong-Xi KUANG, Wen-Zhong HU, Ke FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986798175904457, articleId=1153986789942485553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群研究中的应用, columnId=1153986782178825098, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:果蔬加工与质量安全控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发酵蔬菜被认为是营养价值较高、对健康有益的食品之一。深入研究发酵过程的微生物菌群构成, 对探索发酵蔬菜优势微生物菌种资源和提高发酵蔬菜风味品质具有重要意义。本文综述了二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群构成分析中的应用, 重点介绍了不同种类发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群演替规律分析, Alpha多样性分析、Beta多样性分析、功能注释分析(京都基因和基因组数据库代谢通路注释、直系同源簇注释、基因本体数据库注释)、功能注释Network分析及环境因子关联分析的研究进展。基于目前研究现状, 本文提出应将二代高通量测序技术与转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等组学技术联合应用, 明确微生物功能性与发酵蔬菜颜色、风味和质地品质等相关性, 挖掘具有优质发酵蔬菜导向性的新的微生物菌种资源, 为我国传统发酵蔬菜向标准化、产业化、现代化转型提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=萨仁高娃, 冯可, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*冯可(1985—), 男, 博士, 助理教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全控制。E-mail:
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萨仁高娃(1987—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全控制。E-mail:

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注: 内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS); 用于宏基因组数据分析的改进统计方法(Metastat); 线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe); 多响应置换过程(multi response permutation procedure, MRPP); 分子方差分析 (analysis of molecular variance, AMova); 斯皮尔曼等级相关系数(Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, Spearman); 典型对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA); 冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA); 矢量势分析(vector potential analysis, VPA); 基于系统发育的群落状态重建(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt); 置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA); 统计分析微生物分类和功能谱(statistical analysis of taxonomic and functional profiles, STAMP); 交互式通路探索器(interactive pathways explorer, iPath); 微生物组多变量关联线性模型分析(microbiome multivariable association with linear models, Maaslin); 受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC); 人类微生物组统一代谢分析网络代谢功能注释(HMP unified metabolic analysis network metabolic function annotation, HUMAnN); 国家数据库(national repository, NR); 京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG); 基因进化谱系: 非监督直系同源群数据库(evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised orthologous groups, eggNOG); 碳水化合物活性酶数据库(carbohydrate-active enzymes database, CAZy); 抗生素抗性基因数据库(antibiotic resistance genes database, ARDB); 全面抗生素抗性数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD); 毒力因子数据库(virulence factor database, VFDB); 主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)。

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二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群研究中的应用
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萨仁高娃 1, * , 陈莹 1 , 刁楠 1 , 丁芸 1 , 谢好 1 , 邝咏曦 1 , 胡文忠 1 , 冯可 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:果蔬加工与质量安全控制 2025,16(1): 207-215
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:果蔬加工与质量安全控制 2025, 16(1): 207-215
二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群研究中的应用
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萨仁高娃1, * , 陈莹1, 刁楠1, 丁芸1, 谢好1, 邝咏曦1, 胡文忠1, 冯可2, *
作者信息
  • 1.珠海科技学院生命科学学院, 珠海 519041
  • 2.澳门科技大学医学院, 澳门 999078
  • 萨仁高娃(1987—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*冯可(1985—), 男, 博士, 助理教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全控制。E-mail:
Application of next-generation sequencing technology on microbial flora of fermented vegetables
Gao-Wa SAREN1, * , Ying CHEN1, Nan DIAO1, Yun DING1, Hao XIE1, Yong-Xi KUANG1, Wen-Zhong HU1, Ke FENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China
  • 2. Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241009004
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发酵蔬菜被认为是营养价值较高、对健康有益的食品之一。深入研究发酵过程的微生物菌群构成, 对探索发酵蔬菜优势微生物菌种资源和提高发酵蔬菜风味品质具有重要意义。本文综述了二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群构成分析中的应用, 重点介绍了不同种类发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群演替规律分析, Alpha多样性分析、Beta多样性分析、功能注释分析(京都基因和基因组数据库代谢通路注释、直系同源簇注释、基因本体数据库注释)、功能注释Network分析及环境因子关联分析的研究进展。基于目前研究现状, 本文提出应将二代高通量测序技术与转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等组学技术联合应用, 明确微生物功能性与发酵蔬菜颜色、风味和质地品质等相关性, 挖掘具有优质发酵蔬菜导向性的新的微生物菌种资源, 为我国传统发酵蔬菜向标准化、产业化、现代化转型提供了理论依据。

发酵蔬菜  /  微生物  /  二代测序  /  多样性分析  /  宏基因组

Fermented vegetables are considered one of the most nutritious and beneficial foods for health. The research in the microbial community structure is a great significance to explore the dominant strain resources and improve the flavor quality of fermented vegetables. This paper summarized the application of the next-generation sequencing technology on microbial community of fermented vegetables. Some analysis methods were emphatically introduced involving with microbial community succession, Alpha diversity analysis, Beta diversity analysis, functional annotation (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway annotation, cluster of orthologous group annotation, gene ontology annotation), network and correlation analysis of environmental factors. Based on the research progress, this paper suggests implement combined application among the next-generation sequencing technology and multiple omics technology including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics. The correlation between microbial function with color, flavor and texture of fermented vegetables should be investigated. The new strain resources with fermenting high-quality vegetables should be screened and obtained. It provides a theoretical basis for the transformation of traditional fermented vegetables to standardization, industrialization and modernization in China.

fermented vegetables  /  microorganism  /  next-generation sequencing  /  diversity analysis  /  metagenomics
萨仁高娃, 陈莹, 刁楠, 丁芸, 谢好, 邝咏曦, 胡文忠, 冯可. 二代高通量测序技术在发酵蔬菜微生物菌群研究中的应用. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 207 -215 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241009004
Gao-Wa SAREN, Ying CHEN, Nan DIAO, Yun DING, Hao XIE, Yong-Xi KUANG, Wen-Zhong HU, Ke FENG. Application of next-generation sequencing technology on microbial flora of fermented vegetables[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 207 -215 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241009004
我国拥有丰富的食用资源和悠久的饮食文化, 为了更好的保存食物和加工出特色风味食品, 不同地域的人民通过发酵技术制成了多种独特的传统发酵食品, 其中, 发酵蔬菜在发酵食品中一直占有举足轻重的位置[1-2]。发酵蔬菜被公认为是营养价值较高、对健康有益的食品, 具有加工设备简易、生产过程简单、原材料成本低廉等特点[3-5]。我国的蔬菜种植面积超过2100万hm2, 位居全球首位, 产量高达7.69亿t, 其中, 发酵蔬菜类食品已占据较大的市场份额[6]。2018年, 仅四川泡菜类食品总产量已超过500万t, 总产值超过420亿元[7]。2019年, 我国发酵蔬菜(泡菜类)产值已达701.77亿元, 并且呈逐年上升趋势[8]。 我国发酵蔬菜种类较多, 主要有东北酸菜、辣白菜、四川酸菜、泡椒、贵州剁椒、广东芥菜、酸菜、涪陵榨菜等。制作发酵蔬菜的原料十分广泛, 大白菜[Beassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.]、甜菜(Beta vulgaris Linn.)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus Linn.)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.)、芹菜(Apium graveliens L.)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)、辣椒(Capsicum annuum Linn.)、菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.)等都是可以制作发酵蔬菜的原料。在发酵蔬菜的传统制作工艺和技术方面, 已积累并具备了丰富的经验, 然而, 发酵蔬菜的精深加工技术、产品标准化和工艺现代化仍处于起步阶段。因此, 将发酵蔬菜从传统家庭式制作逐步向标准化、系统化和现代化方向转型, 提高发酵蔬菜的深加工技术和口感质量是发酵蔬菜行业发展的一个关键问题[9]
微生物在发酵过程中将蔬菜中的糖类、脂类、蛋白质等营养物质分解成小分子单糖、脂肪酸、氨基酸等, 从而影响了发酵蔬菜的口感、安全性和稳定性[10]。发酵蔬菜含有有益的微生物, 如乳酸菌和酵母, 但也含有一些有害微生物[11]。为了提升发酵蔬菜产品品质, 保障发酵过程产品安全, 筛选发酵特色优势菌株, 确保发酵过程可视化、可控化、标准化和现代化, 必须对发酵蔬菜中微生物群落构成、演替规律、功能性和代谢产物特性等进行全面化、系统化的分析[8]。传统的微生物群落结构研究主要依赖于分离培养技术, 不仅耗时、烦琐, 且在多样性分析中会丢失大量不可培养微生物的种类。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展, 第二代测序技术已逐渐用于发酵酸菜中微生物菌群构成的研究。基于第二代测序技术的高通量测序不仅可以广泛用于发现大量不可培养的微生物种类, 同时能够降低测序成本, 缩短测序周期, 提高测序准确性, 有助于了解真实的微生物群落构成[12]。然而, 由于第二代测序技术仅适用于短DNA序列、高度依赖参考序列和无法解析复杂基因结构的局限性, 对一些特定的测序需求可能不适用。随着第三代测序技术的发展能够实现分析长DNA序列, 无需参考序列, 直接解析复杂的基因结构, 但由于较高的错误率和成本较高的问题, 目前仅用于特定的研究领域和实验室中。目前高通量测序技术研究主要涉及以下几个方面: (1)地域方面。发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群组成的研究主要集中在中国和韩国, 在美国和俄罗斯地区也少有研究。涉及我国的地区主要集中在黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、浙江省、江苏省、湖南省、海南省、广东省、福建省、重庆、江西省、安徽省、湖北省、陕西省、四川省、贵州省、广西壮族自治区; 不同地区中发酵蔬菜中菌群组成、发酵工艺的差异, 导致发酵蔬菜风味不同。四川泡菜以乳酸菌为主, 主要包括植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌等, 有助于产生乳酸, 赋予泡菜特有的酸味, 还有助于产生醛类、酯类、酮类和异硫氰酸酯类等物质, 对酸菜的风味形成起到了重要作用。东北酸菜以大白菜品种为主, 优势菌群主要为植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌等, 在产生有机酸的基础上, 还会分解蛋白质形成与风味有关的氨基酸和芳香族化合物。山东酱菜以蔬菜和豆类为主要原料, 优势菌群包括乳杆菌属和片球菌属。云南腌菜种类繁多, 优势菌群主要包括乳杆菌属和魏斯氏菌属等, 有助于发酵过程中的酸化和风味形成。(2)蔬菜原料方面。发酵蔬菜的原料主要包括大白菜、芥菜、雪里红、娃娃菜、萝卜、小白菜、竹笋、辣椒、胡萝卜、生菜、青菜头、西芹、马铃薯等; (3)测序平台方面。分析发酵蔬菜中微生物组成的测序平台主要有Illumina HiSeq、Illumina HiSeq 2500、Illumina HiSeq 2500 PE250、Illumina HiSeq4000、Illumina MiSeq、Illumina MiSeq PE250、Illumina MiSeq PE300、Illumina MiSeq 2000、Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform、Roch454、Roch454 GS FLX、454 GS FLX Titanium system、Illumina Miseq/NovaSeq、Ion S5TMXL等平台; (4)研究内容方面。主要包括分析具有地域特色的农户采用传统方式自然发酵蔬菜的微生物菌群构成和代谢物变化, 分析市售不同来源的商品化发酵蔬菜之间的优势菌群差异, 分别分析了不同地域/不同盐浓度/不同发酵温度/不同发酵时期发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群组成、菌落演替规律和发酵蔬菜的代谢产物, 分析了发酵蔬菜中优势微生物与代谢通路(亚硝酸盐降解、氮代谢、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、维生素代谢、营养与风味物质代谢、能量代谢)之间的相关性和功能性。
本文系统地综述了利用第二代高通量测序技术测定生境中微生物的宏基因组和核糖体小亚基上具有高度保守性的rRNA基因, 有助于研究发酵蔬菜中的微生物群落及其环境的结构、演替规律、功能、相互作用和关系, 总结了发酵蔬菜研究的发展历程, 以期为我国传统发酵蔬菜制品的深入研究, 产业的标准化、精细化、现代化转变提供理论依据。
1998年, HANDELSMAN等[13]首次使用宏基因组一词来研究土壤微生物群落, 描述其为在一个生物群落中存在的所有微生物的基因组。宏基因组包括所有可以和不能在环境中培养的微生物[14]。宏观基因组学是一种微生物研究方法, 主要是对环境样本中的微生物群落进行基因组测序、基因组装、基因注释、功能基因筛选, 并研究群体内基因组的变异和演化, 以及基因组级别的特征对整个生态系统的影响[15]。早期的宏基因组研究是基于第一代测序技术——传统Sanger测序方法(1977—2005), 但其弊端在于测序通量低、物种进化信息少、复杂程度低等。第二代测序技术的诞生引发了一场核酸测序的革命, 使环境微生物的高通量测序成为可能[16]。第二代测序平台具有耗时短、效率高和经济化的特点, 能够在数小时内完成细菌基因组的测序[17]。目前, 宏基因组研究主要采用的基于第二代测序技术的测序平台有Roche公司基于焦磷酸测序技术的454 GS FLX测序仪、Illumina公司基于单分子阵列原位扩增测序技术的Solexa基因组分析仪和ABI公司基于寡核苷酸连续连接合成测序技术的SOLiD测序平台等, 这些平台均可进行DNA的高通量测序, 且具有测序样品数量大、产出数据量高、省时省力、精确度高等优点。也有一些测序平台由于成本较高逐渐被市场淘汰, 如54 GS FLX测序仪。
微生物群落的结构分析通常有两种方式, 多样性分析与宏基因组分析, 但它们又有所区别: (1)多样性能够分析细菌、真菌、古细菌中的一类微生物, 解决的重点是样本中物种的种类(门纲目科属各个水平)以及相对丰度的问题; 宏基因组可以分析测试环境中存在的所有微生物(包括DNA病毒), 并根据其物种组成和相对丰度, 重点分析样品中存在的功能(代谢途径和相关基因)和相对丰度。(2)多样性分析使用rRNA基因(16S、18S、功能基因等), 通过聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)在rRNA基因(如V4区或V3~V4区)进行扩增, 然后进行高通量测序, 确定种群组成和相对丰度。然而, rRNA基因测序产生的大多数序列并没有在物种水平上进行注释, 而宏基因组测序是将整个待测样品的微生物基因组DNA随机分割成500 bp的小片段, 然后在片段的两端加入通用引物进行PCR扩增和测序, 再将小片段拼合成一个长的序列, 可实现对微生物的种水平的鉴定。 对于研究对象和研究目的差异性, 可以选择不同的分析方法。明确物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性等, 可利用多样性分析中的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数进行分析微生物种类的分布, 分析方法相对简便易懂, 经济成本比较低。解析环境中所有微生物种类、群落的遗传、功能和生态特性等, 可以利用宏基因组分析中基因注释和代谢途径分析微生物群落功能和代谢机制, 分析方法复杂烦琐, 经济成本昂贵。
发酵蔬菜中微生物检测的分析方法, 以第二代测序技术为基础, 主要包括宏基因组分析和多样性分析(图1): (1)宏基因组分析是使用Illumina、454、IonTorrent等高通量测序平台对宏基因组DNA进行测序, 获得原始数据, 然后进行数据质量控制、组装和开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)预测。在获得物种丰度和功能丰度后, 将非冗余基因与相应数据库进行比较, 就可以进行物种和功能组成分析, 演化分析, 比较分析, 差异分析, 环境因子关联分析, 关联和模型预测分析等; (2)多样性分析使用独立的测序平台对环境中的微生物rRNA基因进行测序, 然后在QIIME1平台中对功能分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)进行拼接、质量控制和过滤, 从而获得高质量的碱基或序列类。用OTUs来计算两个不同序列之间的距离度量或相似度, 然后确定分类阈值, 得到同一阈值下的距离矩阵, 进行聚类操作, 形成不同的分类单元。OTUs聚类获取代表序列, 利用OTUs代表序列样本中的微生物进行物种注释与相应的物种数据库进行比较, 进而得到分类信息和各层次的相对丰富的门纲目属信息。同时, 样品中微生物多样性的分析也采用了二代测序技术。此外, 高级分析如组间物种差异显著性分析, 组间群落结构差异显著性分析, 环境因子关联分析、Network分析及其他高级分析。
发酵蔬菜微生物菌群研究采用第二代测序技术, 先将测序所得的基因序列与数据库进行比对分析, 作出物种注释, 得出该物种的组成及其相对丰度的样本菌群结构。根据各样本物种成分的差异, 可以进行多个样本成分的比较分析[18]。对不同发酵时期的样品变化, 还可明晰发酵过程中微生物群落演替规律。WANG等[19]对湖南辣椒碎料发酵过程(0、3、6、9、12、15、18和21 d)中微生物的菌落变化进行了研究, 发酵初期以塔图菌属为优势菌属, 发酵过程中以塔图菌属呈显著下降趋势。SONG等[20]研究表明, 黑龙江省农户自然发酵蔬菜在发酵初期(3 d), 假单胞菌属、沙雷氏菌属、明串珠菌属、拉恩氏菌属、希瓦氏菌属和乳杆菌属等丰度大于1%, 随着发酵时间的增加(3~5 d), 明串珠菌属和乳酸菌属比例大幅增长。XU等[21]利用高通量测序和气相色谱-质谱法测定了32 d辣椒发酵(1、8、16、24和32 d)过程中微生物多样性和挥发性代谢物的变化, 发酵辣椒中细菌属以罗氏菌属和葡萄球菌属为主, 真菌属以丝孢菌属和奥默柯达菌。基于代谢组学分析发现发酵和未发酵辣椒中存在16种差异挥发性代谢物, 其中, 伯顿生丝毕赤酵母与11种关键气味物质的形成呈显著正相关。LEE等[22]利用高通量测序技术分析韩国25种商业来源泡菜发酵28 d (0、14、28 d)中微生物菌群结构, 结果表明, 乳酸菌、明串珠菌属和魏斯氏菌属为主要优势菌群, 其中乳酸菌丰度最高。不同地区环境对发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群构成和演替规律具有显著不同。WANG等[23]的研究表明, 我国南方地区发酵泡菜中乳杆菌属、醋酸杆菌属菌、劳特菌属、魏斯氏菌属的丰度较高, 北方地区发酵泡菜中芽孢八叠球菌属、片球菌属、摩根氏菌属、大洋芽胞杆菌属、假单胞菌属、普罗维登斯菌属的丰度较高。同一地区不同农户发酵蔬菜的菌群构成也存在异同。YANG等[24]研究表明, 3个农户发酵蔬菜中魏斯氏菌属均为优势菌属, 不同之处在于1号农户梭状芽孢杆菌相对丰度较高, 2号农户中肠杆菌相对丰度较高, 3号农户乳酸杆菌相对丰度较高。不同温度对发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群组成具有显著影响。HE等[25]的研究表明, 在10 ℃和15 ℃下明串珠菌属为优势菌属, 20 ℃和25 ℃下魏斯氏菌属和乳球菌属为优势菌属。
当明晰了样品中的物种分布后, 还可以对样品中微生物多样性进行分析。多样性指数是综合了丰富度和均匀度的综合指标。多样性分析分为Alpha多样性分析和Beta多样性分析。
Alpha多样性分析描述在一个小尺度区域内物种多样性的指标, 用于探究一个特定生态系统或一个特定区域内的物种组成和丰度分布, 包含两个指标: 物种的多寡(丰富度)和样品中各个种类的相对密度(均匀度)。Alpha多样性是通过比较各个样本的chao1、ACE、Shannon和Simpson等Alpha分析指数来进行数据收集的[26-27]。稀释曲线经常用来分析不同样本多样性的曲线, 测序数据的合理性和样品微生物的丰富程度是通过Rarefaction Curve来解析的。通过Rarefaction Curve可以用来解析测序数据的合理性和样品微生物的丰富程度。Rank Abundance用于分析环境样本微生物的丰富程度和均匀度, 物种累积箱型态图用于分析样本量是否充足和物种的丰富程度, Wayne图和花瓣图用于分析不同本或不同群之间共有的物种有多少种, 可以通过箱型图来反映组内和组间Alpha多样性的差异[28]。YANG等[29]分析了10份涪陵榨菜腌渍过程的3个阶段(每个阶段添加的盐质量浓度分别为40、80和140 g/L)微生物菌群演替规律, 根据Shannon、Simpson、Heatmap等Alpha分析结果表明随着腌渍时间增加, 第三阶段的细菌丰度显著低于第二阶段, 而真菌的丰度没有被显著改变。肖阳生[30]对发酵第0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9、12和15 d的四川泡菜中的菌群构成进行Alpha分析, 基于chao1、ACE、Shannon和Simpson指数等, 发酵初期微生物丰度与多样性最高, 四川泡菜在发酵初期(0.5~1 d)细菌的丰度远高于其他阶段, 随着发酵进行菌群丰度逐步降低并趋于稳定, 其中, 0~4 d微生物多样性差异不大。YANG等[31]利用高通量测序技术分析了重庆地区6个传统制作的萝卜泡菜的菌群结构, 厚壁菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门, 乳酸菌为优势菌属, 利用Alpha多样性中的Chao、OTUs、ACE、Shannon和Simpson指数评估菌群丰度, 通过Chao, Sobs, ACE和Shannon指数分析发现发酵过程中6个样品中细菌菌群呈显著下降趋势, 另一方面, 从Chao、OTUs、ACE、Shannon和Simpson等5个指标分析, 不同来源的6个样本, 真菌菌群变化水平呈不一致趋势。CHEN等[32]利用高通量测序技术分析了混合蔬菜(大白菜、芹菜、胡萝卜)自然发酵和接种发酵过程(7 d)中的微生物菌群组成和变化趋势, 两种发酵方式的OTUs和ACE指数均在第0 d达到最高, 发酵0~7 d时, 自然发酵和接种发酵中Shannon和Simpson指数分别为55%~71%和36%~45%。LEE等[33]采用高通量测序技术分析了不同季节(春季、秋季和冬季)韩国6个地区(江原、京畿、忠清、庆尚北道、全罗南道和济州)22个经销商的66个韩国泡菜发酵过程中微生物组成, 基于Shannon多样性指数手段, 重点分析了季节变化与微生物群落之间的相关性, 其优势菌群分别为明串珠菌属、乳杆菌属和魏斯氏菌属, 每个季节的优势菌群组成比例反映了环境变化因素与细菌群落之间关联的重要性。
Beta多样性分析用于比较不同生态系统之间的多样性, 也就是样本之间的差异, 不同组的共同物种越少, Beta多样性越高。Beta多样性分析常用的统计学分析手段包括PCA、主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)、非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)和相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)等。WANG等[23]基于PCA、NMDS、ANOSIM的Beta多样性分析手段, 分析南方和北方泡菜的微生物组成结构, 结果表明北方泡菜和南方泡菜中微生物构成存在显著的差异, 这个差异性显著高于同地区泡菜中微生物组成的差异, 同时进一步解释了两个区域发酵泡菜存在差异性原因。李欣蔚[34]分析了东北3个地区的农户采集自然发酵酸菜的发酵液中细菌的多样性, 使用Unifrac分析Beta多样性, 结果以样本差异矩阵表示。对黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3个地区产生的距离矩阵信息进行PCoA主坐标分析, 显示黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省样本中均有相同的菌种存在, 且各样本中这些菌种所占比例差异较大。PENG等[35]在不同地域的菌群演化关系中, 基于通过距离矩阵进行Beta多样性分析了海南不同地区(东部、中部和西部)发酵蔬菜的菌群构成, 结果表明不同地区的微生物菌群构成差异并不显著, 而蔬菜类型不同则发酵后的微生物菌群的组成存在显著差异, 可见, 发酵蔬菜的原料种类对微生物的影响大于采样地区的差异。武俊瑞[36]通过对细菌16S rDNA和真菌18S rDNA进行焦磷酸测序后进行微生物多样性分析, 采集了6份东北地区农家传统自然发酵酸菜的发酵液, 结果发现样品中细菌以厚壁菌门(41%)和变形菌门(34%)的细菌为主, 乳杆菌目占厚壁菌门的72%, 包括EnterococcaceaeLactobacillusPediococcusLactococcusLeuconostocaceaeWeissella, 变形菌门中产碱菌最多; 真菌以子囊孢菌门(87%)中的酵母菌亚门(91%)为主, 酵母菌亚门中的德巴利酵母科、耶罗威亚酵母科、酵母科和接合酵母等占多数, 而德巴利汉逊酵母和酿酒酵母为主要发酵酵母。RAO等[37]采用PCoA等Beta多样性分析评估了不同原料(豇豆和萝卜)发酵12 d过程中微生物菌群结构及其与代谢产物的相关性, 在萝卜泡菜中6 d时, 乳球菌和植物芽孢杆菌为主要优势菌, 第12 d时, 芽孢杆菌和肠系膜亮氨酸杆菌为主要优势菌, 其代谢产物主要是硫化物和醛的代谢。在豇豆中, 发酵12 d中, 乳酸菌和片球菌属为主要优势菌属, 其代谢产物主要是醇和烯烃。
由日本京都大学生物信息学中心开发的集成数据库系统在线百科全书对与特定基因和蛋白质相关的主要生化代谢和信号转导途径进行了系统分析。经过宏基因组测序后, 可以将得到的基因组进行KEGG代谢通路注释, 分析发酵环境中微生物参与的主要代谢途径。WANG等[23]采用PICRUSt软件结合KEGG注释对北方和南方泡菜的微生物组成进行了功能预测, 结果表明, 功能基因主要富集到转运蛋白、腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白、DNA修复和蛋白质重组、嘌呤代谢、核糖体、嘧啶代谢、转录因子等通路中。LIU等[38]分析了不同发酵容器类型(玻璃罐、陶瓷罐和塑料罐)中四川成都发酵泡菜(萝卜)中微生物的功能性, 采用PICRUSt软件结合KEGG注释揭示了主要代谢通路分别为碳水化合物代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径和能量代谢途径, 此外, 与膜转运相关的基因具有较高的丰度。LIANG等[39]利用高通量测序技术分析了四川眉山市榨菜泡菜发酵过程中的微生物组成、菌群演替及其功能性。明串珠菌属和魏斯氏菌属是发酵初期优势乳酸菌, 乳杆菌是发酵中期优势乳酸菌, 乳杆菌和片球菌属是发酵末期的优势菌属。分析表明, 优势菌群与碳水化合物代谢通路具有最高的相关性, 其中包括糖酵解/糖质新生代谢、丙酮酸代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢。
同源蛋白簇是通过大量比较多种生物的蛋白质序列, 对基因产物按照其进化关系的近远程度来划分类群。组成每个直系同源簇(cluster of orthologous group, COG)的蛋白质被认为是来自祖先的蛋白质, COG是通过逐一比较所有完全测序的基因组的编码蛋白质来确定的, 这种比较的结果是其他每个基因组的最相似的蛋白质, 每个基因组都被依次考虑。如果在这些蛋白质(或它们的子集)之间找到最佳匹配, 这些最佳匹配就形成了COG。eggNOG是一个国际公认的同源聚类基因组注释数据库, 包括来自原始COG/KOG/arCOG(细菌域/真核生物域/古菌域)的功能注释。基因序列可以与eggNOG数据库进行比较, 得到与该基因对应的COG。姚英政[9]对未腌制、腌制1、2和3年(0#、1#、2#和3#)自然发酵冬菜中微生物的宏基因组进行了COG功能注释, 结果显示, 在样品1#、2#和3#中, 根据eggNOG注释的COG功能分类分别有23、20、21个, 且这20个功能分类在3个样品中均相同; 除一般功能预测外, 3个样品中基因数量最多的功能分类是氨基酸运输和代谢, 说明四川冬粮中大部分微生物活动可能与氨基酸有关。
基因本体数据库(gene ontology, GO)是基因本体联合会创建的一个数据库, 为限定和描述标准物种、基因和蛋白质的功能提供了一个语言词汇, 可以随着研究的进展进行更新。GO从生物体内基因和蛋白质的3个方面描述了生物过程, 细胞组分和分子功能的特征。陈晓东[40]采集6份(分别来自广西的桂林、柳州、来宾、百色、南宁和贵港)的酸笋发酵液, 提取其总DNA进行宏基因组测序, 经GO数据库功能注释显示36152条功能基因归属于58个生物功能类别, 其中生物学途径种包括22个分支, 细胞组分中包括21个分支。
SEED是一个由基因组解释研究会(Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, FIG)于2003年发起的没有资金支持的开源项目, 已经发展成了一个不断更新的分析环境和基因组数据的平台, 包括基因组数据、subsystems、FIGfams(蛋白家族)、网页前台和分析脚本等, 可被用以预测基因功能和发现新的代谢路径。Subsystems技术是是在SEED项目下提出和开发的一个技术平台, 用于对成千上万的基因组进行统一和准确的注释。基于SEED数据库, MG-RAST (Metagenome Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology)可以进行基因功能的预测性注释、代谢网络的重建以及搜索宏基因组和转录组中的同源蛋白质。该平台特别提供了MetaData样品背景信息, 可为研究者在进行不同样品宏基因组比较时提供参考[41]。JUNG等[42]基于MG-RAST技术结合SEED数据库分析了韩国泡菜4 ℃发酵29 d微生物的代谢潜能, 结果表明, 与微生物发酵有关的代谢通路有28种, 其中碳水化合物是主要代谢通路, 主要包括单糖、二糖和寡糖的代谢, 此外, 发酵代谢子类别与不同种类的乳酸发酵、丙酮和丁二醇的代谢密切相关。
通过不同样品的物种(功能)丰度的信息进行相关性分析, 可以得到样品与物种(功能)之间的关联性, 根据相关性可以绘制Network网络分析图。Spearman相关性分析以Spearman相关系数(秩相关系数)作为衡量标准, 它是利用两个变量的秩次大小, 对原变量的分布不作要求的线性相关分析, 属于非参数统计方法, 相互之间的关联性和显著性是通过计算得到的, 最终以图示的方式展现出来的[28]。马艺荧[43]根据Spearman’s相关性系数判断东北酸菜中65个微生物属之间的相关性强弱, 并根据相关性绘制Network网络分析图, 结果表明, 东北大白菜的发酵过程是以不同细菌之间的共生、竞争或拮抗来相互促进或制约, 从而形成一个相对稳定的细菌群落。ZHANG等[44]基于宏基因组分析了发酵玉茶和发酵蔬菜中优势菌群组成, 植物乳杆菌、乳酸球菌、戊糖片球菌、食窦魏斯氏菌为优势菌群, 利用Spearman’s相关性系数分析优势菌群与20个主要代谢通路之间的关联, 结果表明, 在发酵玉茶中, 乳酸球菌与糖酵解中两个代谢通路呈较强的正相关性。在发酵玉茶和发酵蔬菜中‌植物乳杆菌与所有代谢通路呈正相关性, 主要均涉及核苷酸、氨基酸和肽聚糖合成通路。LIU等[45]通过高通量测序技术分析中国辣白菜和泡菜发酵过程(4~7 d)细菌多样性, 并分析了其与环境因子之间的相关性。中国辣白菜组中微生物群落与可滴定酸、乳酸、乙酸含量呈显著正相关, 同时, 泡菜组微生物群落结构与可滴定酸、乳酸和乙酸含量呈负相关。泡菜组微生物群落结构与盐度呈正相关, 而辣白菜组细菌组成与盐度呈负相关。XIAO等[46]通过高通量测序技术、功能性预测技术和气相色谱-质谱技术联合应用揭示了江西腌菜、四川泡菜和东北酸菜发酵蔬菜食品的微生物群落结构及其功能性预测, 分析了优势菌群与代谢产物的相关性。研究表明, 乳酸菌在每类中占据了较大比例(高达77.6%), 与超过20种风味化合物密切相关, 其功能预测主要与碳水化合物、氨基酸和核苷酸的代谢有关。CCA和反映菌群与环境因素关系的RDA是衡量样本中菌群分布状况的重要指标。通过检测环境因子、样本和微生物群落3者之间的关系, 从而获得对样品分布具有重要影响的因子[28]。利用CCA/RDA来分析微生物与环境之间的关系(基于单峰/线性模型)。刘长根[28]利用分析揭示了8种发酵蔬菜微生物与环境之间的关系, 结果表明, 葡萄糖对发酵蔬菜微生物影响不大, 蔗糖和盐度对梅干菜、糟菜和泡菜中的微生物影响比较大, 盐度对发酵蔬菜中微生物的影响程度最大。基于发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群构成与代谢物质之间关联分析, 能够确定参与发酵蔬菜的优势菌群潜在功能。YANG等[47]根据高通量测序手段, 对东北酸菜发酵过程中微生物群落和风味代谢物的影响进行分析, 根据Spearman’s相关性系数分析, 发现乳酸菌、明串珠菌、肠杆菌科、假单胞菌、葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌等与风味代谢物有密切关系。LIU等[48]对杭州发酵雪里红主要微生物与风味代谢物的相关性进行分析, 结果表明单胞菌、盐弧菌属、魏斯氏菌属和乳酸杆菌相关属能够参与到丙酮酸代谢和柠檬酸循环反应中, 使乳酸和乙酸浓度增加, pH降低, 影响了壬酸葡萄糖的降解, 导致挥发性腈的升高, 从而引起乙酸胺的降低, 从而影响了发酵雪里红的风味。
近年来, 由于第二代高通量测序技术的快速发展, 在分析发酵蔬菜中的微生物菌群组成和群落演替模式中, 广泛采用了微生物多样性分析和宏基因组学方法, 揭示了不同微生物组成与发酵蔬菜的代谢途径和品质之间的关联性。然而, 基于二代测序技术的微生物多样性分析尚存在不足之处: (1)在对扩增子测序时需先进行DNA提取和PCR扩增, 在DNA提取过程会受到环境中的核酸酶及腐殖质的影响, 从而影响测序的准确性; (2)受微生物菌种资源数据库的限制, 对未知微生物的分析有一定的局限性; (3)当样本中微生物的浓度低于正常检测线或微生物未在检测范围, 会出现假阴性结果。随着高通量测序技术的不断发展, 已开发了第三代测序技术, 主要包括真单分子测序、单分子实时测序以及纳米孔单分子技术。第三代测序技术对样本进行测序时, 无需先进行PCR扩增, 避免了碱基替换及偏置等错误出现, 弥补了第二代测序技术的不足, 测序准确性和序列读长明显提高和基因数据库不断完善, 应用前景更加广泛。现有研究表明, 将第二代测序技术和第三代测序技术相结合分析样本, 将有助于提高测序长度、降低失误率、提高测序效率、降低经济成本。
目前, 对于发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群结构、代谢物变化和功能性预测等研究内容仍以微生物多样性分析为主。宏基因组学技术作为一种新兴的微生物鉴定和分析手段, 具有不依赖于微生物培养、操作相对简便、理论上可无偏检测样本中的全部微生物等优点, 其采用的测序技术已逐渐从二代测序技术发展到三代测序技术, 可实现对环境中微生物种水平的鉴定。基于宏基因组学技术可获得样本中可培养和不可培养微生物全部基因组, 能分析样本中所有微生物组的遗传信息, 可全面挖掘微生物群落之间的关系以及与环境之间的相互作用。然而, 也存在获得大量的数据信息、分析方法和过程复杂, 不同的分析方法, 可能会导致结果相同的实验出现偏差, 实验和数据分析过程无法统一和标准化等问题。此外, 宏基因组学主要关注微生物的基因组信息、组成和功能, 而对于微生物的表达水平、代谢产物和宿主-微生物互作的动态变化等方面的信息了解较少。利用单一宏基因组技术尚无法获得微生物菌群与发酵蔬菜品质之间的相关性。因此, 宏基因组学方法也有一定的局限性。未来, 可通过宏基因组技术联合转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等多组学, 进一步分析传统发酵蔬菜的微生物多样性、微生态功能及代谢特性[49]。还可以通过基因编辑技术, 增强特定微生物的发酵性能, 提高营养价值, 增强耐受性, 生产新型发酵食品, 提高生产效率, 定制化发酵食品等[50-52]。对于研究发酵蔬菜的微生物组成及菌落等, 具有十分重要的作用。可使相关领域的科研工作者、发酵蔬菜食品企业从业者、家庭式农民等群体对发酵蔬菜微生物群落及其功能性有更全面系统的了解和认识, 并可根据微生物发酵规律挖掘出新的微生物菌种, 这将是发酵蔬菜研究的新动向。
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2023A1515011473)
  • 广东省普通高校特色创新项目(2023KTSCX214)
  • 广东省科技创新战略专项资金立项项目(pdjh2024b509)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划创新训练项目(S202413684032)
  • 广东省普通高校天然产物功能成分利用工程技术研究中心项目(2022GCZX012)
  • 澳门科技大学研究基金项目(FRG-24-024-FMD)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241009004
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
基金
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2023A1515011473)
广东省普通高校特色创新项目(2023KTSCX214)
广东省科技创新战略专项资金立项项目(pdjh2024b509)
大学生创新创业训练计划创新训练项目(S202413684032)
广东省普通高校天然产物功能成分利用工程技术研究中心项目(2022GCZX012)
澳门科技大学研究基金项目(FRG-24-024-FMD)
作者信息
    1.珠海科技学院生命科学学院, 珠海 519041
    2.澳门科技大学医学院, 澳门 999078

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*冯可(1985—), 男, 博士, 助理教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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