Article(id=1153986778852741941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240925005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061488116, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061488116, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061488116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061488116, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986779330892608, articleId=1153986778852741941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Construction of standard system for aquatic product processing in China, columnId=1153986779267978046, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aquatic products, as a significant source of high-quality animal protein, play a crucial role in the fishery economy of China. The aquatic product processing industry not only enhances the prosperity of this sector but also fosters the development of related industries, thereby serving as a vital link in the comprehensive advancement of fisheries. The standard system for aquatic product processing serves as the foundational institution for ensuring the high-quality development of China’s fishery industry. Enhancing the construction of the aquatic product processing system, refining the standard system, and fostering the healthy development of the aquatic product processing industry hold immense significance in safeguarding the quality and safety of aquatic products in China. This paper examined the current status of the standard system for aquatic product processing in China and proposes ideas, principles, and frameworks for its establishment. It was recommended that emphasis be placed on the coordinated development of an integrated industrial chain processing standard system while prioritizing quality evaluation methods for aquatic products. Furthermore, it was essential to expedite the formulation of standards encompassing general applicability, product quality grading and detection methodologies, processing quality control management and traceability protocols, storage and preservation practices, as well as cold chain logistics. These efforts aim to facilitate effective alignment between standards across both upstream and downstream segments of the industrial chain and provide standardized support for fostering sustainable growth within China’s aquatic product processing industry.

, correspAuthors=Lian-Zhu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-Jia ZHU, Ying-Ying GUO, Na LI, Lin YAO, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986796896637249, articleId=1153986778852741941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=我国水产品加工标准体系的构建, columnId=1151923891695350386, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水产品作为优质动物蛋白的重要来源, 对我国渔业经济至关重要。我国水产品加工产业不仅推动了渔业经济的繁荣, 还促进了相关产业的发展, 对渔业整体发展具有桥梁作用。水产品加工标准体系是保障我国渔业高质量发展的基础制度, 加强水产品加工体系建设, 健全标准体系, 促进水产加工业健康发展, 对于保障我国水产品质量安全具有重要意义。本文分析了我国水产品加工标准体系的建设现状, 并提出了构建该体系的思路、原则和框架。建议以全产业链加工标准体系配套发展为核心, 以水产品品质评价为重点, 加快构建基础通用、产品质量分级检测方法、加工质量控制管理和追溯规范、仓储保鲜、冷链物流等标准, 以促进产业链上下游标准的有效衔接, 为我国水产加工业的健康发展提供标准化支撑。

, correspAuthors=王联珠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王联珠(1963—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
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朱文嘉(1984—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:

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Food Sciences, 2020, 41(13): 318-325., articleTitle=Research on the construction of food safety big data standard system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174369597663887978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, awardId=32061133008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1174369597747774059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, awardId=CARS-50, language=CN, fundingSource=现代农业产业技术体系专项资金项目(CARS-50), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369592043520555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369592077074988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, companyId=1174369592043520555, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Status of standard types in China’s aquatic product processing standard system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准类型 应有数/项 现有数/项 现有数/应有数/%
基础标准 17 12 70.6
方法标准 43 8 18.6
产品标准 186 91 49.7
管理标准 82 19 23.2
), ArticleFig(id=1174369597005382245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国水产品加工标准体系中标准类型情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准类型 应有数/项 现有数/项 现有数/应有数/%
基础标准 17 12 70.6
方法标准 43 8 18.6
产品标准 186 91 49.7
管理标准 82 19 23.2
), ArticleFig(id=1174369597131211366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准级别 应有数/项 现有数/项 现有数/应有数/%
国家标准 55 42 76.4
行业标准 273 81 29.7
采用国际标准数量 45 14 31.1
), ArticleFig(id=1174369597236068967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国水产品加工标准体系中标准级别分布情况 Fig.2 Distribution of standard levels in China’s aquatic product processing standard system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准级别 应有数/项 现有数/项 现有数/应有数/%
国家标准 55 42 76.4
行业标准 273 81 29.7
采用国际标准数量 45 14 31.1
), ArticleFig(id=1174369597332537960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别 加工方式 典型产品
鲜活冻水产品 未经加工的一类保持水产品原始形态的产品, 或者经过简单去内脏、冷冻(未切割)的个体完整的水产品 冻鱼、冻虾、冻梭子蟹、鲜、冻乌贼
冷冻预制水产品 以水产品为原料, 经分选、清洗等预处理后, 选择性地经添加辅料、腌制、干燥、调制、挂糊、裹粉等工艺制成的, 可直接烹调食用的冷冻产品[29-30] 冻罗非鱼片、冻虾仁、冻裹面包屑鱼、冻牡蛎肉
干制水产品 采用自然干燥或机械干燥的方法降低水产品原料中水分得到的水产制品, 包含盐干、淡干的产品[31] 干海参、干鲍鱼、干贝、牡蛎干、淡菜
腌制水产品 以活的贝类、虾类、淡水蟹和新鲜或冷冻的海蟹、鱼子等水产品为原料, 采用盐渍或糟制、醉制加工制成的可直接食用的腌制水产品[32-33] 咸鱼、盐制大黄鱼、盐渍海蜇皮和盐渍海蜇头、盐渍海参
熟制水产品 以水产品为原料, 添加或不添加辅料, 经烹调、油炸、熏烤、干燥等工艺熟制而成的可直接食用的水产制品[34-35] 烤鱼片、调味烤酥鱼、调味烤虾、干制对虾、即食海蜇
鱼糜及其制品 包含冷冻鱼糜, 以及以冷冻鱼糜或鲜(冻)鱼、虾、贝、头足类等动物性水产品肉糜为主要原料, 添加食用盐等其他配料, 经一定工艺加工制成的鱼丸、模拟水产食品等非即食冷冻鱼糜制品[36] 冷冻鱼糜、冻鱼糜制品、鱼虾丸、鱼豆腐
藻类及其制品 以藻类为主要原料, 添加或不添加辅料, 经相应工艺加工制成的产品 干海带、干裙带菜叶、干石花菜、干江蓠
水产调味品 以鱼、虾、蟹和贝类等水产品为主要原料, 经相应工艺加工制成的调味品, 如鱼露、虾酱、虾油和蚝油等[37] 蚝油、虾酱
其他制品 包含以上各类中未包含的其他制品 鱼油、多烯鱼油制品、水产粉末油脂、磷虾油
), ArticleFig(id=1174369597458367081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778852741941, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国水产品加工标准体系中产品类别划分情况 Fig.3 Distribution of standard levels in China’s aquatic product processing standard system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类别 加工方式 典型产品
鲜活冻水产品 未经加工的一类保持水产品原始形态的产品, 或者经过简单去内脏、冷冻(未切割)的个体完整的水产品 冻鱼、冻虾、冻梭子蟹、鲜、冻乌贼
冷冻预制水产品 以水产品为原料, 经分选、清洗等预处理后, 选择性地经添加辅料、腌制、干燥、调制、挂糊、裹粉等工艺制成的, 可直接烹调食用的冷冻产品[29-30] 冻罗非鱼片、冻虾仁、冻裹面包屑鱼、冻牡蛎肉
干制水产品 采用自然干燥或机械干燥的方法降低水产品原料中水分得到的水产制品, 包含盐干、淡干的产品[31] 干海参、干鲍鱼、干贝、牡蛎干、淡菜
腌制水产品 以活的贝类、虾类、淡水蟹和新鲜或冷冻的海蟹、鱼子等水产品为原料, 采用盐渍或糟制、醉制加工制成的可直接食用的腌制水产品[32-33] 咸鱼、盐制大黄鱼、盐渍海蜇皮和盐渍海蜇头、盐渍海参
熟制水产品 以水产品为原料, 添加或不添加辅料, 经烹调、油炸、熏烤、干燥等工艺熟制而成的可直接食用的水产制品[34-35] 烤鱼片、调味烤酥鱼、调味烤虾、干制对虾、即食海蜇
鱼糜及其制品 包含冷冻鱼糜, 以及以冷冻鱼糜或鲜(冻)鱼、虾、贝、头足类等动物性水产品肉糜为主要原料, 添加食用盐等其他配料, 经一定工艺加工制成的鱼丸、模拟水产食品等非即食冷冻鱼糜制品[36] 冷冻鱼糜、冻鱼糜制品、鱼虾丸、鱼豆腐
藻类及其制品 以藻类为主要原料, 添加或不添加辅料, 经相应工艺加工制成的产品 干海带、干裙带菜叶、干石花菜、干江蓠
水产调味品 以鱼、虾、蟹和贝类等水产品为主要原料, 经相应工艺加工制成的调味品, 如鱼露、虾酱、虾油和蚝油等[37] 蚝油、虾酱
其他制品 包含以上各类中未包含的其他制品 鱼油、多烯鱼油制品、水产粉末油脂、磷虾油
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我国水产品加工标准体系的构建
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朱文嘉 1, 2 , 郭莹莹 1, 2 , 李娜 1, 2 , 姚琳 1 , 江艳华 1 , 王联珠 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(1): 67-73
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(1): 67-73
我国水产品加工标准体系的构建
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朱文嘉1, 2 , 郭莹莹1, 2, 李娜1, 2, 姚琳1, 江艳华1, 王联珠1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071
  • 2.全国水产标准化技术委员会水产品加工分技术委员会, 青岛 266071
  • 朱文嘉(1984—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王联珠(1963—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
Construction of standard system for aquatic product processing in China
Wen-Jia ZHU1, 2 , Ying-Ying GUO1, 2, Na LI1, 2, Lin YAO1, Yan-Hua JIANG1, Lian-Zhu WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Product Quality and Safety Testing and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2. Subcommittee of Fishery Products Processing, National Standards Technical Committee on Fish and Fishery Products, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240925005
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水产品作为优质动物蛋白的重要来源, 对我国渔业经济至关重要。我国水产品加工产业不仅推动了渔业经济的繁荣, 还促进了相关产业的发展, 对渔业整体发展具有桥梁作用。水产品加工标准体系是保障我国渔业高质量发展的基础制度, 加强水产品加工体系建设, 健全标准体系, 促进水产加工业健康发展, 对于保障我国水产品质量安全具有重要意义。本文分析了我国水产品加工标准体系的建设现状, 并提出了构建该体系的思路、原则和框架。建议以全产业链加工标准体系配套发展为核心, 以水产品品质评价为重点, 加快构建基础通用、产品质量分级检测方法、加工质量控制管理和追溯规范、仓储保鲜、冷链物流等标准, 以促进产业链上下游标准的有效衔接, 为我国水产加工业的健康发展提供标准化支撑。

水产品加工  /  标准体系  /  体系构建

Aquatic products, as a significant source of high-quality animal protein, play a crucial role in the fishery economy of China. The aquatic product processing industry not only enhances the prosperity of this sector but also fosters the development of related industries, thereby serving as a vital link in the comprehensive advancement of fisheries. The standard system for aquatic product processing serves as the foundational institution for ensuring the high-quality development of China’s fishery industry. Enhancing the construction of the aquatic product processing system, refining the standard system, and fostering the healthy development of the aquatic product processing industry hold immense significance in safeguarding the quality and safety of aquatic products in China. This paper examined the current status of the standard system for aquatic product processing in China and proposes ideas, principles, and frameworks for its establishment. It was recommended that emphasis be placed on the coordinated development of an integrated industrial chain processing standard system while prioritizing quality evaluation methods for aquatic products. Furthermore, it was essential to expedite the formulation of standards encompassing general applicability, product quality grading and detection methodologies, processing quality control management and traceability protocols, storage and preservation practices, as well as cold chain logistics. These efforts aim to facilitate effective alignment between standards across both upstream and downstream segments of the industrial chain and provide standardized support for fostering sustainable growth within China’s aquatic product processing industry.

aquatic product processing  /  standard system  /  system construction
朱文嘉, 郭莹莹, 李娜, 姚琳, 江艳华, 王联珠. 我国水产品加工标准体系的构建. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240925005
Wen-Jia ZHU, Ying-Ying GUO, Na LI, Lin YAO, Yan-Hua JIANG, Lian-Zhu WANG. Construction of standard system for aquatic product processing in China[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240925005
水产品作为农产品的重要组成部分, 提供了丰富的优质动物蛋白[1-3]。自1990年以来, 我国水产品总产量一直位居世界首位。2023年, 我国水产品总产量7116.17万t, 同比增长3.64%。据海关总署统计, 2023年我国水产品进出口总量1056.05万t, 同比增长 3.20%; 进出口总额442.37亿美元, 同比下降5.35%。水产品是我国农产品中最具出口竞争力的产品之一, 与204个国家和地区有水产贸易往来。目前, 我国水产品加工比例为38%, 其中海水产品加工比例为58%, 淡水产品加工比例为17%。截至2023年年底, 全国水产加工企业9433个, 水产冷库9143座。水产加工品总量2199.46万t, 同比增长2.41%[4]。水产品加工产业成为促进渔业经济繁荣的重要产业, 带动和形成了储藏[5]、包装[6]、运输[7-9]、贸易[10-11]等相关产业。水产品加工综合利用是水产品价值链的延伸路径, 水产品加工产业的发展对于整个渔业的发展起着桥梁纽带的作用, 不仅是我国当前加快发展现代渔业的重要内容, 更是优化渔业结构、实现产业增值增效的有效途径。
标准是经济活动和社会发展的技术支撑, 是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的基础性制度[12]。我国水产品加工标准化工作自1979年开始起步, 大体经历了3个体系建设阶段: 第一阶段是自全国水产标准化技术委员会水产品加工分技术委员会(以下简称标委会)成立至20世纪90年代末, 初步形成了水产品加工标准体系, 标准制定处于起步阶段, 我国集中制定了一批水产品加工标准, 部分行业标准开始转化为国家标准, 标准数量少, 检测项目和检测方法也相对简单[13]; 第二阶段是从2000年到2015年, 期间《中华人民共和国食品安全法》[14]发布, 标准化工作迅速发展, 标准体系不断完善; 第三阶段是自2015年至今,水产品加工标准化水平显著提高, 涵盖水产品质量评价、生产加工、保鲜储存、包装标识、冷链物流、追溯管理等全链条标准体系。
近年来, 我国学者们在标准化方面进行了一系列的研究。有学者从残留限量、检测方法、产品质量等角度梳理了中国现有水产品质量安全体系、水产养殖标准体系建设, 提出了我国水产品标准体系的不足和建议[15-17]。其他学者对国内外冷链物流标准化发展情况进行了对比研究, 并针对中国的发展现状提出了对策和建议[18-20]。还有学者通过分析国际食品法典委员会(International Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)、国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)、主要贸易伙伴国等的管理机制和标准体系, 提出了完善我国粮食、食品添加剂、减脂代餐产品标准体系的建议[21-23]。这些研究多关注于我国标准化建设存在的不足以及某一大类产品的标准化建设, 但并没有系统地分析研究我国水产品加工标准体系, 而水产品加工标准化研究在中国具有其独特性, 不仅关注产品质量和安全, 还涉及国际贸易和可持续发展。为此, 本文通过对我国水产品加工标准体系的建设现状分析研究, 提出了构建水产品加工标准体系的思路、原则和基本框架, 分析了我国水产品加工标准体系的建设研究现状, 在此基础上, 展望标准体系完善建设方向与措施, 旨在保障水产品的质量安全、提升我国水产品国际市场竞争力, 促进我国水产加工业的健康发展。
标准体系是指为了实现某种特定的目的, 将一定范围内的标准按着相互关联、相互制约和相互作用的关系, 组成的具有特定结构和特定功能的科学有机整体[24-25]。为落实《“十四五”推动高质量发展的国家标准体系建设规划》《国家标准化发展纲要》《“十四五”全国渔业发展规划》《农业生产“三品一标”提升行动实施方案》《农业农村部关于加快农业全产业链培育发展的指导意见》, 指导我国水产品加工产业标准的制定与实施, 水产品加工标准体系以全球水产品加工产业发展态势为导向, 围绕我国水产品加工产业经济发展目标进行编制, 遵循GB/T 13016—2018《标准体系构建原则和要求》的具体规定, 始终围绕产业发展需求, 创新引领, 实现早规划、预研究、先储备、成体系。水产品加工标准体系是标准化的指导性技术文件, 作为水产品加工国家标准、行业标准的制定、修订规划和计划的依据之一, 是促进水产品加工全过程实现标准化控制的基础, 是包括现有、应有和预计发展的水产品加工产业所需的标准化蓝图, 并随着科学技术的发展而不断地得到更新和充实。高质量的水产品加工标准体系的构建, 秉承以下五大原则。
为充分发挥标准化工作在支撑水产品加工高质量发展中的基础性作用, 依据新时期水产品加工标准化工作的重点任务, 从整体上、顶层上谋划水产品加工标准的发展, 立足水产品加工产业的发展实际及“十四五”标准体系总体框架, 建立起既遵从水产品加工产业的内在特点和客观发展规律, 又满足当前我国水产品加工产业的实际水平和需求的水产品加工标准体系, 推动标准体系发展从数量规模型向质量效益型转变。
水产品加工标准体系包含的内容非常广泛和丰富。从产业角度来说, 覆盖了预制水产品、干制水产品、腌制水产品、熟制水产品、鱼糜制品、藻类制品、水产调味品等全产业链条; 从产业类别来说, 规划的质量标准全面成套, 不同类别的产品标准之间配套协调, 基本覆盖了从初加工、精深加工、品质评价到冷链物流的整个过程, 实现标准化与水产品加工主导产业的有机结合及在水产品加工产前、产中、产后环节的全程覆盖。
水产品加工产业市场化程度高、技术创新活跃、产品日新月异, 标准需求也空前旺盛。基于“共性先立, 急用先行”的原则, 适时制定与及时修订相结合, 力求反映和突出当前水产品加工的重点需求和发展水平。同时, 需要借鉴国际与发达国家及地区的经验, 找出发展短板, 并充分预见和考虑未来水产品加工的新趋势、新模式、新问题和新需求, 使标准体系留有扩充和更新的空间, 制定适度领先产业发展的标准, 保持体系的动态更新和全面开放。
积极参与ISO、CAC等国际标准化工作, 提高标准与国际标准的一致性程度, 主动参与或主导国际标准的制定和重点议题的评议[26]。密切跟踪国际前沿和标准化建设方向, 拓展标准化思路, 引领加工标准发展方向。支撑形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局, 提升中国在国际标准化领域的地位和影响力。
水产品加工标准体系的设计和建立, 不仅要体现我国水产品加工生产、科技及其管理中急待协调统一的产品质量、名词术语、方法, 也要尽可能与有关专业的标准体系相协调, 推进生产、流通、消费等全产业链标准一体化研制, 构建科学完善、协调配套的产业链供应链标准体系, 促进产业链上下游标准有效衔接, 尽量与国际标准、国外先进标准体系相适应。
综上, 建立水产品加工标准体系的时空模型, 如图1所示。该模型明确了建立水产品加工标准体系时应考虑的因素及其内在结构, 为搭建水产品加工标准体系结构图奠定基础。
水产品加工标准体系框架依照GB/T 13016—2018、及我国有关标准管理办法的规定设置的, 在整个水产标准体系的布局上, 水产品加工标准体系位于第三层次(图2)。水产品加工标准体系层次清晰、结构合理, 与CAC和ISO的结构类似, 采用横向的通用标准和纵向的产品标准组成, 从上到下共分为三层, 第三层为通用标准, 第四层为各门类通用标准, 第五层为产品标准。纵向的产品标准从左到右则由鲜活冻水产品、冷冻预制水产品、干制水产品、腌制水产品、熟制水产品等9类产品组成, 如图2所示。各层次中各方框编号是为了列出各方框的明细表时排列顺序用的, 即各明细表均按编号数值大小顺序排列。编号的百位数代表层次序号, 即300代表第三层, 400代表第四层, 其余类推。纵横双向标准相互结合, 共同构成加工标准网格状结构, 既可以保证标准的覆盖面, 又可以增强标准的实用性, 起到更好的指导作用。
按照标准覆盖的具体类型, 水产品加工标准体系包括基础标准、产品标准、管理标准及方法标准。其中基础标准包括水产及水产加工品的术语、分类、指南、包装、标志等基础通用标准, 共17项; 方法标准共43项, 包括水产品抽样方法、特征性成分检测方法、营养成分检测方法、品质评价技术、真伪鉴别技术等; 产品标准共186项, 包括产品质量等级、质量通则等; 管理标准共82项, 包括水产品加工管理规范、加工操作规范、保鲜操作规范、装卸操作规范、冷链物流规范、追溯技术规范等。产品标准的占比最高,方法标准占比最少, 如表1所示。
我国水产品加工标准体系中涉及的标准主要为国家标准及行业标准的范畴。本文数据来源于国家标准化管理委员会全国标准信息公共服务平台[27]。经过在标准数据库的查新, 截至2023年年底, 已颁布的涉及水产品加工的标准共计136项, 其中行业标准81项, 占比29.7%; 国家标准55项, 已发布42项, 占比76.4%, 如表1所示。国家标准是基础和根本, 在全国范围内适用, 发布部门为国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化管理委员会, 2018年根据国务院机构改革方案组建了国家市场监督管理总局, 最新发布的国家标准的制定主体则变为国家市场监督管理总局和国家标准化管理委员会。《中华人民共和国标准化法》第十一条规定, 对满足基础通用、与强制性国家标准配套、对各有关行业起引领作用等需要的技术要求, 可以制定推荐性国家标准。对于水产品加工产业来说, 对大宗水产品、优势水产品、对进出口贸易影响大的水产加工品, 和质量等级划分、特征性成分、功能性成分的检测方法, 及加工质量控制管理和追溯规范等, 应优先制定推荐性国家标准。如有对应的国际标准或正在制定的国际标准, 应同步制定推荐性国家标准。我国水产品加工标准体系中标准级别分布情况如表2
水产行业标准是国家标准的补充, 发布部门为农业部, 2018年农业部的职责整合, 组建中华人民共和国农业农村部[28]。没有推荐性国家标准且需要在全国某个行业范围内统一的技术要求, 可以制定行业标准。行业标准推广应用后, 根据其适用性和对产业的助推性及产业发展的潜力, 可由行业标准上升为国家标准。最终, 形成行业标准、国家标准既相互衔接又补充完善的统一综合体, 充分体现水产品加工产业的完整性和标准制定的系统性。
体系结构和产品的划分参照NY/T 3177—2018《农产品分类与代码》、GB/T 41545—2022《水产及水产加工品分类与名称》、GB/T 36193—2018《水产品加工术语》。根据产品加工方式的不同, 标准体系分为九类: 鲜活冻水产品、冷冻预制水产品、干制水产品、腌制水产品、熟制水产品、鱼糜及其制品、藻类及其制品、水产调味品、其他制品, 见表3
图3可知, 水产品加工标准在鲜活冻水产品类别占的比重最大, 为37.5%, 鱼糜及其制品和水产调味品的标准所占比重均较小, 尤其是鱼糜及其制品只占11%。鱼糜及其制品是水产品预制菜的主要产品形式, 是水产品预制菜质量安全的基本保障, 急需标准的规范和指导。冷冻预制水产品也是水产品预制菜的主要产品形式, 也应加强标准的规范和指导。
为落实《“十四五”推动高质量发展的国家标准体系建设规划》文件的要求, 加快构建以基础通用、产品质量分级检测方法、食品加工质量控制管理和追溯规范、中国特色风味食品和传统食品产品质量标准为主体的食品质量标准体系。加快关键环节、关键领域、关键产品的技术攻关和标准研制应用, 提升产业核心竞争力。发挥关键技术标准在产业协同、技术协作中的纽带和驱动作用, 实施标准化助力重点产业, 促进产业链上下游标准有效衔接, 提升产业链供应链现代化水平, 满足食品产业高质量发展需要和人民群众对美好生活的向往。
本次修订标准体系表, 按照GB/T 1.1和GB/T 20001系列标准的要求, 规范了标准的名称, 以便于今后标准的使用和管理。产品标准名称方面, 根据国家标准化管理委员会的工作要求, 产品标准名称改为“XXXX质量通则”“XXXX质量等级”。规范和规程类标准名称方面, 根据标准类型和标准内容, 规范了“操作规范”和“技术规程”类标准名称。方法标准名称方面, 命名应充分现检测的物质及确定采用的仪器和方法, 例如水产品中XXX的检测—液相色谱法。
水产品加工标准的制修订应加强质量控制关键指标与工艺必要性的基础性研究。从水产品加工工艺入手, 研究探讨生产工序和添加物的目的、作用以及工艺的必要性。通过开展加工工艺与质量控制参数匹配性研究, 确立质量控制关键指标及参数, 并提出水产加工品质量控制的关键指标。此外, 标准从制定到发布的过程应广泛吸纳技术专家、标准化专家, 标准制定过程中的技术内容应广泛征求各界意见, 保障标准的协调一致性[38]
以水产品的品质评价为重心, 抓紧研制一批水产品品质评价标准、质量等级划分标准、特征性成分、功能性成分的检测方法标准、原产地溯源与真伪鉴别技术标准和新兴产业与新兴产品质量标准, 以及共性成分快速检测方法。为延伸产业链、提升价值链、融通供应链,开展标准化攻关。
加快构建水产品加工基础通用、产品质量分级检测方法、水产品加工质量控制管理和追溯规范、仓储保鲜标准、鲜活冻水产品的冷链物流标准、能耗限额碳中和标准, 促进产业链上下游标准有效衔接, 实现“源头可溯、去向可追、风险可控、责任可究、公众可查、标准支撑”[39]。同时选择典型企业开展标准体系试点示范, 让标准体系落地, 实现标准体系“用起来”[40]
在国际标准化的舞台上广泛发声, 牵头申报国际标准, 推动行业龙头企业参与国际标准化活动, 提出中国方案, 贡献中国智慧, 为国际标准化大家庭做出中国贡献, 使我国标准化工作更有影响力、感召力、塑造力。
  • 国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系专项资金项目(CARS-50)
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2025年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240925005
  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
基金
国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(32061133008)
现代农业产业技术体系专项资金项目(CARS-50)
作者信息
    1.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 农业农村部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071
    2.全国水产标准化技术委员会水产品加工分技术委员会, 青岛 266071

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*王联珠(1963—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品质量安全与标准化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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