Article(id=1153986716785435167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473318, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473318, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473318, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=155, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986717360054833, articleId=1153986716785435167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak milk ghee based on response surface design, columnId=1153986715829133818, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Quality Characteristics and Deep Processing of Yak Meat and Dairy Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak butter based on response surface design. Methods Employed lipase to enzymatically treat yak butter. The 3 factors of enzyme addition, enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature were determined as independent variables by single factor test. The sensory score of ghee and ghee milk tea was taken as the response index, and the enzymolysis process of yak milk ghee was optimized by response surface methodology. Results When the addition amount of lipase was 0.48%, the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 3.75 h, and the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 46 ℃, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis effect could be obtained. Under these conditions, the enzymatic hydrolysis yak milk ghee had bright color, pure frankincense flavor, and the odor of ghee was significantly improved. The ghee milk tea prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis yak milk ghee had moderate smell, unique taste, and better sensory evaluation. Conclusion The method of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak milk ghee by lipase can effectively improve the taste and odor of yak milk ghee, optimize the smell of ghee, and improve the sensory quality of its additional products, which provides new ideas and technical support for the further development of Tibetan characteristic products.

, correspAuthors=Li SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guang-Zhi CUI, Na YAO, Yin-Ping ZHANG, De-Liang SU, Li SONG, Ting SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986748347572753, articleId=1153986716785435167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺, columnId=1153986715996905983, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺。方法 采用脂肪酶对牦牛乳酥油进行酶解, 通过单因素试验确定了酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度3个因素为自变量, 并以酥油及酥油奶茶感官评分为响应指标, 采用响应面法设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺。结果 当脂肪酶的添加量为0.48%、酶解时间为3.75 h、酶解温度为46 ℃时, 可以获得最优的酶解效果, 在此条件下酶解的牦牛乳酥油色泽光亮, 乳香味纯正, 膻味明显得到改善, 用酶解后的牦牛乳酥油配制的酥油奶茶膻味适中, 口味独特, 感官评价较佳。结论 采用脂肪酶对牦牛乳酥油进行酶解的方法, 可以有效改善牦牛乳酥油的滋气味、优化膻味, 提升其附加产品的感官品质, 为进一步开发藏区特色产品提供了新的思路和技术支持。

, correspAuthors=宋礼, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
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崔广智(1989—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品开发与产业化。E-mail:

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崔广智(1989—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品开发与产业化。E-mail:

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崔广智(1989—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品开发与产业化。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母代表差异显著, P<0.05, 下同。

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Factors and levels of enzymatic hydrolysis test of yak butter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A 酶的添加量/% B 酶解时间/h C 酶解温度/℃
-1 0.3 3 40
0 0.5 4 45
1 0.7 5 50
), ArticleFig(id=1184566957333430895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986716785435167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

牦牛乳酥油酶解试验因素与水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A 酶的添加量/% B 酶解时间/h C 酶解温度/℃
-1 0.3 3 40
0 0.5 4 45
1 0.7 5 50
), ArticleFig(id=1184566957429899888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986716785435167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for yak butter and yak butter milk tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 指标 评分标准 分数
酥油 色泽
(20分)
呈现乳黄色, 色泽均匀一致, 具有透亮光泽 14~20
呈现乳黄色, 色泽基本均匀, 具有一定光泽 7~13
颜色异常, 暗淡无光泽 0~6
气味
(20分)
具有纯正乳香味, 膻味明显改善, 无其他不良气味 14~20
乳香味适中, 膻味有所改善, 无其他不良气味 7~13
乳香味较淡或不纯正, 膻味改善不大, 略有异味 0~6
酥油奶茶 组织
状态
(15分)
状态均一细腻, 组织稳定, 无不溶絮状物, 无脂肪分离现象 11~15
状态较为细腻, 组织较为稳定, 有少量絮状物, 无脂肪分离现象 6~10
状态粗糙, 组织稳定性差, 有较多絮状物, 明显脂肪分离现象 0~5
色泽
(15分)
呈均一淡褐红色, 色泽光亮 11~15
呈淡红褐色, 色泽较为光亮 6~10
呈淡褐红色, 色泽暗淡 0~5
气味
(15分)
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味适中, 奶味、茶味适中, 无异味 11~15
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味有所改善, 奶味、茶味略有不足, 无明显异味 6~10
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味无明显改善, 或有其他异味 0~5
口感
(15分)
口感丝滑, 膻味适中, 不腻口, 无异味 11~15
口感较为丝滑, 膻味有所改善, 稍有腻口感, 无明显异味 6~10
口感较为丝滑, 膻味无明显改善, 腻口感重, 或存在其他异味 0~5
), ArticleFig(id=1184566957530563185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986716785435167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

牦牛乳酥油及酥油奶茶感官评价评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 指标 评分标准 分数
酥油 色泽
(20分)
呈现乳黄色, 色泽均匀一致, 具有透亮光泽 14~20
呈现乳黄色, 色泽基本均匀, 具有一定光泽 7~13
颜色异常, 暗淡无光泽 0~6
气味
(20分)
具有纯正乳香味, 膻味明显改善, 无其他不良气味 14~20
乳香味适中, 膻味有所改善, 无其他不良气味 7~13
乳香味较淡或不纯正, 膻味改善不大, 略有异味 0~6
酥油奶茶 组织
状态
(15分)
状态均一细腻, 组织稳定, 无不溶絮状物, 无脂肪分离现象 11~15
状态较为细腻, 组织较为稳定, 有少量絮状物, 无脂肪分离现象 6~10
状态粗糙, 组织稳定性差, 有较多絮状物, 明显脂肪分离现象 0~5
色泽
(15分)
呈均一淡褐红色, 色泽光亮 11~15
呈淡红褐色, 色泽较为光亮 6~10
呈淡褐红色, 色泽暗淡 0~5
气味
(15分)
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味适中, 奶味、茶味适中, 无异味 11~15
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味有所改善, 奶味、茶味略有不足, 无明显异味 6~10
具有酥油奶茶特有气味, 膻味无明显改善, 或有其他异味 0~5
口感
(15分)
口感丝滑, 膻味适中, 不腻口, 无异味 11~15
口感较为丝滑, 膻味有所改善, 稍有腻口感, 无明显异味 6~10
口感较为丝滑, 膻味无明显改善, 腻口感重, 或存在其他异味 0~5
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Experimental design and results of the response surface

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试验号 因素 感官评分
A酶的添加量/% B酶解时间
/h
C酶解温度/℃
1 -1 -1 0 81.1
2 1 -1 0 81.4
3 -1 1 0 77.4
4 1 1 0 72.4
5 -1 0 -1 79.8
6 1 0 -1 76.6
7 -1 0 1 81.3
8 1 0 1 78.2
9 0 -1 -1 78.7
10 0 1 -1 75.7
11 0 -1 1 82.4
12 0 1 1 76.1
13 0 0 0 87.5
14 0 0 0 89.7
15 0 0 0 86.6
16 0 0 0 87.9
17 0 0 0 88.4
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响应面试验设计与结果

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试验号 因素 感官评分
A酶的添加量/% B酶解时间
/h
C酶解温度/℃
1 -1 -1 0 81.1
2 1 -1 0 81.4
3 -1 1 0 77.4
4 1 1 0 72.4
5 -1 0 -1 79.8
6 1 0 -1 76.6
7 -1 0 1 81.3
8 1 0 1 78.2
9 0 -1 -1 78.7
10 0 1 -1 75.7
11 0 -1 1 82.4
12 0 1 1 76.1
13 0 0 0 87.5
14 0 0 0 89.7
15 0 0 0 86.6
16 0 0 0 87.9
17 0 0 0 88.4
), ArticleFig(id=1184566957861913204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986716785435167, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance analysis results of response surface regression model

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方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 418.64 9 46.52 45.49 <0.0001 **
A 15.12 1 15.12 14.79 0.0063 **
B 60.5 1 60.5 59.16 0.0001 **
C 6.48 1 6.48 6.34 0.04 *
AB 7.02 1 7.02 6.87 0.0344 *
AC 0.0025 1 0.0025 0.0024 0.9619 不显著
BC 2.72 1 2.72 2.66 0.1468 不显著
A2 89 1 89 87.03 <0.0001 **
B2 120.4 1 120.4 117.75 <0.0001 **
C2 83.29 1 83.29 81.45 <0.0001 **
残差 7.16 7 1.02
失拟项 1.89 3 0.63 0.4784 0.7145 不显著
纯误差 5.27 4 1.32
总变异 425.8 16
), ArticleFig(id=1184566957937410677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986716785435167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 418.64 9 46.52 45.49 <0.0001 **
A 15.12 1 15.12 14.79 0.0063 **
B 60.5 1 60.5 59.16 0.0001 **
C 6.48 1 6.48 6.34 0.04 *
AB 7.02 1 7.02 6.87 0.0344 *
AC 0.0025 1 0.0025 0.0024 0.9619 不显著
BC 2.72 1 2.72 2.66 0.1468 不显著
A2 89 1 89 87.03 <0.0001 **
B2 120.4 1 120.4 117.75 <0.0001 **
C2 83.29 1 83.29 81.45 <0.0001 **
残差 7.16 7 1.02
失拟项 1.89 3 0.63 0.4784 0.7145 不显著
纯误差 5.27 4 1.32
总变异 425.8 16
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基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺
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崔广智 1 , 姚娜 2 , 张银萍 2 , 苏德亮 2 , 宋礼 1, * , 宋婷 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全 2025,16(2): 155-162
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:牦牛肉、乳营养品质与安全 2025, 16(2): 155-162
基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺
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崔广智1 , 姚娜2, 张银萍2, 苏德亮2, 宋礼1, * , 宋婷1
作者信息
  • 1.甘南牦牛乳研究院, 合作 747000
  • 2.甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司, 合作 747000
  • 崔广智(1989—), 男, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品开发与产业化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak milk ghee based on response surface design
Guang-Zhi CUI1 , Na YAO2, Yin-Ping ZHANG2, De-Liang SU2, Li SONG1, * , Ting SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo 747000, China
  • 2. Gansu Hualing Dairy Co., Ltd., Hezuo 747000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202002
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目的 基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺。方法 采用脂肪酶对牦牛乳酥油进行酶解, 通过单因素试验确定了酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度3个因素为自变量, 并以酥油及酥油奶茶感官评分为响应指标, 采用响应面法设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺。结果 当脂肪酶的添加量为0.48%、酶解时间为3.75 h、酶解温度为46 ℃时, 可以获得最优的酶解效果, 在此条件下酶解的牦牛乳酥油色泽光亮, 乳香味纯正, 膻味明显得到改善, 用酶解后的牦牛乳酥油配制的酥油奶茶膻味适中, 口味独特, 感官评价较佳。结论 采用脂肪酶对牦牛乳酥油进行酶解的方法, 可以有效改善牦牛乳酥油的滋气味、优化膻味, 提升其附加产品的感官品质, 为进一步开发藏区特色产品提供了新的思路和技术支持。

牦牛乳酥油  /  酶解  /  响应面法  /  酥油奶茶

Objective To optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak butter based on response surface design. Methods Employed lipase to enzymatically treat yak butter. The 3 factors of enzyme addition, enzymatic hydrolysis time and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature were determined as independent variables by single factor test. The sensory score of ghee and ghee milk tea was taken as the response index, and the enzymolysis process of yak milk ghee was optimized by response surface methodology. Results When the addition amount of lipase was 0.48%, the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 3.75 h, and the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 46 ℃, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis effect could be obtained. Under these conditions, the enzymatic hydrolysis yak milk ghee had bright color, pure frankincense flavor, and the odor of ghee was significantly improved. The ghee milk tea prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis yak milk ghee had moderate smell, unique taste, and better sensory evaluation. Conclusion The method of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak milk ghee by lipase can effectively improve the taste and odor of yak milk ghee, optimize the smell of ghee, and improve the sensory quality of its additional products, which provides new ideas and technical support for the further development of Tibetan characteristic products.

yak milk ghee  /  enzymolysis  /  response surface method  /  milk tea of ghee
崔广智, 姚娜, 张银萍, 苏德亮, 宋礼, 宋婷. 基于响应面设计优化牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 155 -162 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202002
Guang-Zhi CUI, Na YAO, Yin-Ping ZHANG, De-Liang SU, Li SONG, Ting SONG. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of yak milk ghee based on response surface design[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 155 -162 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202002
青藏高原地区藏族牧民采用鲜牦牛乳为原料, 通过发酵或不发酵, 经手工搅打分离后再将上浮的脂肪捞出, 置于冰水中经揉捏、成团等步骤提炼得到的牦牛乳脂肪, 即为酥油[12]。酥油具有显著的区域性质, 是青藏高原地区特有的, 在藏区的应用非常广泛, 并且形成的酥油文化渗透于藏族人民日常生活、宗教活动、人文礼仪等各个方面, 具有较高的食用价值、药用价值、文化价值, 是人们生产生活的必备品[35]。作为食品可直接食用, 也可搭配其他食物食用, 如糌粑、酥油茶是藏区人民最普遍的饮食, 不仅解渴润肺, 而且营养丰富, 并提供较大热量, 能够御寒保暖使人们更好地适应高原高寒的气候环境[6]
牦牛乳酥油的气味、口感较为独特, 与普通奶油相比酥油香味稍淡并伴有明显的膻味[7]。由于酥油的膻味过重在藏区之外其口感不被大众所接受, 致使其附加值降低, 大规模推广使用受限。扎西穷达等[8]采用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用分析的方法鉴定出牦牛乳酥油中65种挥发性物质, 并分析了体现酥油独特风味的3种酯类成分。YANG等[9]、MARQUARDT等[10]、雷有娟等[11]和谢司伟等[12]对牦牛乳酥油的脂肪酸组成进行了研究, 得到牦牛乳酥油脂肪酸结构主要是由棕榈酸(C16:0)、油酸(C18:1)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)等构成的中长链脂肪酸。而体现乳香风味的脂肪酸多为短链脂肪酸, 故可增加牦牛乳酥油中短链脂肪酸的占比, 使其香气增强, 以减少膻味。
酶解方法是提升奶香味安全有效的方法, 脂肪酶可作用于酥油脂肪甘油三酯的酯键, 将中长链脂肪酸酶解为具有奶香味、干酪味的多种短链脂肪酸及其他风味物质, 可在一定程度上改善牦牛乳酥油风味[1315]。响应面法是采用多元二次回归方程来拟合影响因素与响应值之间的函数关系, 通过对多因素交互回归方程结果的分析, 以探寻最优解[1618]。本研究通过对酥油酶解条件的单因素研究, 分析得到影响酥油感官风味的主要酶解条件因素, 采用响应面分析方法分析各因素的交互对牦牛乳酥油感官品质的影响, 筛选得到最佳酶解工艺参数条件, 通过将酥油系统化的单因素与多因素交互分析, 探索一种牦牛乳酥油脱膻增香技术, 实现了对酶解过程的精细化控制, 达到膻味脱除并提升奶香, 从而优化改善酥油气味及口感, 提高大众消费者对牦牛乳制品的接受度, 相较于以往较为粗放的应用方式, 本研究展示了更高的科学性和精确度, 也为藏区牦牛乳资源的利用及其高值产品的研究与开发提供理论依据和技术基础。
牦牛乳酥油购自甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市, 散装包装。
脂肪酶LBK-800(酶活8000 U/g, 安徽绿微康生物科技有限公司); 盐酸(食品级, 四川西陇科学有限公司); 氢氧化钠(食品级, 天津市大茂化学试剂厂); 全脂乳粉[新西兰, 恒天然商贸(上海)有限公司]; 白砂糖(市售); 红茶粉(湖州方路茶业有限公司)。
FA2004B电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 上海精密仪器仪表有限公司); DK-98-1电热恒温水浴锅(天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司); DZKW-2电热恒温不锈钢水浴锅(金坛市大地自动化仪器厂); XZ-2破壁料理机(中山市欣泽电器有限公司); FE28 pH计[梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]。
酥油→灭菌→冷却→调pH→调温→添加脂肪酶→酶解反应→灭酶→冷却→感官品评(酶解酥油)→感官品评(酥油奶茶)。
(1)酥油灭菌
将酥油置于温度80 ℃条件下保温10 min, 进行灭菌操作, 防止微生物对酶解过程的影响。
(2)调pH
将酥油冷却至常温, 加入酸或碱, 根据试验要求调节pH, 使用pH计进行测量, 保证pH的准确。
(3)脂肪酶的添加
根据试验温度要求调节水浴锅温度, 将脂肪酶用少量水溶解后加入酥油中, 搅拌均匀后进行酶解反应。
(4)灭酶
将酶解结束后应立即进行灭酶处理, 于85 ℃的条件下保温20 min, 进行灭酶。
(5)感官品评
配制酥油奶茶: 将酶解后的酥油与全脂奶粉、白砂糖、红茶粉按一定配比加水混合, 使用破壁料理机进行均质, 保证酥油奶茶混合体系均匀一致。
对酶解后的酥油进行感官品评; 对酥油奶茶进行感官品评。
单因素试验用以考察酶解过程中pH、酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度这4个酶解反应条件对感官品评的影响及影响程度。
(1) pH对酶解酥油感官的影响
试验固定酶的添加量为0.5%、酶解时间3 h、酶解温度45 ℃的条件下, 调节pH分别为5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5进行牦牛乳酥油酶解试验, 考察pH对感官的影响。
(2)酶的添加量对酶解酥油感官的影响
试验固定pH为6.5、酶解时间3 h、酶解温度45 ℃的条件下, 酶的添加量分别为0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%进行牦牛乳酥油酶解试验, 考察酶的添加量对感官的影响。
(3)酶解时间对酶解酥油感官的影响
试验固定酶的添加量为0.5%、pH 6.5、酶解温度45 ℃的条件下, 酶解时间分别为2、3、4、5、6 h进行牦牛乳酥油酶解试验, 考察酶解时间对感官的影响。
(4)酶解温度对酶解酥油感官的影响
试验固定酶的添加量为0.5%、pH 6.5、酶解时间3 h的条件下, 酶解温度分别为35、40、45、50、55 ℃进行牦牛乳酥油酶解试验, 考察酶解温度对感官的影响。
以单因素试验情况为指导, 选取对感官影响较大的酶的添加量(A)、酶解时间(B)、酶解温度(C)为因素, 以酶解酥油及酥油奶茶的感官品评得分为响应值, 通过响应面试验设计对牦牛乳酥油酶解工艺参数进行优化[1920]。 试验因素与水平见表1
选取8人(男女各4名), 对酶解酥油及酥油奶茶进行感官评价, 采取两者的综合评分, 其中对酶解酥油的色泽、气味进行评分, 对酥油奶茶的组织状态、色泽、气味、口感进行评分[21]
同时以未经酶解的酥油及其酥油奶茶作为空白, 进行对比评价。感官评价评分标准见表2
采用Excel 2021软件对单因素试验结果进行数据分析, 建立因素影响统计图。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素试验数据显著性分析。采用Design-Expert 12软件对响应面进行试验设计、数据分析及处理, 根据数据建立回归方程与图表模型。
pH对酶解后酥油及酥油奶茶感官品质的影响见图1
图1可看出, pH在处于弱酸性环境下感官评分较好, pH在6.5时为最佳。通过方差分析及多重比较得到pH在6.0和6.5与其他水平存在显著差异(P<0.05)。通过变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)分析, 结合实际感官感受, 拟定在5%范围内, 可表示数据离散度小, 差异可被接受, 将所测试的pH范围内的5组感官评分数据, 计算CV为4.10%, 可表明并没有显示出明显差异, pH对酶解过程及感官评价结果的影响较弱, pH并不是影响酶解过程及感官评价的主要因素。且试验在未调节pH前测得牦牛乳酥油的pH为6.2, 可见牦牛乳酥油酶解过程本身就处于弱酸环境, 因此, 酶解酥油过程无需对整个体系进行pH调节。
酶的添加量对酶解后酥油及酥油奶茶感官品质的影响见图2。酶的用量对酶解反应过程至关重要, 可控制酶解反应的剧烈程度, 用量不足则造成风味物质不足, 奶香味欠缺, 用量过大则酶解过程过快, 致使酸度升高及产生不良风味, 或使整个体系组织状态发生改变, 进而影响整体感官[22]。由图2可看出, 酶的添加量在0.1%时, 酶解反应过于温和, 随着添加量的提升, 风味物质的释放逐渐充分, 当酶的添加量在0.5%时, 感官评分达到最大, 随着添加量增大感官出现了降低情况, 反映出用量在0.5%之后酶解反应逐渐剧烈, 对整体感官产生不良影响[23]。通过方差分析及多重比较得到酶的添加量各水平间均存在显著差异。通过CV分析, 在酶的添加量条件范围内的5组感官评分数据, 计算CV为8.57% (CV>5%), 表明酶的添加量对感官评价具有差异性。
酶解时间通常是酶解过程重要的控制条件之一, 时间长短影响脂肪酸的水解度, 随着时间的增长水解得到的挥发性脂肪酸及风味物质逐步释放, 时间过长则水解过度, 一些风味物质发生转变, 生成的羧酸类物质过高, 导致酶解产物气味变得不柔和, 并伴有刺激性酸臭味[24]
酶解时间对酶解后酥油及酥油奶茶感官品质的影响见图3。由图3可看出, 酶解时间在2 h时感官评分较低, 这是由于酶解时间不足导致风味物质释放不够, 使酶解酥油整体改善不明显; 5~6 h感官评分降低, 则是由于进一步水解产生出了过多的酸臭味, 使气味口感逐渐变得不柔和; 较为适宜的酶解时间为3~4 h。通过方差分析及多重比较得到酶解时间在3h和4h与其他水平间存在显著差异。通过CV分析, 在酶解时间条件范围内的5组感官评分数据, 计算CV为12.61% (CV>5%), 表明酶解时间对感官评价具有差异性。
酶解温度对酶解后酥油及酥油奶茶感官品质的影响见图4图4反映了温度对酶解酥油的影响, 在45 ℃时温度最适, 酶解酥油感官评分达到最佳, 低于或高于45 ℃酶的催化活性减弱。通过方差分析及多重比较得到酶解温度各水平间均存在显著差异。通过CV分析, 在酶解温度条件范围内的5组感官评分数据, 计算CV为7.53% (CV>5%), 表明酶解温度对感官评价具有差异性。
经过单因素试验, 选取酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度3个对感官影响较大的因素, 采用响应面分析方法对酶解工艺条件进行优化。使用Design-expert 12软件进行试验设计、数据的处理, 具体试验设计及结果见表3
对试验得到的数据进行响应结果回归分析, 得到了酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度3个因素对感官的影响情况, 其二次多项回归方程为: Y=88.02-1.37A-2.75B+ 0.9C-1.33AB+0.025AC-0.825BC-4.6A2-5.35B2-4.45C2
表4为回归模型的方差分析结果, 由表4可知, 回归模型P<0.01, 呈现出极显著, 失拟项P>0.05, 呈现出不显著, 表明该模型可靠性良好; 回归模型其相关系数R2=0.9832, 信噪比为19.8499, 信噪比大于4是理想的[25], 这说明该模型的拟合度和可信度较高。从响应面回归模型方差分析结果可知CAB项的影响为显著, ABA2B2C2项的影响为极显著, 其他项则不显著。表中各相关因素的F可以反映出对试验响应值的影响程度, F越大, 表明该因素的影响程度越大[2627]。通过对各因素F分析可得到影响酥油及酥油奶茶感官品质的因素主次顺序为: 酶解时间>酶的添加量>酶解温度。
响应面分析图能够更加直观的反映各因素之间的交互情况[2829], 图5展示了各自变量因素之间的交互作用对感官品评的响应面分析图。
响应面3D曲面图中曲面的斜率越大, 相关因素的变化对响应值影响就越大; 等高线图展现了各因素间交互作用的强度, 当趋向于椭圆时两因素交互更显著, 趋于圆时则不显著[3031]。由图5可看出, 酶的添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度3组相互交互过程中, 酶的添加量与酶解时间等高线图相对其他两组交互作用呈现更明显的椭圆, 表明了对响应值的影响显著; 3组因素间交互作用的3D曲面图均呈现较大的斜率, 直观地反映出酶的添加量在逐渐增加的过程中响应值由低升高再降低, 酶解时间逐渐延长的过程中响应值由低升高再降低的变化情况, 酶解温度逐渐升高的过程中响应值由低升高再降低的变化情况, 并明显的展现出因素交互的凸面, 即最佳响应值。
利用响应面法对酶解工艺条件进行优化, 根据二次回归方程, 得到最佳酶解工艺参数条件为酶的添加量0.477%、酶解时间3.747 h、酶解温度45.622 ℃, 在此条件下预测的酥油及酥油奶茶感官评分为88.501, 高于13~17组中位值的平行试验平均值, 排除了第14组试验中可能出现的偶然波动。为证明预测的可靠性, 对此最佳酶解工艺参数条件进行验证, 考虑试验的可操控性及便捷性, 将最佳酶解工艺参数条件调整为酶的添加量0.48%、酶解时间3.75 h、酶解温度46 ℃, 通过试验, 得到感官评分为89.2, 与预测值相接近, 两者之间拟合度良好, 表明该工艺条件可靠。
本研究采用响应面分析法进行试验设计, 对酥油酶解工艺参数进行优化, 经试验研究, 确定了影响酶解品质的因素主次顺序为: 酶解时间(B)>酶的添加量(A)>酶解温度(C), 得到了酥油最佳酶解工艺参数, 即酶的添加量0.48%、酶解时间3.75 h、酶解温度46 ℃, 在此条件下酶解的酥油色泽均匀, 具有透亮光泽, 乳香味纯正, 膻味明显得到改善, 由此配制的酥油奶茶具有独特奶茶香味, 膻味适中, 口感良好, 感官评价较佳, 适宜大众人群饮用。将原有酥油通过酶解的方式改善其气味及口感, 降低膻味, 使其制品具有独特的味道, 解决了这一地方特色乳产品口感不为大众所接受进而制约其推广应用的问题, 使其价值得以提升, 同时也为香精的开发提供指导帮助。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241202002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
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    1.甘南牦牛乳研究院, 合作 747000
    2.甘肃华羚乳品股份有限公司, 合作 747000

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* 宋礼(1984—), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为乳制品加工及产业化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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