Article(id=1153986717741731961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473546, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473546, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473546, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986719054549116, articleId=1153986717741731961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid detection of dynamic changes in acid content during the fermentation process of sour meat based on hyperspectral imaging technology, columnId=1153986581653349021, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Modern Analysis Instrument in Food Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity during the fermentation process of sour meat. Methods Utilizing hyperspectral imaging technology, spectral reflectance images in the range of 408 to 1049 nm were collected to obtain spectral information of sour meat at different fermentation stages. After extracting the reflectance spectra from the regions of interest in the images, the kennard-stone algorithm (KS) was employed to divide the data into training and testing sets. The raw data underwent preprocessing through standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multivariate scatter correction (MSC), followed by model establishment using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Feature wavelengths were extracted using the successive projection algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and uninformative variable elimination (UVE). Models were developed based on PLSR and compared with full-wavelength prediction models. Results The optimal prediction model for lactic acid in sour meat was SNV-CARS-PLSR, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9113 and a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.7236 for the training set, while the testing set yielded an R2 of 0.9104 and RMSECV of 0.7342. The MSC-CARS-PLSR model for total acidity demonstrated the best predictive performance, with training set R2 and RMSECV values of 0.9307 and 0.6782, respectively, and prediction set R2 and RMSECV values of 0.8682 and 0.6907. Conclusion The models constructed using hyperspectral imaging technology have the potential to enable rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity in sour meat, indicating significant application value.

, correspAuthors=Miao-Yun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-Jia CAO, Dong LIANG, Yao-Di ZHU, Li-Jun ZHAO, Miao-Yun LI, Ling-Xia SUN, Gai-Ming ZHAO, Yan-Xia LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986747902971997, articleId=1153986717741731961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于高光谱成像技术快速检测酸肉发酵过程中酸含量的动态变化, columnId=1153986581842092705, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 快速无损检测酸肉发酵过程中的乳酸、总酸。方法 基于高光谱成像技术, 针对408~1049 nm范围内的光谱反射图像, 采集不同发酵时期的酸肉光谱信息, 提取图像中感兴趣区域内的反射光谱信息后, 采用kennard-stone算法(KS)划分训练集和测试集。原始数据通过标准正态变量转换(standard normal variate transformation, SNV)和多元散射校正(multivariate scatter correction, MSC)进行数据预处理后, 采用偏最小二乘回归算法(partial least squares regression, PLSR)建立模型。采用连续投影算法(successive projection algorithm, SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权采样算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)以及无信息变量消除法(uninformative variable elimination, UVE)对特征波长进行提取。并基于PLSR分别建立模型, 与全波长预测模型进行对比。结果 酸肉中乳酸的最优预测模型为SNV-CARS-PLSR, 训练集决定系数(R2)为0.9113,均方根误差(root mean square error of cross-validation, RMSECV)为0.7236, 测试集R2为0.9104, RMSECV为0.7342。总酸的MSC-CARS-PLSR模型的预测效果最佳, 训练集R2和RMSECV为0.9307和0.6782, 预测集R2和RMSECV为0.8682和0.6907。结论 利用高光谱成像技术构建的模型可潜在实现酸肉中乳酸和总酸的快速无损检测, 具有潜在的应用价值。

, correspAuthors=李苗云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李苗云(1978—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全控制。E-mail:
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曹诗佳(2000—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为酸肉中酸代谢机理。E-mail:

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曹诗佳(2000—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为酸肉中酸代谢机理。E-mail:

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曹诗佳(2000—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为酸肉中酸代谢机理。E-mail:

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Journal of Fuzhou University (Natural Science Edition), 2018, 46(4): 574-579., articleTitle=Rapid detection of adulteration in hempseed oil based on near infrared feature variable selection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1184566972231599059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=18, pageStart=228, pageEnd=238, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=54, authorNames=杨焰婷, 江谧, 詹瑞玲, journalName=食品工业科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨焰婷, 江谧, 詹瑞玲, 等. 青稞特征营养成分含量快速检测模型的建立及优化[J]. 食品工业科技, 2024, 45(18): 228-238., articleTitle=青稞特征营养成分含量快速检测模型的建立及优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1184566972290319316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=18, pageStart=228, pageEnd=238, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=55, authorNames=YANG YT, JIANG M, ZHAN RL, journalName=Food Industry Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG YT, JIANG M, ZHAN RL, et al. 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Henan Jiuyuquan Food Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184566962920243948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, companyId=1184566962907661033, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河南九豫全食品有限公司, 新乡 453000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184566965952725825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Correlation analysis between individual organic acids and total organic acids, figureFileSmall=q9UCrBD4ydvBKxzYaK+QHw==, figureFileBig=LkpwOL0nrwftMVJgxnNbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966049194819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各有机酸与总有机酸的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=q9UCrBD4ydvBKxzYaK+QHw==, figureFileBig=LkpwOL0nrwftMVJgxnNbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966099526469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in total acid content during fermentation, figureFileSmall=HwYpdnoC4ilXIhaEase3kw==, figureFileBig=AmjTXV2Ut9m8rWWTvH6K1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966225355591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵期间总酸含量变化, figureFileSmall=HwYpdnoC4ilXIhaEase3kw==, figureFileBig=AmjTXV2Ut9m8rWWTvH6K1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966284075849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Original spectrum (a), MSC (b) and SNV (c) preprocessed spectra of the sample in the range of 408-1049 nm, figureFileSmall=05MfBbFaSF+kOxkeOylb3A==, figureFileBig=sxL2MxOYtb6TC0HuZIVwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966363767627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样品在408~1049 nm的原始光谱(a)、MSC (b)、SNV (c)预处理光谱, figureFileSmall=05MfBbFaSF+kOxkeOylb3A==, figureFileBig=sxL2MxOYtb6TC0HuZIVwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966426682189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Selection of number of wavelengths and characteristic wavelengths based on SPA, figureFileSmall=9PdwmOH39HKn806pXPnhjg==, figureFileBig=kP2aWIC1HzvBOcQ7pUY3Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184566966485402447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于SPA的波长个数和特征波长选择

注: A和B. 乳酸; C和D. 总酸, 图6同。

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注: A、C和E. 乳酸; B、D和F. 总酸。

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Regression equations of standard curves for various organic acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸名称 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
乳酸 Y=469.97X+0.08 0.99994
苹果酸 Y=1198.21X+0.26 0.99999
琥珀酸 Y=760.99X-1.09 0.99998
草酸 Y=8211.54X-43.05 0.99981
酒石酸 Y=2459.41X+2.42 0.99999
柠檬酸 Y=1026.09X+0.25 0.99999
), ArticleFig(id=1184566966854501211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各有机酸标准曲线回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸名称 回归方程 相关系数(r2)
乳酸 Y=469.97X+0.08 0.99994
苹果酸 Y=1198.21X+0.26 0.99999
琥珀酸 Y=760.99X-1.09 0.99998
草酸 Y=8211.54X-43.05 0.99981
酒石酸 Y=2459.41X+2.42 0.99999
柠檬酸 Y=1026.09X+0.25 0.99999
), ArticleFig(id=1184566966921610077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in the content of various organic acids during fermentation (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵天数/d 乳酸 苹果酸 琥珀酸 草酸 酒石酸 柠檬酸
0 4.79±0.21e 1.15±0.05a 0.77±0.04cd 0.047±0.00f - -
5 12.02±0.63d 0.49±0.08d 0.27±0.02f 0.057±0.00e - -
10 15.08±1.64c 0.57±0.05d 0.48±0.01e 0.064±0.00d - -
15 16.52±1.28c 0.81±0.06b 0.25±0.04f 0.081±0.00b - -
20 15.67±2.43c 0.61±0.03c 0.75±0.21cd 0.095±0.01a - -
25 24.94±0.93a 0.78±0.03b 0.73±0.03d 0.073±0.011c - -
30 25.10±0.75a 0.84±0.02b 0.87±0.07c 0.072±0.00c - -
35 20.79±0.55c 0.62±0.03c 0.77±0.03cd 0.049±0.01f - -
40 23.95±1.58a 0.51±0.04d 1.06±0.05b 0.037±0.01g - -
50 15.06±0.62c 0.61±0.01c 1.19±0.03a 0.051±0.00f - -
), ArticleFig(id=1184566967018079071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵期间各有机酸含量变化(mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵天数/d 乳酸 苹果酸 琥珀酸 草酸 酒石酸 柠檬酸
0 4.79±0.21e 1.15±0.05a 0.77±0.04cd 0.047±0.00f - -
5 12.02±0.63d 0.49±0.08d 0.27±0.02f 0.057±0.00e - -
10 15.08±1.64c 0.57±0.05d 0.48±0.01e 0.064±0.00d - -
15 16.52±1.28c 0.81±0.06b 0.25±0.04f 0.081±0.00b - -
20 15.67±2.43c 0.61±0.03c 0.75±0.21cd 0.095±0.01a - -
25 24.94±0.93a 0.78±0.03b 0.73±0.03d 0.073±0.011c - -
30 25.10±0.75a 0.84±0.02b 0.87±0.07c 0.072±0.00c - -
35 20.79±0.55c 0.62±0.03c 0.77±0.03cd 0.049±0.01f - -
40 23.95±1.58a 0.51±0.04d 1.06±0.05b 0.037±0.01g - -
50 15.06±0.62c 0.61±0.01c 1.19±0.03a 0.051±0.00f - -
), ArticleFig(id=1184566967093576545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Modeling performance of PLSR for lactic acid and total acid prediction using full spectrum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方式 预测模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSECV R2 RMSECV
乳酸 MSC-PLSR 0.8432 0.9973 0.7871 0.9265
SNV-PLSR 0.8436 0.9678 0.7936 0.9073
总酸 MSC-PLSR 0.7967 0.9293 0.7457 0.8473
SNV-PLSR 0.7429 0.9345 0.7246 0.8217
), ArticleFig(id=1184566967156491106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PLSR对乳酸、总酸预测全光谱建模效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方式 预测模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSECV R2 RMSECV
乳酸 MSC-PLSR 0.8432 0.9973 0.7871 0.9265
SNV-PLSR 0.8436 0.9678 0.7936 0.9073
总酸 MSC-PLSR 0.7967 0.9293 0.7457 0.8473
SNV-PLSR 0.7429 0.9345 0.7246 0.8217
), ArticleFig(id=1184566967244571492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of PLSR modeling performance for lactic acid and total acid content based on feature wavelengths extracted by SPA, CARS, and UVE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方式 预测模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSECV R2 RMSECV
乳酸 MSC-SPA-PLSR 0.8593 0.9665 0.7602 1.5078
MSC-CARS-PLSR 0.8880 0.7296 0.8613 0.8610
MSC-UVE-PLSR 0.8404 0.8879 0.7820 1.6328
SNV-SPA-PLSR 0.8495 0.9621 0.8255 0.8943
SNV-CARS-PLSR 0.9113 0.7236 0.9104 0.7342
SNV-UVE-PLSR 0.8534 0.8561 0.8544 0.8670
总酸 MSC-SPA-PLSR 0.9048 0.9161 0.8138 0.8325
MSC-CARS-PLSR 0.9307 0.6782 0.8682 0.6907
MSC-UVE-PLSR 0.8146 0.9150 0.7176 0.8630
SNV-SPA-PLSR 0.8827 0.6910 0.8501 0.7242
SNV-CARS-PLSR 0.9258 0.8341 0.8591 0.7255
SNV-UVE-PLSR 0.8849 0.8238 0.8642 0.7633
), ArticleFig(id=1184566967303291750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717741731961, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于SPA、CARS、UVE提取特征波长关于乳酸、总酸含量PLSR建模效果比较

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预处理方式 预测模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSECV R2 RMSECV
乳酸 MSC-SPA-PLSR 0.8593 0.9665 0.7602 1.5078
MSC-CARS-PLSR 0.8880 0.7296 0.8613 0.8610
MSC-UVE-PLSR 0.8404 0.8879 0.7820 1.6328
SNV-SPA-PLSR 0.8495 0.9621 0.8255 0.8943
SNV-CARS-PLSR 0.9113 0.7236 0.9104 0.7342
SNV-UVE-PLSR 0.8534 0.8561 0.8544 0.8670
总酸 MSC-SPA-PLSR 0.9048 0.9161 0.8138 0.8325
MSC-CARS-PLSR 0.9307 0.6782 0.8682 0.6907
MSC-UVE-PLSR 0.8146 0.9150 0.7176 0.8630
SNV-SPA-PLSR 0.8827 0.6910 0.8501 0.7242
SNV-CARS-PLSR 0.9258 0.8341 0.8591 0.7255
SNV-UVE-PLSR 0.8849 0.8238 0.8642 0.7633
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基于高光谱成像技术快速检测酸肉发酵过程中酸含量的动态变化
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曹诗佳 1 , 梁栋 1, 2 , 朱瑶迪 1, 2 , 赵莉君 1 , 李苗云 1, * , 孙灵霞 1 , 赵改名 1 , 柳艳霞 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025,16(2): 187-195
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025, 16(2): 187-195
基于高光谱成像技术快速检测酸肉发酵过程中酸含量的动态变化
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曹诗佳1 , 梁栋1, 2, 朱瑶迪1, 2, 赵莉君1, 李苗云1, * , 孙灵霞1, 赵改名1, 柳艳霞1
作者信息
  • 1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 郑州 450000
  • 2.河南九豫全食品有限公司, 新乡 453000
  • 曹诗佳(2000—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为酸肉中酸代谢机理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李苗云(1978—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全控制。E-mail:
Rapid detection of dynamic changes in acid content during the fermentation process of sour meat based on hyperspectral imaging technology
Shi-Jia CAO1 , Dong LIANG1, 2, Yao-Di ZHU1, 2, Li-Jun ZHAO1, Miao-Yun LI1, * , Ling-Xia SUN1, Gai-Ming ZHAO1, Yan-Xia LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricltural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2. Henan Jiuyuquan Food Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017008
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目的 快速无损检测酸肉发酵过程中的乳酸、总酸。方法 基于高光谱成像技术, 针对408~1049 nm范围内的光谱反射图像, 采集不同发酵时期的酸肉光谱信息, 提取图像中感兴趣区域内的反射光谱信息后, 采用kennard-stone算法(KS)划分训练集和测试集。原始数据通过标准正态变量转换(standard normal variate transformation, SNV)和多元散射校正(multivariate scatter correction, MSC)进行数据预处理后, 采用偏最小二乘回归算法(partial least squares regression, PLSR)建立模型。采用连续投影算法(successive projection algorithm, SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权采样算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)以及无信息变量消除法(uninformative variable elimination, UVE)对特征波长进行提取。并基于PLSR分别建立模型, 与全波长预测模型进行对比。结果 酸肉中乳酸的最优预测模型为SNV-CARS-PLSR, 训练集决定系数(R2)为0.9113,均方根误差(root mean square error of cross-validation, RMSECV)为0.7236, 测试集R2为0.9104, RMSECV为0.7342。总酸的MSC-CARS-PLSR模型的预测效果最佳, 训练集R2和RMSECV为0.9307和0.6782, 预测集R2和RMSECV为0.8682和0.6907。结论 利用高光谱成像技术构建的模型可潜在实现酸肉中乳酸和总酸的快速无损检测, 具有潜在的应用价值。

高光谱成像技术  /  酸肉  /  乳酸  /  偏最小二乘回归算法

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity during the fermentation process of sour meat. Methods Utilizing hyperspectral imaging technology, spectral reflectance images in the range of 408 to 1049 nm were collected to obtain spectral information of sour meat at different fermentation stages. After extracting the reflectance spectra from the regions of interest in the images, the kennard-stone algorithm (KS) was employed to divide the data into training and testing sets. The raw data underwent preprocessing through standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multivariate scatter correction (MSC), followed by model establishment using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Feature wavelengths were extracted using the successive projection algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and uninformative variable elimination (UVE). Models were developed based on PLSR and compared with full-wavelength prediction models. Results The optimal prediction model for lactic acid in sour meat was SNV-CARS-PLSR, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9113 and a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.7236 for the training set, while the testing set yielded an R2 of 0.9104 and RMSECV of 0.7342. The MSC-CARS-PLSR model for total acidity demonstrated the best predictive performance, with training set R2 and RMSECV values of 0.9307 and 0.6782, respectively, and prediction set R2 and RMSECV values of 0.8682 and 0.6907. Conclusion The models constructed using hyperspectral imaging technology have the potential to enable rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity in sour meat, indicating significant application value.

hyperspectral imaging technology  /  sour meat  /  lactic acid  /  partial least squares regression
曹诗佳, 梁栋, 朱瑶迪, 赵莉君, 李苗云, 孙灵霞, 赵改名, 柳艳霞. 基于高光谱成像技术快速检测酸肉发酵过程中酸含量的动态变化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 187 -195 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017008
Shi-Jia CAO, Dong LIANG, Yao-Di ZHU, Li-Jun ZHAO, Miao-Yun LI, Ling-Xia SUN, Gai-Ming ZHAO, Yan-Xia LIU. Rapid detection of dynamic changes in acid content during the fermentation process of sour meat based on hyperspectral imaging technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 187 -195 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017008
酸肉是一种传统的发酵肉制品, 具有丰富的营养价值和独特的功能特性, 通过外源添加剂或自有微生物厌氧发酵在发酵过程中产生代谢产物[1], 从而形成各个地区独有的风味, 微生物活动是酸肉生产过程中的关键因素[2], 这一过程会产生大量的酸, 尤其是乳酸[3], 其对产品的酸味、保存性和安全性有重要贡献。然而, 传统的生产工艺、复杂的生产环境容易遭受其他有害微生物的侵染, 导致食用安全和口感无法得到保障。在发酵过程中, 乳酸菌是主要的优势菌种, 它在正常条件下代谢肉制品中的蛋白质、脂质和糖原, 影响脂肪酸代谢和氨基酸分解的过程, 生成独特的风味物质。酸肉中的有机酸含量、总酸对于评估发酵过程的进展和产品质量至关重要。传统检测有机酸的方法包括液相色谱法、气相色谱法和离子色谱法等[4]; 检测总酸的方法通常为酸碱滴定、酶法、电位滴定法等[5-6], 这些方法通常需要样品前处理, 操作烦琐费时, 难以实现多样品的实时快速检测。
高光谱成像技术(hyperspectral imaging, HSI)在非破坏性预测食品总酸、有机酸含量展现出了潜力[7], 该技术能够捕获被测物的图像及覆盖可见光到近红外区域的连续波长范围内的反射光谱, 捕获被测物的丰富光谱特征。通过与食品质量参数之间的关系, HSI可以建立有效预测模型[8]。CRAIGIE等[9]在研究中利用HSI技术对羔羊肉的脂肪酸含量和组成进行多变量分析, 评估了HSI在肉品质量保证工具中的适用性, 展示了HSI在预测肉品质量参数方面的潜力。ZHU等[10]在醋的发酵过程中采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)优化结合偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)预测了醋固态发酵时期里总酸含量和水分含量, 取得较好的结果。YAO等[11]采用便携式光谱仪获得肉样反射光谱, 通过支持向量回归(support vector regression, SVR)模型预测pH, 准确率接近90%, 展示了很好的可行性。DONG等[12]以挥发性盐基氮(theoretical value-based nomenclature, TVB-N)值作为牦牛肉鲜度特征指标, 利用HSI在408~1049 nm范围内获取牦牛肉样品的反射光谱数据。预处理后通过主成分回归(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)、支持向量回归(support vector regression, SVR)和PLSR构建回归模型, 发现基于PCR、SVR和PLSR全波长模型在TVB-N含量预测中表现出更好的性能。
在许多研究中, HSI被用来预测食品理化指标的模型, 却很少有研究涉及酸肉发酵环境中发酵程度情况的快速预测。但在酸肉发酵过程中, 酸度的动态变化受到多种因素的影响, 如发酵周期、微生物群落的变化以及发酵环境等。传统的酸度检测方法往往需要较长时间, 难以实时监控发酵过程中酸度的变化, 而HSI则提供了一种无损、快速方案。然而, HSI在实际应用中面临如样品的均匀性和多种有机酸成分对反射光谱的干扰问题, 这使得直接通过光谱预测酸度并不总是准确。因此, 本研究选取不同发酵天数的酸肉为研究对象, 利用HSI (408~1049 nm)扫描获取高光谱信息, 并选取合适的预处理方法有效去噪与不同发酵天数的乳酸、总酸建立预测回归模型, 以实现对酸肉发酵情况的快速预测, 提高HSI在酸肉发酵过程中酸度检测的可行性和准确性。
发酵肉为本实验室自制。
乳酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、草酸、酒石酸、甲醇、H3PO4(色谱纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 氢氧化钠、酚酞、蒸馏水(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
GaiaField型高光谱成像仪(配备高精度电控载物台、专用软件Lumo-scanner的计算机及相关辅助支架等设备, 四川双立合谱公司); 1260-Infi型液相色谱仪、C18色谱柱(250 mm×46 mm, 5 μm)(美国安捷伦科技公司); HHS-21-8型电热恒温水浴锅(上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂); Neo1600高速冷冻离心(中国力康生物医疗科技控股有限公司); AE224分析天平(精度0.001 g, 中国舜宝恒平仪器公司)。
发酵肉制作: 鸡胸肉切成块状, 先后添加16%米粉、1%盐和白酒混合均匀, 放入发酵罐恒温发酵。本研究选取自制发酵肉在不同发酵天数(0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、50 d)作为样本; 将自制发酵肉样品置于操作台上, 用刀去除表面的米粉, 切割样本表面平整, 制作109个尺寸约为1 cm×1 cm×30 mm的样品, 并将其置于载玻片上, 分别采集光谱信息。
启动高光谱仪器, 并让其预热持续30 min, 使仪器达到稳定状态, 并进行校正。仪器的设置参数如下: 曝光时间为5.8 ms, 平台移动速度设定为15.36 mm/s, 检测的波长范围覆盖408~1049 nm, 镜头与样品的距离约为50 cm。然后将样品置于仪器暗箱操作台上, 开始扫描样品。为了减少电流、光源以及样品自身对扫描图像的影响, 需要先完成黑白校正[13], 消除外界影响和机器暗电流产生的噪声[14]。校正公式(1)如下:
$I=\frac{R-R_{\mathrm{d}}}{R_{\mathrm{w}}-R_{\mathrm{d}}}$
式中: I是校正后的光谱图像; R是样本原始光谱图像; Rd是全黑图像; Rw是白板图像。完成校正后, 并对其做平均处理, 以获得最终的光谱信息。
本研究通过kennard-stone (KS)算法, 将109个样本数据集按3:1比例分为81个训练集和28个预测集。采用标准正态变量变换算法(standard normal variate, SNV)和多元散射校正算法(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)对原始光谱进行预处理方法[15], SNV算法主要是用于消除固体颗粒的形状大小、堆积状样品表面反射以及光线变化对光谱数据的影响。该算法基于光谱矩阵的行向量, 对每一条光谱数据进行降噪处理。MSC是光谱建立模型前常用的一种预处理方法, 校正后的光谱数据可以有效降低散射现象对光谱数据产生的影响, 该方法修正采集光谱数据时由于外部环境问题引起的基线平移和偏移现象。将样品的平均光谱设为标准光谱, 其余光谱与标准光谱作回归计算, 得出各光谱与平均值间的平移倾斜量, 随后将采集光谱减去平移量的数值再除以回归计算系数, 以校正各样品光谱的基线倾斜问题。
在HSI分析中, 筛选特征波长是为了减少数据的复杂性和冗余性, 提高建模的效率和准确性。通过特征波长的筛选, 可以选择最具信息量和相关性的波长, 去除无关累赘的波长, 从而提高模型的预测性能。常见的特征波长筛选方法包括相关系数分析、主成分分析、PLSR等[16], 这些方法可以帮助识别与目标变量高度相关的波长, 降低数据维度, 提高建模的效率和可解释性。通过筛选特征波长, 可以优化模型性能, 提高预测的准确性[17], 连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)适用于数据中存在明显冗余信息的情况, 竞争性自适应重加权采样(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)则适用于数据噪声较多的复杂情况, 而无信息变量消除法(uncertainty variable elimination, UVE)则在数据维度较高时, 通过消除无信息波长来优化模型。因此, 这3种方法在HSI数据分析中各有优势。因此, 研究中选取SPA、CARS和UVE算法进行筛选最为广泛[18-20]
构建的模型需通过软件代码算法把光谱信息与理化指标结合, 建立一种函数关系。本次采用PLSR算法来建立酸含量模型检测[21]。评价模型好坏通过比较训练集与测试集的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error of cross-validation, RMSECV)来评估模型。当R2接近1且RMSECV接近0时, 表示训练集模型的精度更高, 预测性能更优[22], 通过交叉验证计算不同主成分数下的RMSECV, 选择RMSECV最小的主成分数作为选择最佳主成分数, 或者通过R2与RMSECV综合评估即随着主成分数的增加, 模型的R2值通常会提高, RMSECV值会逐渐减小。在训练过程中, 当R2值接近饱和, 且RMSECV值不再显著下降时, 可认为选择的主成分数已经是最优的。
参考文献[23]方法略作修改, 称取5 g酸肉样, 加入40 mL 0.06 mol/L的磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH 2.6), 均质3 min, 超声萃取8 min后, 在4 ℃下以10000×g离心20 min。收集上清液并定容至50 mL, 取1 mL提取液, 通过0.22 μm水系滤膜后, 注入高效液相色谱仪进行分析。
色谱条件: C18柱(250 mm×46 mm, 5 μm), 流动相: A相甲醇, B相0.1%磷酸, 分流比: 2:98; 柱温: 30 ℃, 流速: 0.8 mL/min, 进样量20 μL, 检测器波长(214 nm)。采用面积外标法对各种有机酸定量。
有机酸标准曲线的绘制: 母液的配制(乳酸2 mg/mL、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸1 mg/mL), 再用超纯水稀释母液, 配制一系列梯度稀释液(乳酸0.04、0.08、0.12、0.16、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.20、1.60、2.00 mg/mL, 苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00 mg/mL)。然后按照上述色谱条件进行样品分析, 以质量浓度为X轴(g/L), 对峰面积为Y轴作图, 得到标准曲线的回归方程如表1所示。
根据GB 12456—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》第一法酸碱指示剂滴定法测定。
使用MATLAB2022b实现光谱数据处理和建模分析。采用Origin 8.6作图, SPSS 22.0进行分析。
有机酸对发酵肉风味形成及食用品质影响巨大, 而且在一定程度上反应其发酵程度[24]。本研究利用高效液相色谱定性定量分析不同发酵时期酸肉有机酸, 结果表明(表2), 在每个发酵天数中, 乳酸含量最高, 乳酸是发酵肉中主要有机酸, 该结果与常荣[23]研究乳酸是酸肉发酵期间含量最高的有机酸一致随着发酵进行, 在第30 d达到最高值为25.10 mg/g, 随后缓慢降低, 乳酸含量总体呈先增加后降低趋势, 猜测在发酵初期, 乳酸菌是主要的活跃微生物群落, 它们将糖类和其他可发酵的碳水化合物转化为乳酸, 导致乳酸含量上升。随着发酵时间的推移, 乳酸菌的活性可能逐渐减弱, 部分乳酸菌可能因环境条件变化(如pH下降、营养物质耗尽等)而减少, 导致乳酸的生成速率降低, 而且产生的乳酸可能被其他微生物(如酵母菌、醋酸菌等)进一步利用[25]。苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸相较于乳酸含量少在发酵周期内变化无明显规律性, 苹果酸在发酵过程中主要通过乳酸菌的苹果酸脱氢酶转化为乳酸。然而, 某些乳酸菌可能不具备这种酶活性, 或该转化途径在发酵环境中不活跃, 从而导致苹果酸含量变化不明显[26]。发酵过程中, 琥珀酸的生成和消耗可能达到平衡状态[27], 导致其含量变化不明显。发酵过程中, 微生物对草酸的代谢能力有限[28], 因此草酸含量变化不明显。而柠檬酸、酒石酸未检出, 柠檬酸是三羧酸循环中的一个重要中间产物, 但许多乳酸菌和酵母菌在酸性环境下不易产生或积累柠檬酸。发酵过程中, 柠檬酸可能迅速被其他代谢途径消耗或转化[29], 导致未检出。有机酸种类和含量的升高与降低与发酵原料、微生物种群代谢活动和发酵条件密切相关, 它们共同决定酸肉品质。而有机酸含量的增多导致总酸的增高。图1展示4种有机酸(乳酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸)与总有机酸之间的线性相关性。乳酸与总有机酸的相关系数为1.000, 表明两者之间存在完全正相关关系, 乳酸的含量几乎完全决定了总有机酸的含量。这一结果表明, 乳酸可能是总有机酸的主要贡献者, 主导了总有机酸的变化。因此, 在本研究中, 乳酸作为检测和分析的主要指标具有显著意义。
为了进一步研究酸肉发酵过程中总酸含量的变化, 本研究利用酸碱滴定法对不同发酵时期酸肉中的总酸含量进行了测定。结果显示(图2): 以乳酸计, 总酸含量在0~25 d中呈增加趋势, 第25 d达到最大为40.31 g/kg, 25~30 d又轻微下降。总酸含量的上升是因为在发酵初期, 乳酸菌是主要的活跃微生物群落。这些菌种会迅速代谢可发酵的碳水化合物(如糖类), 生成大量乳酸和其他有机酸。35 d后缓慢下降可能是因为随着发酵的进一步深入, 发酵环境逐渐稳定, 但整体趋向于不利于大多数微生物的生长和代谢[30]。此时, 乳酸菌和其他酸生成微生物的活性明显降低, 产生的有机酸逐渐减少。同时, 部分有机酸可能被其他微生物代谢或通过化学反应消耗, 这导致总酸含量在这一阶段持续下降。不同阶段的代谢产物生成和微生物种群的动态变化共同决定了总酸含量的变化趋势。
传统乳酸和总酸含量检测方法通常费时费力, 为了实现这一理化指标的快速检测, 本研究通过HSI, 基于光谱信息的预处理结果进行建模分析。原始近红外光谱虽然包含了与特定成分相关的有价值信息, 但在检测过程中难免会受到干扰因素的影响, 如噪音等。所以, 对原始光谱进行合适的预处理, 能够减少误差影响, 提高模型准确率。因此, 本研究选用MSC、SNV对原始光谱进行预处理[31]图3为样品原始光谱与经MSC与SNV预理后光谱在408~1049 nm的原始光谱图像, 由图3可看出所有发酵天数样品光谱曲线趋势变化基本一致, 而且MSC与SNV预处理后使得分散光谱曲线更加集中, 所有样品的光谱值均进行了校正, 提高了数据信息的信噪比, 降低了原始光谱噪声影响及校正散射的差异, 极大消除了冗杂信息。
为了评估全光谱范围内PLSR模型预测乳酸和总酸的效果, 分别采用SNV、MSC预处理后利用PLSR算法建立预测乳酸和总酸全波长预测模型, 表3是展示了在不同预处理方法下对乳酸和总酸的训练集和测试集的预测性能。
R2和RMSECV对所有模型进行比较, R2值越大, RMSECV值越小, 模型效果越好。由表3可发现酸肉中乳酸最优预测模型为SNV预处理后PLSR效果最好, 其训练集R2和RMSECV分别为0.8436和0.9678。总酸最优预测模型为MSC预处理后PLSR效果最好, 其训练集R2和RMSECV分别为0.7967和0.9293。
为比较基于全波段与特征波长建立的不同发酵时期酸肉乳酸和总酸含量模型判别效果, 在光谱预处理基础上筛选了波长, 可以简化并去除无关变量, 从而提升模型稳定性。目前SPA、CARS、UVE等算法应用最为广泛[32]。因此本研究选取这3种算法筛选特征波长做为模型输入量, 建立判别模型, 并根据结果选取最优模型。SPA算法特征波长数量以RMSECV的大小为确定, RMSECV的变化过程如图4所示, 当波长数量由1增加到13(图4), 波长数量由1增加到6(图4) RMSECV下降为最低点, 当继续增加波长数量时通过f检验不会对模型预测效果有明显改善, 表明此波长变量为乳酸和总酸的重要相关变量, 因此以13个特征波长分别作为乳酸、总酸的特征变量。此外, 在CARS的特征选择过程中, 将蒙特卡罗采样次数设定为100, 使用5折交叉验证来构建PLSR模型, 通过最小化交叉验证RMSECV来确定最佳特征组合。图5展示了CARS算法运行时, RMSECV值随着采样次数的增加先降低后上升的趋势。在下降过程中, 表明无用信息或者干扰信息正在被剔除, 而在上升的过程中, 表明有用信息正在被剔除[33]图5中的变量回归系数部分, 蓝色星号竖线指示最佳采样位置, 此时RMSECV达到最低, 所选特征变量组合为最优。最终, 通过CARS筛选出乳酸和总酸的特征变量, 分别为14个和15个。在应用UVE算法时, 阈值设定为0.95, 主成分数为20。提取的特征波长见图6, 其中左侧蓝线表示酸肉的光谱矩阵稳定值, 右侧红色曲线表示添加随机噪声的光谱矩阵, 位于两条虚线之间的光谱信息被视为无效信息被剔除, 其余信息则保留为特征波长[34], 分别筛选出了53个和31个。
基于光谱预处理及SPA、CARS、UVE筛选特征波长联合PLSR建立预测模型, 结果见表4。由表4可知, 相比预处理, 筛选特征波长后, PLSR模型的预测效果进一步加强。其中乳酸的SNV-CARS-PLSR模型的性能最佳, 训练集R2为0.9113, RMSECV为0.7236, 测试集R2为0.9104, RMSECV为0.7342。总酸的MSC-CARS-PLSR模型的预测效果最佳, 训练集R2和RMSECV为0.9307和0.6782, 预测集R2和RMSECV为0.8682和0.6907, 显示出良好的预测性能。与其他模型相比, SNV-CARS-PLSR和MSC-CARS-PLSR模型在测试集上的R2更高, RMSECV更低, 模型在不同数据集上的表现稳定, 且乳酸和总酸建立模型R2高, 预测RMSECV低, 表明本研究所建立PLSR模型对酸肉发酵过程中乳酸和总酸含量的变化趋势具有良好的预测能力。
本研究基于HSI建立了酸肉发酵程度的预测模型, 实现了一定程度上的快速预测。研究通过液相色谱分析, 确定酸肉发酵过程中主要有机酸为乳酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸。结果显示, 在不同酸肉发酵阶段, 乳酸含量始终对酸肉发酵程度影响最大。乳酸含量在发酵初期呈上升后期略有下降。总酸含量在发酵前期增加后期略有下降。采用HSI通过多种光谱预处理方法(SNV、MSC)及特征波长提取算法(SPA、CARS、UVE)建立了PLSR模型预测酸肉中乳酸、总酸含量。结果表明, 乳酸含量、总酸含量最优模型分别为SNV-CARS-PLSR、MSC-CARS-PLSR, 其中, 乳酸含量最优预测模型测试集R2和RMSECV分别为0.9104和0.7342。总酸含量最优预测模型其测试集R2和RMSECV分别为0.8682和0.6907。本研究所建立的模型基本能够快速预测酸肉中的乳酸和总酸含量, 提高了检测效率, 为实现酸肉发酵程度快速预测提供了理论依据。在未来研究中, 可进一步优化总酸含量训练集相关性, 同时探索更高效特征提取方法和模型, 以扩展HSI在发酵食品中应用范围。
  • 河南省重大科技专项(221100110500)
  • 河南省重大科技专项(231100110400)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32472417)
  • 河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划项目(22IRTSTHN021)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(232102110136)
  • 河南省科技研发计划联合基金项目(232103810023)
  • 国家现代农业(肉牛牦牛)产业技术体系专项(CARS-37)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017008
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
基金
河南省重大科技专项(221100110500)
河南省重大科技专项(231100110400)
国家自然科学基金项目(32472417)
河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划项目(22IRTSTHN021)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102110136)
河南省科技研发计划联合基金项目(232103810023)
国家现代农业(肉牛牦牛)产业技术体系专项(CARS-37)
作者信息
    1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院, 郑州 450000
    2.河南九豫全食品有限公司, 新乡 453000

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* 李苗云(1978—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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