Article(id=1153986719171994199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240902002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473887, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473887, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986720417702516, articleId=1153986719171994199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Evaluation of nutritional quality of different varieties of Prunus avium in Shandong Province, columnId=1153986583259767470, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Quality Analysis and Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study the difference of nutritional quality of different varieties of Prunus avium . Methods Taking 12 varieties of Prunus avium from Yantai of Shandong Province as the research object, the quality differences of different varieties of Prunus avium were analyzed by measuring the appearance indexes such as cross diameter and color difference, as well as the flavor and nutritional indexes such as soluble solids, organic acids, vitamin C, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The one-way analysis of variance was used to clarify the differences in the content of each indicator among different varieties. The core quality indicators of Prunus avium were screened by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results The soluble solids were found to be more than 15%, the titratable acid content was more than 0.5 g/100 g, and the purple-red fleshy cherry was rich in anthocyanins, and the determination of 26 quality indicators was simplified, 4 core indicators were determined to be chlorogenic acid, vitamin C, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, proanthocyanidins B2. Based on the core indicators, Prunus avium could be completely separated by color, indicating that the core indicators were feasible. Finally, principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Prunus avium. According to the comprehensive score, it was found that the purple-red fleshy Russian cultivar had the best quality. The results of the measured quality index showed that it had the highest content of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and rutin. Conclusion There are significant differences in the nutritional quality indexes of different varieties of Prunus avium. This paper provides data support for the construction of cherry quality indicator database, which is of great significance for standardizing the cherry quality evaluation system and promoting the high-quality development of the Prunus avium industry.

, correspAuthors=Mei-Yu LIU, Meng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-Ye LIU, Lin-Xia WU, Mei-Yu LIU, Meng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986743054360924, articleId=1153986719171994199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=山东地区不同品种樱桃营养品质评价, columnId=1153986583435928240, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品品质分析与评价, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究不同品种樱桃的营养品质差异。方法 以采自山东烟台地区的12个品种的樱桃为研究对象, 通过测定樱桃横径、色差等外观指标以及可溶性固形物、有机酸、维生素C、酚酸、黄酮、花青素等风味、营养指标, 分析不同品种樱桃品质差异。首先利用单因素方差分析, 明确不同品种间各指标含量差异; 其次结合相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析筛选樱桃核心品质指标。结果 在被测樱桃样品中发现可溶性固形物均在15%以上, 可滴定酸含量在0.5 g/100 g以上, 紫红色肉质樱桃花青素含量丰富, 将测定26个品质指标进行简化, 最终确定4个核心指标分别为绿原酸、维生素C、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、原花青素B2, 基于筛选的核心指标可以将樱桃按颜色完全分开, 说明核心指标具有可行性。最后利用主成分分析对樱桃品质进行综合评价, 根据综合得分可知紫红色肉质俄八品种品质最佳, 被测品质指标结果显示其矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芦丁含量最高。结论 不同品种樱桃的营养品质指标存在显著差异。本文可为构建樱桃品质指标数据库提供数据支撑, 对规范樱桃品质评价体系, 推动樱桃产业高质量发展具有重大意义。

, correspAuthors=刘美玉, 王蒙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘美玉(1968—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏加工与功能食品。E-mail:
王蒙(1980—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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刘子夜(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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Food & Machinery, 2017, 33(8): 34-37, 65., articleTitle=Discrimination of Anhua dark tea by gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1184566951977300939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, awardId=PJ2023-016, language=CN, fundingSource=桃(樱桃)品质规格营养功能评价项目(PJ2023-016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1184566952048604108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, awardId=KJCX20240510-6, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市农林科学院财政追加专项(KJCX20240510-6), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1184566948802212758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566948827378583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, companyId=1184566948802212758, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566948835767192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, companyId=1184566948802212758, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院, 邯郸 056038)]), AuthorCompany(id=1184566948902876057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566948911264666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, companyId=1184566948902876057, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566948919653275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, companyId=1184566948902876057, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京市农林科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 北京 100097)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184566950748369851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Gravel plot of principal component analysis, figureFileSmall=VHQxS8Wmw5HCto9fTQDWyw==, figureFileBig=nA3uOx0nSNCAw1M2rHJ4fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566950811284412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=图1, caption=主成分分析碎石图, figureFileSmall=VHQxS8Wmw5HCto9fTQDWyw==, figureFileBig=nA3uOx0nSNCAw1M2rHJ4fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566950857421757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Heat map of correlation analysis of quality indicators of different varieties of Prunus avium, figureFileSmall=N8BP9w2YB3yAeqkuUSkRtA==, figureFileBig=ytI3icnbz9H6AhjsCsx/Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566950970667966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同品种樱桃品质指标相关性分析热图, figureFileSmall=N8BP9w2YB3yAeqkuUSkRtA==, figureFileBig=ytI3icnbz9H6AhjsCsx/Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566951033582527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heat map of clustering of quality indicators of different varieties Prunus avium, figureFileSmall=35nl45onASwi/lqq3Fnbxg==, figureFileBig=Sb6sK4QFohHlFHQT3+aznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566951130051520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同品种樱桃品质指标聚类热图, figureFileSmall=35nl45onASwi/lqq3Fnbxg==, figureFileBig=Sb6sK4QFohHlFHQT3+aznw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566951188771777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Partial least squares discriminant analysis scores plot of Prunus avium of different colors in Shandong Area, figureFileSmall=qm0nR5BovcojzSUF05CTOA==, figureFileBig=gV/W2LkbhunR1YmUFdPbZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566951260074946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=图4, caption=山东地区不同颜色樱桃偏最小二乘判别法得分图, figureFileSmall=qm0nR5BovcojzSUF05CTOA==, figureFileBig=gV/W2LkbhunR1YmUFdPbZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566951314600899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of appearance and flavor indicators of different varieties of Prunus pseudocerasus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951364932548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同品种樱桃外观、风味指标分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951457207237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of polyphenols in different varieties of Prunus avium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色 品种 矢车菊素-3-O-
半乳糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
矢车菊素-3-O-
葡萄糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷/(mg/100 g) 山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷/(mg/100 g) 芦丁/(mg/kg) 绿原酸/(mg/kg) 新绿原酸/(mg/kg) 原花青素B2
/(mg/kg)
表儿茶素
/(mg/kg)

黄蜜 0.28±0.04a 0.20±0.03a 5.13±0.57a 0.30±0.11bc 0.72±0.06c 3.39±0.98a 5.82±3.56a 3.42±1.93a 0.47±0.38a 2.12±1.75a
佳红 0.35±0.00abc 0.26±0.01ab 17.64±1.88b 0.30±0.01bc 1.65±0.01f 9.35±0.33g 7.14±0.01ab 4.23±0.01abc 0.73±0.01a 6.28±0.04a
红手球 0.33±0.00ab 0.23±0.00a 8.51±0.47ab 0.77±0.04g 0.29±0.01a 4.01±0.15ab 6.84±0.06ab 3.92±0.03ab 3.64±0.06a 10.18±0.05b
均值 0.32 0.23 10.42 0.45 0.89 5.58 6.60 3.85 1.61 6.19

拉宾斯 0.64±0.02cd 0.54±0.03c 91.74±0.19d 0.28±0.01b 1.29±0.04e 4.65±0.01bc 8.22±0.04ab 4.82±0.01bc 1.92±0.08g 6.57±0.25c
甜心 0.55±0.01abcd 0.47±0.00abc 98.46±0.11de 0.32±0.01bcd 1.26±0.03e 5.78±0.16de 9.01±0.40bc 5.51±0.05c 1.04±0.04d 6.16±0.03b
先锋 0.58±0.01bcd 0.48±0.01abc 97.91±0.63de 0.67±0.01f 0.30±0.01a 5.58±0.08d 8.25±0.04ab 4.87±0.03bc 1.73±0.08b 6.15±0.04b
萨米脱 0.51±0.01abcd 0.41±0.01abc 63.92±2.10c 0.28±0.01b 1.83±0.03g 6.49±0.05e 6.99±0.14ab 4.14±0.01ab 1.53±0.06cd 5.35±0.17b
斯坦勒 0.71±0.01d 0.61±0.02c 103.94±4.71e 0.37±0.01cd 0.97±0.01d 5.72±0.19d 11.09±0.84c 6.88±0.02d 2.30±0.13c 11.16±0.04b
福星 0.66±0.42d 0.53±0.40bc 148.1±0.00g 0.45±0.01e 0.46±0.01b 5.80±0.13de 7.06±0.04ab 4.45±0.01abc 5.32±0.08e 15.10±0.43cd
均值 0.60 0.50 100.67 0.39 1.02 5.67 8.43 5.11 2.30 8.41


美早 1.35±0.01e 1.31±0.04d 162.81±14.61g 0.38±0de 0.44±0.00b 8.41±0.12f 7.50±0.36ab 4.33±0.01abc 0.64±0.02h 2.39±0.05e
俄八 1.45±0.02e 1.33±0.04d 214.11±0.02h 0.70±0.01fg 0.96±0.02d 12.32±0.32h 6.82±0.05ab 4.05±0.00ab 3.06±0.08a 11.68±0.01a
黑珍珠 1.22±0.01e 1.12±0.00d 243.56±0.31i 0.20±0.00a 0.47±0.04b 5.14±0.04cd 8.21±0.05ab 4.87±0.04bc 0.44±0.00f 2.47±0.03d
均值 1.34 1.25 206.82 0.42 0.62 8.62 7.51 4.41 1.38 5.51
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951541093318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同品种樱桃多酚类物质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色 品种 矢车菊素-3-O-
半乳糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
矢车菊素-3-O-
葡萄糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷
/(mg/100 g)
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷/(mg/100 g) 山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷/(mg/100 g) 芦丁/(mg/kg) 绿原酸/(mg/kg) 新绿原酸/(mg/kg) 原花青素B2
/(mg/kg)
表儿茶素
/(mg/kg)

黄蜜 0.28±0.04a 0.20±0.03a 5.13±0.57a 0.30±0.11bc 0.72±0.06c 3.39±0.98a 5.82±3.56a 3.42±1.93a 0.47±0.38a 2.12±1.75a
佳红 0.35±0.00abc 0.26±0.01ab 17.64±1.88b 0.30±0.01bc 1.65±0.01f 9.35±0.33g 7.14±0.01ab 4.23±0.01abc 0.73±0.01a 6.28±0.04a
红手球 0.33±0.00ab 0.23±0.00a 8.51±0.47ab 0.77±0.04g 0.29±0.01a 4.01±0.15ab 6.84±0.06ab 3.92±0.03ab 3.64±0.06a 10.18±0.05b
均值 0.32 0.23 10.42 0.45 0.89 5.58 6.60 3.85 1.61 6.19

拉宾斯 0.64±0.02cd 0.54±0.03c 91.74±0.19d 0.28±0.01b 1.29±0.04e 4.65±0.01bc 8.22±0.04ab 4.82±0.01bc 1.92±0.08g 6.57±0.25c
甜心 0.55±0.01abcd 0.47±0.00abc 98.46±0.11de 0.32±0.01bcd 1.26±0.03e 5.78±0.16de 9.01±0.40bc 5.51±0.05c 1.04±0.04d 6.16±0.03b
先锋 0.58±0.01bcd 0.48±0.01abc 97.91±0.63de 0.67±0.01f 0.30±0.01a 5.58±0.08d 8.25±0.04ab 4.87±0.03bc 1.73±0.08b 6.15±0.04b
萨米脱 0.51±0.01abcd 0.41±0.01abc 63.92±2.10c 0.28±0.01b 1.83±0.03g 6.49±0.05e 6.99±0.14ab 4.14±0.01ab 1.53±0.06cd 5.35±0.17b
斯坦勒 0.71±0.01d 0.61±0.02c 103.94±4.71e 0.37±0.01cd 0.97±0.01d 5.72±0.19d 11.09±0.84c 6.88±0.02d 2.30±0.13c 11.16±0.04b
福星 0.66±0.42d 0.53±0.40bc 148.1±0.00g 0.45±0.01e 0.46±0.01b 5.80±0.13de 7.06±0.04ab 4.45±0.01abc 5.32±0.08e 15.10±0.43cd
均值 0.60 0.50 100.67 0.39 1.02 5.67 8.43 5.11 2.30 8.41


美早 1.35±0.01e 1.31±0.04d 162.81±14.61g 0.38±0de 0.44±0.00b 8.41±0.12f 7.50±0.36ab 4.33±0.01abc 0.64±0.02h 2.39±0.05e
俄八 1.45±0.02e 1.33±0.04d 214.11±0.02h 0.70±0.01fg 0.96±0.02d 12.32±0.32h 6.82±0.05ab 4.05±0.00ab 3.06±0.08a 11.68±0.01a
黑珍珠 1.22±0.01e 1.12±0.00d 243.56±0.31i 0.20±0.00a 0.47±0.04b 5.14±0.04cd 8.21±0.05ab 4.87±0.04bc 0.44±0.00f 2.47±0.03d
均值 1.34 1.25 206.82 0.42 0.62 8.62 7.51 4.41 1.38 5.51
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951620785095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Factor loading matrix of rotated components of principal components in each quality indicator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 1 2 3 4 5 6
横径 0.146 0.104 0.24 0.934 -0.023 -0.051
单果重 -0.175 0.298 0.182 0.884 0.055 0.073
硬度 -0.603 0.486 -0.094 0.275 0.470 -0.146
可溶性固形物 0.275 0.585 0.312 0.205 0.319 0.448
L* 0.922 -0.147 0.175 0.001 0.149 -0.068
a* 0.001 -0.114 -0.918 -0.069 -0.091 -0.044
b* 0.952 -0.157 -0.029 -0.002 0.075 -0.075
果糖 0.82 0.058 0.307 0.140 0.317 0.104
葡萄糖 0.672 0.081 0.504 0.020 0.286 0.300
维生素C -0.111 0.851 -0.047 0.208 0.214 0.154
可滴定酸 -0.037 0.653 -0.547 -0.106 0.180 0.399
奎宁酸 0.400 0.415 0.017 -0.662 0.228 0.064
苹果酸 0.240 0.921 -0.174 -0.078 -0.211 0.023
莽草酸 0.748 0.547 -0.115 -0.134 -0.155 0.045
柠檬酸 0.752 0.024 0.548 0.079 0.052 -0.072
琥珀酸 0.259 -0.102 -0.021 0.677 -0.262 0.268
矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷 -0.844 -0.116 0.490 -0.050 0.044 -0.033
矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 -0.837 -0.123 0.493 -0.061 0.039 -0.071
矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷 -0.922 -0.090 0.250 -0.040 -0.057 0.094
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷 0.053 0.755 0.422 -0.205 0.103 0.332
山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷 0.255 -0.523 -0.155 0.661 0.099 -0.035
芦丁 -0.263 -0.229 0.771 0.337 0.209 0.172
绿原酸 -0.252 -0.065 -0.129 0.121 -0.919 0.002
新绿原酸 -0.252 -0.104 -0.160 0.115 -0.909 0.100
原花青素B2 -0.015 0.477 0.007 0.033 0.017 0.838
表儿茶素 0.025 0.282 0.124 0.125 -0.182 0.910
特征值 7.703 5.176 4.309 3.211 2.018 1.173
方差贡献率/% 29.626 19.908 16.573 12.349 7.762 4.513
累计方差贡献率/% 29.626 49.534 66.107 78.456 86.218 90.731
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951696282568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主成分在各品质指标旋转成分因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 1 2 3 4 5 6
横径 0.146 0.104 0.24 0.934 -0.023 -0.051
单果重 -0.175 0.298 0.182 0.884 0.055 0.073
硬度 -0.603 0.486 -0.094 0.275 0.470 -0.146
可溶性固形物 0.275 0.585 0.312 0.205 0.319 0.448
L* 0.922 -0.147 0.175 0.001 0.149 -0.068
a* 0.001 -0.114 -0.918 -0.069 -0.091 -0.044
b* 0.952 -0.157 -0.029 -0.002 0.075 -0.075
果糖 0.82 0.058 0.307 0.140 0.317 0.104
葡萄糖 0.672 0.081 0.504 0.020 0.286 0.300
维生素C -0.111 0.851 -0.047 0.208 0.214 0.154
可滴定酸 -0.037 0.653 -0.547 -0.106 0.180 0.399
奎宁酸 0.400 0.415 0.017 -0.662 0.228 0.064
苹果酸 0.240 0.921 -0.174 -0.078 -0.211 0.023
莽草酸 0.748 0.547 -0.115 -0.134 -0.155 0.045
柠檬酸 0.752 0.024 0.548 0.079 0.052 -0.072
琥珀酸 0.259 -0.102 -0.021 0.677 -0.262 0.268
矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷 -0.844 -0.116 0.490 -0.050 0.044 -0.033
矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷 -0.837 -0.123 0.493 -0.061 0.039 -0.071
矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷 -0.922 -0.090 0.250 -0.040 -0.057 0.094
山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷 0.053 0.755 0.422 -0.205 0.103 0.332
山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷 0.255 -0.523 -0.155 0.661 0.099 -0.035
芦丁 -0.263 -0.229 0.771 0.337 0.209 0.172
绿原酸 -0.252 -0.065 -0.129 0.121 -0.919 0.002
新绿原酸 -0.252 -0.104 -0.160 0.115 -0.909 0.100
原花青素B2 -0.015 0.477 0.007 0.033 0.017 0.838
表儿茶素 0.025 0.282 0.124 0.125 -0.182 0.910
特征值 7.703 5.176 4.309 3.211 2.018 1.173
方差贡献率/% 29.626 19.908 16.573 12.349 7.762 4.513
累计方差贡献率/% 29.626 49.534 66.107 78.456 86.218 90.731
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951780168649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comprehensive score of different varieties of Prunus avium

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品种 综合得分 排名
黄蜜 -0.947973660 12
佳红 0.174570139 4
红手球 -0.032996993 7
拉宾斯 -0.010256938 6
甜心 -0.293622808 11
先锋 0.324457584 3
萨米脱 -0.184389806 9
斯坦勒 0.052136400 5
福星 -0.129823123 8
美早 0.385307608 2
俄八 0.950370599 1
黑珍珠 -0.287771892 10
), ArticleFig(id=1184566951859860426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986719171994199, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同品种樱桃综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种 综合得分 排名
黄蜜 -0.947973660 12
佳红 0.174570139 4
红手球 -0.032996993 7
拉宾斯 -0.010256938 6
甜心 -0.293622808 11
先锋 0.324457584 3
萨米脱 -0.184389806 9
斯坦勒 0.052136400 5
福星 -0.129823123 8
美早 0.385307608 2
俄八 0.950370599 1
黑珍珠 -0.287771892 10
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山东地区不同品种樱桃营养品质评价
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刘子夜 1, 2 , 武琳霞 2 , 刘美玉 1, * , 王蒙 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025,16(2): 35-45
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025, 16(2): 35-45
山东地区不同品种樱桃营养品质评价
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刘子夜1, 2 , 武琳霞2, 刘美玉1, * , 王蒙2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院, 邯郸 056038
  • 2.北京市农林科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 北京 100097
  • 刘子夜(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘美玉(1968—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏加工与功能食品。E-mail:
王蒙(1980—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
Evaluation of nutritional quality of different varieties of Prunus avium in Shandong Province
Zi-Ye LIU1, 2 , Lin-Xia WU2, Mei-Yu LIU1, * , Meng WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
  • 2. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240902002
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目的 研究不同品种樱桃的营养品质差异。方法 以采自山东烟台地区的12个品种的樱桃为研究对象, 通过测定樱桃横径、色差等外观指标以及可溶性固形物、有机酸、维生素C、酚酸、黄酮、花青素等风味、营养指标, 分析不同品种樱桃品质差异。首先利用单因素方差分析, 明确不同品种间各指标含量差异; 其次结合相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析筛选樱桃核心品质指标。结果 在被测樱桃样品中发现可溶性固形物均在15%以上, 可滴定酸含量在0.5 g/100 g以上, 紫红色肉质樱桃花青素含量丰富, 将测定26个品质指标进行简化, 最终确定4个核心指标分别为绿原酸、维生素C、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、原花青素B2, 基于筛选的核心指标可以将樱桃按颜色完全分开, 说明核心指标具有可行性。最后利用主成分分析对樱桃品质进行综合评价, 根据综合得分可知紫红色肉质俄八品种品质最佳, 被测品质指标结果显示其矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芦丁含量最高。结论 不同品种樱桃的营养品质指标存在显著差异。本文可为构建樱桃品质指标数据库提供数据支撑, 对规范樱桃品质评价体系, 推动樱桃产业高质量发展具有重大意义。

樱桃  /  品种  /  品质评价  /  主成分分析  /  聚类分析

Objective To study the difference of nutritional quality of different varieties of Prunus avium . Methods Taking 12 varieties of Prunus avium from Yantai of Shandong Province as the research object, the quality differences of different varieties of Prunus avium were analyzed by measuring the appearance indexes such as cross diameter and color difference, as well as the flavor and nutritional indexes such as soluble solids, organic acids, vitamin C, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The one-way analysis of variance was used to clarify the differences in the content of each indicator among different varieties. The core quality indicators of Prunus avium were screened by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results The soluble solids were found to be more than 15%, the titratable acid content was more than 0.5 g/100 g, and the purple-red fleshy cherry was rich in anthocyanins, and the determination of 26 quality indicators was simplified, 4 core indicators were determined to be chlorogenic acid, vitamin C, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, proanthocyanidins B2. Based on the core indicators, Prunus avium could be completely separated by color, indicating that the core indicators were feasible. Finally, principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Prunus avium. According to the comprehensive score, it was found that the purple-red fleshy Russian cultivar had the best quality. The results of the measured quality index showed that it had the highest content of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and rutin. Conclusion There are significant differences in the nutritional quality indexes of different varieties of Prunus avium. This paper provides data support for the construction of cherry quality indicator database, which is of great significance for standardizing the cherry quality evaluation system and promoting the high-quality development of the Prunus avium industry.

Prunus avium  /  variety  /  quality evaluation  /  principal component analysis  /  cluster analysis
刘子夜, 武琳霞, 刘美玉, 王蒙. 山东地区不同品种樱桃营养品质评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240902002
Zi-Ye LIU, Lin-Xia WU, Mei-Yu LIU, Meng WANG. Evaluation of nutritional quality of different varieties of Prunus avium in Shandong Province[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240902002
樱桃为蔷薇科李属植物, 是北方落叶果树种经济价值较高的树种之一[1]。樱桃果实色泽诱人、味道甜美、营养价值高, 富含糖类、有机酸、维生素、微量元素等营养物质[2], 其中丰富的酚类、黄酮类、花色苷等生物活性成分, 具有保健功效[3], 能够降低患慢性炎症性疾病的风险。樱桃消费主要以鲜食为主, 果实品质直接关系到樱桃的市场竞争力。色泽、硬度、甜度、酸味、抗氧化活性是樱桃品质的主要特征[4], 果实中酚类物质含量与抗氧化活性呈显著相关性[5]。不同品种樱桃酚类含量存在差异, 因此通过比较不同品种樱桃酚类物质的含量, 明确各樱桃品种的功能成分阈值, 为开发樱桃功能性食品奠定基础。营养和风味优良的樱桃品种是消费者选购的前提, 探究多品种樱桃资源营养成分差异并构建评价模型, 有利于发挥樱桃资源优势。张妮等[6]对贵州省3个地区的玛瑙红樱桃品质对比分析, 由于地理位置、光照等因素影响, 3个地区樱桃品质各有差异, 织金地区果实的风味、营养品质较好。吴澎等[7]分析了山东泰安地区24种樱桃包括可食率、总糖、可滴定酸、花色苷含量等共11个品质指标, 结合主成分分析筛选了评价樱桃的关键指标, 初步确定了优良品种。品质评价是果实等级划分的基础, 樱桃果实品质评价研究重点为比较不同品种之间的外观、风味、营养成分等含量差异并利用主成分分析方法[8]、熵权TOPSIS模型进行综合排名[9], 达到选择优良鲜食品种、加工品种的目的。樱桃品质评价指标较多, 侧重点不同、选择指标不同导致评价结果有明显差别[10]。目前樱桃营养品质评价指标仅仅涉及风味指标或酚类物质, 测定指标还不够全面, 围绕花青素与樱桃品种分析较少, 因此为使评判结果更具有准确性[11], 本研究利用多元统计分析方法筛选确定影响樱桃品种差异的关键指标, 以筛选后的核心指标为依据进行偏最小二乘法判别分析, 能够成功将12个品种的樱桃按照颜色来分类; 同时对各樱桃品种进行综合评价排名, 确定山东烟台地区优势品种。
本研究以12个品种的樱桃为研究对象, 其按果肉颜色可分为黄色、红色、紫红色。通过测定其外观品质、风味、营养成分等26个指标, 以主成分分析、聚类分析及相关性分析为主要分析方法, 筛选出能够区分不同品种樱桃的核心品质评价指标, 并基于核心指标建立不同颜色樱桃分类模型, 同时对不同品种樱桃进行综合评价, 以期为樱桃产业发展、品质提升及消费者选购提供理论指导。
试验材料取自山东烟台地区: 黄色肉质品种(黄蜜、佳红、红手球); 红色肉质品种(拉宾斯、甜心、先锋、萨米脱、斯坦勒、福星); 紫红色肉质品种(美早、俄八、黑珍珠); 在果园的中间和4个角的方向定5个点采样, 避免采摘有病、过小或未成熟的果实。果实摘下后, 当日包装好, 快递运回实验室, 4 ℃下贮藏。每批样品运到实验室后, 立即选取部分样品测定横纵径、单果重、色差、硬度、可溶性固形物含量。剩下新鲜樱桃果实去核切块后放入液氮研磨仪中粉碎, 测定其余品质指标, 将处理好的样品放置-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
奎宁酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、芦丁、绿原酸、新绿原酸、表儿茶素、原花青素B2标准品(纯度99.9%, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 甲醇、甲酸、乙腈、乙酸铵(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司); 偏磷酸(分析纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 实验室超纯水。
IP54防水数显游标卡尺(成都市三和量具有限公司); BSA223S型电子分析天平(感量0.001 g, 德国赛多利斯科学仪器公司); GY-4数显硬度计(浙江托普仪器有限公司); PAL-1型手持数显糖度计(日本Atago公司); CR-400型色差仪(日本Konica Minolta Sensing公司); Agilent 1260 Infinity高效液相色谱仪(美国Agilent科技有限公司); LCMS-8060NX液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(日本岛津公司); Waters H-Class超高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); Agilgent ZORBAX SB-Aq C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm, 美国Agilgent公司); Ultimate AQ-C18 [4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm, 月旭科技(上海)股份有限公司]; ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm, 美国Waters公司)。
每个樱桃品种随机选取10个代表性果实, 使用防水数显游标卡尺分别测量果实横径、纵径, 单位mm, 取平均值并记录[12]
采用电子分析天平测定果实重量(不含果柄), 随机选取10个果实称重取平均值并记录, 单位g[13]
随机选取10个樱桃, 果实中部选取点位, 削去表皮后使用GY-4数显硬度计直接测定果实硬度, 探头直径7.9 mm, 探头压入深度为10 mm, 单位kg/cm2[14]
使用CR-400型色差仪测定樱桃表皮颜色, L*、a*、b*, L*代表亮度, a*代表红度, b*代表黄度[15]。在每个果实赤道部位随机均匀取3个点测平均值, 每个样品随机选取10个果实测定并记录。
取一颗樱桃将果实用手掰开榨汁, 取约0.3 mL樱桃果汁样品加入PAL-1型手持数显糖度计分别进行测定, 单位%[16]
可滴定酸检测参照GB 12456—2021《食品中总酸的测定》第一法酸碱指示剂滴定法。取试样25 g, 先加入约50 mL超纯水, 沸水浴煮沸30 min, 期间搅拌3~5次使有机酸全部溶解于溶液中, 取出冷却至室温定容至250 mL容量瓶中, 用滤纸过滤, 收集滤液待测。
取样品5 g加入15 mL蒸馏水, 超声提取20 min, 8000 r/min离心10 min, 上清液过0.45 µm滤膜, 过滤膜后采用高效液相色谱仪紫外检测器检测有机酸含量, 色谱柱为Ultimate AQ-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm), 进样量为10 µL, 柱温30 ℃, 流速0.6 mL/min, 波长210 nm, 流动相为1 mmoL/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液, 100%等度洗脱, 以标准品的峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线, 有机酸含量根据标准曲线进行计算, 单位mg/100 g[17]; 采用超高效液相色谱仪带示差检测器测定可溶性糖含量, 色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm), 进样量1 µL, 柱温30 ℃, 流速0.13 mL/min, 流动相A: 乙腈:水(80:20, V:V)含0.2%三乙胺, 流动相B: 乙腈:水(30:70, V:V)含0.2%三乙胺, 以标准品的峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线, 可溶性糖含量根据标准曲线进行计算, 单位g/100 g[17]
参照GB 5009.86—2016《食品中抗坏血酸的测定》第一法高效液相色谱法。称取2 g样品加入偏磷酸定容至50 mL容量瓶中, 振荡摇匀, 超声提取5 min后离心, 取上清液过0.45 µm滤膜待测上机。色谱柱Agilgent ZORBAX SB-Aq C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm)进样量20 µL, 柱温25 ℃, 流速为0.7 mL/min, 波长245 nm, 流动相98% A: 磷酸二氢钾和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵混合物, 2% B: 纯甲醇, 以标准品的峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线, 维生素C含量根据标准曲线进行计算, 单位mg/100 g。
利用LCMS-8060NX液相色谱-串联质谱法测定樱桃中的多酚类成分, 取2 g样品加入10 mL 80%甲醇, 涡旋1 min, 超声30 min, 静置离心, 过0.45 µm滤膜待测上机。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.8 µm)进样量为1 µL, 柱温40 ℃, 流速为0.3 mL/min, 流动相为A: 0.01%甲酸+1 mmol/L甲酸铵, 流动相B为纯乙腈, 梯度洗脱程序: 0~5 min, 98% A, 5~9 min, 70%~10% A, 9~12 min, 10%~98% A; 质谱条件: 扫描模式为花色苷类在正模式下检测, 其他酚类在负模式下检测, 雾化器流量3 L/min, 加热器流量15 L/min, 接口温度300 ℃, 以标准品的峰面积和浓度绘制标准曲线, 酚类物质含量根据标准曲线进行计算[18]
使用Microsoft Excel 2019对试验数据进行整理, Orign 2021作图处理, 采用SPSS 22进行多元统计分析、主成分分析。数据采用对数变换Pareto标度化进行预处理之后, 结合主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析简化指标, 再利用偏最小二乘判别法建立不同颜色樱桃的分类模型。数据预处理、相关性分析、聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别法利用MetaboAnalyst 6.0平台处理[19]
不同品种樱桃外观及风味指标含量分析见表1, 樱桃外观品质主要指果实的横径、重量、色泽、硬度等指标, 本试验中被测的外观指标均差异显著, 黄色呈椭圆形而紫红色樱桃趋于球形, 黄色樱桃重量均值最小, 红色樱桃拉宾斯最重。硬度不仅是樱桃果实的品质指标而且作为感官品质直接决定消费者的购买欲[20]。黄色樱桃肉质偏软, 没有弹性, 硬度均值在1.53 kg/cm2, 红色樱桃肉质富有弹性, 汁水丰富, 因品种不同硬度差异较大, 硬度范围在1.36~2.50 kg/cm2红色樱桃萨米脱的硬度最大为2.50 kg/cm2, 紫红色樱桃弹性一般, 硬度>2.0 kg/cm2, 樱桃的贮藏性能及运输过程挤压均会影响其硬度。可溶性固形物影响果实的口感及风味, 受果实发育成熟度的影响较大[21]。樱桃的可溶性固形物均在15%以上, 紫红色俄八樱桃的可溶性固形物最高为21.05%。可溶性糖积累分别以葡萄糖和果糖为主, 是典型的己糖积累型果实, 樱桃中葡萄糖含量均值整体高于果糖含量, 比较各颜色品种均值发现黄色樱桃糖类均值水平最高, 不同颜色樱桃色差指标有显著差异, 水果颜色是影响商品价值的重要因素[22], 黄色樱桃的色差L*b*最高, 红色樱桃的色差a*整体上高于其他两种颜色樱桃。
维生素C和有机酸都会影响果实的口感, 樱桃维生素C含量范围在1.52 mg/100 g(红色斯坦勒)~9.13 mg/100 g (红色先锋)、红色樱桃的维生素C含量均值最大; 可滴定酸含量范围在0.55 g/100 g(黄色佳红)~0.94 g/100 g(红色福星)红色樱桃可滴定酸含量均值最大, 紫红色樱桃最小。随着果实着色和成熟, 果实中的糖和有机酸均迅速积累[23], 涩味消失、酸味变淡、甜味变浓[24]。樱桃中的有机酸积累以苹果酸为主, 是苹果酸优势型水果[25]; 在本试验中奎宁酸、苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸均被检出, 樱桃所测的5种有机酸中苹果酸含量最高, 奎宁酸含量范围是1.36 mg/100 g (红色斯坦勒)~41.08 mg/100 g(黄色红手球), 苹果酸含量范围是530.26 mg/100 g(紫红色俄八)~1038.92 mg/100 g (红色先锋), 莽草酸含量范围是1.31 mg/100 g(紫红色俄八)~ 5.35 mg/100 g(黄色红手球), 柠檬酸含量范围是3.90 mg/100 g (红色斯坦勒)~77.50 mg/100 g(黄色佳红), 琥珀酸含量范围是18.15 mg/100 g(紫红色黑珍珠)~331.57 mg/100 g (红色拉宾斯)。综上所述, 3种不同颜色的樱桃中, 红色樱桃属于高维生素C、苹果酸型品种。
研究表明樱桃中的主要酚类物质是花青素[26], 植物中的花青素能与单糖结合以花色苷的形式存在, 它的种类、含量是影响果实颜色呈现的首要因素, 矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷是樱桃中含量较高的花青素[27]。由表2可知, 本研究共检出5种花青素, 樱桃中含量最高的花青素是矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷, 它在樱桃中的含量是其他几种花青素的十倍甚至几十倍, 且已经被报道为在樱桃发育过程中的主要着色物质[28]。花青素类整体含量在紫红色樱桃中含量最高, 其中黑珍珠花青素含量最高, 矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷含量范围在162.81 mg/100 g (紫红色美早)~243.56 mg/100 g(紫红色黑珍珠); 其次是红色樱桃, 其矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷含量范围在63.92 mg/100 g (红色萨米脱)~148.10 mg/100 g(红色福星), 山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷最高为1.83 mg/100 g(红色萨米脱); 黄色樱桃中山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷最高为0.77 mg/100 g。酚酸、黄酮能够维持采后果实品质, 参与植物的各种生理活动, 酚酸具有强大的生物活性包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等生理功能, 黄酮能够预防多种疾病, 起到抑制身体机能紊乱、治疗神经系统疾病的作用, 二者含量高低反映果实的营养价值[29], 本研究测的酚类物质里绿原酸、新绿原酸属于酚酸类物质, 芦丁、表儿茶素、原花青素B2属于黄酮类物质, 绿原酸和新绿原酸是樱桃酚酸种类中含量较高的两种游离酚酸, 二者在红色樱桃中含量最高, 其次是紫红色樱桃; 原花青素B2含量范围在0.44 mg/kg(紫红色黑珍珠)~5.32 mg/kg(红色福星), 在红色樱桃中含量均值最高。芦丁是樱桃特征化合物之一, 芦丁含量范围是3.39 mg/kg黄色黄蜜)~12.32 mg/kg(紫红色俄八), 原花青素B2整体含量低于表儿茶素, 表儿茶素是樱桃资源中含量较多的多酚类物质同时还是生物活性的物质基础[30], 表儿茶素含量范围在2.12 mg/kg(黄色黄蜜)~15.10 mg/kg(红色福星), 其中红色樱桃的含量均值最高。
根据特征值>1的原则[31], 由图1可知前6个主成分已包含大部分信息, 累计贡献率达90.731%, 可基本解释樱桃品质的全部信息。由表3可知第一主成分贡献率最高为29.626%, L*b*、果糖、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷占较高载荷, 第二主成分贡献率19.908%, 维生素C、苹果酸占较高载荷, 第三主成分贡献率16.573%, a*占较高载荷, 第四主成分占比12.349%, 横径、单果重占较高载荷, 第五主成分占比7.762%, 绿原酸、新绿原酸占较高载荷。第六主成分占比4.513%, 原花青素B2、表儿茶素占较高载荷, 因此利用主成分分析从载荷占比较高的指标种共筛选出15个代表性指标, 可以初步筛选为不同品种樱桃核心品质指标。
由相关性图2显示, 各营养指标均存在不同程度的相关性, 两两之间共有600个相关系数。横径和单果重呈极显著正相关(0.849); 可溶性固形物和山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.782)呈极显著正相关; L*b* (0.970)、柠檬酸(0.868)、果糖(0.786)呈极显著正相关; b*和柠檬酸(0.760)呈极显著正相关; 维生素C和山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.726)呈极显著正相关; 苹果酸和莽草酸(0.741)呈极显著正相关; 矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.998)、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.909)呈极显著正相关; 矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.895)呈极显著正相关; 绿原酸和新绿原酸(0.992)呈极显著正相关; 表儿茶素和原花青素B2 (0.926)呈极显著正相关。
L*和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.664)、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.657)、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.769)呈极显著负相关, b*和矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(0.782)、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.773)、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.858)呈极显著负相关; 莽草酸和矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(0.723)、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(0.718)、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.726)呈极显著负相关。整体表明不同指标之间相关性较强, 需要对各品质指标做进行简化、分类。
为了使不同品种樱桃品质指标含量差异可视化及进一步筛选指标, 采用聚类热图进行分析, 如图3所示, 相同颜色的品种聚在一起, 不同颜色的品种会分开; 紫红色樱桃中矢车菊素类花青素处于较高水平, 红色樱桃斯坦勒绿原酸和新绿原酸处于较高水平, 黄色樱桃中L*、b*处于较高水平, 这与上述结果一致, 从图中可以看出品质指标可以被分为4类, 第一类主要是最直接反映樱桃外观品质的基础指标及有机酸、可溶性固形物、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷、表儿茶素; 第二类为风味指标果糖、葡萄糖、柠檬酸、a*、b*; 第三类为营养指标矢车菊素类花青素和绿原酸、新绿原酸, 第四类为琥珀酸、单果重、横径、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷。因此, 聚类分析也表明指标之间存在信息重叠, 在初步筛选的核心品质指标中, 需要进一步从能够聚为一类的指标里选择更具有代表性的指标。
在主成分分析获得的15个初步筛选的核心品质指标中, 结合相关性分析和聚类分析进一步简化指标, 最终确定绿原酸、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、维生素C、原花青素B2作为不同品种樱桃的核心指标。
基于4个核心指标对山东地区不同品种的樱桃进行偏最小二乘判别法分类(图4), 结果表明同种颜色樱桃聚集在一起, 不同颜色樱桃可以完全分开, 在一定程度上反映了不同颜色的樱桃存在着差异。因此结果表明筛选的4个品质指标在可作为山东烟台不同颜色樱桃的特征指标, 这将在樱桃生产实践中具有重要意义。
由于各品质指标存在差异, 不能通过单一指标进行评价, 需要将各指标结合起来进行综合评价, 山东不同品种樱桃营养品质综合得分及排名见表4, 将品质分析数据标准化, 由权重系数和各指标标准化数值计算每一个主成分的F1~F6值, 以主成分分析提取的方差贡献率为权重得出综合评价模型, F综=0.326F1+0.219F2+0.183F3+0.136F4+ 0.086F5+0.050F6, 得出不同品种樱桃的综合得分, 综合得分分值越高, 表明综合品质越好。综合排名结果可知, 山东烟台俄八得分最高, 表明紫红色肉质品种俄八是山东烟台地区优势樱桃品种。
在樱桃果实基础指标分析中, 果实硬度是反映质地的重要因素, 随着果实成熟, 硬度也发生变化, 果实硬度范围[13,32]在0.60~5.75 kg/cm2, 果实硬度与果实大小、颜色的变化密切相关[33]; 在果实发育成熟过程中, 品种间的硬度变化特征存在显著的差异, 本研究发现不同樱桃品种间的硬度差异不同, 紫红色和红色樱桃属于硬度较大的品种, 所测得硬度含量值偏低可能受样品成熟度、运输挤压影响。陈超群[34]研究表明樱桃果实发育中含量排名前三的指标分别为葡萄糖、苹果酸和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷; 可溶性糖、有机酸与花青素成分是决定甜樱桃果实风味的主要影响因子。樱桃果实颜色不同影响着果实内糖类、有机酸、酚类等物质的组分, 颜色较深的果实含有较高的花青素含量, 其中黄色品种含有的可溶性固形物含量较高, 这与本文研究结果一致。酚类物质属于次生代谢产物并且广泛存在于植物组织中, 影响着果实的外观、品质、风味等[35]。文献报道樱桃总花青素含量范围在1.15~644.9 mg/100 g[36-39], 本研究测得花青素指标值在报道范围内, 紫红色樱桃是矢车菊素类花青素的丰富来源, 可以作为天然食用色素的潜在选择, 抗氧化活性与花青素、酚类物质密切相关; CLODOVEO等[40]提出酚类物质含量高对应于较高的抗氧化能力, 绿原酸是樱桃果实中含量较高的一种酚酸, 通过测定6个樱桃品种86种酚类物质表明酚类、花青素含量因品种不同而含量不同; 花青素、黄酮醇类可能用于樱桃品种区分。综上果实颜色是由不同营养物质共同决定, 酚类物质影响较大, 但是不同樱桃品种在其本身的生长环境下对果肉的营养物质积累影响不可避免, 因此, 不同的品种及特定环境下的物质含量差异需进一步研究。
主成分分析法是常用的多变量统计分析方法, 通过降维的方法将多变量重新组合简化成几个互相无关的综合变量, 该方法已经应用于番茄、梨、草莓、蓝莓、桃等水果中, 李月等[41]采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法, 确定6个关键性指标可以为15种茯砖茶滋味品质特点划分提供依据。牛佳佳等[42]对9个品种的梨进行主成分分析和聚类分析, 从29个品质指标中筛选简化7个指标用于评价不同品种梨综合品质。本研究采用主成分分析法将24个品质指标转化为6个主成分, 可基本解释樱桃品质的全部信息, 结合相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析, 筛选获得维生素C、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、绿原酸和原花青素B2共4个核心品质指标, 能够反映出樱桃的营养品质, 各指标之间没有信息重叠, 并能够最大程度地代表樱桃品质的整体信息。
偏最小二乘判别法作为一种常见的多元统计数据分析方法, 可以降低组内差异, 强调组间的差异, 当自变量个数大于观察量个数时, 其数据分析结果更加准确可靠[43]。程建虎等[44]分析了不同产地、采收期芒果的后熟生理指标, 利用偏最小二乘判别法模型分析不同批次在成熟过程中差异, 主成分分析法聚类得到4个果实成熟等级, 使用主成分分析法数据进一步建立成熟度判别模型, 最终确定作为芒果成熟度的一、二、三级指标: 果肉b*、可滴定酸、硬度, 并证实了该模型的可行性。杨文渊等[45]比较了两种苹果的品质和挥发性物质差异, 共鉴定出44种挥发性代谢物, 并进行偏最小二乘判别法分析, 根据变量投影重要性对模型中的挥发性代谢物进行筛选, 共确定了27种差异代谢物。本研究基于筛选获得的4个核心品质指标, 建立不同颜色樱桃品种偏最小二乘判别法分类模型, 直观看出不同颜色樱桃之间营养品质差异明显, 说明核心指标的代表性及其建立模型的可行性。
农产品品质评价方法一般有主成分分析法、熵值法和熵权TOPSIS法[46]; 主成分分析法是在保留原始数据的基础上, 将相互关联的多个指标通过空间降维后, 简化为少数几个主成分, 使各主成分间相互独立但又能反映大部分变量信息, 常晓轲等[47]对40个辣椒品种的14个性状进行主成分分析发现“H2143”的综合评价得分最高, 此研究结果为朝天椒在河南地区种植提供依据。许文静等[48]采用主成分分析的方法对四川地区6个品种蓝莓的基础指标、氨基酸、挥发性风味等20个指标进行综合评价, 评价结果为“园蓝”是最优品种。果实品质评价受诸多因素影响, 黄色品种樱桃虽然偏甜但成熟度高受到挤压, 容易腐烂褐变, 故综合评分偏低, 红色樱桃拉宾斯、萨米脱为市面常见品种, 肉质较硬、有弹性、耐贮, 甜酸比适中, 综合评分处于中等水平, 紫红色樱桃偏大且营养价值高但新鲜度低导致果实肉质弹性降低, 影响食用口感, 因此采用综合评价结果来体现不同品种之间的差异。主成分分析已被广泛应用于果实品质评价, 并且在一定程度上能对品种选择、品质鉴定提供依据[49]。本研究利用主成分分析对12个樱桃品种的基础指标、营养指标和多酚类物质等进行品质评价, 最终可知俄八为山东烟台地区的优势樱桃品种。
本研究以颜色、品种为切入点对樱桃进行品质指标分析与评价, 试验结果显示各指标存在显著性差异; 樱桃可溶性固形物均在15%以上, 说明樱桃各品种风味俱佳; 多酚类物质含量丰富, 紫红色肉质樱桃花青素含量较多, 更适合作为加工品种。此外采用主成分分析、相关性分析及聚类分析相结合的方法针对樱桃营养指标进行筛选, 最终确定绿原酸、维生素C、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷、原花青素B2作为评价不同品种樱桃的核心指标, 所建立的评价模型能够反映樱桃不同颜色之间的差异。同时对12种樱桃进行综合评价排名, 结果显示山东烟台俄八的樱桃综合评分最高。因此本研究不仅细化不同颜色樱桃的营养成分含量, 尤其是樱桃所含花青素的测定, 明确各品种含量范围, 在樱桃功能性研究上奠定基础, 而且构建了区分不同颜色樱桃的分类模型, 但只针对山东地区的樱桃品种研究不够全面, 借助液相色谱、液相色谱-质谱等仪器定量分析较为局限, 未来将深入探究不同产地樱桃品质评价及不同颜色樱桃代谢组学更全面分析樱桃品种与产地之间的差异。综上所述对不同品种樱桃进行品质评价, 能够为樱桃的产品研发、品种选育提供理论基础。
  • 桃(樱桃)品质规格营养功能评价项目(PJ2023-016)
  • 北京市农林科学院财政追加专项(KJCX20240510-6)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240902002
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
基金
桃(樱桃)品质规格营养功能评价项目(PJ2023-016)
北京市农林科学院财政追加专项(KJCX20240510-6)
作者信息
    1.河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院, 邯郸 056038
    2.北京市农林科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所, 北京 100097

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* 刘美玉(1968—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品贮藏加工与功能食品。E-mail:
王蒙(1980—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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