Article(id=1153986717192282671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241031005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730304000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473415, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473415, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986717854982707, articleId=1153986717192282671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the changing rule of plasmin activity in processing of ultra high temperature milk, columnId=1153986712901505118, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Dairy Processing and Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the key factors that may influence plasmin activity during the production of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk. Methods An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to assess and analyze the effects of various factors on plasmin activity throughout the UHT milk production process. The specific factors examined included the degree of mastitis in cows, somatic cell count in milk, vaccination status, changes in feeding conditions, centrifugation processes, pasteurization preheating conditions, microfiltration techniques, and UHT preheating conditions. Results At the raw milk stage, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasmin activity levels in bovine milk and both the severity of bovine mastitis and somatic cell counts. However, no significant correlation was found regarding vaccination status or changes in feed type. During UHT milk production, centrifugal sterilization resulted in a slight increase in plasmin activity; pasteurization preheating at 55 ℃ proved most effective at inhibiting this increase. Microfiltration reduced plasmin activity by approximately 10%. Additionally, varying UHT preheating conditions led to an overall increase in enzyme activity; however, under treatment at 90 ℃ for 5 seconds, a condition yielding only a minimal increase of 1.52%, the rise remained relatively low. Conclusion For pasture, it is essential to focus on managing cows with mastitis and monitoring those milk with abnormal somatic cell counts. At the processing stage, implementing appropriate preheating conditions for pasteurization and UHT can effectively inhibit increases in plasmin activity within milk. Furthermore, incorporating microfiltration can serve as an additional strategy to reduce such enzymatic activities. This study provides a scientific foundation for further research aimed at controlling elevations of plasmin activity in UHT milk.

, correspAuthors=San-Jun ZHAO, Jun-Rui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Xin ZHANG, Kai ZHAO, Jie MIN, Kai-Ru HE, Yun-Jiang LI, Min WANG, Ri-Na WU, Fei-Yu AN, San-Jun ZHAO, Jun-Rui WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986760083235835, articleId=1153986717192282671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=超高温乳加工过程中纤溶酶活性变化规律的研究, columnId=1153986713060888672, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究超高温(ultra high temperature, UHT)乳生产过程中可能影响纤溶酶活性的关键因素。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), 测定并分析从原料乳到UHT成品乳生产过程中多种因素对纤溶酶活性造成的影响。具体研究的影响因素包括牛患乳房炎程度、乳中体细胞数、接种疫苗、改变饲喂条件、离心处理、巴氏杀菌预热条件、微滤处理及UHT预热条件。结果 在原料乳阶段, 牛乳中纤溶酶活性高低与牛乳房炎的严重程度及乳中体细胞数呈现显著正相关, 而与牛是否接种疫苗或是否改变饲料种类无显著相关性。在生产加工阶段, 离心除菌会使得乳中纤溶酶活性略有上升; 55 ℃相比于其他温度的巴氏杀菌预热处理能最有效地抑制纤溶酶活性上升; 微滤可降低约10%的纤溶酶活性; 不同UHT预热处理均会导致酶活性上升, 其中90 ℃处理5 s的条件下, 酶活性上升幅度较小, 仅为1.52%。结论 牧场端需对患乳房炎的奶牛进行重点控制, 并关注体细胞数异常的牛乳。工艺端可采用合适的巴氏杀菌预热条件及UHT预热条件以抑制乳中纤溶酶活性上升, 可引入微滤工艺以降低纤溶酶活性。本研究为抑制UHT乳中纤溶酶活性及该酶对成品乳造成不良影响的相关研究提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=赵三军, 武俊瑞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵三军(1983—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为质量全面追溯及乳品加工。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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#张钰欣和赵凯为共同第一作者

张钰欣(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工。E-mail:

赵凯(1987—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量管理及乳品加工。E-mail:

, authorsList=张钰欣, 赵凯, 闵捷, 贺凯茹, 李云江, 王敏, 乌日娜, 安飞宇, 赵三军, 武俊瑞)}, authors=[Author(id=1184567060941127844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Beatrice010720@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1184567061004042406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, authorId=1184567060941127844, language=EN, stringName=Yu-Xin ZHANG, firstName=Yu-Xin, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. Shenyang Agricultural University, School of Food Science, Liaoning Food Fermentation Technology Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1184567061066956967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, authorId=1184567060941127844, language=CN, stringName=张钰欣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, #, address=1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866, bio={"content":"

张钰欣(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张钰欣(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工。E-mail:

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赵凯(1987—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量管理及乳品加工。E-mail:

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赵凯(1987—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量管理及乳品加工。E-mail:

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注: 折线图中小写字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05), 下同。

, figureFileSmall=lNx5/X8aAti0WYsweUjZyA==, figureFileBig=/0JObWwG+MOIWE78l12Qow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567063667425501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in milk plasmin activity with different numbers of somatic cells, figureFileSmall=A6Z16rWTIqjbpBb+3+jKpw==, figureFileBig=N2OaGBkVHoX9BLe3CwbYdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567063726145758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同体细胞数牛乳中纤溶酶活性变化, figureFileSmall=A6Z16rWTIqjbpBb+3+jKpw==, figureFileBig=N2OaGBkVHoX9BLe3CwbYdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567063793254623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in milk plasmin activity before and after nursery injection, figureFileSmall=a7i2btTRRSpE5qs798mk3w==, 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Sample sources for different factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 样品来源 取样批次/时间 样本数
牧场端 乳房炎程度 同一牧场不同乳房炎程度的奶牛 —— 4
体细胞数 同一牧场所得的不同体细胞数奶样 —— 4
疫苗(应激) 同一牧场不同奶牛接种育苗前后所得奶样 接种疫苗前后及稳定后(5 d)取样 9
饲料调整 3个不同牧场调整饲料前后所得牛乳 调整饲料前及调整饲料后取样 6
工艺端 离心除菌 3个不同牧场牛乳经相同离心除菌操作后所得奶样 离心除菌前后取样 6
巴氏杀菌预热 同一牧场牛乳经不同巴杀预热条件处理所得奶样 —— 14
微滤除菌 同一牧场牛乳微滤处理后所得奶样 原料乳、巴氏杀菌乳、微滤后乳、成品乳分别取样 4
UHT预热 同一牧场牛乳经不同UHT预热条件处理后所得奶样 —— 4
), ArticleFig(id=1184567064678252782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986717192282671, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同因素的样品来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 样品来源 取样批次/时间 样本数
牧场端 乳房炎程度 同一牧场不同乳房炎程度的奶牛 —— 4
体细胞数 同一牧场所得的不同体细胞数奶样 —— 4
疫苗(应激) 同一牧场不同奶牛接种育苗前后所得奶样 接种疫苗前后及稳定后(5 d)取样 9
饲料调整 3个不同牧场调整饲料前后所得牛乳 调整饲料前及调整饲料后取样 6
工艺端 离心除菌 3个不同牧场牛乳经相同离心除菌操作后所得奶样 离心除菌前后取样 6
巴氏杀菌预热 同一牧场牛乳经不同巴杀预热条件处理所得奶样 —— 14
微滤除菌 同一牧场牛乳微滤处理后所得奶样 原料乳、巴氏杀菌乳、微滤后乳、成品乳分别取样 4
UHT预热 同一牧场牛乳经不同UHT预热条件处理后所得奶样 —— 4
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超高温乳加工过程中纤溶酶活性变化规律的研究
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张钰欣 1, # , 赵凯 2, # , 闵捷 1 , 贺凯茹 1 , 李云江 2 , 王敏 2 , 乌日娜 1 , 安飞宇 1 , 赵三军 2, * , 武俊瑞 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025,16(2): 63-71
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025, 16(2): 63-71
超高温乳加工过程中纤溶酶活性变化规律的研究
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张钰欣1, # , 赵凯2, # , 闵捷1, 贺凯茹1, 李云江2, 王敏2, 乌日娜1, 安飞宇1, 赵三军2, * , 武俊瑞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866
  • 2.内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010010
  • 张钰欣(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工。E-mail:

    赵凯(1987—), 男, 硕士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量管理及乳品加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵三军(1983—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为质量全面追溯及乳品加工。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
Study on the changing rule of plasmin activity in processing of ultra high temperature milk
Yu-Xin ZHANG1 , Kai ZHAO2 , Jie MIN1, Kai-Ru HE1, Yun-Jiang LI2, Min WANG2, Ri-Na WU1, Fei-Yu AN1, San-Jun ZHAO2, * , Jun-Rui WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shenyang Agricultural University, School of Food Science, Liaoning Food Fermentation Technology Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2. Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Huhhot 010010, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241031005
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目的 探究超高温(ultra high temperature, UHT)乳生产过程中可能影响纤溶酶活性的关键因素。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), 测定并分析从原料乳到UHT成品乳生产过程中多种因素对纤溶酶活性造成的影响。具体研究的影响因素包括牛患乳房炎程度、乳中体细胞数、接种疫苗、改变饲喂条件、离心处理、巴氏杀菌预热条件、微滤处理及UHT预热条件。结果 在原料乳阶段, 牛乳中纤溶酶活性高低与牛乳房炎的严重程度及乳中体细胞数呈现显著正相关, 而与牛是否接种疫苗或是否改变饲料种类无显著相关性。在生产加工阶段, 离心除菌会使得乳中纤溶酶活性略有上升; 55 ℃相比于其他温度的巴氏杀菌预热处理能最有效地抑制纤溶酶活性上升; 微滤可降低约10%的纤溶酶活性; 不同UHT预热处理均会导致酶活性上升, 其中90 ℃处理5 s的条件下, 酶活性上升幅度较小, 仅为1.52%。结论 牧场端需对患乳房炎的奶牛进行重点控制, 并关注体细胞数异常的牛乳。工艺端可采用合适的巴氏杀菌预热条件及UHT预热条件以抑制乳中纤溶酶活性上升, 可引入微滤工艺以降低纤溶酶活性。本研究为抑制UHT乳中纤溶酶活性及该酶对成品乳造成不良影响的相关研究提供科学依据。

超高温乳  /  纤溶酶  /  酶联免疫吸附法

Objective To investigate the key factors that may influence plasmin activity during the production of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk. Methods An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to assess and analyze the effects of various factors on plasmin activity throughout the UHT milk production process. The specific factors examined included the degree of mastitis in cows, somatic cell count in milk, vaccination status, changes in feeding conditions, centrifugation processes, pasteurization preheating conditions, microfiltration techniques, and UHT preheating conditions. Results At the raw milk stage, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasmin activity levels in bovine milk and both the severity of bovine mastitis and somatic cell counts. However, no significant correlation was found regarding vaccination status or changes in feed type. During UHT milk production, centrifugal sterilization resulted in a slight increase in plasmin activity; pasteurization preheating at 55 ℃ proved most effective at inhibiting this increase. Microfiltration reduced plasmin activity by approximately 10%. Additionally, varying UHT preheating conditions led to an overall increase in enzyme activity; however, under treatment at 90 ℃ for 5 seconds, a condition yielding only a minimal increase of 1.52%, the rise remained relatively low. Conclusion For pasture, it is essential to focus on managing cows with mastitis and monitoring those milk with abnormal somatic cell counts. At the processing stage, implementing appropriate preheating conditions for pasteurization and UHT can effectively inhibit increases in plasmin activity within milk. Furthermore, incorporating microfiltration can serve as an additional strategy to reduce such enzymatic activities. This study provides a scientific foundation for further research aimed at controlling elevations of plasmin activity in UHT milk.

ultra high temperature milk  /  plasmin  /  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
张钰欣, 赵凯, 闵捷, 贺凯茹, 李云江, 王敏, 乌日娜, 安飞宇, 赵三军, 武俊瑞. 超高温乳加工过程中纤溶酶活性变化规律的研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241031005
Yu-Xin ZHANG, Kai ZHAO, Jie MIN, Kai-Ru HE, Yun-Jiang LI, Min WANG, Ri-Na WU, Fei-Yu AN, San-Jun ZHAO, Jun-Rui WU. Study on the changing rule of plasmin activity in processing of ultra high temperature milk[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241031005
超高温(ultra high temperature, UHT)乳为原料乳经超高温瞬时杀菌(135~150 ℃加热3~5 s)后无菌包装于微量透气的容器中所得到的产品[1]。该处理可延长产品货架期, 但所得产品中仍残存少量的耐热芽孢菌, 且乳中的耐热酶仍可保留部分活性, 在货架期内, 二者共同作用于牛乳, 导致产品品质降低。根据来源牛乳中的酶不同可分为内源酶和外源酶两种, 内源酶来源于动物的血浆、体细胞和分泌细胞的顶膜或细胞质[2], 外源酶主要是乳中的微生物所产生的胞外酶。其中, 纤溶酶是乳中主要的内源性耐热蛋白酶, 占总蛋白酶活性的60%左右[3]。属于纤溶酶系统, 该系统通过牛血液转运至乳腺细胞并分泌进入乳中, 由纤溶酶、纤溶酶原(plasminogen, PG)、纤溶酶原激活剂(plasminogen activators, PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂(plasminogen activator inhibitors, PAI)和纤溶酶抑制剂(plasmin inhibitors, PI)组成[4]。纤溶酶受热处理的影响很小, 原料乳在75 ℃、15 s的巴氏杀菌处理下, 纤溶酶活性仅降低25%[5]; 原料乳经超高温处理(137 ℃, 4 s)后, 纤溶酶仍残存30%~40%活性[6]
UHT乳在贮存期间, 残留的纤溶酶会水解酪蛋白, 进而造成乳出现苦味并且凝胶老化现象[7]。经纤溶酶水解的蛋白会形成具有苦味短肽和氨基酸残基, 使牛乳出现苦味。纤溶酶通过水解胶束中的β-和αs2-/αs1-CN形成蛋白片段并释放到乳清相中, 这些片段通过疏水作用和钙桥彼此结合形成凝胶[8], 导致牛乳出现凝胶老化。此外, 纤溶酶能够促进分子间形成β-折叠, 导致蛋白沉积[9]。上述由纤溶酶带来的不良影响降低了牛乳品质及企业效益, 对消费者健康构成潜在威胁, 因此需对乳中纤溶酶活性进行重点控制。
原料乳中纤溶酶和PG的含量受多种因素影响, 如季节因素、体细胞数量的变化、胎次的不同、泌乳阶段的差异、产奶量的多少、品种、养殖模式等[10]。成品乳中的纤溶酶活性水平受贮藏条件、热处理和pH等条件影响较大[11]。目前国内外已有许多针对不同因素[5,12-15]对纤溶酶活性影响的研究, 但未见针对于某一种乳制品其原料乳到成品乳生产过程中, 不同因素对纤溶酶活性带来的影响。因此, 本研究测定从原料乳到UHT成品的生产过程中纤溶酶活性的变化, 分析不同因素对纤溶酶活性的影响。
牛乳中纤溶酶活性的测定可以采用荧光法[16]、传感器法[17]以及酶联免疫吸附测定法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)等。其中, 荧光法检测样本量小, 检测速度慢, 不适合大样本的测定; 传感器法使用成本较高, 且数据处理复杂; 与之相比ELISA更快速、灵敏、简便、载体易于标准化。因此, 本研究选用ELISA法测定牛乳中纤溶酶活性的变化, 并对结果进行分析, 旨在对抑制UHT乳中纤溶酶活性, 减小纤溶酶对UHT乳造成影响的研究提供科学依据。
牛纤溶酶ELISA检测试剂盒(江苏酶免实业有限公司); Synergy NEO2 HTS酶标仪(美国BIO-TEK公司); LHS-70HC(70 L)恒温恒湿培养箱(上海捷呈实验仪器有限公司)。
不同因素的样品来源见表1
于板条上的标准品孔中加入标准品50 μL; 样本孔先加待测样本10 μL, 再加稀释液40 μL, 随后于每孔中均加入抗体100 μL, 用封板膜封住反应孔, 37 ℃温育60 min后洗涤板条5次。每孔中均加入底物A、B各50 μL, 37 ℃避光孵育15 min后, 每孔均加入终止液50 μL, 15 min内, 于450 nm波长处测定OD值。
重复测定所有样品中纤溶酶含量3次, 测定结果表示为“平均值±标准偏差”。采用IBM SPSS Statistics27.1.1单因素方差分析中Duncan多重比较法(P<0.05)对理化指标进行差异显著性分析。采用WPS Office Excel绘制标准曲线并计算各样品中的纤溶酶浓度; 采用Origin 2019绘制纤溶酶变化折线图。
对不同程度乳房炎乳的纤溶酶活性进行了测定, 结果如图1所示, 轻度(56.832 U/mL)、中度(56.019 U/mL)、重度(60.654 U/mL)乳房炎乳的纤溶酶活性较健康生乳(46.102 U/mL)相比显著升高(P<0.05)。即乳房炎乳中的纤溶酶活性会相较健康生乳高, 这与ANDREWS[18]的研究相符。
乳房炎乳中纤溶酶活性水平上升的原因是患乳房炎的奶牛血管通透性会增加, 可导致血液中的纤溶酶原更多的转移到牛乳中。由KAARTINEN等[19]的研究可知乳房炎乳中, 激活纤溶酶及纤溶酶系统所需要的尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(urokinase-type plasminogen activator, u-PA)相较于正常乳更少。此外, 炎症可诱导活化的免疫细胞分泌u-PA, 促进PG向纤溶酶的转化, 使得纤溶酶活性增加[20]
奶牛乳房炎发病原因与病原微生物感染、环境因素、管理不当、奶牛自身因素等有关[21-23]。在饲养过程中, 须对多重因素进行严格控制来抑制奶牛患乳房炎。为确保纤溶酶的稳定控制, 首先需要严格防止在牛乳采集过程中乳房炎乳与健康乳的混合。养殖场可采用乳汁体细胞计数(somatic cell count, SCC)[24]、加州乳房炎试验(California mastitis test, CMT)[25]、乳汁pH检查[26]等方法, 以精准识别并控制患有乳房炎的奶牛, 并对其进行治疗。此外, 改善饲养环境条件, 规范挤奶操作, 定期为奶牛接种育苗等措施均能有效预防乳房炎的发生。
不同体细胞数的原料乳中的纤溶酶活性变化如图2所示, 随着体细胞数增高, 纤溶酶活性有所增加, 体细胞数和纤溶酶活性存在一定的正相关性, 这与吕加平等[12]的研究结果一致; 在体细胞数达到15.5~23.2万/mL范围内, 纤溶酶活性的增加速率减缓。
健康奶牛的乳汁中的体细胞数不超过3.0×105个/mL, 其存在为正常的生理现象, 是乳腺组织进行新陈代谢的产物[23]。纤溶酶活性与体细胞数呈正相关, 一方面是由于牛乳体细胞数增加会导致乳腺细胞通透性增大, 导致由血液流入乳中的纤溶酶量增加[27], 另一方面是由于体细胞数的增加导致乳中纤溶酶原激活物增加, 加快纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶的速度, 从而促进蛋白水解[28]。此外, 进入牛乳的体细胞是纤溶酶、纤溶酶原的重要来源[10], 牛乳储存过程中, 其中的体细胞会发生自溶现象。吕加平等[12]通过超声波处理模拟SCC自溶状态, 发现原料乳中体细胞自溶可使乳中纤溶酶活性明显增加。
SCC为监测奶牛乳房炎发病情况的可靠指标, 奶牛患有乳房炎会导致机体产生炎性反应, 导致乳和乳腺组织中的嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等的数量提升, 损伤组织脱落的上皮细胞也会增加, 导致乳汁中体细胞增多[29], 牛乳中纤溶酶活性也相应的升高。当乳房感染乳房炎时, 体细胞数可超过5.0×105 CFU/mL[28], 因此需对乳汁中体细胞异常的奶牛进行重点控制, 防止异常体细胞乳混入健康乳。养殖场可采用流式细胞法(flow cytometry, FCM)、近红外光谱法(near-infrared spectrometry, NIR)、加州乳房炎试验[27]等方法, 以精准识别体细胞数异常乳。
牛口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的传染性疾病, 其发病症状为急性高热, 口蹄部位出现溃疡, 食欲不振, 精神萎靡等, 还会导致牛行为发生改变, 出现跛行、蹒跚步态[30]。为预防牛口蹄疫, 需要定时为其接种疫苗。本研究对同牧场的3只不同奶牛接种牛口蹄疫疫苗前后及稳定后所产奶中的纤溶酶活性水平进行测定, 结果如图3, 样本1接种疫苗后纤溶酶活性持续降低, 样本3接种疫苗后纤溶酶活性持续增加, 纤溶酶样本2打疫苗前后纤溶酶活性呈现为先降低后增加, 由此可知, 接种疫苗对纤溶酶活性的影响无明显规律。
奶牛接种疫苗后若短时间内所产牛乳中纤溶酶活性发生变化, 可能为急性应激导致。具体为牛接种疫苗后, 疫苗成分能使牛产生免疫反应, 免疫系统的激活会释放免疫调节物质, 过度激活会导致炎症, 组织损伤, 从而引发应激行为[31]。应激行为使得泌乳奶牛机体产生不良反应, 包括乳腺局部内环境的相对稳定性遭到破坏, 奶牛无机离子代谢出现紊乱, 自由基代谢紊乱、自由基过剩而引起乳腺细胞氧化损伤[32], 最终导致短期内其所生牛奶中纤溶酶活性发生变化, 该现象在样本2中最为明显。当牛的状态趋于稳定后, 其肌肉会逐渐松弛且应激行为逐渐消退, 同时, 奶牛场在疫苗接种后, 普遍不会立即进行取奶作业。综合以上因素, 认为疫苗刺激对纤溶酶的影响较为有限。
奶牛的饲料主要有粗饲料、精饲料、特殊饲料(维生素饲料、矿物质饲料、饲料添加剂)等[32], 饲喂奶牛主要以干草、农作物秸秆等粗饲料为主[33]。在奶牛的养殖过程中, 调整饲料配比有助于提高生产质量、为牛补充特定营养物质、解决牛热应激情况下摄食量降低导致的产奶量减少等问题[34]。目前尚未有针对奶牛饲料调整是否诱发纤溶酶活性变化的研究。因此, 本研究对3个牧场饲料调整前后的样本进行了纤溶酶活性的测定。结果如图4: A牧场调整饲料后牛乳中纤溶酶活性仅降低1.605 U/mL, B牧场调整饲料后纤溶酶活性仅升高1.076 U/mL, 这两个牧场中纤溶酶活性变化较小; C牧场奶牛受饲料调整影响较大, 纤溶酶活性降低11.734 U/mL。不同牧场间纤溶酶活性变化存在差异。
不同饲料中的营养成分、比例等都有所不同, 饲料配比更换后, 牛体需一定时间来适应新的营养成分和比例, 该过程中牛可能会出现应激反应。此外对饲料进行过多调整可能直接为牛带来负面影响, 如高浓缩饲料可加剧牛热应激引起的酸中毒现象[35]。C牧场牛乳纤溶酶活性大幅降低可能与以上现象有关, 尽管该样本中纤溶酶活性下降对UHT乳而言为正向影响, 但该现象可能会损害牛的健康, 需预防该现象的发生。因此, 在更换饲料时, 需科学的调整饲料配方, 并逐步进行换料, 实时关注牛的适应情况。
图5为UHT乳生产的工艺流程。本研究对其中的离心, 巴氏杀菌预热, 微滤, 降膜及UHT预热工艺对纤溶酶活性的影响进行研究。
对不同牧场牛乳离心除菌前后其纤溶酶活性进行测定, 结果如图6所示, 牧场1样本离心除菌前59.421 U/mL, 离心除菌后59.832 U/mL; 牧场2样本离心除菌前54.666 U/mL, 离心除菌后56.019 U/mL; 牧场3样本离心除菌前63.378 U/mL, 离心除菌后65.351 U/mL。离心除菌对PL活性变化无显著影响。
离心除菌是基于颗粒和分散相之间密度的差异来除去乳中体细胞和细菌的一种灭菌方式[36]。由任璐等[37]的研究可知, 离心除菌可有效降低原料乳中细菌总数, 且该方法去除芽孢效果非常显著。纤溶酶分子质量为28 kDa~83 kDa, 纤溶酶原分子质量为88 kDa[38], 二者较低的分子量使得离心灭菌对其含量影响不大。
离心除菌后纤溶酶活性变化较小并不能说明离心除菌对纤溶酶活性没有抑制作用。孙玥等[36]研究了普通UHT乳和离心除菌UHT乳在6个月贮藏期内纤溶酶活性变化, 结果表明热处理后获得的成品乳纤溶酶活性相差不大, 离心除菌UHT乳纤溶酶活性略微低于普通UHT乳。随着贮存时间延长, 两种牛乳中纤溶酶活性均逐渐上升, 离心除菌UHT乳中纤溶酶活性上升速率显著低于普通UHT乳, 这是由于牛乳体细胞中含有PA, 可增强非活性PG向纤溶酶的转化, 因此高体细胞乳中PG向纤溶酶的转化率较高[39]。牛乳经离心除菌后, 其中的大部分体细胞被除去, 这使得离心除菌UHT乳在储存期间纤溶酶活性上升较慢, 可以较好的维持UHT乳的品质。实际生产中在使用离心除菌的前提下, 若想直接降低纤溶酶含量, 可结合其他工艺来实现。
在对乳进行巴氏灭菌处理前需先对牛乳进行预热处理, 该处理可优化灭菌效果, 同时使酶类物质的三级结构打开, 使其更易被灭活[40]。本研究测定不同巴杀预热条件(40、45、50、55、60、65、70 ℃温度下, 分别对乳进行3 s、5 s处理)处理牛乳后, 其中纤溶酶活性变化, 以探究最佳预热条件。图7结果表明, 预热时间3 s, 55 ℃预热处理的牛乳表现出最低的酶活性, 其次为55 ℃处理5 s, 二者酶活性仅相差1.216 U/mL, 即55 ℃预热条件灭活纤溶酶活性最佳。
对乳进行3 s热处理得到的酶活性曲线波动较大, 该现象原因为牛乳是一个较为复杂的体系, 包括纤溶酶系统组分、酪蛋白和乳清蛋白等多种成分, 其中每种成分对温度的敏感程度不同, 最终导致温度上升与纤溶酶失活的关系非线性[41]β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin, β-LG)是乳清蛋白之一, 在50°C以上变性, β-LG包含二硫键和游离巯基, 在高于55°C的温度下观察其到硫醇反应性增加, 从而可产生更多的二硫键, 变性的β-LG通过与PG的二硫键相互作用, 从而降低其活性[42], 进而导致由PG衍生的纤溶酶减少, 即55 ℃预热条件下牛乳整体的纤溶酶活性降低最为明显。
本研究取奶仓样品、巴氏杀菌预热后样品、微滤样品及成品样品, 测定其纤溶酶活性来探究微滤操作对纤溶酶活性的影响。其测定结果分别为58.875、62.304、55.883及69.130 U/mL(图8)。
纤溶酶系统组分的耐热性及其他抗性有所不同, 不同的加热条件会改变不同组分之间的比例, 最终成品乳所表现出的纤溶酶活性会有所不同。牛乳经预热处理后, 纤溶酶活性升高了6%。由PRADO等[43]的研究可知巴氏杀菌条件下, PI耐热性优于PAI, 两者的失活率分别为35.8%和81.1%。巴氏杀菌热处理或直接UHT前的预处理可灭活牛乳中的PAI和PI, 减少对PG激活的抑制和纤溶酶的抑制作用, 使得牛乳纤溶酶活性上升[44-45]。本研究中巴杀预热后的纤溶酶活性与原料乳相比升高, 这与前人的研究结果相符, 即巴氏杀菌及一定程度热处理会使得牛乳的纤溶酶活性增加。
经过微滤处理后, 样品纤溶酶活性降低了10%, 说明微滤能一定程度上降低纤溶酶活性。有研究表明: 热处理后PG的激活常发生于货架期内, 纤溶酶活力需要3 d至数周时间达到最大[46-47]。也有研究报道, UHT牛乳在货架期(10~120 d)内纤溶酶活性伴随着αs1-CN含量的下降而增加[48]。后续过程中纤溶酶活性不断增高, 成品纤溶酶值较初始样品高10.225 U/mL, 较微滤后样品高13.247 U/mL, 该现象可能为成品乳贮藏期间上述原因导致。综上所述, 微滤操作可一定程度降低纤溶酶活性, 但在后续样品储藏过程中, 纤溶酶活性依旧会持续上升, 因此对成品乳中纤溶酶活性的变化及控制可继续进行深入研究。
在对乳进行UHT灭菌处理前需先对牛乳进行预热处理。本研究测定了乳经巴氏杀菌后以及巴氏杀菌乳经不同UHT预热条件处理后的纤溶酶活性, 以探究预热条件对纤溶酶活性的具体影响。结果如图9所示, 随着温度的逐步上升, 纤溶酶活性的总体变化趋势呈先上升、后下降、再上升的趋势。经90 ℃ 5 s预热处理的牛乳纤溶酶活性最低, 为64.795 U/mL, 其数值仅较巴氏杀菌后样品高0.971 U/mL, 上升幅度为1.52%。
纤溶酶系统中各组分的热稳定性不同, 因此随着加热温度的升高, 纤溶酶活性会出现如图9所示的波动。其中纤溶酶和PG可以完全在巴氏杀菌条件下存活(72 °C为15 s)[49], 并且对某些高温、短时间和UHT热处理具有一定抗性, 而PAI在巴氏杀菌后几乎完全灭活(75 °C为15 s), PI失去其三分之一的活性[1]。由此可知, 经巴杀处理所得的牛乳中主要纤溶酶组分为纤溶酶及PG, 牛乳在80~85 ℃ 5 s时纤溶酶处理过程中, PG可向纤溶酶发生转化导致纤溶酶活性上升。经90 ℃ 5 s预热处理无法降低纤溶酶活性, 但该温度对纤溶酶及PG的抑制效果较其他处理条件好, 因此实际生产中可以采用90 ℃ 5 s预热处理。
结果表明, 在原料乳阶段, 牛乳中纤溶酶活性高低与牛乳房炎的严重程度及乳中体细胞数呈现显著正相关, 而牛是否接种疫苗, 或者饲料种类是否改变, 与纤溶酶活性变化无显著关联。在UHT乳生产加工过程中, 离心除菌使得牛乳中纤溶酶活性略有上升; 巴氏杀菌预热阶段, 55 ℃处理能最有效地抑制牛乳抑制酶活性上升; 预热结合微滤处理能显著降低纤溶酶活性约10%; 采用不同条件对牛乳进行UHT预热处理均会导致酶活性上升, 其中90 ℃处理5 s的条件下, 酶活性上升幅度较小, 仅为1.52%。本研究测定的所有加工操作均无法完全灭活牛乳中的纤溶酶活性, 且成品UHT乳在储存过程中纤溶酶活性仍有可能上升, 因此需研究灭活纤溶酶酶活性效果更好, 且能抑制纤溶酶后续上升的工艺, 以确保UHT乳在货架期内不发生品质变化。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32172279)
  • 蒙牛乳业横向合作项目(202309186027032916)
  • 沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-14)
  • 沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-28)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241031005
  • 接收时间:2024-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32172279)
蒙牛乳业横向合作项目(202309186027032916)
沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-14)
沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-28)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866
    2.内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010010

通讯作者:

* 赵三军(1983—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为质量全面追溯及乳品加工。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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