Article(id=1153986778403951403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061488009, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061488009, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061488009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061488009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986778785633074, articleId=1153986778403951403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of fluoride content in tea and tea beverage by activated carbon purification-ion chromatography and its health risk assessment, columnId=1153986581653349021, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Modern Analysis Instrument in Food Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the determination of fluoride ion in tea and tea beverages by activated carbon purification-ion chromatography, and then to study the health risks of tea water and tea beverages. Methods The experiment was carried out by brewing 6 kinds of tea in 2 ways respectively. Method 1: Tea was brewed in a time gradient. Method 2: Add tea once, brew tea with several times and then collect tea. Collect tea by brewing tea with water several times. The tea and tea beverages were purified by activated carbon, filtered by 0.45 μm microporous filter membrane, separated by AS23 ion chromatographic column (4.0 mm×250 mm) with 4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3 and 0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3 solution as leach solution, and tested by ion chromatography. The health risk was assessed by the highest tea fluoride dissolution with method 1, the total tea fluoride dissolution with method 2 and tea fluoride content in tea beverages. Results Under the optimal analysis conditions, the limit of detection of fluoride ions was 0.016 mg/L. In the range of 0.1-5.0 mg/L, the linear relationship was good, the correlation coefficient (r2) was 0.9996, the recovery rates were 94.93%-105.32%, the relative standard deviations were 1.02%-2.13% (n=6). The method detected the amount of fluoride ion dissolved in tea, and found that the dissolution increased continuously with the extension of brewing time and reached the highest value. With the increase of brewing times, the dissolution of fluoride ion in tea increased first, and then the decline trend gradually slowed down. The dissolution rate of fluoride ion in the first 2 brewing times reached more than 65% of total dissolution. Conclusion The method has high sensitivity, good accuracy, simple operation and practical value. Daily intake of tea fluoride in tea and tea beverages obtained from 6 kinds of tea under 2 brewing methods are in line with the daily intake limit of fluoride recommended by China and the World Health Organization. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values are less than 1, and there is no significant health risk to human. It is recommended to reduce tea brewing time, wash tea, and choose high-quality tea to drink tea scientifically and healthily.

, correspAuthors=Lu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei WU, Zhu-Jun CHEN, Rong CHEN, Yuan QIN, Jian-Bing WU, Shan ZHANG, Lu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986797391565144, articleId=1153986778403951403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=活性炭净化-离子色谱法测定茶水及茶饮料中氟含量及其健康风险评估, columnId=1153986778571723567, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立分析纯活性炭净化-离子色谱法检测茶水及茶饮料中氟离子含量的方法, 进而研究茶水及茶饮料对人体健康风险。方法 将6种茶叶分别以两种方式冲泡进行实验, 方式一: 按时间梯度冲泡茶叶; 方式二: 一次投茶, 多次加水冲泡茶叶, 收集茶水。茶水及茶饮料, 经活性炭净化, 0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 以4.5 mmol/L碳酸钠和0.8 mmol/L碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液, 经AS23离子色谱柱(4.0 mm×250 mm)分离, 离子色谱进行检测。以冲泡方式一获得的最高茶氟溶出量, 冲泡方式二获得的总茶氟溶出量以及茶饮料中氟含量分别进行健康风险评估。结果 在最佳分析条件下, 本法氟离子的检出限为0.016 mg/L; 在0.1~5.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内的线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)为0.9996; 加标回收率94.93%~105.32%; 相对标准偏差1.02%~2.13% (n=6)。本方法检测茶叶中氟离子的溶出量, 发现茶叶中氟离子的溶出量均随冲泡时间的延长不断增加达到最高值; 随冲泡次数的增加, 茶叶中氟离子的溶出量先增加, 之后下降的趋势逐渐变缓。前2次冲泡氟离子溶出率可达茶氟总溶出量的65%以上。结论 该方法灵敏度高, 准确性好, 操作简单, 具有实用价值。以该法检测6种茶叶在两种冲泡方式下获得的茶氟日摄入量以及茶饮料中茶氟日摄入量均符合我国和世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量限值要求; 目标危险因素(target hazard quotient, THQ)均小于1, 对人体没有显著健康风险。建议减少茶叶浸泡时间, 洗茶, 选用优质茶叶来科学健康饮茶。

, correspAuthors=王露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王露(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品水质检验。E-mail:
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吴梅(1985—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

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吴梅(1985—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2022, 13(13): 4098-4106., articleTitle=Construction of tea risk classification model based on space-time and risk object perspective, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174369696829813264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, awardId=ZKYL2350, language=CN, fundingSource=张家港市科技计划项目(ZKYL2350), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1174369696888533521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, awardId=ZJGQNKJ202342, language=CN, fundingSource=张家港市卫生青年科技项目(ZJGQNKJ202342), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369692568400292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369692572594597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, companyId=1174369692568400292, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Huaian Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Huaian 223001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369692648092073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, companyId=1174369692635509159, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.淮安市疾病预防控制中心, 淮安 223001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174369695676379625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatogram of fluoride ion content in tea, figureFileSmall=xeZc5tVZoZ3zEWxBsDpAnA==, figureFileBig=SoO1nnVbAf/quPBBAceuNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369695747682798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=图1, caption=茶水中氟离子含量色谱图

注: a. 茶水直接进样; b. 磁性Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合纳米材料吸附; c. 普通活性炭过滤; d. SPE-GAC小柱过滤; e. 3.0 g分析纯活性炭过滤。F代表氟离子。

, figureFileSmall=xeZc5tVZoZ3zEWxBsDpAnA==, figureFileBig=SoO1nnVbAf/quPBBAceuNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369695831568880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Adsorption purification process of tea and tea beverages, figureFileSmall=wsjI2x7jzD+awYRTZUB95A==, figureFileBig=XIb7TNFTgS1yMISEez8UJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369695898677746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=图2, caption=茶水及茶饮料吸附净化过程

注: a. 加活性炭至有滤纸漏斗; b. 茶水及茶饮料直接过滤。

, figureFileSmall=wsjI2x7jzD+awYRTZUB95A==, figureFileBig=XIb7TNFTgS1yMISEez8UJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369695978369526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different brewing times on fluoride ion mass concentration in tea soup by adding tea once and water once, figureFileSmall=bzglCDfmU1Tix6ARphBIIg==, figureFileBig=7aGe0iAn9Hgbkh989tPXfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369696053867000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=图3, caption=一次投茶一次加水不同冲泡时间对茶水中氟离子质量浓度的影响

注: a. 绿茶; b. 黄茶; c. 红茶; d. 乌龙茶; e. 白茶; f. 花茶。

, figureFileSmall=bzglCDfmU1Tix6ARphBIIg==, figureFileBig=7aGe0iAn9Hgbkh989tPXfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369696141947387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fluoride ion concentration in tea soup brewed by adding water for 10 min at a time, figureFileSmall=GSD0M1zNv9fxv9wtCSxNIQ==, figureFileBig=CyYFIdodNSB3crfluGMNdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369696200667646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=图4, caption=一次投茶多次加水10 min冲泡的茶水中氟离子浓度, figureFileSmall=GSD0M1zNv9fxv9wtCSxNIQ==, figureFileBig=CyYFIdodNSB3crfluGMNdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369696271970816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of recovery rate test (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 本底/(mg/kg) 加标值/(mg/kg) 测定值/(mg/L) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
水仙
(茶叶)
212.23 50.00 248.93 94.93 2.13
100.00 328.84 105.32 1.98
150.00 372.77 102.91 2.08
茉莉绿茶
(茶饮料)
0.65 0.30 0.92 96.86 1.02
1.00 1.61 97.63 1.21
1.20 1.88 101.64 1.07
), ArticleFig(id=1174369696347468291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

回收率试验结果(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 本底/(mg/kg) 加标值/(mg/kg) 测定值/(mg/L) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
水仙
(茶叶)
212.23 50.00 248.93 94.93 2.13
100.00 328.84 105.32 1.98
150.00 372.77 102.91 2.08
茉莉绿茶
(茶饮料)
0.65 0.30 0.92 96.86 1.02
1.00 1.61 97.63 1.21
1.20 1.88 101.64 1.07
), ArticleFig(id=1174369696431354373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Health hazards of tea fluoride in different tea brewing different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶叶种类 方式一 方式二
可溶性氟
含量/(mg/kg)
氟日
摄入量/mg
THQ 可溶性氟
含量/(mg/kg)
氟日
摄入量/mg
THQ
绿茶 洞庭碧螺春 76.36 0.61 0.16 56.80 0.45 0.12
万春银叶 79.49 0.64 0.16 56.78 0.45 0.12
安吉白茶 55.16 0.44 0.11 61.00 0.49 0.13
天目湖白茶 44.43 0.36 0.09 49.04 0.39 0.10
庐山云雾 64.89 0.52 0.13 71.56 0.57 0.15
黄茶 君山银针 44.97 0.36 0.09 35.78 0.29 0.07
沩山黄牙 119.83 0.96 0.25 145.65 1.17 0.30
红茶 古树红 115.95 0.93 0.24 82.61 0.66 0.17
正山小种 76.23 0.61 0.16 97.65 0.78 0.20
花香小种 122.84 0.98 0.25 124.87 1.00 0.26
金骏眉 104.71 0.84 0.22 114.62 0.92 0.24
茉莉红 70.06 0.56 0.15 45.01 0.36 0.09
乌龙茶 水仙 211.80 1.69 0.44 262.29 2.10 0.54
大红袍 141.00 1.13 0.29 109.65 0.88 0.23
肉桂 312.02 2.50 0.65 314.41 2.52 0.65
铁观音 118.92 0.95 0.25 145.35 1.16 0.30
白茶 白茶龙珠 67.38 0.54 0.14 88.96 0.71 0.18
福鼎白茶 75.57 0.60 0.16 72.68 0.58 0.15
花茶 玫瑰花 36.66 0.29 0.08 25.13 0.20 0.05
桂花 18.75 0.15 0.04 20.30 0.16 0.04
F 0.003
t -0.052
P 0.959
), ArticleFig(id=1174369696523629063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同茶叶不同冲泡方式茶氟健康危害

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶叶种类 方式一 方式二
可溶性氟
含量/(mg/kg)
氟日
摄入量/mg
THQ 可溶性氟
含量/(mg/kg)
氟日
摄入量/mg
THQ
绿茶 洞庭碧螺春 76.36 0.61 0.16 56.80 0.45 0.12
万春银叶 79.49 0.64 0.16 56.78 0.45 0.12
安吉白茶 55.16 0.44 0.11 61.00 0.49 0.13
天目湖白茶 44.43 0.36 0.09 49.04 0.39 0.10
庐山云雾 64.89 0.52 0.13 71.56 0.57 0.15
黄茶 君山银针 44.97 0.36 0.09 35.78 0.29 0.07
沩山黄牙 119.83 0.96 0.25 145.65 1.17 0.30
红茶 古树红 115.95 0.93 0.24 82.61 0.66 0.17
正山小种 76.23 0.61 0.16 97.65 0.78 0.20
花香小种 122.84 0.98 0.25 124.87 1.00 0.26
金骏眉 104.71 0.84 0.22 114.62 0.92 0.24
茉莉红 70.06 0.56 0.15 45.01 0.36 0.09
乌龙茶 水仙 211.80 1.69 0.44 262.29 2.10 0.54
大红袍 141.00 1.13 0.29 109.65 0.88 0.23
肉桂 312.02 2.50 0.65 314.41 2.52 0.65
铁观音 118.92 0.95 0.25 145.35 1.16 0.30
白茶 白茶龙珠 67.38 0.54 0.14 88.96 0.71 0.18
福鼎白茶 75.57 0.60 0.16 72.68 0.58 0.15
花茶 玫瑰花 36.66 0.29 0.08 25.13 0.20 0.05
桂花 18.75 0.15 0.04 20.30 0.16 0.04
F 0.003
t -0.052
P 0.959
), ArticleFig(id=1174369696603320841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Health hazards of fluoride in tea beverages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶饮料种类 茶饮料氟浓度/(mg/kg) 茶饮料氟日摄入量/mg THQ
茉莉绿茶 0.65 0.08 0.02
茉莉蜜茶 1.00 0.13 0.03
青梅绿茶 0.67 0.09 0.02
绿茶 1.05 0.13 0.03
绿茶 1.44 0.18 0.05
绿茶 0.64 0.08 0.02
红茶 0.77 0.10 0.03
柠檬红茶 0.60 0.08 0.02
青柑普洱 0.59 0.08 0.02
栀意乌龙 1.00 0.13 0.03
橘皮乌龙 1.39 0.18 0.05
蜜桃乌龙 0.72 0.09 0.02
乌龙茶 1.92 0.25 0.06
青提乌龙 0.81 0.10 0.03
蜜桃乌龙 0.67 0.09 0.02
茉莉绿茶 0.65 0.08 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1174369696683012620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986778403951403, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

茶饮料中氟健康危害

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶饮料种类 茶饮料氟浓度/(mg/kg) 茶饮料氟日摄入量/mg THQ
茉莉绿茶 0.65 0.08 0.02
茉莉蜜茶 1.00 0.13 0.03
青梅绿茶 0.67 0.09 0.02
绿茶 1.05 0.13 0.03
绿茶 1.44 0.18 0.05
绿茶 0.64 0.08 0.02
红茶 0.77 0.10 0.03
柠檬红茶 0.60 0.08 0.02
青柑普洱 0.59 0.08 0.02
栀意乌龙 1.00 0.13 0.03
橘皮乌龙 1.39 0.18 0.05
蜜桃乌龙 0.72 0.09 0.02
乌龙茶 1.92 0.25 0.06
青提乌龙 0.81 0.10 0.03
蜜桃乌龙 0.67 0.09 0.02
茉莉绿茶 0.65 0.08 0.02
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活性炭净化-离子色谱法测定茶水及茶饮料中氟含量及其健康风险评估
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吴梅 1 , 陈祝军 1 , 陈蓉 1 , 秦园 1 , 吴建兵 1 , 张珊 1 , 王露 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025,16(1): 44-52
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025, 16(1): 44-52
活性炭净化-离子色谱法测定茶水及茶饮料中氟含量及其健康风险评估
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吴梅1 , 陈祝军1, 陈蓉1, 秦园1, 吴建兵1, 张珊1, 王露2, *
作者信息
  • 1.张家港市疾病预防控制中心, 张家港 215600
  • 2.淮安市疾病预防控制中心, 淮安 223001
  • 吴梅(1985—), 女, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王露(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品水质检验。E-mail:
Determination of fluoride content in tea and tea beverage by activated carbon purification-ion chromatography and its health risk assessment
Mei WU1 , Zhu-Jun CHEN1, Rong CHEN1, Yuan QIN1, Jian-Bing WU1, Shan ZHANG1, Lu WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Zhangjiagang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
  • 2. Huaian Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Huaian 223001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005
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目的 建立分析纯活性炭净化-离子色谱法检测茶水及茶饮料中氟离子含量的方法, 进而研究茶水及茶饮料对人体健康风险。方法 将6种茶叶分别以两种方式冲泡进行实验, 方式一: 按时间梯度冲泡茶叶; 方式二: 一次投茶, 多次加水冲泡茶叶, 收集茶水。茶水及茶饮料, 经活性炭净化, 0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 以4.5 mmol/L碳酸钠和0.8 mmol/L碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液, 经AS23离子色谱柱(4.0 mm×250 mm)分离, 离子色谱进行检测。以冲泡方式一获得的最高茶氟溶出量, 冲泡方式二获得的总茶氟溶出量以及茶饮料中氟含量分别进行健康风险评估。结果 在最佳分析条件下, 本法氟离子的检出限为0.016 mg/L; 在0.1~5.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内的线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)为0.9996; 加标回收率94.93%~105.32%; 相对标准偏差1.02%~2.13% (n=6)。本方法检测茶叶中氟离子的溶出量, 发现茶叶中氟离子的溶出量均随冲泡时间的延长不断增加达到最高值; 随冲泡次数的增加, 茶叶中氟离子的溶出量先增加, 之后下降的趋势逐渐变缓。前2次冲泡氟离子溶出率可达茶氟总溶出量的65%以上。结论 该方法灵敏度高, 准确性好, 操作简单, 具有实用价值。以该法检测6种茶叶在两种冲泡方式下获得的茶氟日摄入量以及茶饮料中茶氟日摄入量均符合我国和世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量限值要求; 目标危险因素(target hazard quotient, THQ)均小于1, 对人体没有显著健康风险。建议减少茶叶浸泡时间, 洗茶, 选用优质茶叶来科学健康饮茶。

活性炭  /  离子色谱法  /  氟  /  茶水  /  茶饮料

Objective To establish a method for the determination of fluoride ion in tea and tea beverages by activated carbon purification-ion chromatography, and then to study the health risks of tea water and tea beverages. Methods The experiment was carried out by brewing 6 kinds of tea in 2 ways respectively. Method 1: Tea was brewed in a time gradient. Method 2: Add tea once, brew tea with several times and then collect tea. Collect tea by brewing tea with water several times. The tea and tea beverages were purified by activated carbon, filtered by 0.45 μm microporous filter membrane, separated by AS23 ion chromatographic column (4.0 mm×250 mm) with 4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3 and 0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3 solution as leach solution, and tested by ion chromatography. The health risk was assessed by the highest tea fluoride dissolution with method 1, the total tea fluoride dissolution with method 2 and tea fluoride content in tea beverages. Results Under the optimal analysis conditions, the limit of detection of fluoride ions was 0.016 mg/L. In the range of 0.1-5.0 mg/L, the linear relationship was good, the correlation coefficient (r2) was 0.9996, the recovery rates were 94.93%-105.32%, the relative standard deviations were 1.02%-2.13% (n=6). The method detected the amount of fluoride ion dissolved in tea, and found that the dissolution increased continuously with the extension of brewing time and reached the highest value. With the increase of brewing times, the dissolution of fluoride ion in tea increased first, and then the decline trend gradually slowed down. The dissolution rate of fluoride ion in the first 2 brewing times reached more than 65% of total dissolution. Conclusion The method has high sensitivity, good accuracy, simple operation and practical value. Daily intake of tea fluoride in tea and tea beverages obtained from 6 kinds of tea under 2 brewing methods are in line with the daily intake limit of fluoride recommended by China and the World Health Organization. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values are less than 1, and there is no significant health risk to human. It is recommended to reduce tea brewing time, wash tea, and choose high-quality tea to drink tea scientifically and healthily.

activated carcon  /  ion chromatography  /  fluoride  /  tea  /  tea beverages
吴梅, 陈祝军, 陈蓉, 秦园, 吴建兵, 张珊, 王露. 活性炭净化-离子色谱法测定茶水及茶饮料中氟含量及其健康风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 44 -52 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005
Mei WU, Zhu-Jun CHEN, Rong CHEN, Yuan QIN, Jian-Bing WU, Shan ZHANG, Lu WANG. Determination of fluoride content in tea and tea beverage by activated carbon purification-ion chromatography and its health risk assessment[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 44 -52 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005
氟是一种人体必需的微量元素, 氟的摄入主要通过饮食、饮水和环境空气, 进入人体进行生理代谢[1-4]。氟是人体牙齿和骨骼生长不可或缺的成分, 人体内的氟90%以上都存在于牙齿和骨骼中[5]。缺氟会造成骨质疏松症、龋齿, 但是氟摄入超过安全范围, 就会引起氟骨症、氟斑牙, 严重的会引起急性中毒、累积性中毒[6-8]。相关研究表明茶叶中的总氟不会完全被人体摄入, 只有茶水浸出液中的游离氟才会进入人体, 参与人体的代谢[9-11]
检测茶叶中氟的方法有: 离子选择电极法、伏安极谱法、高效液相色谱法、离子色谱法、氟试剂分光光度法、锆盐茜素比色法等[12-17]。离子选择电极法虽然操作简单, 但是对操作者的技术要求高, 其电极电位易受环境因素影响而漂移; 分光光度法、比色法需消耗大量的试剂且耗时长; 离子色谱法操作简便、但茶水及茶饮料中的有机酸和氟分离度不好, 分析结果不准确, 进样前需要对样品进行净化处理。对茶叶样品前处理方法主要有: 灰化处理、氧瓶燃烧处理、扩散吸收提取处理等[18-20], 普遍都较烦琐。灰化处理会导致检测结果偏低, 氧瓶燃烧应用较局限, 扩散吸收中吸收液中的碱会干扰离子交换[21]
本研究通过探索最优实验条件, 运用分析纯活性炭净化茶水及茶饮料中的有机酸, 用离子色谱仪测定茶水及茶饮料中氟离子溶出量。用纯水对绿茶、黄茶、红茶、乌龙茶、白茶和花茶通过两种方式冲泡(方式一: 按时间梯度冲泡茶叶; 方式二: 一次投茶多次加水冲泡茶叶)获得茶水, 茶水和茶饮料经活性炭吸附净化后测定氟离子溶出量, 并对结果进行分析和健康风险评估, 为茶水及茶饮料中氟含量的测定及定量分析其安全性提供参考依据。
茶叶: 随机选购不同茶种销量较高的茶叶, 包括绿茶、黄茶、红茶、乌龙茶、白茶和花茶6大类茶叶共20份。其中绿茶: 洞庭碧螺春、万春银叶、安吉白茶、天目湖白茶、庐山云雾; 黄茶: 君山银针、伪山黄茶; 红茶: 古树红、正山小种、花香小种、金骏眉、茉莉红; 乌龙茶: 水仙、大红袍、肉桂、铁观音; 白茶: 白茶龙珠、福鼎白茶; 花茶: 玫瑰花、桂花。
茶饮料: 随机选购不同品牌茶饮共15份, 其中绿茶茶饮: 不同品牌绿茶纯茶饮4份、青梅绿茶、茉莉蜜茶、茉莉绿茶; 红茶茶饮: 柠檬红茶、红茶; 乌龙茶饮: 乌龙茶、青提乌龙茶、蜜桃乌龙茶、栀意乌龙茶、橘皮乌龙茶; 青柑普洱。
无水碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠(分析纯, 天津博迪化工股份有限公司); 标准样品水中氟(质量浓度1.75 mg/L)、水中氟(质量浓度100 mg/L)(中国坛墨质检科技股份有限公司); 活性炭(分析纯, 天津福晨化学试剂有限公司)。
Aquion离子色谱仪、AS23阴离子色谱柱(4.0 mm× 250 mm)(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); JA2003N电子天平(精度0.001 g, 上海精密科学仪器有限公司); Simplicity UV型超纯水系统(美国Millipore公司); KQ-300DE型超声波清洗仪(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 0.45 μm微孔滤膜(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 活性炭固相萃取小柱(solid phase extraction-granular activated carbon, SPE-GAC) (1000 mg/12 mL, 山东聚凯电子科技有限公司); 磁性四氧化三铁/多壁碳纳米管(Fe3O4/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Fe3O4/MWCNTs)复合纳米材料(淮安市疾病预防控制中心)。
茶叶: 根据人群饮茶习惯将泡茶方式分为两种: 方式一: 按时间梯度冲泡茶叶; 精确称取在均质袋中混匀后的6种茶叶样品各1.0 g(精确至0.001 g), 置于200 mL烧杯, 加入100 mL煮沸的超纯水[22-24], 在泡茶1、5、10、20、30、40、60 min时, 取茶水溶液100 mL, 各样品放置4 ℃保存, 待测; 方式二: 一次投茶, 多次加水冲泡茶叶; 精确称取混匀后的6种茶叶样品各1.0 g(精确至0.001 g), 置于200 mL烧杯, 加入100 mL煮沸的超纯水, 10 min后取待测茶水溶液100 mL, 再加入新鲜煮沸的超纯水100 mL, 重复上述操作共4次, 各样品放置4 ℃保存。
茶饮料: 直接取茶饮料100 mL, 各样品放置4 ℃保存。
取25 mL放置室温的茶水及茶饮料用活性炭吸附过滤, 弃初滤液5 mL, 再用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 置入离子色谱专用瓶, 供离子色谱仪测定。
离子色谱工作条件: AS23阴离子色谱柱(4.0 mm× 250 mm)及AS23阴离子保护柱(4.0 mm×50 mm); AERS600阴离子抑制器(4 mm); 柱温30 ℃; 淋洗液4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3和0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3; 流速1.0 mL/min; 进样体积25 μL, 抑制器电流25 mA, 电导检测器检测。
空白试验: 除不加样品外按1.3.2样品净化步骤进行处理。质控样品测定结果在允许范围内。所有器皿均用纯水淋洗、沥干使用。每测10个样品进行一次平行测定。
将本研究测得的茶水中氟离子含量, 与居民日均饮茶量结合, 计算居民日均茶氟摄入量; 进而计算健康风险值并作风险评价。
茶叶日摄入氟量如公式(1)和(2)所示:
$\begin{array} & m=\frac{0.1 \times C_i}{1.0} \times 1000 \end{array}$
$\begin{array} & M_i=\frac{m \times \mathrm{FIR}_i}{1000}\end{array}$
式中: m为茶叶中氟化物含量, mg/kg; Ci为茶水中氟离子的实测质量浓度, mg/L; 0.1为用100 mL水冲泡。1.0为称取1.0 g茶叶; Mi为茶氟日摄入量, mg; FIRi为茶叶日消耗量8 g/(人·d)[25-26]
茶饮料日摄入氟量如公式(3)所示:
$M_j=\frac{C_j \times \mathrm{FIR}_j}{1000}$
式中: Mj为茶饮料中氟日摄入量, mg; Cj为茶饮料中氟离子的实测质量浓度, mg/kg; FIRj为茶饮料日消耗量128 g/(人·d)[27]
茶叶评价标准: 根据NY 659—2003《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量》规定, 茶叶中氟化物(以F-计)≤200 mg/kg。茶氟日摄入量评价标准: 世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量成人为2.0~4.0 mg/d, 儿童1.0~2.0 mg/d[28]。根据WS/T 87—2016《人群总摄氟量》规定, 我国推荐的氟日摄入量限值为成人3.5 mg/d, 儿童为2.4 mg/d。
茶叶及茶饮料中氟化物的健康危害风险评估如公式(4)和(5)所示:
$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{THQ}=\frac{\mathrm{EDI}}{\mathrm{RFD}} \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{EDI}=\frac{M}{\mathrm{WAB}}\end{aligned}$
式中: THQ为目标危险因素(target hazard quotient); EDI为每日摄入量(estimated daily intake), mg/(kg·d)[29]; M为茶水及茶饮料中氟日摄入量, mg; WAB为平均体质量64.3 kg[30]; RFD为摄入参考剂量(reference dose), 取0.06 mg/(kg·d)[31]
茶叶中氟化物的健康危害风险评价标准: THQ<1表示对人体的没有明显健康风险, THQ>1表示对人体存在健康风险[32]
所有数据录入Excel 2019进行分析, 标准曲线采用直线拟合。应用SPSS 27.0软件进行数据分析。不同茶叶相同浸泡时间及相同冲泡次数茶水中氟离子浓度使用单因素方差分析, 两种冲泡方式对茶氟的溶出量使用T检验, 以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用Origin 2021制图。用EdrawMax 13.5.2软件绘制净化过程图。
分别选用磁性Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合纳米材料、普通活性炭、SPE-GAC小柱、分析纯活性炭对茶水进行吸附过滤。磁性Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合纳米材料不能选择性吸附茶水及茶饮料中小分子有机酸; 普通活性炭中杂质较多, 易干扰测定。SPE-GAC小柱需要先活化, 依次通过5 mL甲醇, 5 mL水, 吹干[33], 前处理烦琐, 价格贵。分析纯活性炭直接进行过滤且颗粒大, 方便过滤, 较纯净, 杂质较少, 价格低廉易采购, 能有效吸附小分子有机酸, 最终选用分析纯活性炭进行吸附(见图1)。
选用超声萃取吸附和过滤吸附两种方式对茶水及茶饮料进行吸附净化。采用超声萃取吸附, 取25 mL茶水及茶饮料加入一定量分析纯活性炭分别选取5、10、20 min常温超声萃取, 再经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 随着超声时间的增加, 过滤难度增加, 色谱图上杂峰增加, 考虑超声将活性炭中杂质成分萃取入茶水及茶饮料中。采用过滤方式对茶水及茶饮料进行吸附净化, 在漏斗的滤纸上分别加入0.5、1.0、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0 g分析纯活性炭, 取25 mL茶水分别倒入含有不同重量分析纯活性炭的漏斗上, 弃去初滤液5 mL, 滤液较澄清, 再经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 色谱图上显示杂峰较少, 3.0 g分析纯活性炭能较好地吸附净化有机酸(见图1)。故选取3.0 g分析纯活性炭, 采用直接过滤方式吸附净化(见图2)。考虑分析纯活性炭活化, 用15 mL纯水活化活性炭, 测定活化后的溶液, 未检测出氟离子和有机酸。用活化和未活化的分析纯活性炭对茶水和茶饮料进行过滤, 结果无明显差别。故本研究采用3.0 g分析纯活性炭直接过滤茶水和茶饮料。
在本研究的色谱条件下, 对不同浓度的氟离子标准溶液进行测定, 以氟离子质量浓度(X, mg/L)为横坐标, 色谱峰面积(Y)为纵坐标, 进行一元线性回归。结果显示, 氟离子分别在0.1~5.0 mg/L范围内线性良好, 相关系数(r2)为0.9996; 线性方程为: Y=0.1981X+0.0077。本研究以3倍的氟离子最低质量浓度(0.1 mg/L)的标准偏差(n=10)为方法的检出限, 为0.016 mg/L, 以10倍的氟离子最低浓度(0.1 mg/L)的标准偏差(n=10)为方法的定量限, 为0.052 mg/L。检出限小于GB 5009.18—2003《食品中氟的测定》扩散-氟试剂比色法的检出限(0.1 mg/kg)。
在水仙(乌龙茶)和茉莉绿茶(茶饮料)中分别添加浓度水平为低、中、高浓度的氟离子标准溶液, 使用优化后的吸附净化方法处理后, 每个样品重复测定6次, 进行回收率实验, 结果见表1。实验结果显示: 不同标准液添加水平下, 氟离子的回收率为94.93%~105.32%, RSDs为1.02%~2.13%。说明该方法适用于茶水及茶饮料中氟离子含量的检测。
以本研究建立的活性炭净化-离子色谱法检测氟离子含量的方法对绿茶、红茶、黄茶、乌龙茶、白茶及花茶中氟溶出含量进行检测。实验结果表明: 茶叶中氟离子的溶出量均随冲泡时间的延长不断增加达到最高值, 不同茶叶达到最高值的时间不同, 最早20 min达到最高。同一种类不同品种的茶叶茶氟溶出量差异较大, 其中乌龙茶普遍较高, 尤其以肉桂最高, 花茶较低(见图3)。其原因可能是随着茶叶和水接触时间增加, 茶叶中的可溶性氟逐渐溶出, 到最大值后不再增加。到最高值后稍有下降, 有可能是茶叶自身含量的不均一性, 虽然取样时为放入均质袋混匀取样, 但每一片茶叶含氟量不完全一致, 新老叶片含量不一致。相同浸泡时间(1、5、10、20、30、40、60 min)的不同种类茶叶茶水其氟溶出含量具有显著性差异(F=6.482、6.685、6.792、8.130、6.660、5.401、6.407; P=0.003、0.002、0.002、0.001、0.002、0.006、0.003<0.05)。
实验结果显示, 6种茶叶均在第一次冲泡中有较高的氟离子溶出, 最低质量浓度为0.071 mg/L, 最高质量浓度为2.098 mg/L。随冲泡次数的增加, 茶叶中氟离子的溶出量先增加, 之后下降的趋势逐渐变缓。前2次冲泡溶出的氟离子含量可达茶叶中氟含量的65%以上(见图4)。其原因可能是第一泡和第二泡茶叶与水接触逐渐完全, 冲泡液中可以溶出较多的可溶性氟。第三、第四、第五泡中氟溶出量减少, 可能是大部分茶叶中的可溶性氟已被溶出。不同茶叶冲泡相同次数的茶水其氟溶出量具有显著性差异(F=4.318、3.161、5.082、7.732、4.962; P=0.014、0.041、0.007、0.001、0.008<0.05)。
采用方式一冲泡茶叶, 以茶氟溶出量最大值进行计算, 茶叶可溶性氟含量最低为桂花茶18.75 mg/kg, 最高肉桂茶为312.02 mg/kg; 采用方式二冲泡茶叶, 以5泡茶氟溶出量总和计算, 茶叶可溶性氟含量最低为桂花茶20.30 mg/kg, 最高为肉桂茶314.41 mg/kg(见表2)。水仙和肉桂超过NY 659—2003的200 mg/kg茶氟限量标准。两种方式冲泡茶叶以8 g/(人·d)计算茶氟日摄入量, 结果见表2, 均低于我国茶氟日摄入量的限值3.5 mg, 不高于世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量成人为2.0~4.0 mg/d, 与张易等[34]的研究一致。茶饮料以128 g/(人·d)计算氟日摄入量, 结果见表3, 均低于我国和世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量。
不同冲泡方式茶叶中氟THQ<1, 茶饮料中氟THQ<1, 对人体没有明显健康风险(见表2表3)。不同茶叶两种冲泡方式的茶氟溶出量、茶氟日摄入量和THQ采用SPSS 27.0独立样本t检验差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表2)。
本研究通过选择合适吸附材料、优化吸附净化方式, 建立了活性炭净化-离子色谱法检测茶水及茶饮料中氟离子含量的方法, 该方法有较宽的线性范围, 通用性强, 灵敏度高, 准确性好, 操作简单, 出峰时间短, 绿色环保, 对于批量样品方便操作, 具有实用价值。有效解决了茶水及茶饮料中氟和有机酸色谱峰难分离的问题, 避免了价格高且活化条件烦琐的SPE-GAC小柱的使用。可实现茶水及茶饮料中氟含量的快速、批量测定。
本研究将绿茶、红茶、黄茶、乌龙茶、白茶以及花茶茶叶经两种人们常用的方式冲泡, 并检测茶水中茶氟溶出量分析其变化趋势, 发现6种茶叶中氟离子溶出量随着泡时间的延长达到最高值; 不同茶叶达到最高值的时间不同, 最早20 min达到最高。故饮茶时应尽量避免长时间浸泡茶叶。在冲泡同样的时间下, 首次冲泡茶叶中氟离子溶出量最高; 故可采用洗茶的方式减少茶氟的摄入。以两种冲泡方式获得的最高茶氟溶出量进行健康风险评估, 乌龙茶的茶氟溶出量最高, 与胡文秀等[35]的研究一致。两种冲泡方式的茶氟日摄入量无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
以该法检测6种茶叶在两种冲泡方式下获得的茶氟日摄入量以及茶饮料中茶氟日摄入量均符合我国和世界卫生组织推荐的氟日摄入量限值要求。茶饮料中氟的日均摄入量较茶叶的氟日均摄入量小的多, 主要是由于茶饮料的日摄入量为128 g/人, 茶水的日摄入量为1250 mL/人[36], 茶饮料较茶水的日摄入量小的多。茶水和茶饮料中氟的THQ均小于1, 对人体没有显著健康风险。
本研究仅分析了用纯水冲泡6种茶叶的茶氟健康风险评估, 正常的冲泡水中依然含有氟离子, 故真正进入人体的氟离子高于茶叶冲泡液中氟离子含量, 应尽量选择茶叶含氟量低的茶叶。茶叶种类较多, 不同生长环境、栽培措施、老叶和新叶含氟量差异较大[37-39], 茶树越成熟, 茶叶中氟含量越高[40]。不同地区饮茶习惯不尽相同, 而且不同地区冲泡茶叶的水中氟含量不同, 今后将继续进一步研究其他茶叶、饮茶习惯、不同冲泡水以及不同冲泡水温获得的茶氟含量对人群健康风险的分析。
  • 张家港市科技计划项目(ZKYL2350)
  • 张家港市卫生青年科技项目(ZJGQNKJ202342)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
基金
张家港市科技计划项目(ZKYL2350)
张家港市卫生青年科技项目(ZJGQNKJ202342)
作者信息
    1.张家港市疾病预防控制中心, 张家港 215600
    2.淮安市疾病预防控制中心, 淮安 223001

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*王露(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品水质检验。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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