Article(id=1153986718647706195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473762, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=196, endPage=205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986719977300587, articleId=1153986718647706195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Establishment of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring mode method for the detection of monosaccharide composition in edible fungus polysaccharides and mass spectrometry analysis, columnId=1153986581653349021, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Modern Analysis Instrument in Food Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop a highly sensitive detection method suitable for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of monosaccharide composition in edible fungi polysaccharides. Methods Four kinds of edible fungus polysaccharides samples: Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Auricularia auricula were selected, after hydrolyzing with trifluoroacetic acid, and deriving with acetic anhydride, the sample was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/SIM). The specificity, precision, linear range, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of this method were investigated with mixed standards of 7 kinds of monosaccharides. At different m/z, the best linear relationship was used as the standard to select the most suitable quantitative ion for each monosaccharide. The stabilities and recoveries of the method under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode were investigated using edible fungus polysaccharide samples. Results The results showed that m/z 115, m/z 103, m/z 115, m/z 115, m/z 115, m/z 115 and m/z 103 were selected as the characteristic quantitative ions of the corresponding derivatives of ribose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, respectively. The separation of each monosaccharide was greater than 1.2, and the linear relationship between each monosaccharide in SIM mode was good between 10.00-50.00 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient (r2) was greater than 0.998. The LOD and LOQ were 5.75-22.23 ng/mL and 17.26-66.67 ng/mL, respectively. Using monosaccharide mixed standard and lentinan as sample matrix, it was proved that this method had good precision and stability, and the average recovery of each monosaccharide was between 94.4% and 101.3% under different standard adding levels. And the rationality of selecting the above characteristic ions was discussed by mass spectrometry analysis. Conclusion This method has good separation, precision and stability, and its sensitivity is higher than most similar detection methods reported so far. It is suitable for the detection of monosaccharide composition in various edible fungi polysaccharides.

, correspAuthors=Si-Yuan TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-Yuan TAN, Xing-Yang RUAN, Yuan-Li WANG, He-Ping HUI, Yue-Xing CHEN, Na FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986751723987600, articleId=1153986718647706195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式检测食用菌多糖中单糖组成方法的建立与质谱解析, columnId=1153986581842092705, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种适用于食用菌多糖中单糖组成准确定性定量分析的高灵敏检测方法。方法 选用了香菇、杏鲍菇、海鲜菇和木耳4种食用菌多糖, 经三氟乙酸水解、乙酸酐衍生化后, 采用气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS/SIM)进行分析。用7种单糖混合标准品考察方法的专属性、精密度、线性范围、检出限和定量限, 在不同的m/z下以线性关系最佳为标准选择出各单糖最适宜的定量离子, 并用食用菌多糖样品考察了SIM模式下方法的稳定性和加标回收率。结果 结果表明, 分别选用m/z 115、m/z 103、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115和m/z 103作为核糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖对应衍生物的特征定量离子, 各单糖之间分离度均大于1.2, SIM模式下各单糖在10.00~50.00 μg/mL之间线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)大于0.998, 各单糖的检出限和定量限分别为5.75~22.23 ng/mL和17.26~66.67 ng/mL。以单糖混合标准品、香菇多糖为样品基质, 得出本方法精密度、稳定性良好, 在不同的加标水平下, 各单糖的平均回收率在94.4%~101.3%之间, 并通过质谱解析讨论了五碳糖、六碳糖和鼠李糖的电子轰击离子源质谱的裂解规律, 佐证了选择以上特征离子的合理性, 表明对不同结构的单糖选择不同的定性定量离子, 可达到良好的分离度、提高分析方法的检出限。结论 本研究所建立方法具有良好的分离度、精密度和稳定性, 其灵敏度高于目前已报道的多数同类检测方法, 适用于各类食用菌多糖中单糖组成的检测。

, correspAuthors=谭思远, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谭思远(1993—), 男, 硕士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食用菌生物资源利用、食品分析与检验。E-mail:
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Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 76(22): 6566-6574., articleTitle=Acylic sugar derivatives for GC/MS analysis of 13C-enrichment during carbohydrate metabolism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1184566982474084645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1963, volume=85, issue=12, pageStart=1763, pageEnd=1771, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=48, authorNames=BIEMANN K, DEJONGH DC, SCHNOES HK, journalName=Journal of the American Chemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BIEMANN K, DEJONGH DC, SCHNOES HK. Application of mass spectrometry to structure problems. xiii. 1 acetates of pentoses and hexoses 2[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1963, 85(12): 1763-1771., articleTitle=Application of mass spectrometry to structure problems. xiii. 1 acetates of pentoses and hexoses 2, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1184566978317529330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, awardId=20JK0617, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省教育厅项目(20JK0617), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1184566978401415411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, awardId=23HKY035, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西秦岭特色生物资源产业技术研究院项目(23HKY035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1184566978493690100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, awardId=2023XCZX2-56, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划绿色通道一般项目(2023XCZX2-56), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1184566973515051143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566973523439752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, companyId=1184566973515051143, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: 1. 2,3,4,5-四乙酰化-D-氰基核糖; 2. 2,3,4,5-四乙酰化-D-氰基鼠李糖; 3. 2,3,4,5-四乙酰化-D-氰基阿拉伯糖; 4. 2,3,4,5-四乙酰化-D-氰基木糖; 5. D-2,3,4,5,6-五乙酰化-D-氰基甘露糖; 6. D-2,3,4,5,6-五乙酰化-D-氰基葡萄糖; 7. D-2,3,4,5,6-五乙酰化-D-氰基半乳糖。

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注: 化合物A~G与图1中1~7相同。

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注: 化合物1~7与图1中1~7相同。

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Mass spectrometry search results, retention time and resolution of the 7 kinds of monosaccharide mixed derivatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 化合物 质谱检索结果 保留时间/min 分离度R
1 Rib D-ribononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.630±0.01 0.450
2 Rha D-rhamnononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.675±0.02 2.190
3 Ara D-arabinononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.970±0.02 1.510
4 Xyl D-xylononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 10.215±0.01 27.150
5 Man D-mannononitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 15.645±0.01 1.200
6 Glu D-glucononitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 15.930±0.02 3.020
7 Gal D-galactonitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 16.685±0.01 -
), ArticleFig(id=1184566977591914733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7种单糖混合标准品衍生物的质谱检索结果、保留时间和分离度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 化合物 质谱检索结果 保留时间/min 分离度R
1 Rib D-ribononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.630±0.01 0.450
2 Rha D-rhamnononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.675±0.02 2.190
3 Ara D-arabinononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 9.970±0.02 1.510
4 Xyl D-xylononitrile,2,3,4,5-tetraacetate 10.215±0.01 27.150
5 Man D-mannononitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 15.645±0.01 1.200
6 Glu D-glucononitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 15.930±0.02 3.020
7 Gal D-galactonitrile,2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetate 16.685±0.01 -
), ArticleFig(id=1184566977713549550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linear relationships, linear ranges, LOD and LOQ of 7 kinds of monosaccharides mixed derivatives at different m/z

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 质荷比 线性方程 r2 线性范围/(μg/mL) LOD/(ng/mL) LOQ/(ng/mL)
Rib 115 Y=187620.2X‒689069.1 0.9989 10.00~50.00 22.23 66.67
43 Y=1029672X+1310161 0.9902
145 Y=142331.0X‒555445.4 0.9932
103 Y=179145.5X‒718347.2 0.9939
Rha 103 Y=146351.6X‒558478.7 0.9986 10.00~50.00 6.67 20.00
145 Y=154199.9X‒565288.5 0.9940
43 Y=1116449X‒3212196 0.9882
115 - -
Ara 115 Y=140285.1X‒509095.2 0.9991 10.00~50.00 6.13 18.39
103 Y=162676.8X‒644338.3 0.9938
43 Y=1029672X+1310161 0.9902
145 Y=127224.5X‒470380.2 0.9935
Xyl 115 Y=146695.0X‒567417.3 0.9988 10.00~50.00 5.75 17.26
103 Y=150688.8X‒620990.4 0.9943
43 Y=501399.9X+8077441 0.9186
145 Y=117089.0X‒469574.3 0.9936
Man 115 Y=127612.3X‒539161.0 0.9992 10.00~50.00 6.67 20.01
103 Y=141578.4X‒626835.9 0.9937
145 Y=136254.6X‒596638.6 0.9932
43 Y=857753.9X+1487770 0.9692
Glu 115 Y=123525.0X‒524411.9 0.9988 10.00~50.00 20.48 61.43
103 Y=147143.3X‒659757.2 0.9936
145 Y=140658.5X‒613838.9 0.9930
43 Y=865977.8X+936414.6 0.9746
Gal 103 Y=133927.9X‒616647.6 0.9987 10.00~50.00 9.32 27.96
43 Y=869562.1X+259366.3 0.9761
115 Y=128878.5X‒594181.5 0.9931
145 Y=121891.4X‒544504.0 0.9929
), ArticleFig(id=1184566977927459055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

7种单糖在不同m/z下的线性关系、线性范围、LOD和LOQ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 质荷比 线性方程 r2 线性范围/(μg/mL) LOD/(ng/mL) LOQ/(ng/mL)
Rib 115 Y=187620.2X‒689069.1 0.9989 10.00~50.00 22.23 66.67
43 Y=1029672X+1310161 0.9902
145 Y=142331.0X‒555445.4 0.9932
103 Y=179145.5X‒718347.2 0.9939
Rha 103 Y=146351.6X‒558478.7 0.9986 10.00~50.00 6.67 20.00
145 Y=154199.9X‒565288.5 0.9940
43 Y=1116449X‒3212196 0.9882
115 - -
Ara 115 Y=140285.1X‒509095.2 0.9991 10.00~50.00 6.13 18.39
103 Y=162676.8X‒644338.3 0.9938
43 Y=1029672X+1310161 0.9902
145 Y=127224.5X‒470380.2 0.9935
Xyl 115 Y=146695.0X‒567417.3 0.9988 10.00~50.00 5.75 17.26
103 Y=150688.8X‒620990.4 0.9943
43 Y=501399.9X+8077441 0.9186
145 Y=117089.0X‒469574.3 0.9936
Man 115 Y=127612.3X‒539161.0 0.9992 10.00~50.00 6.67 20.01
103 Y=141578.4X‒626835.9 0.9937
145 Y=136254.6X‒596638.6 0.9932
43 Y=857753.9X+1487770 0.9692
Glu 115 Y=123525.0X‒524411.9 0.9988 10.00~50.00 20.48 61.43
103 Y=147143.3X‒659757.2 0.9936
145 Y=140658.5X‒613838.9 0.9930
43 Y=865977.8X+936414.6 0.9746
Gal 103 Y=133927.9X‒616647.6 0.9987 10.00~50.00 9.32 27.96
43 Y=869562.1X+259366.3 0.9761
115 Y=128878.5X‒594181.5 0.9931
145 Y=121891.4X‒544504.0 0.9929
), ArticleFig(id=1184566978065871088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Recoveries and RSDs of each monosaccharides in lentinan samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 加标量/(μg/mL) 回收率/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
Rib 1.0 95.7 95.7 2.0
3.0 97.6
5.0 93.8
Rha 1.0 96.3 94.4 2.0
3.0 94.3
5.0 92.6
Ara 5.0 96.7 96.5 2.2
10.0 98.6
15.0 94.3
Xyl 1.0 98.2 99.1 2.1
3.0 101.5
5.0 97.6
Man 5.0 98.9 99.2 1.9
10.0 101.3
15.0 97.6
Glu 100.0 101.4 101.3 2.6
200.0 103.9
300.0 98.6
Gal 5.0 97.6 96.0 1.1
10.0 95.3
15.0 96.8
), ArticleFig(id=1184566978179117297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718647706195, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

香菇多糖样品中各单糖的加标回收率和RSDs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 加标量/(μg/mL) 回收率/% 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
Rib 1.0 95.7 95.7 2.0
3.0 97.6
5.0 93.8
Rha 1.0 96.3 94.4 2.0
3.0 94.3
5.0 92.6
Ara 5.0 96.7 96.5 2.2
10.0 98.6
15.0 94.3
Xyl 1.0 98.2 99.1 2.1
3.0 101.5
5.0 97.6
Man 5.0 98.9 99.2 1.9
10.0 101.3
15.0 97.6
Glu 100.0 101.4 101.3 2.6
200.0 103.9
300.0 98.6
Gal 5.0 97.6 96.0 1.1
10.0 95.3
15.0 96.8
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气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式检测食用菌多糖中单糖组成方法的建立与质谱解析
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谭思远 1, 2, 3, * , 阮兴阳 1 , 王园莉 1 , 惠和平 1, 2 , 陈月星 1, 2, 3 , 范娜 1, 2, 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025,16(2): 196-205
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025, 16(2): 196-205
气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式检测食用菌多糖中单糖组成方法的建立与质谱解析
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谭思远1, 2, 3, * , 阮兴阳1, 王园莉1, 惠和平1, 2, 陈月星1, 2, 3, 范娜1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.商洛学院生物医药与食品工程学院, 商洛 726000
  • 2.陕西秦岭特色生物资源产业技术研究院, 商洛 726000
  • 3.商洛市粮食工程技术研究中心, 商洛 726000

通讯作者:

* 谭思远(1993—), 男, 硕士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食用菌生物资源利用、食品分析与检验。E-mail:
Establishment of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring mode method for the detection of monosaccharide composition in edible fungus polysaccharides and mass spectrometry analysis
Si-Yuan TAN1, 2, 3, * , Xing-Yang RUAN1, Yuan-Li WANG1, He-Ping HUI1, 2, Yue-Xing CHEN1, 2, 3, Na FAN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Biology Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
  • 2. Shaanxi Qinling Industrial Technology Research Institute of Special Biological Resources, Shangluo 726000, China
  • 3. Shangluo Grain Engineering Technology Research Center, Shangluo 726000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212006
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目的 建立一种适用于食用菌多糖中单糖组成准确定性定量分析的高灵敏检测方法。方法 选用了香菇、杏鲍菇、海鲜菇和木耳4种食用菌多糖, 经三氟乙酸水解、乙酸酐衍生化后, 采用气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS/SIM)进行分析。用7种单糖混合标准品考察方法的专属性、精密度、线性范围、检出限和定量限, 在不同的m/z下以线性关系最佳为标准选择出各单糖最适宜的定量离子, 并用食用菌多糖样品考察了SIM模式下方法的稳定性和加标回收率。结果 结果表明, 分别选用m/z 115、m/z 103、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115和m/z 103作为核糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖对应衍生物的特征定量离子, 各单糖之间分离度均大于1.2, SIM模式下各单糖在10.00~50.00 μg/mL之间线性关系良好, 相关系数(r2)大于0.998, 各单糖的检出限和定量限分别为5.75~22.23 ng/mL和17.26~66.67 ng/mL。以单糖混合标准品、香菇多糖为样品基质, 得出本方法精密度、稳定性良好, 在不同的加标水平下, 各单糖的平均回收率在94.4%~101.3%之间, 并通过质谱解析讨论了五碳糖、六碳糖和鼠李糖的电子轰击离子源质谱的裂解规律, 佐证了选择以上特征离子的合理性, 表明对不同结构的单糖选择不同的定性定量离子, 可达到良好的分离度、提高分析方法的检出限。结论 本研究所建立方法具有良好的分离度、精密度和稳定性, 其灵敏度高于目前已报道的多数同类检测方法, 适用于各类食用菌多糖中单糖组成的检测。

食用菌  /  多糖  /  单糖  /  气相色谱-质谱连用/选择离子监测模式  /  质谱解析

Objective To develop a highly sensitive detection method suitable for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of monosaccharide composition in edible fungi polysaccharides. Methods Four kinds of edible fungus polysaccharides samples: Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Auricularia auricula were selected, after hydrolyzing with trifluoroacetic acid, and deriving with acetic anhydride, the sample was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/SIM). The specificity, precision, linear range, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of this method were investigated with mixed standards of 7 kinds of monosaccharides. At different m/z, the best linear relationship was used as the standard to select the most suitable quantitative ion for each monosaccharide. The stabilities and recoveries of the method under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode were investigated using edible fungus polysaccharide samples. Results The results showed that m/z 115, m/z 103, m/z 115, m/z 115, m/z 115, m/z 115 and m/z 103 were selected as the characteristic quantitative ions of the corresponding derivatives of ribose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, respectively. The separation of each monosaccharide was greater than 1.2, and the linear relationship between each monosaccharide in SIM mode was good between 10.00-50.00 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient (r2) was greater than 0.998. The LOD and LOQ were 5.75-22.23 ng/mL and 17.26-66.67 ng/mL, respectively. Using monosaccharide mixed standard and lentinan as sample matrix, it was proved that this method had good precision and stability, and the average recovery of each monosaccharide was between 94.4% and 101.3% under different standard adding levels. And the rationality of selecting the above characteristic ions was discussed by mass spectrometry analysis. Conclusion This method has good separation, precision and stability, and its sensitivity is higher than most similar detection methods reported so far. It is suitable for the detection of monosaccharide composition in various edible fungi polysaccharides.

edible fungi  /  polysaccharides  /  monosaccharide  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring mode  /  mass spectrometry analysis
谭思远, 阮兴阳, 王园莉, 惠和平, 陈月星, 范娜. 气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式检测食用菌多糖中单糖组成方法的建立与质谱解析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 196 -205 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212006
Si-Yuan TAN, Xing-Yang RUAN, Yuan-Li WANG, He-Ping HUI, Yue-Xing CHEN, Na FAN. Establishment of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring mode method for the detection of monosaccharide composition in edible fungus polysaccharides and mass spectrometry analysis[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 196 -205 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212006
多糖是一类由醛糖或酮糖通过糖苷键连接而成的天然高分子多聚物[1], 是维持生命活动正常进行的基本物质之一。多糖类物质广泛存在于动物、植物、微生物组织中, 近年来, 大量研究表明, 多糖具有调节免疫[23]、抗肿瘤[45]、抗氧化[67]、抗炎[89]、降血糖血脂[1011]等多种生理功能, 已被广泛应用到医药、食品等领域。各类多糖在经分离纯化后用于理化性质分析、结构表征、体内和体外活性研究, 但各类多糖在分离纯化的过程中存在多糖得率低、样品少的问题, 如何用较少的样品准确完成各项研究是科研工作者普遍关注的话题[1,11]
多糖的结构特征与单糖组成研究是分析多糖生理活性的重要环节, 测定多糖中单糖组成, 对多糖一级结构和构效活性的研究也有一定的基础意义[12]。测定多糖中单糖组成时, 通常先将提取纯化后的多糖用酸催化、酶催化或氧化降解的方法破坏其中的糖苷键并水解为单糖。水解后由于单糖沸点高、挥发性和稳定性较低且大部分糖类紫外吸收很弱, 需进行衍生化处理, 然后再用色谱法检测[13]。常用的高效液相色谱检测单糖的衍生化方法有1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮衍生化法、氨基苯甲酸、异氰酸苯酯等; 气相色谱法常用的衍生化方法是硅烷化和乙酰化[14]。硅烷化衍生化方法易生产副产物不利于单糖的定性定量分析; 乙酰化法能减少由于糖的异构化造成的多峰现象, 糖腈乙酸酯衍生化法、乙酸酐修饰法等乙酰化法被广泛使用。
气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)将气相色谱与质谱仪串联, 既弥补了气相色谱只凭保留时间难以对未知组分在复杂的化合物中进行可靠的定性识别的缺点, 又利用了质谱较强的识别能力和高灵敏度的特点, 使GC-MS成为食品检验等部门面对复杂化合物时能够准确定性、定量检测的最有力工具之一。气相色谱-质谱联用仪四极杆质量分析器配备两种扫描模式采集数据: 全扫描模式(scan patterns, SCAN)和选择性离子监测模式(selected ion monitoring, SIM)。SCAN模式下质谱扫描给定范围内的所有离子, 而SIM模式质谱仅监测给定的一个或者多个质荷比的离子, 在相同时间内扫描每个离子的时间和次数都远高于SCAN模式, 因此SIM模式测定的灵敏度通常要高于SCAN模式2~3个数量级[1516]
本研究采用糖腈乙酸酯衍生化法通过盐酸羟胺肟化、乙酸酐乙酰化两步反应对几种食用菌多糖水解后的单糖进行衍生化, 反应机制如图1[17]。通过GC-MS/SIM用单糖混合标准品考察方法的专属性、精密度、线性范围、检出限和定量限, 以线性关系最佳为标准选择出最佳的定量离子及辅助定性离子, 并用SIM模式对目标物进行定性定量分析, 通过几种食用菌多糖样品考察SIM模式下方法的稳定性和加标回收率, 建立了一种基于GC-MS/SIM检测4种食用菌多糖中单糖的高灵敏度方法, 为食用菌多糖结构的进一步深入研究提供理论参考。
新鲜香菇购于陕西省商洛市商州区黑山东旭香菇专业合作社、杏鲍菇、海鲜菇购于商州区盛源食用菌种植农民专业合作社、黑木耳采购于商洛市柞水县跃进农业合作社。
吡啶、盐酸羟胺、三氟乙酸、乙酸酐、甲醇、三氯甲烷、盐酸、氢氧化钠、无水乙醇(分析纯, 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司); D-葡萄糖标准品(D-glucose, Glu)、D-半乳糖标准品(D-galactose, Gal)、D-阿拉伯糖标准品(D-arabinose, Ara)、D-木糖标准品(D-xylose, Xyl)、D-鼠李糖标准品(D-rhamnose, Rha)、D-甘露糖标准品(D-mannose, Man)、D-核糖标准品(D-ribose, Rib)(纯度≥98%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司)。
GCMS-QP2010气相色谱-质谱联用仪、Rxi-5sil MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)[岛津企业管理(中国)有限公司]; DHG-9240A鼓风干燥箱(上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司); KH5200E超声波清洗机(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); TDL-40B离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂); RE-52旋转蒸发仪(巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司); NAI-L2-50C型真空冷冻干燥机(上海那艾实验仪器有限公司); SI-234电子天平[精度0.1 mg, 丹佛仪器(北京)有限公司]。
精密称取7种单糖标准品(Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal)各10.0 mg置于水解管中, 分别加入100.0 mg盐酸羟胺和5 mL吡啶溶液, 于90 ℃中水浴30 min, 取出冷却后, 加入5 mL乙酸酐, 90 ℃继续反应30 min, 得到单糖混合标准品衍生液, 将衍生液用氯仿补充至10 mL后经0.22 μm滤头过滤后备用。
将1000 μg/mL的单糖混合标准品储备液用氯仿逐级稀释, 得到质量浓度为5、20、30、40、50 μg/mL的混合标准液, 经0.22 μm滤头过滤后备用。以上准备好的标准样品用GC-MS/SIM进行测定[18]
将4种食用菌(香菇、杏鲍菇、海鲜菇、木耳)除去菇柄后, 置于鼓风干燥箱中于60 ℃烘干, 粉碎后过60目筛备用; 称取干燥后的4种食用菌粉末各20 g分别置于500 mL烧杯中, 按1:30的料液比加入蒸馏水, 于60 ℃超声提取30 min, 提取液经4000 r/min离心5 min后弃去沉淀, 上清经旋转蒸发仪浓缩, 冷却后加入4倍体积的无水乙醇于4 ℃冰箱中过夜醇沉; 将沉淀物于3500 r/min离心5 min后弃去上清, 将沉淀冷冻干燥后得到4种食用菌多糖粗品[19]
采用核酸沉淀溶液法脱蛋白纯化多糖, 将粗多糖用蒸馏水复溶, 4000 r/min离心20 min取上清液, 加入样品体积1/10的40%三氯乙酸溶液, 混匀后静置30 min, 4000 r/min离心10 min, 取上清, 重复3次。上清经浓缩后, 加入四倍体积无水乙醇4 ℃过夜醇沉, 弃上清后将沉淀真空冷冻干燥得纯化后的多糖备用[20]
称取100.0 mg粗多糖置于4支50 mL水解管中, 加入4 mL 4 mol/L三氟乙酸, 密封, 于100 ℃沸水浴中水解5 h并蒸干水解液, 再反复用甲醇溶液萃取, 以除去残留的三氟乙酸, 得到4种食用菌多糖的水解物, 置于4 ℃冰箱中备用[21]
将多糖水解产物转移至4支水解管中, 分别加入100.0 mg盐酸羟胺和5 mL吡啶溶液, 于90 ℃中水浴30 min, 取出冷却后, 加入5 mL乙酸酐, 90 ℃继续反应30 min, 得到单糖衍生物, 将衍生液用氯仿补充至10 mL后经0.22 μm滤头过滤, 用GC-MS/SIM进行测定[20]
采用外标法定量分析多糖样品中的单糖组分。色谱条件: 载气为高纯氦气。程序升温: 起始温度120 ℃, 保持2 min; 以10 ℃/min升至180 ℃, 保持5 min; 再以3 ℃/min升至200 ℃, 保持10 min; 再以10 ℃/min升至240 ℃, 保持10 min; 进样口温度250 ℃, 柱流量1.48 mL/min, 分流比30:1。
离子源: 电子轰击离子源(electron impact ionization, EI), 电子轰击能量70 eV; 接口温度250 ℃, 离子源温度280 ℃; 溶剂延迟时间2.5 min; 扫描范围: m/z 50~400。分析7种单糖混合标准品时用SCAN模式采集数据, 选定每个单糖的特征离子后, 数据采集方式为SIM模式。
实验数据进行3次重复实验, 最终结果表示为3次平行实验的平均值, 采用Origin 2021软件和KingDraw软件作图并处理数据。
在本研究选定的色谱条件下对7种单糖混合标准品进行测定, 对比空白样品与7种单糖混合样品的总离子流图, 各待测组分在色谱柱中的分离情况, 用分离度(R)表示, 当R=1时, 表示相邻两个色谱峰能基本分离, R≥1.5时, 表示相邻两个色谱峰能完全分离[22]R计算公式见(1):
$R=\frac{2\left(t_{R 2}-t_{R 1}\right)}{W_{1}+W_{2}}$
式中: tR1为相邻两个色谱峰中前一峰的保留时间, min; tR2为相邻两个色谱峰中后一峰的保留时间, min; W1W2为两个色谱峰的峰宽。
称取7种单糖标准品(Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal)各10.0 mg置于水解管中, 按照1.3.3的方法衍生化, 得到7种单糖混合标准品。在选定的GC-MS/SCAN条件下进行测定, 得到了7种单糖混合标准品的总离子流图, 如图2所示, 计算每个单糖色谱峰之间的分离度, 并将采集到的各单糖衍生物的EI质谱图(图3)引入美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)质谱数据库中检索。
Rib、Ara和Xyl 3个五碳糖和末端为甲基的Rha(六碳糖)的衍生物中存在4个乙酰基, 其保留时间在9.0~10.5 min之间, Man、Glu和Gal 3个六碳糖的衍生物中有5个乙酰基, 其保留时间在15~17 min之间。SEYMOUR等[23]的研究表明, 单糖的乙酰化糖腈衍生物通过中等极性乙酰基与色谱柱固定相的相互作用而保留, 乙酰基数量越多, 相互作用越强, 保留时间越长, 此结论与本研究实验结果一致。由图2的总离子流图可以看出, 在当前选定的条件下以上7种单糖对应的衍生物峰形良好, 各单糖衍生物的质谱图(图3)中未采集到高丰度的分子离子峰, 将质谱图引入到NIST谱库中检索, 与标准质谱图的相似度均在98%以上, 质谱检索结果、各单糖衍生物的保留时间及分离度见表1
表1图2可知, Rib与Rha的分离度为0.450, 由于Rib与Rha的保留时间接近, 两个峰之间出现重合, 所以在SCAN模式下Rib不能很好的与Rha分离; Man与Glu的分离度为1.200, 说明Man与Glu能基本分离, 其余组分分离度均大于1.5, 证明此条件下可以检测此7种单糖混合标准品, 为了将Rib和Rha更好的分离并更精确的定量计算各糖含量, 需要进一步用SIM模式采集数据。
SIM模式采集数据需要选定各待测组分的特征离子, 通常选择各组分质谱图中丰度高、干扰小的离子作为特征离子。本研究根据图3各单糖衍生物的质谱图, 选择了m/z 43、m/z 103、m/z 115、m/z 145 4个离子作为各单糖的待选定的特征离子, 并在此条件下对7种单糖混合标准品进行GC-MS/SIM检测, 得到在各离子下的质量色谱图(mass chromatography, MC), 如图4所示。
2.1.1中已表明SCAN模式下Rib与Rha不能完全分离, 由图4可知, 在SIM模式下, 除Rha外其他6个单糖均能在m/z 115采集到质量色谱图, 在此条件下, Rib与Ara的分离度经计算为2.3, 说明在SIM模式下, Rib与Ara达到基线分离。若选择各单糖衍生物质谱图中基峰m/z 43作为定量离子, 由图4可知, Rib与Rha仍不能完全分离, 因此可在SIM模式下结合各单糖的结构特点及质谱图选择各单糖线性关系良好, 分离度更高的定性定量离子对其进行分析。
为了选择每个单糖的最适定量离子, 通过考察各单糖在待选定特征离子下的线性范围, 选择其中线性范围最佳的离子为定量离子, 其余的作为辅助定性离子。将逐级稀释的7种单糖梯度浓度混合标准品在GC-MS/SIM模式下分析, 各个组分在选定离子下对其峰面积(X)与浓度(Y)之间进行线性拟合, 并计算相关系数(r2), 结果如表2所示。结果表明: Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal的衍生物分别在m/z 115、m/z 103、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 103下得到的线性关系更好, 且在10.00~50.00 μg/mL的质量浓度范围内各组分的r2均在0.9986以上, 因此选定这些离子为各单糖的定量离子, 其余离子作为辅助定性离子, 各单糖之间的分离度均大于1.2, 在此SIM条件下采集各单糖的质量色谱图进行定量分析还可解决Rib和Rha不能完全分离影响其准确定量的问题。
用7种单糖的混合标准品配制一系列含有微量7种单糖的溶液, 并且分别在以上选定的GC-MS/SIM条件下测定, 计算各单糖色谱峰的信噪比, 以能产生3倍信噪比的样品浓度为LOD, 能产生10倍信噪比的样品浓度为LOQ, 经计算在SIM模式下各组分的LOD和LOQ见表2。由表2可知, 7种单糖的LOD在5.75~22.23 ng/mL之间, LOQ在17.26~66.67 ng/mL之间。对比图2图4及灵敏度实验结果, 可知SIM模式下有更平稳的基线及更高的灵敏度, 适用于微量多糖样品中单糖组成及含量的分析测定[24-25]。本研究建立的方法相较司雄元等[26]、XIA等[27]所报道的检测单糖组成的方法检出限和定量限高200倍以上。
以质量浓度为16.67 μg/mL的多糖混合标准品为样品, 在本研究所选GC-MS/SIM条件下进行测定, 连续进样6次, 测定各单糖衍生产物的保留时间及峰面积, 并计算其相应的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSD)。结果表明, Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal衍生物峰面积的RSDs分别为4.26%, 5.92%, 3.72%, 3.77%, 3.56%, 3.52%和6.16%, 均小于7%, 保留时间的RSDs均小于0.1%, 说明该测定方法的精密度良好。
以香菇多糖为考察对象, 将香菇多糖样品分别在水解、衍生化处理后, 放置0、6、12、24、48 h后分别进样, 按1.2.4的条件进行GC-MS/SIM分析, 测定不同放置时间后各单糖衍生物的保留时间及峰面积, 并计算其相应的RSDs值。结果表明, 香菇多糖中各单糖衍生物的峰面积RSDs均小于8%, 保留时间的RSD均小于1%, 说明香菇多糖中单糖乙酰化后的样品在48 h之内基本稳定。
以香菇多糖为考察对象, 称取香菇多糖4份, 按1.3.3方法水解后按以下方法加入标准单糖样品: Rib、Rha和Xyl加入质量浓度分别为1.0、3.0、5.0 μg/mL; Ara、Man和Gal加入质量浓度分别为5.0、10.0、15.0 μg/mL; Glu加入质量浓度分别为100.0、200.0、300.0 μg/mL, 按1.4、1.5的方法进行衍生化和GC-MS分析, 经数据处理计算样品的加标回收率, 结果如表3。由表3可知香菇中各单糖的平均回收率均在94.4%~101.3%之间, 回收率RSDs均小于等于2.6%, 说明此方法具有较高的回收率, 能满足分析实验的要求。
在选定的GC-MS/SIM条件下, 分别测定香菇多糖、杏鲍菇多糖、海鲜菇多糖、木耳多糖中单糖的组分及含量。其中4种食用菌多糖的单糖组成及含量如图5所示。结果表明, 通过单糖衍生物标准品的保留时间来定性, 本研究所选特征离子定量, 得出4种食用菌多糖中的单糖组成及含量, 其中Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal均被检出, 但不同食用菌多糖所含的单糖含量不相同。香菇多糖中各单糖含量分别为5.06、5.51、16.65、4.34、21.37、342.58、25.92 μg/mL, 摩尔比为1:0.99:3.29:0.86:3.52:56.43:4.27, 其中Glu所占比例较高; 杏鲍菇多糖中各单糖含量分别为5.74、6.38、42.96、4.59、26.28、476.26、16.30 μg/mL, 摩尔比为1:1.02:7.49:0.80:3.82:69.16:2.37, 其中Glu所占比例较高; 海鲜菇多糖中单糖含量分别为6.29、7.10、17.87、5.35、25.35、336.72、19.11 μg/mL, 摩尔比为1:1.03:2.84:0.85:3.36: 44.61:2.53, 其中Glu所占比例较高; 木耳多糖中单糖含量分别为8.48、9.11、26.52、40.77、733.32、192.62、10.30 μg/mL, 摩尔比为1:0.98:3.13:4.81: 72.07:18.93:1.01, 其中Man所占比例较高, 4种食用菌多糖均为杂多糖, 此部分的研究结果与刘楠楠等[11]、汪文琦等[28]和赵圆圆[29]的研究结果相近。
为了进一步解释Rha未采集到m/z 115的原因, 对各衍生化单糖的质谱裂解规律进行了解析。乙酰化后的各单糖不考虑其构型, 根据同分异构情况可分为3组。第1组为五碳糖: 主要为Rib、Ara和Xyl, 其衍生化产物分子式均为C13H17NO8 (Mr=315); 第2组为六碳糖: 主要为Man、Glu和Gal, 其衍生化产物分子式均为C16H21NO10 (Mr=387); 第3组为Rha, 其衍生化产物分子式为C14H19NO8 (Mr=329)。
第1组的3个单糖衍生物其质谱图中主要的碎片m/z有: 242、200、145、115、103、43; 第2组的3个单糖衍生物其质谱图中主要的碎片m/z有: 314、242、200、145、115、103、73、43; 第3组鼠李糖衍生物质谱图中主要的碎片m/z有: 314、231、145、105、103、43等。
本研究对其裂解规律尝试进行解析。图6(A)表示从不同的C-C键之间发生均裂可得到相应m/z的离子, 部分离子由于其稳定性较差, 丰度很小或者未采集到其EI质谱(其m/z用括号表示); 如图6(B)所示, 所有单糖中的羟基经衍生化后均生成了4或5个乙酰基, 其中m/z 43为单糖中羟基乙酰化后经α裂解所得, 此离子在所有单糖的衍生物中均可生成, 且为基峰, 其裂解机制和所有羧酸酯类产生m/z 43的离子机制一致[30]; 如图6(C), 六碳糖和五碳糖的衍生物分别在C3-C4、C2-C3间断裂可生成m/z 217的离子, 其3个乙酰基若存在γ-H均可发生麦氏重排, 进一步产生m/z 157, m/z 157经重排消去中性烯酮分子形成m/z 115。Rha的衍生物由于C6上所连接为甲基, 其碎片m/z 231和159也可以发生以上裂解过程, 但其生成碎片分别为m/z 171、129和m/z 99、57, 不能形成m/z 115[31]; 如图6(D), 六碳糖在C4-C5之间断裂, 五碳糖在C3-C4之间断裂, 可直接生成m/z 145, m/z 145消去中性烯酮分子形成m/z 103。但Rha不能直接生成m/z 145的碎片, 其质谱图中又观察到m/z 145, PRICE[31]和BIEMANN等[32]经研究此类单糖的氘代糖腈乙酸酯衍生物, 推测此类化合物可生成图6(E)m/z 145碎片, 并进一步生成m/z 103。
通过以上分析论证了通过不同目标化合物的结构选择其特征定量离子, 在SIM模式下检测样品不仅样品需要量少, 还可以从色谱上达到更好的分离度, 对检测方法本身还能提高其检测的灵敏度, 在各类多糖的分离纯化的过程中, 常面临纯化后多糖纯度低、量少等问题, 将此方法应用于各类多糖中单糖组成及含量的检测具有更大的优势。
多糖中单糖组成的定性定量分析是各类植物、食用菌等多糖结构表征中必要的一环, 但各类多糖在分离纯化的过程中面临多糖得率低、样品少等问题, 本研究建立了一种用GC-MS/SIM检测4种食用菌多糖中单糖的高灵敏度方法。各样品经多糖提取、三氟乙酸水解、乙酸酐衍生化, 经气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测模式进行定性定量分析。各单糖的特征离子根据质谱图选择了丰度高、干扰小的若干个离子, 经分析不同特征离子下各单糖在一定浓度范围内的线性关系, 根据相关系数选择最适的特征定量离子, 定性采用质谱比对、特征离子保留时间比对进行, 并通过对各单糖的质谱裂解规律进行解析进一步佐证了所选离子的合理性。研究结果表明, 采用GC-MS/SIM对Rib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glu和Gal 7种单糖进行测定, 分别选择m/z 115、m/z 103、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 115、m/z 103作为7种单糖对应衍生物的定性离子, 7种单糖在此离子下的线性范围均为10.00~50.00 μg/mL, LOD在5.75~22.23 ng/mL之间, LOQ在17.26~66.67 ng/mL之间; 在SCAN模式下用单糖混合标准品考察了方法的专属性, 结果表明除Rib和Rha外, 其余组分分离度均大于1.2; 在SIM模式下, 选用m/z 115作为特征离子时, Rib与Ara的分离度为2.3, 说明可以很好的分离。在SIM模式下用16.67 μg/mL的单糖混合标准品考察了方法的精密度, 结果表明各单糖衍生物峰面积的RSD均小于7%, 保留时间的RSD均小于0.1%, 说明该测定方法的精密度良好。在SIM模式下用香菇多糖样品考察了方法的稳定性和加标回收率, 结果表明48 h内香菇多糖样品衍生物峰面积的RSD均小于8%, 加标回收率在94.4%~101.3%之间, 表明此方法能满足检测食用菌多糖中单糖的要求。通过对4种食用菌多糖中单糖组成的测定, 表明本研究所建立方法能用于测定样品中的单糖组成。通过对各单糖衍生物的EI质谱裂解规律解析, 对丰度比较高的m/z 217、157、115、73、145、103、43等离子的可能产生机制进行了分析, 进一步验证了对不同结构的单糖选取不同的特征离子采用SIM模式检测, 不仅便于不同单糖的定性分析, 还能进一步提高方法的灵敏度和分离度, 此方法能为各类多糖中单糖的定性定量分析提供理论参考。
在对本研究的7种单糖进行GC-MS分析时, 若选用丰度最高的m/z 43作为各单糖的定量离子, 各单糖不能达到基线分离, 影响定量分析的准确性, 但若结合各单糖的结构特征及质谱裂解规律选择适宜的定量离子采用SIM模式采集数据, 不仅能让各组分更好的分离, 还可以进一步提高方法的灵敏度, 减少样品的使用量。本研究所建立方法经验证具有良好的分离度、准确度、精密度和稳定性, 其灵敏度较已报到的同类型检测方法高200倍以上, 本方法能在减少样品用量的基础上准确完成4中食用菌多糖中7种单糖的定性定量分析。因此, 在不同类样品的气相色谱质谱联用分析过程中, 可结合其结构特征及质谱图选择适宜的特征离子, 于选择离子监测模式下检测, 此方法在减少样品使用量、提高分析方法分离度、提高LODs方面有一定的应用潜力。但本研究未考虑纯化后多糖样品的纯度、未对样品需要量、水解条件、衍生化试剂用量及时间等条件进行优化, 各研究者可参考本研究中的检测条件及方法对样品前处理阶段各条件进一步优化。
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212006
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
基金
陕西省教育厅项目(20JK0617)
陕西秦岭特色生物资源产业技术研究院项目(23HKY035)
陕西省重点研发计划绿色通道一般项目(2023XCZX2-56)
作者信息
    1.商洛学院生物医药与食品工程学院, 商洛 726000
    2.陕西秦岭特色生物资源产业技术研究院, 商洛 726000
    3.商洛市粮食工程技术研究中心, 商洛 726000

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* 谭思远(1993—), 男, 硕士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食用菌生物资源利用、食品分析与检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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