Article(id=1153986779712574280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240814001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061488321, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061488321, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061488321, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061488321, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986780312359765, articleId=1153986779712574280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the food safety of iodine in seaweeds, columnId=1153986779267978046, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in humans, it plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by endemic iodine deficiency disorders and hereditary thyroid dysfunction, eta.. Excessive or deficient iodine intake both have negative effects on human health. Seaweed, as a quality food source rich in iodine, is an ideal natural iodine supplement. With the increasing incidence of thyroid disease, it has led to a rejection of seaweed products with high iodine content, such as Laminaria japonica. A large number of studies show that there is no direct data to suggest that excessive consumption of seaweeds can have adverse effects our body despite the high iodine conten. Therefore, the paper summarized the research progress on morphological distribution of iodine from seaweed, safety evaluation of different forms of iodine, changes of speciation before and after processing, as well as bioavailability of iodine in edible seaweeds. This study provides ideas for evaluating the edible safety of iodine in seaweeds, and also provides scientific evidence for the healthy development of seaweed industry.

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碘是人类合成甲状腺激素的必需元素, 在预防和治疗地方性缺碘症和遗传性甲状腺功能障碍等引发的疾病等方面发挥了重要的作用, 但碘摄入过多或过少均会对人体健康产生不利影响。海藻作为碘含量丰富的优质食物来源, 是理想的天然补碘剂。由于甲状腺疾病的发病率逐年上升, 导致人们对海带等碘含量较高的海藻类产品产生了一定的排斥心理。大量研究发现, 尽管海藻中碘含量较高, 但并无直接数据表明过量食用海藻会对身体产生不良影响。为此, 本文综述了海藻来源碘的形态分布、不同形态碘的安全性评价、加工前后碘形态变化, 以及食用海藻中碘的生物利用度等方面的研究进展, 以期为评价海藻中碘的食用安全性提供思路, 为保障海藻产业的健康发展提供科学论据。

, correspAuthors=李娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李娜(1990—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
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代心悦(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为水产品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Iodine content of different alga

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类品种 总碘含量/(μg/g) 有机碘含量/(μg/g) 回收率/% 检测方法 参考文献
红藻 紫菜 3.72 0.42 / HPLC-ICP-MS [36]
掌状红皮藻 77±9 / / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
杜蒙特海藻 79±2 / 44.5±15.8 HPLC-ICP-MS [31]
爱尔兰苔藓 177±9 / 18.4±3.9
掌形藻 55±1 / 41.9±4.7
红叶藻 54±1 / 32±3.8
蠕虫叉红藻 251±6 / 24.0±0.3
紫菜 3±4 1.6±0.3 / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
褐藻 海带 9816.48±286.31 10.4±0.57 / HPLC [38]
墨角藻 779±9 / 72.6±0.4 HPLC-ICP-MS [31]
绳藻 2621±54 / 81.3±0.6
掌状海带 3166±50 / 71.2±5.7
糖海带 5611±87 9.12±0.29 100.0±9.0
裙带菜 306±42 / / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
绿藻 海白菜 66±2 / /
海莴苣 1.4±0.03 0.255±10 /
), ArticleFig(id=1174408834228564118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986779712574280, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同藻类的碘含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类品种 总碘含量/(μg/g) 有机碘含量/(μg/g) 回收率/% 检测方法 参考文献
红藻 紫菜 3.72 0.42 / HPLC-ICP-MS [36]
掌状红皮藻 77±9 / / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
杜蒙特海藻 79±2 / 44.5±15.8 HPLC-ICP-MS [31]
爱尔兰苔藓 177±9 / 18.4±3.9
掌形藻 55±1 / 41.9±4.7
红叶藻 54±1 / 32±3.8
蠕虫叉红藻 251±6 / 24.0±0.3
紫菜 3±4 1.6±0.3 / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
褐藻 海带 9816.48±286.31 10.4±0.57 / HPLC [38]
墨角藻 779±9 / 72.6±0.4 HPLC-ICP-MS [31]
绳藻 2621±54 / 81.3±0.6
掌状海带 3166±50 / 71.2±5.7
糖海带 5611±87 9.12±0.29 100.0±9.0
裙带菜 306±42 / / 反相HPLC-ICP-MS [37]
绿藻 海白菜 66±2 / /
海莴苣 1.4±0.03 0.255±10 /
), ArticleFig(id=1174408834329227415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986779712574280, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different processing methods on iodine content in alga

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类品种 处理方式 碘含量变化/(μg/g) 流失率/% 参考文献
初始含量 终含量
褐藻 海带 水煮 456.16±5.12 280.71±8.95 61.5 [50]
浸泡 339.38±10.36 74.4
蒸制 379.98±17.84 83.3
一次漂洗 9816.48±286.31 2832.30±43.20 71.1 [39]
二次漂洗 2687.63±40.58 72.6
浸泡 4296.95 613.52 86 [51]
熟制 166.81 96
糖海带 32 ℃水浸泡2 h 6568±398 22167.44 67 [38]
45 ℃淡水浸泡 7977±2317 2189±209 73 [52]
蒸汽20 min 5916±699 25.8
野生海带 45 ℃海水浸泡 5580 2310±227 59
翅藻 32 ℃水浸泡2 h 213±12 108.63 49 [38]
海带 淡水煮沸 2555 851.67 67 [49]
裙带菜 复水 238 173 27.3 [53]
煮沸2 min 118 50.4
煮沸20 min 161 /
掌状海带 复水 2510 2319 43.1
煮沸2 min 1629 32.3
煮沸20 min 945 62.4
红藻 掌状红皮藻 纯水浸泡12 h 97 83 15 [42]
爱尔兰苔 复水 754 753 / [53]
煮沸2 min 552 26.8
煮沸20 min 779 /
绿藻 肠浒苔 纯水浸泡12 h 92 81 12 [42]
), ArticleFig(id=1174408834455056536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986779712574280, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同加工方式对海藻中碘含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
藻类品种 处理方式 碘含量变化/(μg/g) 流失率/% 参考文献
初始含量 终含量
褐藻 海带 水煮 456.16±5.12 280.71±8.95 61.5 [50]
浸泡 339.38±10.36 74.4
蒸制 379.98±17.84 83.3
一次漂洗 9816.48±286.31 2832.30±43.20 71.1 [39]
二次漂洗 2687.63±40.58 72.6
浸泡 4296.95 613.52 86 [51]
熟制 166.81 96
糖海带 32 ℃水浸泡2 h 6568±398 22167.44 67 [38]
45 ℃淡水浸泡 7977±2317 2189±209 73 [52]
蒸汽20 min 5916±699 25.8
野生海带 45 ℃海水浸泡 5580 2310±227 59
翅藻 32 ℃水浸泡2 h 213±12 108.63 49 [38]
海带 淡水煮沸 2555 851.67 67 [49]
裙带菜 复水 238 173 27.3 [53]
煮沸2 min 118 50.4
煮沸20 min 161 /
掌状海带 复水 2510 2319 43.1
煮沸2 min 1629 32.3
煮沸20 min 945 62.4
红藻 掌状红皮藻 纯水浸泡12 h 97 83 15 [42]
爱尔兰苔 复水 754 753 / [53]
煮沸2 min 552 26.8
煮沸20 min 779 /
绿藻 肠浒苔 纯水浸泡12 h 92 81 12 [42]
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海藻中碘的食用安全性研究进展
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代心悦 1, 2 , 李娜 2, * , 郭莹莹 2 , 朱文嘉 2 , 姚琳 2 , 江艳华 2 , 王联珠 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(1): 59-66
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(1): 59-66
海藻中碘的食用安全性研究进展
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代心悦1, 2 , 李娜2, * , 郭莹莹2, 朱文嘉2, 姚琳2, 江艳华2, 王联珠2
作者信息
  • 1.大连工业大学食品学院, 大连 116034
  • 2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 青岛 266071
  • 代心悦(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为水产品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李娜(1990—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
Research progress on the food safety of iodine in seaweeds
Xin-Yue DAI1, 2 , Na LI2, * , Ying-Ying GUO2, Wen-Jia ZHU2, Lin YAO2, Yan-Hua JIANG2, Lian-Zhu WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
  • 2. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240814001
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碘是人类合成甲状腺激素的必需元素, 在预防和治疗地方性缺碘症和遗传性甲状腺功能障碍等引发的疾病等方面发挥了重要的作用, 但碘摄入过多或过少均会对人体健康产生不利影响。海藻作为碘含量丰富的优质食物来源, 是理想的天然补碘剂。由于甲状腺疾病的发病率逐年上升, 导致人们对海带等碘含量较高的海藻类产品产生了一定的排斥心理。大量研究发现, 尽管海藻中碘含量较高, 但并无直接数据表明过量食用海藻会对身体产生不良影响。为此, 本文综述了海藻来源碘的形态分布、不同形态碘的安全性评价、加工前后碘形态变化, 以及食用海藻中碘的生物利用度等方面的研究进展, 以期为评价海藻中碘的食用安全性提供思路, 为保障海藻产业的健康发展提供科学论据。

碘  /  海藻  /  食用安全性  /  碘形态

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in humans, it plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by endemic iodine deficiency disorders and hereditary thyroid dysfunction, eta.. Excessive or deficient iodine intake both have negative effects on human health. Seaweed, as a quality food source rich in iodine, is an ideal natural iodine supplement. With the increasing incidence of thyroid disease, it has led to a rejection of seaweed products with high iodine content, such as Laminaria japonica. A large number of studies show that there is no direct data to suggest that excessive consumption of seaweeds can have adverse effects our body despite the high iodine conten. Therefore, the paper summarized the research progress on morphological distribution of iodine from seaweed, safety evaluation of different forms of iodine, changes of speciation before and after processing, as well as bioavailability of iodine in edible seaweeds. This study provides ideas for evaluating the edible safety of iodine in seaweeds, and also provides scientific evidence for the healthy development of seaweed industry.

iodine  /  seaweed  /  food safety  /  iodine speciation
代心悦, 李娜, 郭莹莹, 朱文嘉, 姚琳, 江艳华, 王联珠. 海藻中碘的食用安全性研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240814001
Xin-Yue DAI, Na LI, Ying-Ying GUO, Wen-Jia ZHU, Lin YAO, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG. Research progress on the food safety of iodine in seaweeds[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240814001
碘是人体必须的微量元素, 为游离甲状腺素和促甲状腺素等甲状腺激素的合成发挥了重要作用[1]。人体内的碘主要从食物和水源中获得, 适量补碘可有效预防甲状腺疾病的发生[2]。自上个世纪90年代起, 我国便开始实行加碘食盐计划。我国的加碘食盐中添加的是碘酸钾, 有研究证实, 与碘酸钾等无机碘相比, 食物来源的天然补碘剂具有更好的补碘效果与更高的生物安全性。海藻由于其富集碘的特性, 被视为可持续的天然补碘食品。尽管海藻中碘含量较高, 但并无直接数据表明过量食用海藻会对身体产生不良影响, 海藻中碘的食用安全性仍存在争议。本文归纳海藻来源碘的形态分布、不同形态碘的安全性评价、加工前后碘形态变化, 以及食用海藻中碘的生物利用度等方面的研究进展, 以期为评价海藻中碘的食用安全性提供思路, 为保障海藻产业的健康发展提供科学论据。
碘是一种人体中重要的微量元素, 其含量与人类的健康息息相关。世界卫生组织、联合国儿童基金会和国际控制碘缺乏病理事会等建议每日碘摄入量水平取决于年龄、性别和健康状况[3]。一般建议婴儿和1~6岁儿童每天90 μg, 7~12岁儿童每天120 μg, 12岁以上每天150 μg, 孕妇和哺乳期妇女每天200 μg[4]。已有研究表明, 碘的摄入量与甲状腺疾病的发病率呈“U”型关系, 表现为碘摄入量过低或者过高都会导致甲状腺疾病的发生[5], 因此碘也被认为是一种潜在的危害。
长期缺碘可导致碘缺乏病。常见的碘缺乏病主要表现为包括地方性甲状腺肿、克汀病、智力障碍等[6]。孕妇缺碘, 还可能会导致流产、早产或者先天性畸形儿, 还会对胎儿大脑发育造成不良影响[7]。有观察性研究结果显示, 怀孕期间轻度缺碘也会导致胎儿存在神经认知障碍的风险, 其原因为胎儿在生长发育过程中需要甲状腺激素来促进自身结构的发育[8-11]。幼儿的甲状腺、下丘脑、垂体以及甲状腺并未发育成熟, 无法产生甲状腺激素, 所以需要母亲提供甲状腺激素, 特别是甲状腺素(tetraiodothyronine, T4)[12-14]。还有研究表明大约15.8%的普通人群会受到甲状腺肿的影响, 这是由于血液中高水平促甲状腺素(thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH)的反应[15]。而甲状腺激素水平不足的原因可能是由于碘缺乏或甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin, Tg)和甲状腺过氧化物酶(thyroid peroxidase, TPO)基因突变失活的结果[16-17]。RODONDID等[18]和ZOLTOWSKA等[19]研究发现患有亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的患者还可能会出现充血性心力衰竭或者心肌病等心脏问题。碘缺乏的危害让越来越多的人关注到碘的重要性, 早期补碘措施主要是通过食用加碘食盐, 而国外并不推荐加碘食盐的使用, 原因是加碘盐的倡导者倾向于增加盐的摄入量, 从而增加高血压的风险[20]。因此, 天然食物来源的补碘剂将会受到更多消费者的推崇。
虽然增加膳食碘摄入量有助于预防碘缺乏症的发生, 但过多的碘摄入也会对甲状腺产生不利影响[21]。碘摄入过量可能会导致甲状腺功能亢进、自身免疫性甲状腺炎、甲状腺癌等疾病的发生, 进而导致心血管系统、神经系统疾病、脂质代谢异常以及内分泌功能紊乱等问题的产生[22]。过量的碘摄入容易引起Wolff-Chaikoff反应, 进而增加患乳突状甲状腺癌和滤泡型甲状腺癌的几率[23]。桑仲娜[24]通过对碘摄入安全的研究发现摄入过量碘会导致促甲状腺素和甲状腺素分泌异常, 从而增加甲状腺疾病的发生。邹晓燕[25]通过研究高碘含量对大鼠主动脉内皮细胞的抑制作用发现, 碘摄入过多会减缓大鼠主动脉内皮细胞增殖速度, 使细胞活性降低, 最终诱导细胞凋亡。此外, 免疫系统的T细胞可通过分泌针对甲状腺蛋白(如TPO或Tg)的抗体诱导细胞死亡[26]。因此, 自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者由于自身甲状腺细胞凋亡而不能产生和分泌甲状腺素, 这也是此类患者需要终身接受甲状腺素治疗的原因[27]
人体所需的碘大部分来源于日常饮食, 特别是海洋食品(如海藻、鱼类、贝类等)。海藻作为一种常见的海洋食品, 富含矿物质元素、维生素、可溶性膳食纤维、蛋白质和脂质等, 具有很高的营养价值[28-30]。在对丹麦海域的一项调查中发现海藻的碘含量以干重计量为105~4780 mg/kg; 在格陵兰和挪威水域收集的糖海带和其他海带科海藻中碘含量更高, 约为1500~10000 mg/kg (DW)[31]。根据中国渔业统计年鉴数据, 2020年中国海域养殖海带的年收获量为1000万t(鲜质量计)[32]。山东荣成海域的海带碘含量在4~7月的收获季可由其他时间的270 mg/kg增加至700 mg/kg[33]。而且同一海带的不同部位碘含量也可以相差很大。尽管海藻中碘含量较高, 但并无相关研究表明通过海藻食物摄取较多的碘会对人体产生危害: 如HOANG等[34]通过对甲状腺癌病例统计分析发现摄入海藻碘与甲状腺癌呈负相关, 一定程度上说明了海藻碘摄入对甲状腺癌风险的保护作用。具体机制可能与海藻中碘的形态相关。不同形态碘在体内的代谢程度和作用机理是不同的[35]。因此, 需要对海藻中的碘形态进行分析, 初步评估海藻碘的安全性。
通过对不同类型海藻的碘含量汇总(见表1)发现, 不同海藻含碘量差异较大, 含碘量最高的为褐藻中海带, 以干重计总碘含量高达1734~10203 μg/g, 其中有机碘含量为约为总碘含量的10%~20%[38-39]。ROMARÍS- HORTAS等[37]利用阴离子交换HPLC-ICP-MS对不同海藻不同碘形态进行测定, 发现掌皮红藻中I-含量为(2.4±0.4) μg/g, 3-碘-L-酪氨酸(3-monoiodo-L-tyrosine, MIT)含量为(0.394±0.016) μg/g, 3,5-二碘-L-酪氨酸(3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, DIT)含量低于检出限; 海带中I-含量为(1075±109) μg/g, IO3-的含量为(42±12.25) μg/g, MIT为(1.1±0.06) μg/g, DIT为(0.487±0.014) μg/g; 裙带菜中I-含量为(7.0±1) μg/g, MIT为(0.572±0.016) μg/g, DIT为(0.117±0.017) μg/g, DIT只在裙带菜和海带中检出。赵茹月[38]发现鲜海带中I-含量最高, 占总碘含量的(89.17±2.65)%, IO3-含量最低, 仅占(0.43±0.02)%, MIT和DIT含量占比分别为(8.78±0.51)%和(1.62±0.06)%, 有机碘含量仅仅占总碘含量的10%。SHAH等[40]利用ICP-MS对裙带菜和海带研究发现对于碱提法的分离分析表明, 裙带菜含有高分子量和低分子量的碘, 通过阴离子交换色谱耦合ICP-MS发现这两种海藻中主要以碘化物为主, 结合蛋白的碘化物种通过蛋白酶酶切水解, 水解产物采用反相HPLC-ICP-MS分析发现裙带菜中存在MIT和DIT, 这与ROMARÍS- HORTAS[37]的实验结果一致。HOU等[41]在一项用于测定海藻中水溶性和非水溶性碘种类的浸出实验中表明, 在海带中, 碘主要以水溶性形式存在, 而在其他海藻中所占比例较低。JERŠE等[31]发现了有些红藻和绿藻中还含有6种未知碘形态。不同形态碘的研究结果发现, 海藻中碘主要是以I-形式存在, 含有少量的IO3-、DIT和MIT[31,42]。需要进一步针对不同形态碘的安全性进行分析。
对于不同形态碘的安全性评价, 众多学者通过动物实验或细胞实验等体内或体外的方式进行了探究。LI等[43]对大鼠进行高碘酸钾灌胃处理, 发现高剂量IO3-在灌胃处理0.5 h后完全还原为I-。高KIO3在体内的代谢主要表现为血清中I的吸收过程和甲状腺阻断作用, 此外, 该实验还证明了单次摄入高剂量KIO3并不会影响体内的总抗氧化活性。迟玉森[44]通过研究发现, 每日饲喂小鼠无机碘的量大于40 μg时, 小鼠甲状腺就会明显肿大, 但每日饲喂小鼠有机碘的量即使达到200 μg, 小鼠甲状腺并未出现明显肿大的现象。于福贵[45]从动物实验研究发现在食用安全性方面海带有机碘DIT要比无机碘KI更安全, 不仅具有优良的补碘效果, 而且在实验中还发现有机碘DIT对甲亢有一定的保护性。FJÆRE等[46]对大鼠进行13周的喂食糖海带发现从海带或KI中摄入过量碘不会影响甲状腺素、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine, FT3)和反三碘甲状腺原氨酸(reverse triiodothyroniner, RT3)等激素水平, 只有在160 mg/kg的KI和200 mg/kg的糖海带饲养下的大鼠中, 观察到血浆游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine, FT4)和T4水平有小幅下降, 这证明了健康鼠对高剂量碘具有一定的耐受性。赵妍[47]对甲状腺细胞进行有机碘DIT和KI培养后分析, 发现有机碘DIT对甲状腺细胞损伤作用明显小于KI。邹晓燕等[48]用有机碘和无机碘同时培养甲状腺, 并探究了凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL和p53表达变化, 发现碘浓度的增加均能导致3种蛋白表达量上调, 相同剂量下, 有机碘组Fas、FasL表达量较低, 表明KI对细胞损伤大于有机碘。以上研究结果均显示相同浓度处理条件下, 与有机碘相比, 无机碘(KIO3和KI)对细胞或机体会产生明显的损伤, 且KIO3比KI的损伤程度更大。
海藻在食用前需经过清洗和烹饪等加工处理, 包括清洗、浸泡、蒸制或煮制等, 以上处理均会而造成碘的大量流失, 碘的实际摄入量远远低于海藻原料中的含量。因此, 研究不同处理下海藻中碘含量和形态的变化, 有助于科学合理的评价食用海藻碘的安全性, 也有助于不同需求的消费者选择合适的烹饪方式[49]。本文对不同处理方式后海藻中碘含量的变化进行汇总(见表2)。褐藻在经加工后, 尤其是经过煮沸处理后, 碘元素流失最严重, 最高可达96%。也有研究发现, 经过一定加工处理后的藻类食品中碘含量降低到一定程度, 再对其进行进一步加工, 碘含量不会发生明显变化[42,49-54]。CORREIA等[53]对海带、掌状海带、裙带菜以及爱尔兰苔进行不同加工方式发现, 海藻经过复水, 煮沸的加工处理后, 碘含量分别降低62.4%和55.1%, 但是裙带菜和爱尔兰苔随着煮沸时间的增长, 碘含量呈现一定的回涨趋势。在KROOK等[52]的实验中对比了蒸汽、淡水和海水处理对褐藻含碘量的影响, 发现蒸汽处理对碘含量影响不大, 但淡水和海水作用效果明显: 淡水处理后可溶性营养物质损失多, 而海水浸泡后可以保留更多的营养物质, 特别是矿物质, 这可以作为一种新型的加工方式, 进而更好的保留海藻原营养成分。因海藻中碘以I-为主, 大多数碘含量研究变化都是以I-变化来体现, 对于碘的其他形态含量变化研究情况较少, 因此需要更多研究关于有机碘在海藻加工过程中的含量变化情况, 进而更加全面反映碘在海藻加工中的含量变化情况。
食物中的碘经口摄入后进入胃肠系统, 消化吸收后进入体循环, 其功效和作用的发挥取决于胃肠阶段的生物利用情况, 对此也有大量的国内外学者针对海藻食品中碘的生物可给性和生物有效性进行了研究。生物可给性是指从食物胃肠环境中释放的部分[55]。生物有效性是指食物在胃中释放出来的部分, 被肠道吸收并进入体循环的比例, 与身体的可耐受量有一定的相关性[56]。生物可给性和生物有效性可通过体内或体外的方式探究。大多数研究结果显示, 食物中碘元素仅有少量进入体循环, 其生物利用度较低[57-59]。因此, 在评估膳食碘暴露的健康风险时, 科学评判食物中碘的生物可给性和生物有效性是非常重要的。
人体从海藻中摄取的碘的吸收利用程度, 主要取决于食用海藻的量以及碘的生物可给性与生物有效性。有相关研究报道: SUN等[50]通过模拟胃肠消化后发现经胃消化后海带总碘的生物可给性为72.33%±2.62%; 经肠道消化后生物可给性为88.00%±0.26%; 同时他们也发现在消化后碘的主要形态为I-, 约占原始干燥样品中碘的70%~80%, 有机碘仅占10%~20%。对比胃消化, 经肠消化阶段总碘和碘离子含量增加, 有机碘溶出量减少, 其可能原因为有机碘在消化过程中转化为碘化离子。此外, SUN等[50]也对比了经过不同处理方式后的生物可给性的差异, 发现水煮过的海带生物可给性(90.77%±4.77%)高于未处理的海带的生物可给性(88.00%±0.26%), 但浸泡和蒸制与未处理相比无显著差异, 该结果表明烹饪可能提高海藻的生物可给性。DOMÍNGUEZ等[60]对研究发现经过胃肠道消化后, 藻类中的碘有49%~82%从基质中提取出来, 供肠道吸收; 此外, 该研究也发现不同种类海藻之间的生物可给性存在一定的差异, 海带中生物可给性最高, 约为75%, 其他海藻大约都在54%。SCAGLIONI等[61]首次将微波诱导燃烧法和离子色谱-质谱联用法用于食用海藻中碘含量的检测并进行生物可给性的研究, 结果发现尽管紫菜的生物可给性(42%)高于比羊栖菜(32%), 但两种藻类中碘的生物可给浓度却是紫菜(19.3 mg/kg)显著低于羊栖菜(138 mg/kg)。以上研究结果表明生物可给性与初始碘浓度之间没有显著相关性, 同时也提示了生物利用度的评价应综合考虑食物原料中元素含量与生物可给浓度等因素; 此外, 不同的处理方式也会对生物可给性造成影响, 水煮后海藻碘的生物可给性明显提高。
为比较海藻中不同形态碘在人体生物有效性的差异, 众学者采用了体外的Caco-2单层细胞模型与膜透析以及体内的动物试验或人体实验来进行探究, 其中动物水平与人体水平的生物利用度是生物可给性与生物有效性的综合影响结果。有研究用Caco-2细胞模型评估I-、IO3-以及DIT的生物有效性, 发现I-的吸收率最高, DIT吸收率最低[50], 这可能是因为有机碘与蛋白质之间相互作用影响碘的生物利用度[62]; 同时对比不同处理方式对碘的生物有效性影响, 发现未经过处理的海带的碘在Caco-2模型中吸收为32.145%±0.81%, 煮过的为47.125%±5.28%和蒸过的为43.60%±3.05%, 经过处理的海带碘的生物有效性显著提高, 这可能是因为经过加工后降低了一些抗营养因子的含量, 从而降低了对碘消化吸收的影响, 这两个结果说明碘的生物有效性可能与蛋白含量相关, 这与ROMARÍS- HORTAS等[37]的研究生物利用度随着蛋白的增加而降低结论相符。DOMÍNGUEZ等[60]发现海带与裙带菜的生物有效性不同, 因此对海带以及裙带菜中发现的不同碘形态进行透析评估, 发现无机碘的透析性(48.0%±1.0%)和MIT的透析性(53.0%±9.0%)都大于DIT的透析性(26.0%±1.0%), 其可能原因为DIT与消化组分如胃蛋白酶、胰酶或胆道提取物之间可能存在相互作用; 通过建立的Caco-2细胞模型发现无机碘是中等吸收(20%~70%); 而DIT是吸收不良(<20%); 对比不同海藻间的碘转运率发现裙带菜的碘转运率(5.2%)高于羊栖菜(4.4%)或海带(3.5%), 表明基质存在差异, 但不具有相关性, 但在肠道上皮模型中, 发现藻类消化的可溶性部分中存在的大多数碘都没有被吸收。FJÆRE等[46]通过对大鼠喂食糖海带和KI, 发现糖海带碘的生物有效性显著低于KI, 通过摄入糖海带的碘大约有73%以上被吸收, 但摄入过量海带碘没有导致FT3和RT3激素水平发生明显变化, 然而, 在喂食最高剂量KI显著降低大鼠中FT4和T4。这些结果证实了健康大鼠对过量碘摄入具有一定的耐受性, 但海带碘与无机碘对大鼠甲状腺功能的影响存在显著的差异。LI等[35]运用Caco-2单层细胞运输对海带以及KIO3的转运差异发现随着碘浓度的增加, 海带中碘的转运率从63.93%下降到3.14%, 而KIO3的转运率稳定在35%左右, 这表明即使摄入过多的海带, 海带对碘的吸收效率也是有限的。AQUARON等[63]通过人体实验分析KI和MIT在人体生物利用度的差异, 发现KI的生物利用度高于MIT, 分别为96.4%和79.9%; 对比马赛和布鲁塞尔地区的居民海藻中碘在人体的生物利用度, 发现江蓠的生物利用度(85%~101%)高于极北海带(61.5%~85%): 对比同一种海藻, 布鲁塞尔地区居民尿碘浓度低于马赛地区的居民, 这可能因为布鲁塞尔地区的居民长期处于缺碘, 提高了碘的生物利用度。AAKRE等[64]通过对20名女性健康女性分组补充寿司裙带菜和KI补充剂, 在24 h内寿司和裙带菜的生物利用度75%, KI补充剂的生物利用度高达97%, 表明KI补充剂可能比寿司裙带菜具有更高的生物有效性。
以上研究结果显示, 不同原料种类、不同形态碘的生物有效性存在差异, 且加工方式可对其产生一定的影响。与其他藻类相比, 褐藻的生物有效性最高, 这可能与其中最高含量的I-相关。
海藻中碘元素含量丰富, 同时具有多种存在形态, 主要形态为无机碘形态(I-、IO3-)和有机碘(DIT、MIT)。同时对不同形态碘安全性分析发现同浓度处理条件下, 无机碘对细胞或机体损害大, 而无机碘中KIO3损伤更大。人在食用海藻前都会对海藻进行加工, 研究发现不同加工方式对海藻中碘含量影响是不同的, 海藻中的碘在食用前的清洗及烹饪处理都会产生损失, 且煮制处理碘的流失最多。海藻碘的生物可给性和生物有效性相关研究结果显示, 不同种类海藻、不同形态的碘以及不同的处理方式均会造成生物可给性和生物有效性的差异。
针对不同海藻种类及不同的食用方式, 应综合评价食用安全性。不同的消费者也可以根据自身的需求选择合适的海藻种类与烹饪方式。据文献统计, 大型藻类的生物利用度在50%到90%不等[65]。而不同类型的藻类之间生物利用度的差异被认为是各种藻类中无机碘和有机碘的储存比例有关, 有实验验证了人类吸收无机碘, 如碘化钾(KI)或碘酸盐(IO3-), 会比有机碘, 如MIT和DIT更容易吸收[66]。通过海藻中碘形态研究发现, 碘化物是海带中含量最高的碘形态。此外, 也有研究指出人体中可以储存碘长达3个月, 这就说明缺碘的人和碘充足的人在消化过程中从食物中摄取的碘即使是相同的, 但碘不足的人会在其耗尽的碘储存中增加更多的生物可利用碘, 因此碘的生物利用度不仅受到海藻种类的影响, 也会因个体而异[67]
大量研究证实了海藻是一种健康的天然食材, 不仅营养美味, 其活性成分也具有多种保健功效。在日本中年男性和女性的调查中发现, 海藻摄入量与缺血性心脏病的发病率和中风死亡率呈负相关, 该现象也侧面反映了海藻降血压和降脂的保健功效[68]。一直对海藻作为食物持有质疑态度的西方国家, 近年来也逐渐接受了这一事实, 饮食多样化和东亚移民比例的增加进一步促进了其海藻消费观念的转变。海藻作为一种公认的优质膳食碘源, 在食用过程中可采取适当措施, 在保障有效补碘的前提下也充分考虑食用安全性问题。通过对海藻中碘元素的生物利用度的深入研究, 科学评判海藻来源碘的食用安全性, 为海藻产业的健康可持续发展提供坚实的支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-50)
  • 中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2020TD71)
  • 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室开放课题项目(SCKF-202000x)
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2025年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240814001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
基金
国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-50)
中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2020TD71)
农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室开放课题项目(SCKF-202000x)
作者信息
    1.大连工业大学食品学院, 大连 116034
    2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 青岛 266071

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*李娜(1990—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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