Article(id=1153986718060499066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473622, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473622, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473622, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=163, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986719209738366, articleId=1153986718060499066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Optimization of production process of yak milk casein peptone, columnId=1153986715829133818, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Quality Characteristics and Deep Processing of Yak Meat and Dairy Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the production process of casein peptone with yak milk casein as raw material. Methods The combination of alkaline protease and trypsin was used to hydrolyze yak milk casein. On the basis of single factor experiment, according to the principle of Box-Behnken central combination test design, the response surface analysis method of four factors and three levels was adopted, and the degree of hydrolysis was used as the response value. The response surface and contour line were used to obtain the optimal process conditions for the hydrolysis of yak milk casein by the combined enzyme, and then the yak milk casein peptone product was obtained by acid precipitation, neutralization and finally spray drying. Results The results of single factor showed that the degree of hydrolysis of casein increased with the increase of enzyme concentration. When the amount of enzyme added was higher than 2.5%, the degree of hydrolysis increased slowly. With the increase of temperature and pH, the degree of hydrolysis increased first and then decreased. The degree of hydrolysis of yak milk casein reached the maximum when the substrate concentration was 5%, and the substrate concentration would hinder the effect of the enzyme on the cutting site, resulting in a decrease in protein conversion. The results of response surface showed that the degree of hydrolysis was the best when the amount of combined enzyme was 2.6% (alkaline protease:trypsin=4:1), the hydrolysis time was 160 min, the hydrolysis pH was 7.0, the substrate concentration was 5%, and the hydrolysis temperature was 55 °C, which was 23.63%. Conclusion This study optimize the production process of peptone from yak milk casein, and provided support for the further development and utilization of yak milk casein.

, correspAuthors=Li SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fan YANG, De-Liang SU, Peng LV, Wen-Bin BAI, Li SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986757235298665, articleId=1153986718060499066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=牦牛乳酪蛋白胨生产工艺优化, columnId=1153986715996905983, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料, 优化酪蛋白胨的生产工艺。方法 将碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶两种酶组合水解牦牛乳酪蛋白, 在单因素试验基础上, 根据Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计原理, 采用四因素三水平的响应面分析法, 以水解度为响应值作响应面和等高线, 得出组合酶水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最佳工艺条件, 再经过酸沉、中和、最后喷雾干燥得到牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品。结果 单因素结果显示, 组合酶浓度增大, 酪蛋白水解度呈上升趋势, 酶添加量高于2.5%时, 水解度上升趋势变缓。温度和pH的升高, 使水解度呈先上升再下降的趋势。牦牛乳酪蛋白水解度在底物浓度5%时达到最大, 底物浓度会阻碍酶对切割位点的作用, 导致蛋白转化率降低。响应面结果显示, 组合酶添加量2.6%(碱性蛋白酶:胰蛋白酶=4:1)、水解时间160 min、水解pH 7.0、底物浓度5%、水解温度55 ℃时, 水解度最好, 为23.63%。结论 本研究优化了以牦牛乳酪蛋白制备蛋白胨的生产工艺, 为牦牛乳酪蛋白的进一步开发利用提供支持。

, correspAuthors=宋礼, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
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杨帆(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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杨帆(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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杨帆(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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Gansu Hualing Dairy Co., Ltd., Gannan 747000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567055849239080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, companyId=1184567055832461862, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司, 甘南 747000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184567057585680970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of combined enzyme addition ratio on the DH of yak milk casein, figureFileSmall=0LOaXvAbUXzJ+cAM4S7IEA==, figureFileBig=s1m9WdGV5s3OaWAIYRQKbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567057652789835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=CN, label=图1, caption=组合酶添加比例对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响

注: 不同字母表示具有显著性差异(P≤0.05), 图2~6同。

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Test factor level

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水平 因素
A组合酶添加量/% B水解时间/min C水解pH D底物浓度/%
-1 2.0 120 6.5 4
0 2.5 150 7.0 5
1 3.0 180 7.5 6
), ArticleFig(id=1184567058667811419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验因素水平表

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水平 因素
A组合酶添加量/% B水解时间/min C水解pH D底物浓度/%
-1 2.0 120 6.5 4
0 2.5 150 7.0 5
1 3.0 180 7.5 6
), ArticleFig(id=1184567058747503196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken design and experimental results

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试验号 因素 DH/%
A组合酶
添加量/%
B水解
时间/min
C水解
pH
D底物
浓度/%
1 2.5 180 6.5 5 22.75
2 2.0 150 7.5 5 21.30
3 3.0 150 7.0 6 20.51
4 2.5 150 6.5 4 22.26
5 2.5 150 7.5 4 20.63
6 3.0 150 7.5 5 21.24
7 2.0 150 7.0 4 20.94
8 2.5 120 7.0 4 20.15
9 2.5 180 7.0 4 21.60
10 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.83
11 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.35
12 2.5 180 7.0 6 20.45
13 2.0 150 6.5 5 21.12
14 3.0 150 7.0 4 21.06
15 2.5 120 7.5 5 21.78
16 2.0 120 7.0 5 20.81
17 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.71
18 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.47
19 3.0 180 7.0 5 22.20
20 2.5 150 7.5 6 20.15
21 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.65
22 3.0 150 6.5 5 22.75
23 2.5 120 6.5 5 20.33
24 2.0 180 7.0 5 21.06
25 2.5 150 6.5 6 19.37
26 2.5 120 7.0 6 20.45
27 2.5 180 7.5 5 22.08
28 3.0 120 7.0 5 21.13
29 2.0 150 7.0 6 19.49
), ArticleFig(id=1184567058831389277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken设计方案及试验结果

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试验号 因素 DH/%
A组合酶
添加量/%
B水解
时间/min
C水解
pH
D底物
浓度/%
1 2.5 180 6.5 5 22.75
2 2.0 150 7.5 5 21.30
3 3.0 150 7.0 6 20.51
4 2.5 150 6.5 4 22.26
5 2.5 150 7.5 4 20.63
6 3.0 150 7.5 5 21.24
7 2.0 150 7.0 4 20.94
8 2.5 120 7.0 4 20.15
9 2.5 180 7.0 4 21.60
10 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.83
11 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.35
12 2.5 180 7.0 6 20.45
13 2.0 150 6.5 5 21.12
14 3.0 150 7.0 4 21.06
15 2.5 120 7.5 5 21.78
16 2.0 120 7.0 5 20.81
17 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.71
18 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.47
19 3.0 180 7.0 5 22.20
20 2.5 150 7.5 6 20.15
21 2.5 150 7.0 5 23.65
22 3.0 150 6.5 5 22.75
23 2.5 120 6.5 5 20.33
24 2.0 180 7.0 5 21.06
25 2.5 150 6.5 6 19.37
26 2.5 120 7.0 6 20.45
27 2.5 180 7.5 5 22.08
28 3.0 120 7.0 5 21.13
29 2.0 150 7.0 6 19.49
), ArticleFig(id=1184567058932052574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance in regression model

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来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 43.91 14 3.14 21.52 <0.0001 **
A组合酶添加量/% 1.45 1 1.45 9.94 0.0070 **
B水解时间/min 2.51 1 2.51 17.23 0.0010 **
C水解pH 0.16 1 0.16 1.12 0.3077 不显著
D底物浓度/% 3.22 1 3.22 22.12 0.0003 **
AB 0.17 1 0.17 1.15 0.3010 不显著
AC 0.71 1 0.71 4.9 0.0440 *
AD 0.2 1 0.20 1.39 0.2581 不显著
BC 1.12 1 1.12 7.71 0.0148 *
BD 0.53 1 0.53 3.61 0.0784 不显著
CD 1.45 1 1.45 9.96 0.0070 *
A2 8.83 1 8.83 60.6 <0.0001 **
B2 6.74 1 6.74 46.25 <0.0001 **
C2 5.23 1 5.23 35.9 <0.0001 **
D2 25.57 1 25.57 175.47 <0.0001 **
残差 2.04 14 0.15
失拟项 1.89 10 0.19 5.16 0.0640 不显著
纯误差 0.15 4 0.037
总误差 45.95 28
), ArticleFig(id=1184567059007550047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 43.91 14 3.14 21.52 <0.0001 **
A组合酶添加量/% 1.45 1 1.45 9.94 0.0070 **
B水解时间/min 2.51 1 2.51 17.23 0.0010 **
C水解pH 0.16 1 0.16 1.12 0.3077 不显著
D底物浓度/% 3.22 1 3.22 22.12 0.0003 **
AB 0.17 1 0.17 1.15 0.3010 不显著
AC 0.71 1 0.71 4.9 0.0440 *
AD 0.2 1 0.20 1.39 0.2581 不显著
BC 1.12 1 1.12 7.71 0.0148 *
BD 0.53 1 0.53 3.61 0.0784 不显著
CD 1.45 1 1.45 9.96 0.0070 *
A2 8.83 1 8.83 60.6 <0.0001 **
B2 6.74 1 6.74 46.25 <0.0001 **
C2 5.23 1 5.23 35.9 <0.0001 **
D2 25.57 1 25.57 175.47 <0.0001 **
残差 2.04 14 0.15
失拟项 1.89 10 0.19 5.16 0.0640 不显著
纯误差 0.15 4 0.037
总误差 45.95 28
), ArticleFig(id=1184567059083047520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986718060499066, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and Chemical criterion

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理化指标 检测结果
水分/% 4.76
总氮/% 13.7
灰分/% 9.68
铅/(mg/kg) 未检出
氨氮/% 2.7
磷酸盐沉淀
碱性沉淀
pH (2.0%) 6.0~7.0
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理化指标

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理化指标 检测结果
水分/% 4.76
总氮/% 13.7
灰分/% 9.68
铅/(mg/kg) 未检出
氨氮/% 2.7
磷酸盐沉淀
碱性沉淀
pH (2.0%) 6.0~7.0
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牦牛乳酪蛋白胨生产工艺优化
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杨帆 1 , 苏德亮 2 , 吕鹏 1 , 白文斌 2 , 宋礼 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全 2025,16(2): 163-170
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全 2025, 16(2): 163-170
牦牛乳酪蛋白胨生产工艺优化
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杨帆1 , 苏德亮2, 吕鹏1, 白文斌2, 宋礼1, *
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃华羚生物技术研究中心, 兰州 730000
  • 2.甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司, 甘南 747000
  • 杨帆(1996—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
Optimization of production process of yak milk casein peptone
Fan YANG1 , De-Liang SU2, Peng LV1, Wen-Bin BAI2, Li SONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Gansu Hualing Biotechnology Research Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2. Gansu Hualing Dairy Co., Ltd., Gannan 747000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202003
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目的 探究以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料, 优化酪蛋白胨的生产工艺。方法 将碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶两种酶组合水解牦牛乳酪蛋白, 在单因素试验基础上, 根据Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计原理, 采用四因素三水平的响应面分析法, 以水解度为响应值作响应面和等高线, 得出组合酶水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最佳工艺条件, 再经过酸沉、中和、最后喷雾干燥得到牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品。结果 单因素结果显示, 组合酶浓度增大, 酪蛋白水解度呈上升趋势, 酶添加量高于2.5%时, 水解度上升趋势变缓。温度和pH的升高, 使水解度呈先上升再下降的趋势。牦牛乳酪蛋白水解度在底物浓度5%时达到最大, 底物浓度会阻碍酶对切割位点的作用, 导致蛋白转化率降低。响应面结果显示, 组合酶添加量2.6%(碱性蛋白酶:胰蛋白酶=4:1)、水解时间160 min、水解pH 7.0、底物浓度5%、水解温度55 ℃时, 水解度最好, 为23.63%。结论 本研究优化了以牦牛乳酪蛋白制备蛋白胨的生产工艺, 为牦牛乳酪蛋白的进一步开发利用提供支持。

牦牛乳酪蛋白  /  碱性蛋白酶  /  胰蛋白酶  /  水解度

Objective To optimize the production process of casein peptone with yak milk casein as raw material. Methods The combination of alkaline protease and trypsin was used to hydrolyze yak milk casein. On the basis of single factor experiment, according to the principle of Box-Behnken central combination test design, the response surface analysis method of four factors and three levels was adopted, and the degree of hydrolysis was used as the response value. The response surface and contour line were used to obtain the optimal process conditions for the hydrolysis of yak milk casein by the combined enzyme, and then the yak milk casein peptone product was obtained by acid precipitation, neutralization and finally spray drying. Results The results of single factor showed that the degree of hydrolysis of casein increased with the increase of enzyme concentration. When the amount of enzyme added was higher than 2.5%, the degree of hydrolysis increased slowly. With the increase of temperature and pH, the degree of hydrolysis increased first and then decreased. The degree of hydrolysis of yak milk casein reached the maximum when the substrate concentration was 5%, and the substrate concentration would hinder the effect of the enzyme on the cutting site, resulting in a decrease in protein conversion. The results of response surface showed that the degree of hydrolysis was the best when the amount of combined enzyme was 2.6% (alkaline protease:trypsin=4:1), the hydrolysis time was 160 min, the hydrolysis pH was 7.0, the substrate concentration was 5%, and the hydrolysis temperature was 55 °C, which was 23.63%. Conclusion This study optimize the production process of peptone from yak milk casein, and provided support for the further development and utilization of yak milk casein.

yak milk casein protein  /  alcalase  /  trypsin  /  degree of hydrolysis
杨帆, 苏德亮, 吕鹏, 白文斌, 宋礼. 牦牛乳酪蛋白胨生产工艺优化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 163 -170 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202003
Fan YANG, De-Liang SU, Peng LV, Wen-Bin BAI, Li SONG. Optimization of production process of yak milk casein peptone[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 163 -170 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202003
我国是世界上牦牛拥有量最多的国家[1], 牦牛主要分布在甘肃、西藏、青海等高海拔地区, 生长环境独特, 牦牛乳被称为“天然浓缩乳”[2], 营养丰富, 其蛋白质、乳糖、矿物质等营养成分的种类和含量均高于普通牛乳, 有很大开发利用价值[3-6]。牦牛乳中, 酪蛋白占总蛋白含量的80%[7-8], α-酪蛋白(14.6 g/L)、β酪蛋白(16.4 g/L)、κ-酪蛋白(4.9 g/L)含量高于其他牛乳酪蛋白[3,9]。牦牛乳酪蛋白多数采用传统的加工方式生产曲拉、干酪素、酸乳等, 资源开发利用还不足, 生物利用率单一, 商业化程度有待提升[10]。为提高牦牛乳酪蛋白的附加值, 充分利用牦牛乳酪蛋白, 本研究以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料, 制备酪蛋白胨作为微生物培养基氮源, 延长牦牛乳产业链, 为牦牛乳发展提供新思路。
蛋白胨是富含蛋白质的动植物原料经酸、碱或酶水解后分离纯化获得的一种以䏡、胨、肽和氨基酸为主要成分的水溶性混合物[11], 是许多微生物培养基的重要成分[12-13]。牦牛乳酪蛋白营养价值高, 可为生物体提供必需氨基酸[14], 经酸或蛋白酶消化水解、中和、过滤、凝缩精制而成的粉末为酪蛋白胨, 作为动物来源的培养基原料[15]。但酪蛋白不易被直接吸收利用, 因此通过酶解酪蛋白, 获得具有营养价值高, 吸收利用好的多肽、氨基酸混合物质[16], 这些多肽和氨基酸类物质具有原蛋白质或其组成氨基酸所没有的功能, 可作为微生物培养基生长提供优质氮源[17-18]
目前蛋白胨的制备多采用酶法水解, 酶法生产的产物用途更为广泛[19]。通过生物酶切割肽键, 产生游离氨基酸等, 修改蛋白质结构, 从而达到改善蛋白质溶解性和其他功能性质[20-23]。碱性蛋白酶是内切酶, 可以水解具有广泛特异性的蛋白质, 其主要酶切位点为酪氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸[24], 由碱性蛋白酶制备的水解物显示出更好的溶解性和良好的生物活性[25]。碱性蛋白酶和双酶协同水解玉米谷蛋白的方法制备的水解物具有较高的抗氧化活性, 并对乙醇诱导损伤的LO2细胞具有保护[26-27]。胰蛋白酶是由动物胰脏提取而成的固体酶制剂, 属肽链内切酶。胰蛋白酶选择地水解多肽链中所有由赖氨酸或精氨酸的羧基所构成的肽键, 能将大分子的蛋白质水解成多肽及进一步水解成氨基酸等产物, 广泛应用于动物蛋白加工、皮革、饲料、纺织等行业。侯力箫[11]通过碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶双酶解条件, 用鸡副产物制备得到蛋白胨, 确定最优工艺条件为双酶配比1:1.3、温度50 °C、pH 8.2、酶解时间3.4 h。满洋[28]利用碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶在60 °C、pH 5.0条件下酶解南极磷虾副产物5 h制备得到蛋白胨, 与市售的牛肉膏蛋白胨作比较后发现可以作为替代氮源, 用于微生物培养。但酶的价格相对较高, 为获得更大的经济效益, 需要针对特定原料优化酶解工艺条件。
本研究以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料, 碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶为水解酶, 水解度(degree of hydrolysis, DH)为指标, 在单因素基础上, 进行响应面分析, 优化碱性蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶组合水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最佳工艺条件, 为牦牛乳酪蛋白胨的生产提供技术支持。
牦牛乳酪蛋白(酪蛋白含量92%, 甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司); 碱性蛋白酶[液体, 2.4 AU/g, 适宜pH 6.0~9.5, 诺维信(中国)生物技术有限公司]; 胰蛋白酶(20万U/g, 高浓缩型, 最适酶解pH: 7.0~9.0, 沧州夏盛酶生物技术有限公司); 氨水、氢氧化钠、甲醛(分析纯, 天津市大茂化学试剂厂)。
FA1204型分析天平(感量0.0001 g, 常州市幸运电子设备有限公司); DZKW-2电热恒温不锈钢水浴锅(金坛市大地自动化仪器厂); JJ-1精密増力电动搅拌器(常州国华电器有限公司); FE28-Bio数显pH计(上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); GL-21M高速冷冻离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); GIPP-2000T喷雾干燥机(上海继谱电子科技有限公司)。
准确称取10.0 g牦牛乳酪蛋白于250 mL烧杯中, 配制成5%底物浓度的酪蛋白溶液, 以1%氨水调节pH 7.0~7.5助溶60~80 min, 待酪蛋白完全溶解后加入适量碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶。水解完成后80 ℃灭酶, 待室温后5000 r/min离心取上清液测DH。
DH以甲醛滴定法进行测定[24]。取5 mL灭酶离心后的水解液于锥形瓶中, 添加55 mL蒸馏水, 用浓度0.05 mol/L NaOH溶液调节pH至8.2, 加入10 mL甲醛, 混合均匀后, 再用浓度0.05 mol/L NaOH溶液调节pH至9.2, 记录这一过程消耗的氢氧化钠的体积, 记为V1; 以蒸馏水做空白对照, 后续操作一致, 记录空白组消耗NaOH的体积V2。计算如公式(1):
$\mathrm{DH} / \%=\frac{(V 1-V 2) \times 0.05 \times 0.014}{5 \times \text { 底物浓度 } \times \text { 样品总氮 }} \times 100 \%$
式中: 0.014是与1.00 mL NaOH标准滴定溶液[C(NaOH)=1.000 mol/L]相当的氮的质量, g。
根据1.3.1的方法进行碱性蛋白酶组合胰蛋白酶水解牦牛乳酪蛋白试验, 通过单因素试验, 确定两种酶添加比例、水解温度、组合酶添加量、酪蛋白底物浓度、水解时间、水解pH。
(1)两种酶添加比例对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定水解温度55 ℃, 牦牛乳酪蛋白底物浓度5%, 水解pH 7.0, 水解时间120 min条件下, 组合酶添加量2%, 测定两种酶不同添加比例(1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1、5:1)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
(2)水解温度对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定底物浓度5%, pH 7.0, 组合酶添加量2%(碱性蛋白酶: 胰蛋白酶=1:1), 水解时间120 min条件下, 测定不同温度(45、50、55、60、65 ℃)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
(3)组合酶添加量对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定水解pH 7.0, 温度55 ℃, 5%底物浓度, 水解时间120 min条件下, 测定不同组合酶添加量(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
(4)底物浓度对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定水解pH 7.0, 温度55 ℃, 2%组合酶添加量, 水解时间120 min条件下, 测定不同底物浓度(5%、6%、7%、8%、9%)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
(5)水解时间对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定水解pH 7.0, 5%底物浓度, 2%组合酶添加量, 温度55 ℃条件下, 测定不同时间(60、90、120、150、180 min)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
(6)水解pH对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响
固定底物浓度5%, 2%组合酶添加量, 温度55 ℃, 水解时间4 h条件下, 测定不同水解pH (6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5)对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响。
根据单因素试验结果, 选择组合酶添加量(A)、水解时间(B)、水解pH (C)和底物浓度(D) 4个主要因素进行下一步Box-Behnken设计, 试验因素水平见表1
将牦牛乳酪蛋白水解液收集, 盐酸调节pH至4.1~4.3, 进行点酸过滤, 再用1 mol/L NaOH调节pH至7.0~7.5, 最后进行喷雾干燥(进风口: 175 ℃, 出风口60 ℃), 得到牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品。
(1)水分检测。采用GB/T 20886.2—2021《酵母产品质量要求 第2部分酵母加工制品》中7.3的方法进行测定。
(2)总氮的测定。采用GB/T 20886.2—2021中7.5的凯式定氮法进行测定。
(3)氨氮的测定。采用GB/T 20886.2—2021中7.6所述的氨基酸态氮的检测方法进行测定。
(4)灰分的测定。采用GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》中的方法进行测定。
(5)铅的测定。采用GB 5009.12—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中铅的测定》中的方法进行检测。
(6)磷酸盐沉淀测定。根据GB/T 35534—2017《胰酪蛋白胨检测方法》进行测定。
(7)碱性沉淀测定。根据GB/T 35534—2017进行测定。
(8) pH测定。根据GB/T 35534—2017进行测定。
试验中数据均平行测定次, 取平均值。通过Excel 2014和Design-Expert10.0.1进行数据处理, 图片绘制。
图1所示, 随着碱性蛋白酶浓度增大, 牦牛乳酪蛋白DH呈上升趋势, 碱性蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶4:1时, DH上升趋势变缓。因此, 将组合酶最适比例确定为碱性蛋白酶:胰蛋白酶=4:1。
图2所示, 牦牛乳酪蛋白DH在45~55 ℃区间内呈上升趋势, 并在55 ℃时达到最高值23.11%。温度超过再升高后, DH呈下降趋势。这是由于酶在60 ℃加热条件下部分变性失活所导致[29]。因此, 将水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最适温度确定为55 ℃。
图3所示, 随着组合酶浓度增大, 牦牛乳酪蛋白DH呈上升趋势, 组合酶添加量高于2.5%时, DH上升趋势变缓。因此, 将组合酶最适添加量确定为2.5%。
图4所示, 牦牛乳酪蛋白DH在底物浓度5%时达到最大, 随着底物浓度增加, DH呈下降趋势。底物浓度较高时反应体系流动性会变差, 阻碍酶对切割位点的作用, 导致蛋白转化率降低[30]。因此, 选择5%底物浓度进行牦牛乳酪蛋白水解试验。
图5所示, 牦牛乳酪蛋白DH随着水解时间的延长, 呈上升趋势, 在60~150 minDH呈线性增加, 在150 min后, 时间继续延长, DH增加趋势逐渐变缓。因此, 将酶解时间确定为150 min。
图6所示, 牦牛乳酪蛋白的DH在水解pH 6.5~7.0条件下, 呈上升趋势, 水解pH超过7.0时, DH随着pH增加逐渐下降。因此, 组合酶水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最适pH 7.0。
以DH为响应值, 选取组合酶添加量(A)、水解时间(B)、水解pH (C)和底物浓度(D) 4个主要因素, 进行响应面优化试验, 试验结果见表2
响应面试验二次回归方程为DH=23.60+0.35A+ 0.46B- 0.12C- 0.52D+ 0.21AB- 0.42AC+0.23AD-0.53BC-0.36BD+0.6CD-1.17A2-1.02B2-0.90C2-1.99D2。模型方差分析结果见表3。总模型P<0.0001, 极显著, 失拟项P=0.0640>0.05, 不显著, 说明该模型可用于分析和预测组合酶水解牦牛乳酪蛋白DH; 模型的系数R2=0.9556, 模型的调整系数R2=0.9112, 表明实际值与预测值有较高拟合度, 该模型较合理地反映了4个因素对酪蛋白水解的影响。模型的一次项ABD, 二次项A2B2C2D2P均小于0.01, 对酪蛋白DH的影响极显著, 一次项C不显著。因素ACBCCDP<0.05, 对试验结果的影响显著。因F越大对DH的影响越大, 通过F值, 可推断各因素对DH的影响顺序为: 底物浓度(D)>水解时间(B)>组合酶添加量(A)>水解pH (C)。
Design-Expert 10.0.1软件绘制的响应面图, 见图7。响应面曲面坡度越陡, 表示两因素交互作用越显著[31]。如图7所示, 组合酶添加量-水解pH (AC)、水解时间-水解pH (BC)、底物浓度-水解pH (CD)交互作用较为显著。底物浓度(D)引起的响应面坡面最陡峭, 该因素对酪蛋白DH的影响最大, 其次是水解时间(B)、组合酶添加量(A), 水解pH (C)引起的响应面坡面最平缓, 对牦牛乳酪蛋白DH的影响最小。
通过Design Expert 10.0.1软件预测出牦牛乳酪蛋白水解最佳工艺条件, 即组合酶添加量2.61%, 水解时间160.63 min, 水解pH 6.9, 底物浓度4.8%, 预测值23.79%, 为方便试验操作, 调整后的工艺参数为组合酶添加量2.6%, 水解时间160 min, 水解pH 7.0, 底物浓度5%, 该条件下牦牛乳酪蛋白DH达到23.63%, 误差为0.67%。
将牦牛乳酪蛋白水解液收集, 再经过点酸, 中和喷雾干燥的方法, 得到牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品。
牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品如图8所示, 理化指标检测结果见表4
以牦牛乳酪蛋白为试验原料, 通过单因素试验和四因素三水平的响应面分析法对牦牛乳酪蛋白水解工艺进行优化, 并建立牦牛乳酪蛋白水解的回归模型, 确定水解牦牛乳酪蛋白的最佳工艺条件, 即组合酶添加量2.6%(碱性蛋白酶:胰蛋白酶=4:1), 水解时间160 min, 水解pH 7.0, 底物浓度5%, 该条件下酪蛋白DH达到23.63%。将牦牛乳酪蛋白水解液收集, 再经点酸、过滤、中和及喷雾干燥得到牦牛乳酪蛋白胨产品, 为提升牦牛乳的商业化提供新的思路及新的技术支持。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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    1.甘肃华羚生物技术研究中心, 兰州 730000
    2.甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司, 甘南 747000

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* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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