Article(id=1153986784422777784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240923001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061489444, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061489444, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061489444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061489444, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986785047729102, articleId=1153986784422777784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on detection technology of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula food, columnId=1153986783114154916, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cronobacter spp. is a group of foodborne opportunistic pathogens widely present in the natural environment, characterized by their ability to tolerate desiccation and high osmolarity, enabling them to survive for extended periods in dried milk powder. Infant formula products may become contaminated during production, transportation, storage, and even during the reconstitution process. Infection with Cronobacter spp. can lead to severe illnesses such as bacteremia, meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, and may result in serious neurological sequelae or even death. Therefore, establishing efficient and accurate detection methods for Cronobacter spp. is crucial for preventing and controlling these diseases, and holds significant importance in ensuring the quality and safety of infant formula products. Currently, the main detection methods for Cronobacter spp. include traditional culture-based methods, molecular biology methods, and immunological methods, with numerous studies in recent years reporting various degrees of improvement and optimization based on these methods. This article systematically reviewed the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the various detection methods currently available for Cronobacter spp., aiming to provide a reference for further research in this field and for the optimization and updating of national standards and industry standards.

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克罗诺杆菌属是一类广泛存在于自然环境中的食源性条件致病菌, 该菌属特点为可耐受干燥和高渗透压, 可在干燥的奶粉中长期存活, 婴儿配方食品可能在生产过程、运输储运过程及冲调过程中被污染, 感染后可能导致婴儿菌血症、脑膜炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎, 并可能引起严重的神经系统后遗症, 甚至死亡。因此建立高效、准确的克罗诺杆菌属检测方法是预防和控制该类疾病的关键, 对于保障婴儿配方食品的质量与安全有着重要意义。目前克罗诺杆菌属的检测方法主要有传统分离培养法、分子生物学方法、免疫学方法等, 近年来许多研究在此基础上进行了不同程度的改进优化。本文对目前针对克罗诺杆菌属的各种检测方法的原理及优缺点进行了系统综述, 旨在为该菌属检测技术的深入研究及国家与行业检测标准的优化更新提供参考。

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*胡连霞(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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陈志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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陈志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, 375: 132860., articleTitle=A HCR based multivalent aptamer amplifier for ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369478516290537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=191, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=94, authorNames=王瑞安, 杜再慧, 康帅帅, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王瑞安, 杜再慧, 康帅帅, 等. 基于杂交链式反应扩增检测奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的适配体磁珠荧光传感器[J]. 食品科学, 2024, 45(1): 191-197., articleTitle=基于杂交链式反应扩增检测奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的适配体磁珠荧光传感器, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369478646313963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=191, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=95, authorNames=WANG RAN, DU ZH, KANG SS, journalName=Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG RAN, DU ZH, KANG SS, et al. 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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2019, 10(24): 8418-8423., articleTitle=Identification of milk powder pathogenic bacteria by matrix assisted laser analytical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369478923138035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=2, pageStart=144, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=99, authorNames=甘辛, 王晓菲, 闫韶飞, journalName=中国食品卫生杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=甘辛, 王晓菲, 闫韶飞, 等. 聚酶链式反应和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法鉴定克罗诺杆菌[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2021, 33(2): 144-148., articleTitle=聚酶链式反应和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法鉴定克罗诺杆菌, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369479044772853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=2, pageStart=144, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=100, authorNames=GAN X, WANG XF, YAN SF, journalName=Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAN X, WANG XF, YAN SF, et al. 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Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2021, 33(2): 144-148., articleTitle=Application of polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry methods in Cronobacter rapid identification, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174369469104272253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, awardId=211170212A, language=CN, fundingSource=石家庄科学技术研究与发展计划项目(211170212A), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369465039991629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369465056768846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, companyId=1174369465039991629, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369465555891029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, companyId=1174369465455227731, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.石家庄学院, 石家庄 050035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174369467841786741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cronobacter spp. testing procedure, figureFileSmall=fF/vnukQw5O789NYRSTElw==, figureFileBig=6sOtcsz4khAeuTb3PDsgoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369468034724726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=CN, label=图1, caption=克罗诺杆菌检验程序

注: BPW: 缓冲蛋白胨水(buffered peptone water); mLST-Vm: 改良月桂基硫酸盐胰蛋白胨肉汤-万古霉素; TSA: 胰酪大豆胨琼脂(tryptic soytone agar)。

, figureFileSmall=fF/vnukQw5O789NYRSTElw==, figureFileBig=6sOtcsz4khAeuTb3PDsgoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369468206691191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of Cronobacter spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 菌种名称 主要检测基因 文献
1 阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii) rpoS, grxB, ompX, cpa, hly, sip,
aut, inv, rpoB, 全基因组recN
[6-12]
2 丙二酸盐阳性克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus) aut, cpa, rpoB, 全基因组recN [7-8,10-11,13]
3 苏黎世克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter turicensis) rpoB, yibP, 全基因组recN [8-11,14]
4 莫金斯克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter muytjensii) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
5 都柏林克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter dublinensis) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
6 尤尼沃斯克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter universalis) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
7 康迪蒙提克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter condiment) rpoB, 全基因组 [8,15]
), ArticleFig(id=1174369468420600696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

克罗诺杆菌属分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 菌种名称 主要检测基因 文献
1 阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii) rpoS, grxB, ompX, cpa, hly, sip,
aut, inv, rpoB, 全基因组recN
[6-12]
2 丙二酸盐阳性克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter malonaticus) aut, cpa, rpoB, 全基因组recN [7-8,10-11,13]
3 苏黎世克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter turicensis) rpoB, yibP, 全基因组recN [8-11,14]
4 莫金斯克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter muytjensii) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
5 都柏林克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter dublinensis) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
6 尤尼沃斯克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter universalis) rpoB, 全基因组recN [8,10-11]
7 康迪蒙提克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter condiment) rpoB, 全基因组 [8,15]
), ArticleFig(id=1174369468638704505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molecular biology techniques for detecting Cronobacter spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 温度 引物 优点 缺点
PCR 变温 1对 引物设计简单、特异性强 温度要求高、易受污染
qPCR 变温 1对 高特异性高通量 温度要求高、引物设计复杂
mqPCR 变温 多对 高通量、灵敏度高 引物设计复杂、易出现假阳性
ddPCR 变温 1对 灵敏度高、绝对定量 检测范围较窄、稳定性差、准确性差
LAMP 恒温 2对或3对 恒温检测、特异性强、设备要求低 引物设计复杂、易出现假阳性
RPA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、特异性强、设备便携 引物设计复杂且较长、易出现假阳性
ERA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、灵敏度高、特异性强 引物设计复杂
RCA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、操作简便 仅用于定性检测
), ArticleFig(id=1174369468739367802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分子生物学技术检测克罗诺杆菌属

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 温度 引物 优点 缺点
PCR 变温 1对 引物设计简单、特异性强 温度要求高、易受污染
qPCR 变温 1对 高特异性高通量 温度要求高、引物设计复杂
mqPCR 变温 多对 高通量、灵敏度高 引物设计复杂、易出现假阳性
ddPCR 变温 1对 灵敏度高、绝对定量 检测范围较窄、稳定性差、准确性差
LAMP 恒温 2对或3对 恒温检测、特异性强、设备要求低 引物设计复杂、易出现假阳性
RPA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、特异性强、设备便携 引物设计复杂且较长、易出现假阳性
ERA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、灵敏度高、特异性强 引物设计复杂
RCA 恒温 1对 恒温检测、操作简便 仅用于定性检测
), ArticleFig(id=1174369468890362747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Immunological techniques for detecting Cronobacter spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 优点 缺点
ELISA 操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强 稳定性差、易受干扰
LF 成本低、操作简单 灵敏度低、易受干扰、检测范围窄
IMBS 特异性强、灵敏度高 成本高、配体制作复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1174369469007803260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986784422777784, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

免疫学技术检测克罗诺杆菌属

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技术名称 优点 缺点
ELISA 操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强 稳定性差、易受干扰
LF 成本低、操作简单 灵敏度低、易受干扰、检测范围窄
IMBS 特异性强、灵敏度高 成本高、配体制作复杂
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婴儿配方食品中克罗诺杆菌属检测技术研究进展
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陈志敏 1 , 杨利芳 1 , 郝伟 1 , 孙睿佳 2 , 胡连霞 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025,16(1): 143-150
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025, 16(1): 143-150
婴儿配方食品中克罗诺杆菌属检测技术研究进展
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陈志敏1 , 杨利芳1, 郝伟1, 孙睿佳2, 胡连霞3, *
作者信息
  • 1.石家庄市食品药品检验中心, 石家庄 050031
  • 2.河北农业大学现代科技学院, 保定 071000
  • 3.石家庄学院, 石家庄 050035
  • 陈志敏(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*胡连霞(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Research progress on detection technology of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula food
Zhi-Min CHEN1 , Li-Fang YANG1, Wei HAO1, Rui-Jia SUN2, Lian-Xia HU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shijiazhuang Food and Drug Inspection Center, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
  • 2. College of Modern Science and Technology Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 3. Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240923001
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克罗诺杆菌属是一类广泛存在于自然环境中的食源性条件致病菌, 该菌属特点为可耐受干燥和高渗透压, 可在干燥的奶粉中长期存活, 婴儿配方食品可能在生产过程、运输储运过程及冲调过程中被污染, 感染后可能导致婴儿菌血症、脑膜炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎, 并可能引起严重的神经系统后遗症, 甚至死亡。因此建立高效、准确的克罗诺杆菌属检测方法是预防和控制该类疾病的关键, 对于保障婴儿配方食品的质量与安全有着重要意义。目前克罗诺杆菌属的检测方法主要有传统分离培养法、分子生物学方法、免疫学方法等, 近年来许多研究在此基础上进行了不同程度的改进优化。本文对目前针对克罗诺杆菌属的各种检测方法的原理及优缺点进行了系统综述, 旨在为该菌属检测技术的深入研究及国家与行业检测标准的优化更新提供参考。

婴儿配方食品  /  克罗诺杆菌属  /  检测技术

Cronobacter spp. is a group of foodborne opportunistic pathogens widely present in the natural environment, characterized by their ability to tolerate desiccation and high osmolarity, enabling them to survive for extended periods in dried milk powder. Infant formula products may become contaminated during production, transportation, storage, and even during the reconstitution process. Infection with Cronobacter spp. can lead to severe illnesses such as bacteremia, meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, and may result in serious neurological sequelae or even death. Therefore, establishing efficient and accurate detection methods for Cronobacter spp. is crucial for preventing and controlling these diseases, and holds significant importance in ensuring the quality and safety of infant formula products. Currently, the main detection methods for Cronobacter spp. include traditional culture-based methods, molecular biology methods, and immunological methods, with numerous studies in recent years reporting various degrees of improvement and optimization based on these methods. This article systematically reviewed the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the various detection methods currently available for Cronobacter spp., aiming to provide a reference for further research in this field and for the optimization and updating of national standards and industry standards.

infant formula food  /  Cronobacter spp.  /  detection technology
陈志敏, 杨利芳, 郝伟, 孙睿佳, 胡连霞. 婴儿配方食品中克罗诺杆菌属检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240923001
Zhi-Min CHEN, Li-Fang YANG, Wei HAO, Rui-Jia SUN, Lian-Xia HU. Research progress on detection technology of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula food[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240923001
克罗诺杆菌属(Cronobacter spp.)是一类食源性致病菌, 原称为阪崎肠杆菌, 生活于人和动物肠道内, 属于兼性厌氧革兰氏阴性杆菌, 隶属于肠杆菌科[1-3]。2012年JOSEPH等通过研究将克罗诺杆菌属分为7个种, 即为目前国际公认的克罗诺杆菌属分类, 其中主要报道的临床分离菌株是阪崎克罗诺杆菌和丙二酸盐阳性克罗诺杆菌, 苏黎世克罗诺杆菌和尤尼沃斯克罗诺杆菌仅有少量临床报道, 剩余3种主要为环境共生菌[4], 克罗诺杆菌属致病性与类肠毒素、内毒素以及外膜蛋白有关, 表现出来的毒力差异较大[5], 近年来它们的主要检测基因如表1所示, 其中阪崎克罗诺杆菌是检测和研究的主要种。
在婴幼儿奶粉、肉类、水、蔬菜等多种食品中被检测到, 其中奶粉是该菌的主要感染渠道。对于婴儿, 尤其是体质量低于2500 g的早产儿, 具有很高的感染风险。克罗诺杆菌属与新生儿脑膜炎病例、坏死性小肠结肠炎、败血症、血痢和脑脓肿相关[16-17]。近年来关于婴幼儿食品中普遍存在的克罗诺杆菌的污染, 部分省市检出率接近30%[18-21]。该类菌可耐受干燥和高渗透压, 使得其在加工保存过程中极难被杀死, 但其耐受逆境的分子机制尚未阐明。有研究表明其能在婴儿奶粉中长期存活[22]。ISO/TS 22964:2017为国际上最新发布的一版克罗诺杆菌属检测标准, 其取代2006年版, 将检测范围从阪崎克罗诺杆菌扩大至整个克罗诺杆菌属。我国各级食品安全监督抽检食品种类及GB 29921—2021《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品中致病菌限量》、GB 10765—2021《食品安全国家标准 婴儿配方食品》等标准中, 规定了特殊膳食用食品[婴儿(0~6月龄)配方食品、特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品]中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)不得检出。建立准确、高效的克罗诺杆菌属检测技术是预防其危害发生的重要手段, 不仅是食品安全的重要保障, 且对于公共卫生安全方面也具有非常重要的意义。
目前我国食品安全国家标准以GB 4789.40—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 克罗诺杆菌检验》传统培养法为检测金标准, 该方法适用于婴幼儿配方食品、婴幼儿辅助食品、乳及乳制品及其原料中克罗诺杆菌的检验, 主要包括前增菌和选择性增菌、分离、聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)鉴定(选做)和生化鉴定实验进行最终确认, 但其检测周期长且极易受到培养时间、检测人员的专业检测能力等的影响。本文拟对目前存在的较常见的检测克罗诺杆菌属的方法进行系统介绍, 以期为食品中克罗诺杆菌属的进一步深入研究以及国家标准的制定提供参考。
GB 4789.40—2024以传统培养法为检测方法, 是检测克罗诺杆菌属的国家强制标准, 通过样品前增菌以及选择性增菌培养后, 挑取可疑菌落进行生化鉴定和PCR试验(图1)。国标方法的准确度高且稳定, 但耗时长操作繁杂, 灵敏度低, 易受人为因素影响。
胡智恺等[23]通过筛选促进剂、抑制剂和修复剂的用量改进非选择性增菌液BPW, 改进后增菌时间由42 h缩短至24 h, 大幅缩短了检测周期, 且能够有效抑制非目标菌。显色培养基的选择也至关重要。有研究发现不同厂家的阪崎显色培养基的选择性、准确率差异较大[24], 因此在实际检测样品应选择不同厂家的阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基, 防止结果误判。于瑞莉等[25]通过添加特异性底物和特殊抑制剂等优化了克罗诺杆菌属显色培养基的配方, 不仅抑制干扰菌的生长, 且在人工污染样品检测中检出限可达到10 CFU。由上可知传统培养方法的不断优化, 将逐渐满足实际检测的需要。
PCR是一种用于放大扩增特定的DNA片段的分子生物学技术, 通过体外酶促合成特异的DNA片段, 利用高温变性、低温退火和中温延伸的过程循环进行, 是目前检测克罗诺杆菌属的最常用分子生物学检测方法之一, 它具有快速、灵敏、特异性好等优点[26-28]。GB 4789.40—2024较GB 4789.40—2016版, 增加了PCR鉴定方法作为选做内容。行业标准SN/T 1632.2—2013《出口奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌(克罗诺杆菌属)检验方法》第2部分: PCR方法, 建立了适用于奶粉中的阪崎肠杆菌(克罗诺杆菌属)的快速定性检测的PCR方法。
近年来, 以常规PCR为基础的各种新型PCR技术及联用技术不断出现, 使食品中微生物的检测愈来愈快捷、简便且弥补了常规PCR技术灵敏度低的缺陷。
实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)技术是一种在DNA扩增反应中, 以荧光化学物质测每次PCR循环后产物总量的方法。因其在检测通量高、时效性好、灵敏度高等方面的优势得以迅速发展[29]。王青龙等[30]根据克罗诺杆菌属DNA旋转酶B亚基(gyrB)基因保守区序列设计出特异性好、灵敏度高的引物和探针, 可特异性鉴定7种克罗诺杆菌, 该研究所建立的实时荧光PCR方法实现对婴幼儿配方食品样品中的克罗诺杆菌的分型检测。王丹丹等[31]建立集克罗诺杆菌属DNA提取一步法和快速实时荧光定量PCR方法为一体的检测体系, 通过方法优化可将整个检测流程在40 min内完成, 大大缩短了检测时间。实时荧光定量PCR技术实现了检测由定性到定量的飞跃, 但由于其引物设计难度大、所涉及到的仪器设备试剂耗材价格相对高, 限制了其广泛应用。
多重实时荧光定量PCR (multiplex quantitative real-time PCR, mqPCR)技术是在实时荧光定量PCR技术基础上, 在同一反应管中加入多对引物和多条探针进行的同时检测多种致病菌技术[32], 具有高通量、高灵敏的检测特点。林碧莲等[33]建立了同时检测克罗诺杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的mqPCR技术, 未发现交叉反应, 人工污染样品中克罗诺杆菌和沙门氏菌检出限为103 CFU/mL, 金黄色葡萄球菌为104 CFU/mL, 该技术满足了实际样品检测的需要, 实现了在同一样品中同时检测多种致病菌。但由于多对引物之间相互影响, 扩增效果不佳, 在实际操作中难度较高。
微滴式数字PCR (droplet digital PCR, ddPCR)技术是一种基于PCR反应的单分子绝对定量技术。将待测的DNA样本分割成成千上万个微小的液滴, 通过检测每个液滴中的荧光信号进行定量分析, 具有高灵敏度、高特异性、高效等优势[34]。SN/T 5364.8—2021《出口食品中致病菌检测方法 微滴式数字PCR法》第8部分: 克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检验方法, 建立了针对食品中克罗诺杆菌属的微滴式数字PCR方法, 检出限达到1~10 CFU/100 g (mL)。魏咏新等[35]建立了针对克罗诺杆菌属的ddPCR检测方法, 从提取DNA到ddPCR检测仅需1~2 d大幅缩短检测周期。但该技术有一定的局限性, 由于取样体积小, 导致检测范围较窄、稳定性差等。
随着PCR技术的发展, 陆续有许多新的检测技术与PCR技术联用, 这些技术的联用, 不仅提高了PCR技术的灵敏度, 且缩短了检测时间。SN/T 5439.4—2022《出口食品中食源性致病菌快速检测方法 PCR-试纸条法》第4部分: 克罗诺杆菌检测用试纸条上含有金标记的抗异硫氰酸盐的抗体, 可与PCR产物上的异硫氰酸盐标记分子结合从而显色, 实现对克罗诺杆菌属的快速定性检测。SN/T 1632.4—2022《出口乳粉中克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)检测方法》第4部分: PCR-CRISPR, 将PCR与成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列基因编辑(clustered regularly interspaced short palin-dromic repeats, CRISPR)检测技术联用于克罗诺杆菌属(阪崎肠杆菌)的定性检测。马跃然等[36]通过选取克罗诺杆菌中管家基因建立靶序列, 构建质粒标准样品快速检测克罗诺杆菌, 整个流程耗时不超过6 h, 且在检测大批量样品时, 可使用该PCR方法进行初筛, 即当结果为阳性时再采用国标方法进行验证, 大大提高检测效率。YUAN等[37]通过反转录PCR激活DNA酶催化反应以放大信号, 通过检测电化学信号进行判定是否存在克罗诺杆菌属。以上联用技术通过取长补短, 克服了常规PCR的不足, 实现了更高灵敏度、更强特异性、更快检测速度, 是未来克罗诺杆菌属检测技术的热门研究方向。
DNA环介导恒温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)是一种适用于基因诊断的恒温核酸扩增技术, 通过设计4~6条特异性引物, 利用Bst DNA聚合酶可在等温条件下高效扩增目标片段, 高效简便、灵敏度高, 反应时间短[38]。张懿翔等[39]将CRISPR检测技术[40-41]与LAMP方法相结合, 针对克罗诺杆菌属特异性关键基因序列设计LAMP引物和向导RNA靶向序列, 对其进行条件优化、特异性检测, 该方法灵敏度达到了0.1 pg/pL; 人工污染样品检出限为<10 CFU/100 g, 且可大幅缩短检测时间。石伟雄等[42]根据荧光染料与LAMP扩增产物结合后产生的荧光信号进行实时定量检测, 其检出限可达到8×10-2 CFU/mL。岳紫馨等[43]通过引物筛选和反应体系优化, 建立等温实时荧光LAMP法, 并通过48份市售乳粉样品进行方法比对, 结果与国标法一致, 且该方法具备更简便快捷优势。上述将LAMP技术与其他技术联用, 弥补LAMP技术的不足, 特异性更强。但LAMP也存在气溶胶污染、引物设计复杂、无法区分死菌活菌等问题。
重组酶聚合酶恒温扩增技术(recombinase polymerase amplication, RPA)是一种依赖于能结合单链核酸的重组酶、单链DNA结合蛋白和具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶的核酸等温扩增技术[44], 洪晗露[45]建立了针对阪崎克罗诺杆菌、沙门氏菌的双重RRA反应体系, 该方法在持续37 ℃下, 反应时间仅需20 min, 即可完成两种致病菌的同时检测。RPA技术引物设计简单、反应灵敏性高、特异性强, 可以真正实现便携式的现场、快速检测[46]。但其因极易造成气溶胶污染、核酸扩增假阳性高等不足, 该技术在检测克罗诺杆菌属的研究仍需进一步探索。
酶促重组等温扩增(enzymatic recombinase amplification, ERA)技术是一种等温扩增技术, 其过程主要是由重组酶、引物、DNA聚合酶、辅助蛋白等分子构成的反应体系中发生的[47]。相对于传统的PCR技术, 该技术操作简单、反应速度快、灵敏度高, 且对仪器设备要求低, 可在非实验室环境条件下进行操作。林志伟等[48]建立了针对婴儿配方乳粉中易污染的克罗诺杆菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌及金黄色葡萄球菌4种食源性致病菌的双重ERA快速检测方法, 前增菌6 h后, 样品中致病菌检出限可达1 CFU/mL, 该方法特异性好、灵敏度高、操作简单, 为婴儿配方乳粉中致病菌的筛查提供快速检测手段, 同时也为其他食源性病菌的检测提供新思路。
滚环扩增(rolling circle amplification, RCA)是一种核酸等温信号放大技术, 通过单链DNA引物与环状DNA模板的结合, 在DNA聚合酶的作用下引物沿着模板延伸, 产生大量重复片段的长链DNA分子, 从而实现核酸信号放大[49]。ZHANG等[50]建立RCA方法用于克罗诺杆菌的检测, 其中在纯培养物中鉴定出所有克罗诺杆菌菌株, 而在非克罗诺杆菌菌株中未发现扩增产物, 实现克罗诺杆菌属的特异性检测。RCA因其恒温反应, 设计、操作简便得以被广泛应用, 但目前仅适合定性检测, 应用范围窄。
分子生物学技术检测克罗诺杆菌属详见表2
免疫学技术是根据检测的病原体来制备其特异性抗体, 通过抗原-抗体特异性结合的原理进行检测。其具有灵敏度高、检测时间短、高通量等优势, 常被用于微生物检测及疾病诊断[51]
酶联免疫吸附检测(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)技术将已知的抗原或抗体吸附在固相载体表面, 使酶标记的抗原抗体反应在固相表面进行, 用洗涤法将液相中的游离成分洗除, 从而进行定性和定量检测的方法[52]。张欣等[53]建立了针对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的双抗夹心酶联免疫方法, 适用于同时检测6种克罗诺杆菌属, 且不与其他常见的致病菌发生交叉反应, 具有良好的特异性。ELISA方法操作便捷、特异性强、检测成本低, 可实现基层中使用。
免疫层析试纸条(lateral flow strip, LF)技术, 只需5 min即可完成目标物的分析, 且无需任何特殊设备, 肉眼即可观察结果[54]。陈纯阳等[55]将免疫层析试纸条与RPA联用, 建立一种简便、快速、适合现场使用的阪崎克罗诺杆菌检测方法(RPA-LF)。该方法对纯培养目标菌的检出限为1.7×102 CFU/mL, 人工污染样品菌量达到1.7×100 CFU/g时, 此方法可以在5 h内对婴幼儿配方奶粉和米粉完成检测, 该方法灵敏度高、特异性强, 适合现场使用。
免疫磁珠分离(immunomagnetic beads separation, IMBS)技术是在免疫磁珠表面固定特定的抗体或亲和分子, 使之与目标分子发生特异性结合, 从而实现目标分子的分离和富集, 可以在短期内快速分离和富集目标抗原[56-57]。SHUKLA等[58]建立了免疫磁珠分离技术检测婴儿配方奶粉中的克罗诺杆菌, 该方法特异性强, 操作便捷, 可实现快速定性检测克罗诺杆菌属。IMBS技术能有效提高检测的灵敏度, 提高检测效率, 但其成本较高, 配体制作较难, 可能发生交叉反应。
免疫学技术检测克罗诺杆菌属详见表3
荧光生物传感器法是构建一种基于杂交链式反应(hybridization chain reaction, HCR)扩增的适配体磁珠荧光传感器。与HCR产物结合的荧光指示剂发出依赖于靶浓度的强荧光信号, 从而实现对可疑菌株的定量检测[59]。王瑞安等[60]通过建立针对克罗诺杆菌属的荧光生物传感器法, 纯培养条件下的检出限为2 CFU/mL, 对奶粉的检出限为8 CFU/g。该方法具有无需DNA提取, 快速、稳定性高、高特异性和高灵敏度等优点, 因此为阪崎肠杆菌的现场快速检测提供了一种很有潜力的方法。
基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS)是近年来新发展起来的一种微生物鉴定和分型技术。一种新型软电离生物质谱技术, 能够进行蛋白质、脂类、DNA、脂多糖、脂寡糖多肽及其他能被离子化的分子等多种细菌成分的分析[61]。赵宏等[62]将传统分离培养法得到的可疑菌落与MALDI-TOF-MS连用, 将菌体蛋白打碎成一些特异性的碎片, 通过质荷比的采集可获取致病菌特异性肽蛋白指纹图谱, 将其与数据库中的标准图谱进行比对后, 便可鉴定到属、种甚至亚种水平。甘辛等[63]利用MALDI-TOF-MS和PCR联用实现了对克罗诺杆菌属显色培养基上可疑菌落高通量、低成本的初筛, 为我国克罗诺杆菌的监测和防控提供技术支持。
克罗诺杆菌属是条件致病菌, 对大多数人没有感染能力, 但对于特殊人群, 尤其是婴儿危害极大, 能导致新生儿脑膜炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎等, 甚至引起死亡。2004年联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)将克罗诺杆菌列为婴幼儿配方奶粉中的A类致病菌。预防食源性克罗诺杆菌属疾病是涉及人类健康的公共卫生问题, 因此做好婴幼儿配方食品中克罗诺杆菌属的检验对保障婴幼儿健康和食品企业的良性发展有着重要的意义。
传统国家标准检测方法稳定性好, 是检测克罗诺杆菌属的金标准, 但其检测周期较长、可疑菌落的筛选易受技术人员人为影响, 且无法对难以培养的病原菌进行检测, 易漏检。以分子生物学为基础的检测方法检测时间短, 特异性强, 但是检测成本高、仪器昂贵、实验设计复杂、灵敏性相对较低, 且无法区分死菌以及活菌, 易出现假阳性。以免疫学为基础的检测方法, 特异性要求高, 费用高, 易受干扰。某些新型多技术连用检测方法对试验条件及工作人员的专业能力要求较高, 不宜在各个检测机构中推广。
目前将两种及两种以上的检测技术联用已成为新型的检测趋势, 能够取长补短, 更加准确、高效, 以应对食品安全突发事件。在实际的样品检测过程中, 应根据实际情况选择合适的方法, 或将两种或多种技术联用以提高效率及准确度。因此建立快捷、操作简便、准确度高且经济可行的克罗诺杆菌属检测方法将是未来检测克罗诺杆菌属技术的发展方向。
  • 石家庄科学技术研究与发展计划项目(211170212A)
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2025年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240923001
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
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石家庄科学技术研究与发展计划项目(211170212A)
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    1.石家庄市食品药品检验中心, 石家庄 050031
    2.河北农业大学现代科技学院, 保定 071000
    3.石家庄学院, 石家庄 050035

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*胡连霞(1972—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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