Article(id=1153986786570265119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061489955, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061489955, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061489955, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061489955, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250, endPage=257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986787350405668, articleId=1153986786570265119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the composition and application of microbiological test tablets in food detection, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Microorganisms are significant factors affecting food safety. Contamination of food by microorganisms can lead to spoilage and deterioration, resulting in substantial economic losses. Moreover, many microorganisms possess pathogenicity, and the toxins they secrete are the main cause of foodborne diseases. Therefore, microbiological testing of food has important sanitary and social significance. With the development of the food industry, traditional plate separation methods, due to their long detection times and complex operations, are increasingly unable to meet the current demand for rapid testing. microbiological test tablets are a new type of detection tool, with the advantages of easy operation, no need for culture medium preparation, and space-saving in detection. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on test tablets for different microorganisms. This article organizes these studies, thoroughly combs the composition and principles of test tablets, analyzes their advantages and existing problems, and has certain theoretical value and practical guidance significance. It is hoped to provide some ideas for the research of microbiological test tablets.

, correspAuthors=Yi-Shu ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-Shu ZHAN, Xin-Xu CHEN, Yuan WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986789527249453, articleId=1153986786570265119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=微生物测试片的组成及在食品检测中的应用研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微生物是影响食品安全的重要因素, 食品被微生物污染后会导致腐败变质, 造成严重的经济损失; 同时不少微生物具有一定的致病性, 分泌产生的毒素是导致食源性疾病的主要原因。因此, 食品的微生物学检验具有重要的卫生学意义和社会意义。随着食品工业发展, 传统的平板分离法由于检测时间长、操作复杂等缺点, 越来越难以适应现在快速检测的需求。测试片是一种新型的检测工具, 具有操作方便、不用配制培养基、节约检测空间等优点。近年来研究人员围绕不同的微生物测试片进行了大量研究。本文对这些研究进行整理, 对测试片的组成和原理进行详细梳理, 对优点和存在的问题进行分析, 具有一定的理论价值和现实指导意义, 以期能为微生物测试片研究提供一定的思路。

, correspAuthors=詹艺舒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*詹艺舒(1995—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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詹艺舒(1995—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University School of Chemistry, Ji’nan 250000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369367111381044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986786570265119, companyId=1174369367098798130, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东师范大学化学化工与材料科学学院, 济南 250000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174369368596164682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986786570265119, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Principles and research and development units of different vectors[19]

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载体名称 原理 研发单位
冷水凝胶 上层附有冷水可溶的凝胶; 下层膜上印有网格并覆盖有细菌繁殖所需的培养基, 其中加入染色剂、显色剂, 增强菌落的目视效果 美国3M
无纺布 将脱水的选择性培养基附着于无纺布棉垫上, 利用酶与底物发生特异性显色反应的原理, 使目标菌和非目标菌有明显的颜色区别 日本Chisso、德国拜发、广东环凯、北京陆桥等
滤纸 用灭菌滤纸吸附培养基和显色剂, 细菌通过滤纸纤
维膨胀而被固定生长繁殖, 通常采用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC)作为显色剂
天津卫生防疫站
), ArticleFig(id=1174369368675856459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986786570265119, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同载体的原理及研发单位[19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载体名称 原理 研发单位
冷水凝胶 上层附有冷水可溶的凝胶; 下层膜上印有网格并覆盖有细菌繁殖所需的培养基, 其中加入染色剂、显色剂, 增强菌落的目视效果 美国3M
无纺布 将脱水的选择性培养基附着于无纺布棉垫上, 利用酶与底物发生特异性显色反应的原理, 使目标菌和非目标菌有明显的颜色区别 日本Chisso、德国拜发、广东环凯、北京陆桥等
滤纸 用灭菌滤纸吸附培养基和显色剂, 细菌通过滤纸纤
维膨胀而被固定生长繁殖, 通常采用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC)作为显色剂
天津卫生防疫站
), ArticleFig(id=1174369368738771020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986786570265119, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of test cycle between test strips method and flat plate method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 周期(不包括前增加和生化鉴定的时间)
国标平板分离法 测试片法/h
菌落总数 24~48 h 24±2
大肠菌群 24 h 18~24
金黄色葡萄球菌 24~48 h 24~36
沙门氏菌 24~48 h 15~24
单核细胞增生
李斯特氏菌
24~48 h 36~48
志贺氏菌 20~48 h 15~24
大肠埃希氏菌
O157:H7
18~24 h 15~24
乳酸菌 48~72 h 48
霉菌与酵母 5 d 48
), ArticleFig(id=1174369368797491277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986786570265119, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测试片法和平板法完成检测周期对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 周期(不包括前增加和生化鉴定的时间)
国标平板分离法 测试片法/h
菌落总数 24~48 h 24±2
大肠菌群 24 h 18~24
金黄色葡萄球菌 24~48 h 24~36
沙门氏菌 24~48 h 15~24
单核细胞增生
李斯特氏菌
24~48 h 36~48
志贺氏菌 20~48 h 15~24
大肠埃希氏菌
O157:H7
18~24 h 15~24
乳酸菌 48~72 h 48
霉菌与酵母 5 d 48
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微生物测试片的组成及在食品检测中的应用研究进展
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詹艺舒 1, * , 陈薪旭 2 , 魏源 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(1): 250-257
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(1): 250-257
微生物测试片的组成及在食品检测中的应用研究进展
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詹艺舒1, * , 陈薪旭2, 魏源1
作者信息
  • 1.龙岩市产品质量检验所, 龙岩 364000
  • 2.山东师范大学化学化工与材料科学学院, 济南 250000
  • 詹艺舒(1995—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*詹艺舒(1995—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Research progress on the composition and application of microbiological test tablets in food detection
Yi-Shu ZHAN1, * , Xin-Xu CHEN2, Yuan WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Fujian Longyan Product Quality Inspection Institute, Longyan 364000, China
  • 2. Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University School of Chemistry, Ji’nan 250000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930011
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微生物是影响食品安全的重要因素, 食品被微生物污染后会导致腐败变质, 造成严重的经济损失; 同时不少微生物具有一定的致病性, 分泌产生的毒素是导致食源性疾病的主要原因。因此, 食品的微生物学检验具有重要的卫生学意义和社会意义。随着食品工业发展, 传统的平板分离法由于检测时间长、操作复杂等缺点, 越来越难以适应现在快速检测的需求。测试片是一种新型的检测工具, 具有操作方便、不用配制培养基、节约检测空间等优点。近年来研究人员围绕不同的微生物测试片进行了大量研究。本文对这些研究进行整理, 对测试片的组成和原理进行详细梳理, 对优点和存在的问题进行分析, 具有一定的理论价值和现实指导意义, 以期能为微生物测试片研究提供一定的思路。

测试片  /  食品微生物  /  检测

Objective Microorganisms are significant factors affecting food safety. Contamination of food by microorganisms can lead to spoilage and deterioration, resulting in substantial economic losses. Moreover, many microorganisms possess pathogenicity, and the toxins they secrete are the main cause of foodborne diseases. Therefore, microbiological testing of food has important sanitary and social significance. With the development of the food industry, traditional plate separation methods, due to their long detection times and complex operations, are increasingly unable to meet the current demand for rapid testing. microbiological test tablets are a new type of detection tool, with the advantages of easy operation, no need for culture medium preparation, and space-saving in detection. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on test tablets for different microorganisms. This article organizes these studies, thoroughly combs the composition and principles of test tablets, analyzes their advantages and existing problems, and has certain theoretical value and practical guidance significance. It is hoped to provide some ideas for the research of microbiological test tablets.

test tablets  /  food microbes  /  detection
詹艺舒, 陈薪旭, 魏源. 微生物测试片的组成及在食品检测中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 250 -257 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930011
Yi-Shu ZHAN, Xin-Xu CHEN, Yuan WEI. Research progress on the composition and application of microbiological test tablets in food detection[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 250 -257 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930011
食品安全是各个国家监管的重点, 关系着国家的长治久安。目前, 各国对食品安全均高度重视, 加大了对食品生产、加工、流通和销售等各个环节的管理和监控[1]。随着我国食品工业的快速发展, 消费者对食品安全问题也越来越关注, 对食品的要求也从吃得饱向吃得好、吃得健康转变, 食品安全检验检测是保障食品质量安全的重要手段[2]。微生物是影响食品安全的重要因素, 是引起食品腐败变质的主要原因之一, 也是导致食源性疾病的主要原因。由于食品在加工、贮藏、运输、销售等各个环节都可能被微生物污染, 污染后的微生物会在食品的表面和内部不断进行繁殖, 引起食品腐败变质, 对生产企业造成巨大的经济损失; 此外, 消费者食用受到细菌或细菌毒素污染的食物后, 会导致恶心、呕吐、腹泻甚至是呼吸困难等症状[3-6], 对身体健康造成威胁。我国一般采用菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌以及霉菌酵母等指标来间接评价食品的卫生状况。
新形势下, 随着食品种类的增加和食品加工技术的发展, 检测项目的不断扩展, 这都对我们食品检测提出来更高地要求[7]。国内的食品微生物检测主要依据GB 4789—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验》, 国标的方法虽然有较高的准确性, 但也存在操作烦琐, 检测周期长等缺点, 传统的微生物检测需经过分离培养、生化实验和血清学鉴定, 检测效率不能满足我国公共卫生突发事件应急检测的需要[8]。为提高检测的效率, 许多快速检测技术不断出现: 免疫学快速检测方法[9]、分子生物学快速检测方法[10]、生物传感器技术[11]、电阻抗法、纳米技术等[12-15]。但这些方法虽然能提高检测的效率, 但是检测的成本高, 对检测人员的要求也比较高, 而我国的食品企业具有规模小, 生产量大, 从业人员水平参差不齐且流动性大的特点, 大多数的企业很难使用这些技术。因此, 为了能满足绝大多数食品企业的检测需求, 微生物测试纸片受到了广泛的关注。该方法大大短了检测的周期、降低了检测的材料成本[16]。本文将从测试片的组成和原理以及优点和发展中存在的问题进行梳理综述, 具有一定的理论价值和现实指导意义, 以期能为微生物测试片研究提供一定的思路。
测试片是一种新型的食品微物检测方法, 最早由德国科学家FJ. FORG发明[17]。其原理是根据目标菌在自身代谢过程中产生的特异性物质与显色底物结合, 使菌落呈现出特定的颜色变化, 将制成的含有特定物质的培养基混合附着在一定的载体上, 使用时经过水化、培养, 通过肉眼不仅可以观察到待测菌是否为阳性, 而且可以对其进行定量分析[18]
市面上大多测试片采用“三明治夹心”的结构, 即聚丙烯薄膜材质作为上层膜, 其特性是无色透明, 氧气分子可以自由通过, 不抑制微生物生长; 下层膜采用聚乙烯薄膜, 主要起到保持中间检测区域的平整和支撑的作用。这两者为测试片的基础结构, 对测试片的检测结果几乎没有影响, 影响测试片检测效果的主要因素是培养基载体、显色剂和抑制剂。
目前, 3种主流载体分别是冷水凝胶、无纺布和滤纸, 3种载体的原理和研发单位情况见表1
冷水凝胶是一类遇冷水可凝固的亲水性胶体, 能溶解于水, 在一定条件下充分水化形成黏稠的溶液或胶体大分子物质[20], 其化学成分为天然多糖及衍生物或氨基酸[21], 对微生物生长没有影响。由于冷水凝胶具有透明、结构稳定、回收率高和可挑菌等优点, 同时在基质中既起到保存水分的作用, 是一种很好的载体材料。美国3M的PetrifilmTM测试片是全世界最早研制出的测试片, 该测试片就是以冷水凝胶为载体。但3M的测试片价格昂贵, 在国内的实验室较难推广使用。因此, 国内不少研究者通过实验, 希望能得到一款具有我国自主知识产权, 无毒、透明、稳定、保水性好且价格低廉的冷水可凝固剂。吴许文等[22]以细菌的胞外多糖、植物多糖和高吸水性树脂为主要原料制作成的冷水可凝凝固剂胶体, 测试该胶体的保水性能、pH、强度和抑菌效果, 结果显示冷水可凝凝固剂具有良好的保水性能, pH为中性, 强度为340.31 g/cm2±48.71 g/cm2, 对16种微生物均无抑菌作用, 组装成细菌菌落总数测试片后, 对5种测试菌同时使用测试片和平板倾注, 其结果无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同结构的冷水可溶凝胶物理与化学特性也有不同, 郭登峰等[23]通过对卡拉胶、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、刺槐豆角、聚丙烯酸钠、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠等常见的7中冷水凝胶进行筛选组合, 实验比较了水扩散时间、胶体强度和胶体弹性, 最后得到卡拉胶和CMC以2:1的质量比混合时的结果最优, 其水扩散时间为67 s, 为所有实验中的最短时间; 胶体强度为211.35±16.27, 胶体弹性为5.94±1.05, 比卡拉胶和瓜尔胶以3:1的质量比混合的胶体无论是强度还是弹性都更优。考虑到常规培养基载体琼脂在冷水中不可溶, 脆性易收缩[24], 王杰伟等[25]使用卡拉胶代替琼脂作为载体研发了一款能有效截留大肠菌群产生气泡的测试片。其原理在于冷水可溶凝胶在水化过程中会形成黏稠半流体状态, 分子间的阻力更小, 有利于气泡的保留。
无纺布是以纺织纤维为原料经过一定的工艺加工而成的纺织品, 其棉质含量较高, 吸水性较强, 不影响微生物在其上面的生长, 是一种良好的载体材料。根据加工工艺的不同, 无纺布可以分为多种类型: 针刺无纺布、水刺无纺布、湿法无纺布、缝编无纺布等。使用时, 由于无纺布强大的吸水性, 当加入样品匀液后, 脱水的培养基迅速复水, 能把样品匀液全部吸附, 同时将样品匀液中的细菌固定在无纺布上。德国拜发公司研发的以硝酸纤维素型无纺布为载体的微生物菌落计数板, 检测原理是将干燥后的培养基固定在计数板上, 利用无纺布吸收检测样液, 从而固定微生物。刘爽等[26]通过实验发现, 无纺布类型、培养基的固定方式和无纺布的厚度对测试片计数结果有较大的影响。通过对8种不同的无纺布类型做了实验, 最后只有水刺无纺布作为载体时, 得到的菌落单一、颜色深、计数清晰。相比于直接将干粉培养基固定在无纺布上, 先将无纺布浸泡培养基后干燥的固定方法, 得到的检测结果更好, 菌落较清晰。此外, 通过比对6种不同厚度的无纺布测试片上菌落生长情况, 发现无纺布过薄, 吸收的培养基的量较少, 无法供应足够的营养物质, 使得菌落生长较小; 无纺布过厚, 扩散速度变慢, 且由于不能两面数菌, 部分菌落夹到无纺布中间, 颜色过浅, 易遗漏, 影响计数。分析原因, 主要是由于不同工艺和无纺布的厚度导致该无纺布在吸水速度、空隙大小等方面存在差异, 而营养物质和氧气是微生物生长非常重要的两个因素, 所以无纺布材质的测试片法可以从提高吸水速度和确保一定的空隙大小这两个方面进行研究。
定性滤纸的价格低廉、制作工艺简单, 内部纤维结构疏松, 具有很好的吸水性和保存水分的作用, 细菌通过滤纸纤维膨胀而被固定, 由滤纸中吸附的培养基作为营养生长繁殖。以定性滤纸为载体的测试片也是食品微生物检测中常见测试片。张莉莉等[27]选择了3种中速定性滤纸作为载体, 通过吸水率、菌种生长情况、纸片干燥后的平整度3方面选择合适的纸材, 实验结果显示: 新华中速定性厚滤纸不仅吸水量达1 m, 而且培养基溶液扩散均匀, 纸张较平整, 培养后菌落生长清晰。一般情况下, 滤纸测试片常规尺寸为4.0 cm×5.0 cm, 这是由于滤纸的保水性差, 营养物质分布不均匀的问题[28], 如果滤纸的尺寸太小, 培养时不能保持充分湿度, 则不利于菌体生长, 造成漏检; 如果滤纸的尺寸太大, 营养物质的扩散更加不均匀, 导致营养丰富的位置菌落生长旺盛, 营养缺乏的位置菌落无法生长, 这样得到的计数结果准确度很低。此外, 由于滤纸具有较大的间隙, 使用时滤纸双面和纤维之间容易有菌落生长, 使肉眼无法准确判断, 所以使用该测试片检测时测定结果可能一般比实际菌数要少。
无论是水凝胶还是无纺布、滤纸作为载体都存在一定的缺陷。当载体为水凝胶时, 可以继续挑菌鉴定等步骤, 同时水凝胶有助于观测产气泡现象, 这是无纺布与纸基载体均无法达到的效果; 但是水凝胶也会存在容易液化和过度扩散的缺点。无纺布材质的测试片同样存在一些缺点: 吸收样液容易出现褶皱; 菌落容易扩散连成一片等。滤纸虽然价格低廉, 但是也存在吸收营养物质和样液的能力有限, 细胞扩散后容易在滤纸的夹层中不易被计数等缺点。麻晓莉[29]通过比较大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌标准菌株分别在平板计数琼脂、凝胶型菌落总数测试片和无纺布型菌落总数测试片3种培养基中的菌落形态和菌落总数, 得到结果显示, 凝胶型菌落总数测试片在菌落辨识度上优于平板计数琼脂和无纺布型菌落总数测试片, 但是菌落总数的结果没有显著性差异。
显色剂是测试纸片中很重要的成分之一。为了能将载体中的菌落区别出来, 针对不同细菌选择适合的显色剂是非常重要的。
TTC, 又名红四氮唑, 化学式为C19H15ClN4, 是一种脂溶性光敏感复合物, 其水溶液无色, 在空气中稳定, 不易氧化。由于TTC能与嗜中温性需氧菌在新陈代谢过程中产生的琥珀脱氢酶的氢结合, 产生红色的三苯甲臢, 使菌落呈现红色, 与样品的料渣和培养基明显区分, 便于检测人员观测和计数, 提高了菌落总数计数的准确性[30-32]。在培养基中添加TTC可以很便利的检测出菌落数, 效果显著, 但其浓度需控制在最适浓度, 因为过量的TTC反而会抑制细菌的生长。王晓文等[33]通过设计抑菌实验表明在TTC浓度大于0.03%的情况下, 对细菌有抑制作用, 浓度为0.0025%时的抑菌效果最弱, 同时还能很好地满足显色的需求。目前大多数菌落总数测试片和染色法大肠菌群测试片都有添加TTC作为显色剂。
由吲哚酚或其取代物衍生得到的吲哚酚显色底物是一类非常重要的显色底物。其显色原理是由作为产色原的吲哚酚或其取代物与微生物产生的酶底物间接缩合, 当受到目标酶水解作用时会释放出吲哚酚或其取代物, 并在空气中氧化发生双分子偶合, 形成不溶于水、热稳定性高的二聚体染料(即靛蓝), 从而使得菌体可以被观测到。不同的吲哚酚取代物产色原的显色结果也不一样: 吲哚酚产蓝, 5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚酚产蓝至蓝绿色、5-溴-6-氯-3-吲哚酚产紫红色、6-氯-3-吲哚酚产橙红色、N-甲基吲哚酚产绿色和5-碘-3-吲哚酚产紫色, 其中应用最多的是5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚酚[34-37]。在致病菌测试纸片的开发中研究者也把目光对准了显色底物。祝朝霞[38]使用5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-辛酯作为沙门氏菌测试片的显色剂; 任璐瑶[39]将辛酸-5-溴-6-氯-3-吲哚基酯作为其开发的沙门氏菌测试片的显色剂; 侯典朋[40]利用金黄色葡萄球菌生长过程产生的磷脂酶催化5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚基磷酸酯发生水解反应, 产生的烯醇又被氧化为蓝色的二聚体微粒, 使金黄色葡萄球菌菌落呈现蓝色。
测试片除了需要各种显色剂, 抑制剂的作用也很重要。在霉菌酵母的测试片中, 添加了四环素、氯霉素抑制细菌生长。四环素抗生素(tetracycline antibiotics, TCS)是一类由放线菌产生的具有广谱高效抗菌的药物, 对多种革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌具有很强的抑制活性[41]。氯霉素也是一种广谱性的抗菌药物, 属于酰胺醇类抗生素, 对需氧革兰阴性菌及革兰阳性菌、厌氧菌都具有很好的抑菌作用[42]。因此添加这两种抗生素能很好地抑制细菌在测试片上的生长, 使得测试片上的霉菌生长不受到细菌影响, 更便于计数。
抑制剂的使用在许多致病菌的选择性测试片中的使用更加重要。比如常见的大肠菌群测试片采用了胆盐作为抑菌剂; 沙门氏菌采用新生霉素、枸缘酸钠、煌绿等作为抑菌剂; 金黄色葡萄球菌由于独特的耐受高渗透压的能力, 在前增菌时采用7.5%氯化钠作为抑制剂, 培养时可以选择苯乙醇、亚啼酸钾作为抑制剂。
在使用国标中的平板分离的方法对食品进行微生物检测时, 存在操作烦琐、效率较低、检测时间长、检测成本高等缺点, 对于很多食品厂, 这样的检测方法并不适用企业的日常检测, 不利于企业做好日常的产品微生物检测。因此具有便捷操作、检测时间短、检测成本低等特点的快速测试纸片更加符合当前社会生产的快节奏。
使用国家标准中的平板法进行检测, 每次实验前需要算好足够的使用量, 然后将粉质的培养基加水煮沸后分装, 这个过程中粉质的培养基很容易分散在空气中被检测人员吸入, 煮沸的过程也需要检测人员细心耐心, 防止培养基过度加热。灭菌完成后还需要提前将培养基放入恒温装置防止培养基过热烫死细菌影响检测结果, 或者培养基过冷导致琼脂凝固。进入无菌室后如果临时想增加检测样品就会遇到培养基量不够, 临时配制来不及的情况。但是如果每次检测都多准备大量的培养基又会造成浪费, 提高检测的成本。此外, 在大肠菌群的检测过程中如果结晶紫中性红胆盐琼脂上出现可疑菌落还需要使用煌绿乳糖胆盐肉汤进行验证, 需要额外准备培养基和杜氏小管, 且胆盐在配制过程中易挥发, 影响检验人员的身体健康。而使用测试片, 不仅省去配制培养基的操作和时间, 在检测过程中随时可以安排增加样品的检测数量。由于没有培养基的配制和消毒的环节, 操作程序更加简便, 提高了检测的效率。
目前市面上销售的测试片产品主要有: 菌落总数、霉菌和酵母、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单增李斯特、乳酸菌测试片等。通过阅读相关文献和不同品牌、不同微生物测试纸片说明书的比对见表2。通过表2可得, 绝大数的测试纸片的培养时间比平板法短。而且有部分品牌的测试片在检测大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌的时候, 可以直接在纸片上确认, 不需要做后续的生化鉴定。
近几年, 随着人们健康意识的不断提高, 越来越多的消费者倾向于购买无添加的短保质期的食品。而大多数的食品在出厂检验时要求进行微生物检验, 特别是面包、蛋糕等糕点类的食品, 本身保质期就很短, 常常只有3~5 d, 如果采用传统的平板法进行微生物检验, 可能产品刚摆上货架就要过期了。但是如果采用测试片的方法, 能为企业缩短24 h以上的时间, 争取更长的货架期, 也让消费者购买到更加新鲜的食品。
测试片培养时间短可能是由于测试纸片比琼脂培养基薄, 放入培养箱后, 能更快的让中心温度达到适合细菌生长的36 ℃±1 ℃和适合霉菌酵母生长的28 ℃±1 ℃, 缩短了微生物生长前期对环境的适应时间; 同时由于加入了显色剂, 能仅通过肉眼就更加明显地观察到微小的菌落形态。
与培养皿的大小比起来, 测试片的厚度非常薄, 相同数量的测试片体积仅占培养皿的十分之一[43]。在实际检测过程中, 一个稀释度需要使用2~3个培养皿, 一个样品可能需要多个稀释度, 需要用到较多的培养皿, 而测试片可以10~20张同时叠放, 大大节约了培养箱中的空间。很多检测机构的场地有限, 培养箱数量也有限, 当样品数量较多时无法满足检测需求。而测试片法的体积小, 将几个纸片叠放, 大大节约了培养箱中的空间, 特别适合场地有限但样品数量多的检测机构。
测试片利用无纺布、纸片或凝胶代替培养基, 利用显色剂指示不同菌落, 便于区别菌落和食物残渣, 也便于区别目标菌和非目标菌, 避免计数错误, 提高读数的准确性。安雪征等[44]同时使用3M Petrifilm™酵母菌和霉菌测试片和平板法对脱盐乳清粉中的霉菌酵母进行检测, 实验证明两种方法的结果没有显著性差别。杜雅正等[45]对脱盐乳清粉中的金黄色葡萄球菌采用3M Petrifilm™金黄色葡萄球菌测试片和平板法两种方法进行检测, 经t检验法验证两种方法的结果没有显著性差异, 同时测试片法只需要2 d即可得出结果。徐蕾蕊等[46]为探究菌落总数测试片在检测中的可行性, 采用平板法和北京美正的MicroFast®AC菌落总数测试片对菌悬液、14种自然污染和4种人工污染的样品进行实验, 并且进行回归性分析。菌悬液、自然污染和人工污染的样品的线性关系分别是r2=0.999、r2=0.989、r2=0.976, 说明菌落总数测试片法对不同样品的菌落总数检测结果与平板法检测结果呈正相关。大量的研究人员通过实验表明测试片法与传统平板法的检验结果之间没有显著性的差异。由于测试片法不需要配制培养基, 而是直接将1 mL样液加入测试片, 即在取样的同时接种, 可有效减少培养基对细菌、真菌细胞的热损伤, 更加真实地反映样本中的菌落数, 提高检测的准确性。
虽然测试片有简化实验操作、缩短检测时间、提高检测的效率和检测准确性等优点, 但是也要认识到, 目前测试片还是存在一些缺点。
由于测试片的这些优点, 使其在许多检测机构和食品企业受到广泛的使用, 特别是产品种类丰富且保质期又短的食品企业, 测试片的方法大大加快了检测的速度和效率, 使得产品能更早上市。但是在实际使用过程中, 测试纸也受到一些因素的影响导致应用范围有限。
首先是食物基底对测试片结果的影响导致其应用范围有限。目前针对常见的畜禽肉及其制品、水产品、果蔬及其制品、乳制品、粮食制品、坚果炒货、蛋及蛋制品和调味料等食品的研究表明, 测试片和平板法的结果没有显著性差异[46-47]。但是食物基底对测试片法的影响比平板法大。平板法中使用的是直径为9 mm培养皿, 其中加入1 mL样品匀液后再导入15~20 mL的培养基后, 食品基底就被稀释, 而测试片的面积远远小于培养皿, 所以, 当加入1 mL样品匀液后, 食品基底对测试片结果的准确性的影响就变得很大。在2022年更新的SN/T 4544.2— 2022《商品化试剂盒检测方法 菌落总数 方法二》中提到, 该方法不适于米粉等10倍稀释后流动性不强的食品。米粉、米糊等淀粉含量较高的食品样品经过稀释后流动性很差, 由于其中的淀粉等食品基底会影响液体在测试片上扩散的效果, 造成菌落不易分散导致计数误差大。测试片也不适于稀释后色度较深的食品。例如黑巧克力、酱油等食品, 稀释后的基底颜色较深, 导致培养后菌落的显色不明显从而影响计数结果。因此, 实验室如果计划使用测试片, 应先对该测试片的使用范围进行验证, 特别是一些特殊的食品基质。在现有的标准中对致病菌的测试纸片使用还是空白, 导致测试片的应用范围有限。一方面由于我国对测试纸片的研究较晚, 另一方面由于致病菌的生化较为复杂, 需要配合相应的检验步骤才能将其区别于其他非致病菌, 很难只用一款测试纸就将其分离出来。所以许多致病菌的测试纸片还会增加确认片。以沙门氏菌为例, 目前最被大家广泛接受的沙门氏菌测试片是3M沙门氏菌SALX测试片, 这款测试片在使用的时候, 需要搭配3M PetrifilmTM SALX确认片才能最终确认。除了增加相应的确认片, 未来测试片也可以和其他快速检测的方法结合, 提高检测的准确性和检测效率。
众所周知, 使用的培养基是否符合验收标准对微生物实验的结果影响很大。但是目前国家标准中没有对相关测试纸片的验收方法。李俊霞等[48]参考GB 4789.28—2013《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 培养基和试剂的质量要求》分别采用半定量G值法和定量法对3M的菌落总数测试片和平板计数琼脂进行验收, 研究结果显示用定量法和半定量G值法对3M纸片法的试剂验收都是符合标准的要求。此次GB 4789.28—2023更新仍未提及微生物测试片的准确验收方法, 因此, 如何做好测试片的技术验收以及怎样算验收合格也是未来测试片在推广应用过程中需要明确和制定相关标准。
自1955年第一代菌落总数测试片出现, 经过60多年的发展, 产品的技术水平已经非常成熟, 产品的类型也非常丰富。越来越多的研究人员也加入到各种测试片的研究中, 每隔一段时间就会研发出新的产品, 且检测的效率和准确性也越来越高。测试纸片的出现, 大大提高了微生物检测的效率。美国、欧盟等西方发达国家对微生物测试片的研究开始较早, 发展迅速: 美国3M公司在1995年研制出商品化的测试片; 随后法国生物梅利埃公司和美国BD公司、日本Chisso公司和德国拜发公司先后都开始研发和生产测试纸片[49-50], 产品类型覆盖了常见的食品中的微生物检测。目前, 测试纸片法已被不少国家的官方机构组织认可, 包括美国官方化学师协会、法国标准化协会、美国食品和药品管理局、北欧食品分析委员会、德国标准化协会、日本厚生劳动省等[30,51-52]。美国官方分析化学家学会(Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, AOAC)和加拿大MFHPB-33均允许使用菌落试纸来测定食品及奶粉中的菌群[27]。早在2010年, 为了满足出入境检验检疫的检验需求, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局已经将食品中霉菌和酵母菌快速计数法PetrifilmTM测试片法列入中国出入境检验检疫的行业标准SN/T 2566—2010《食品中霉菌和酵母菌的计数Petrifilm测试片法》。2016年发布了SN/T 4544.1—2016《商品化试剂盒检测方法 菌落总数 方法一》, 随后的2022年、2023年海关总数又陆续发布了SN/T 4544.2—2022《商品化试剂盒检测方法 菌落总数 方法二》、SN/T 4544.3—2023《商品化试剂盒检测方法 菌落总数 方法三》等一系列标准, 其中明确可以使用菌落总数测试片。国标曾在2008年增加菌落总数和大肠菌群测试片的方法, 但在2016年标准更新时又取消了这两种测试片的使用。2022年12月GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国际标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》更新时, 再次将测试纸片的方法加入标准中。随着国内对测试纸片研究的兴起和行业对测试片的认可度越来越高, 不少企业也纷纷推出了自己的测试片产品: 北京中卫生物、广州绿洲生化、北京陆桥、北京美正生物、广东环凯以及青岛海博都有测试片系列产品。2024年8月20日, 由广东环凯生物有限公司和广州省科学院微生物研究所等单位参与起草的3项涉及食品中霉菌酵母、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测测试片法正式发布实施。该团体标准很好地补充了目前国内对致病菌的测试片检测方法的研究。总的来说, 测试片具有良好的市场发展前景, 在可预见的未来, 测试片法将逐步成为传统平板分离法的重要补充, 甚至可能逐步成为主流的检测方法。
综上所述, 操作简单、培养时间短、检测准确的测试片具有很好的研究和发展的前景。为了能让测试片更快地应用于实际的检测工作中, 还有很多准备工作需要完善: 未来不仅可以在测试片载体、显色剂、抑制剂以及致病菌测试片的创新方面加强研究, 同时也要针对测试片的应用做更多的验证实验, 比如规范测试片的验收、探究不同基底的食品对测试片检验的影响等方面进行深入的研究。
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2025年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930011
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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    1.龙岩市产品质量检验所, 龙岩 364000
    2.山东师范大学化学化工与材料科学学院, 济南 250000

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*詹艺舒(1995—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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