Article(id=1153986715929797118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241115005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731600000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473114, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473114, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986716516999698, articleId=1153986715929797118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Application of spectroscopy in the detection of dairy adulteration detection, columnId=1153986712901505118, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Dairy Processing and Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety and quality of dairy products have long been a focal point of consumer concern. Alarmingly, the prevalence of dairy product adulteration not only poses a potential threat to consumer health but also severely infringes upon their legitimate rights and interests. In recent years, spectral technologies have emerged as a critical tool for detecting dairy adulteration, garnering widespread attention and application due to their efficiency, rapidity, and non-destructive nature. This comprehensive reviewed delves into the application of spectral technologies in the detection of dairy adulteration, encompassing advanced techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. It thoroughly examined the fundamental principles, advantages, and limitations of each spectral technique, along with their practical effectiveness in adulteration detection. For example, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for detecting melamine and formaldehyde; near-infrared spectroscopy for detecting vanillin and urea; Raman spectroscopy for identifying dicyandiamide and maltodextrin; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting trace elements and protein types; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for analyzing whey and salicylic acid; and hyperspectral imaging for detecting thiourea and starch. By systematically analyzing relevant literature, this paper aims to provide a thorough and valuable reference for quality control and safety inspection in the dairy industry. It is designed to assist professionals in better understanding and utilizing these cutting-edge detection technologies, thereby ensuring that consumers can enjoy safe and high-quality dairy products, ultimately safeguarding their health and rights.

, correspAuthors=Rui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui LIU, Qiao-Ling CHEN, Li-Wei-Wei BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986755377226554, articleId=1153986715929797118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用研究进展, columnId=1153986713060888672, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

奶制品的安全和质量一直以来都是消费者关注的焦点, 然而, 令人担忧的是, 奶制品掺假现象屡见不鲜, 这不仅对消费者的健康构成了潜在威胁, 也严重侵害了他们的合法权益。近年来, 光谱技术因其高效、快速且非破坏性的特点逐渐崭露头角, 成为检测奶制品掺假的重要手段, 受到了广泛的关注和应用。本文全面综述了光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用, 涵盖了紫外-可见光谱、近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、原子荧光光谱、X射线荧光光谱、高光谱多种先进技术, 并探讨了各类光谱技术的基本原理、优缺点及其在实际检测中的应用效果, 如紫外-可见光谱检测三聚氰胺、甲醛等; 近红外光谱检测香兰素、尿素等; 拉曼光谱检测二聚氰胺、麦芽糊精等; 原子荧光光谱检测微量元素、蛋白质类型等; X射线荧光光谱检测乳清、水杨酸等; 高光谱检测硫脲、淀粉等(如表1所示)。通过对相关文献的系统分析, 本文旨在为奶制品的质量控制和安全检测提供全面而有价值的参考, 帮助行业内的专业人士更好地理解和应用这些先进的检测技术, 以确保消费者能够享受到安全、优质的奶制品, 进而维护他们的健康和权益。

, correspAuthors=刘瑞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘瑞(1987—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性鉴定。E-mail:
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注: 数据显示了真品乳粉以及每种掺入了低分子量、富氮掺假物的5种乳粉样品; a. Bruker MPA光谱仪; 奶粉(milk powder, MP), 二氰胺(dicyandiamide, DC), 尿素酰胺(biuret, BU), 氨基三唑(aminotriazole, AMT), 三聚氰胺(melamine, MeI), 赛安酸(cyanuric acid, CA); b. PE Frontier FT-NIR光谱仪; 优化后的95%置信限由蓝线表示, 下图同。

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注: 判别分析(discriminant analysis, DA); 主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)。

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Comparison of 6 kinds of spectroscopic techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱名称 基本原理 优点 缺点 主要检测 参考文献
UV-Vis 物质在紫外可见光区的吸收特性 分析速度快、非破坏性、对部分有机物极其灵敏 难以测定混合物质、易受影响、仪器易损 三聚氰胺、甲醛等 [6-7]
NIR 物质在近红外光区域吸收特定波长的光 无损检测、快速分析、成本较低、适合在线检测 对仪器信噪比要求高, 适用于高含量组分测定 香兰素、尿素等 [12-14]
Raman 利用拉曼散射效应, 测定物质的分子振动信息 高灵敏度、所需样品量少、分析速度快、操作简便、支持远程在线分析 易受荧光现象干扰, 对环境温度、样品放置位置等因素敏感 二聚氰胺、麦芽糊
精等
[19]
AFS 物质中的自由原子在吸收特征波长辐射后被激发并发出荧光 高灵敏度、操作简单、受干扰少、可同时测定多种元素 易受到基体效应、荧光淬灭效应和散射光干扰、测定的金属种类有限 微量元素、蛋白质类型等 [29-30]
XRF 样品中原子被初级X射线激发后释放特征X射线 分析速度快、操作简便、可同时测定多种元素、对样品要求低 对轻元素检测能力较弱, 深度分辨率有限, 受基体效应影响大 乳清、水杨酸等 [36-38]
HSI 依托相对较窄的电磁波波段, 捕获高度精细且连续的窄带图像数据 超高的空间和光谱分辨率, 信息丰富, 适用于复杂混合物分析 成本高, 设备复杂, 数据处理难度大、对人才和技术的要求高 硫脲、淀粉等 [43-45]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567041785737682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715929797118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6种光谱技术的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
光谱名称 基本原理 优点 缺点 主要检测 参考文献
UV-Vis 物质在紫外可见光区的吸收特性 分析速度快、非破坏性、对部分有机物极其灵敏 难以测定混合物质、易受影响、仪器易损 三聚氰胺、甲醛等 [6-7]
NIR 物质在近红外光区域吸收特定波长的光 无损检测、快速分析、成本较低、适合在线检测 对仪器信噪比要求高, 适用于高含量组分测定 香兰素、尿素等 [12-14]
Raman 利用拉曼散射效应, 测定物质的分子振动信息 高灵敏度、所需样品量少、分析速度快、操作简便、支持远程在线分析 易受荧光现象干扰, 对环境温度、样品放置位置等因素敏感 二聚氰胺、麦芽糊
精等
[19]
AFS 物质中的自由原子在吸收特征波长辐射后被激发并发出荧光 高灵敏度、操作简单、受干扰少、可同时测定多种元素 易受到基体效应、荧光淬灭效应和散射光干扰、测定的金属种类有限 微量元素、蛋白质类型等 [29-30]
XRF 样品中原子被初级X射线激发后释放特征X射线 分析速度快、操作简便、可同时测定多种元素、对样品要求低 对轻元素检测能力较弱, 深度分辨率有限, 受基体效应影响大 乳清、水杨酸等 [36-38]
HSI 依托相对较窄的电磁波波段, 捕获高度精细且连续的窄带图像数据 超高的空间和光谱分辨率, 信息丰富, 适用于复杂混合物分析 成本高, 设备复杂, 数据处理难度大、对人才和技术的要求高 硫脲、淀粉等 [43-45]
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光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用研究进展
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刘瑞 * , 陈巧玲 , 白李薇薇
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025,16(2): 52-62
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025, 16(2): 52-62
光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用研究进展
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刘瑞* , 陈巧玲, 白李薇薇
作者信息
  • 中国人民公安大学侦查学院, 北京 100083

通讯作者:

* 刘瑞(1987—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性鉴定。E-mail:
Application of spectroscopy in the detection of dairy adulteration detection
Rui LIU* , Qiao-Ling CHEN, Li-Wei-Wei BAI
Affiliations
  • College of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241115005
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奶制品的安全和质量一直以来都是消费者关注的焦点, 然而, 令人担忧的是, 奶制品掺假现象屡见不鲜, 这不仅对消费者的健康构成了潜在威胁, 也严重侵害了他们的合法权益。近年来, 光谱技术因其高效、快速且非破坏性的特点逐渐崭露头角, 成为检测奶制品掺假的重要手段, 受到了广泛的关注和应用。本文全面综述了光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用, 涵盖了紫外-可见光谱、近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、原子荧光光谱、X射线荧光光谱、高光谱多种先进技术, 并探讨了各类光谱技术的基本原理、优缺点及其在实际检测中的应用效果, 如紫外-可见光谱检测三聚氰胺、甲醛等; 近红外光谱检测香兰素、尿素等; 拉曼光谱检测二聚氰胺、麦芽糊精等; 原子荧光光谱检测微量元素、蛋白质类型等; X射线荧光光谱检测乳清、水杨酸等; 高光谱检测硫脲、淀粉等(如表1所示)。通过对相关文献的系统分析, 本文旨在为奶制品的质量控制和安全检测提供全面而有价值的参考, 帮助行业内的专业人士更好地理解和应用这些先进的检测技术, 以确保消费者能够享受到安全、优质的奶制品, 进而维护他们的健康和权益。

紫外-可见光谱技术  /  近红外光谱技术  /  拉曼光谱技术  /  原子荧光光谱技术  /  X射线荧光光谱技术  /  高光谱技术  /  奶制品掺假检测

The safety and quality of dairy products have long been a focal point of consumer concern. Alarmingly, the prevalence of dairy product adulteration not only poses a potential threat to consumer health but also severely infringes upon their legitimate rights and interests. In recent years, spectral technologies have emerged as a critical tool for detecting dairy adulteration, garnering widespread attention and application due to their efficiency, rapidity, and non-destructive nature. This comprehensive reviewed delves into the application of spectral technologies in the detection of dairy adulteration, encompassing advanced techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. It thoroughly examined the fundamental principles, advantages, and limitations of each spectral technique, along with their practical effectiveness in adulteration detection. For example, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for detecting melamine and formaldehyde; near-infrared spectroscopy for detecting vanillin and urea; Raman spectroscopy for identifying dicyandiamide and maltodextrin; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting trace elements and protein types; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for analyzing whey and salicylic acid; and hyperspectral imaging for detecting thiourea and starch. By systematically analyzing relevant literature, this paper aims to provide a thorough and valuable reference for quality control and safety inspection in the dairy industry. It is designed to assist professionals in better understanding and utilizing these cutting-edge detection technologies, thereby ensuring that consumers can enjoy safe and high-quality dairy products, ultimately safeguarding their health and rights.

ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy  /  near-infrared spectroscopy  /  Raman spectroscopy  /  atomic fluorescence spectroscopy  /  X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy  /  hyperspectral imaging  /  dairy adulteration detection
刘瑞, 陈巧玲, 白李薇薇. 光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 52 -62 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241115005
Rui LIU, Qiao-Ling CHEN, Li-Wei-Wei BAI. Application of spectroscopy in the detection of dairy adulteration detection[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 52 -62 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241115005
奶制品在人类饮食中扮演着极其重要的角色, 它富含蛋白质、钙质、维生素等营养成分, 对维持骨骼健康、促进生长发育具有重要作用。对于儿童和青少年, 适量摄入奶制品有助于骨骼的正常发育, 对于成年人, 奶制品中的钙质也可以降低骨质疏松的风险[1]。此外, 奶制品还含有丰富的益生元和益生菌, 能够促进肠道健康, 增强人体免疫力[2]。然而, 奶制品安全事件却层出不穷, 据统计, 目前已发生的大规模奶制品安全事件大都围绕着成分掺假而展开。2019年郴州“大头娃娃”假奶粉事件, 将一种名为“舒儿呔”的固体饮料推荐给牛奶过敏的婴儿, 这导致多名婴儿出现营养不良症状, 包括发育迟缓、佝偻病等; 2021年, 雅培奶粉在中国市场检测出微量香兰素[3], 虽然香兰素通常被认为是安全的食品添加剂, 但其在婴幼儿配方奶粉中的使用会引发肠胃感冒甚至脏器损伤; 2024年, 四川广元俄罗斯进口奶粉实为植脂末和麦芽糊精的混合物, 这导致糖尿病患者血糖升高, 病情加重。这些事件严重损害消费者的合法权益、扰乱市场秩序, 导致奶制品行业整体信誉受损, 对中国乳业的发展造成了极大影响。因此, 对奶制品的理化指标进行严格检测不仅是奶制品安全检测的重点与关键问题, 更是采取有效措施打击奶制品掺假行为、保障消费者权益、维护市场正常秩序以及促进奶制品行业健康发展的必要手段。
在各种奶制品安全事件中, 奶制品掺假可分为如下几种情况: (1)奶制品中添加“伪乳脂肪”—如米汤、豆浆、面糊、盐、牛尿、泥灰等提高奶制品密度。(2)奶制品中添加三聚氰胺等化学微溶品提高蛋白和脂肪指标。(3)奶制品中的抗生素残留、重金属残留等[3]。除此之外, 牛奶掺假的最简单方法是将不同种类的奶源进行混合, 通常将普通牛奶代替昂贵奶如山羊奶或绵羊奶进行以次充好[4]。目前常用的奶制品掺杂检测方法主要依赖于色谱法和质谱法, 其他检测方法还包括酶联免疫吸附分析、细管电泳法和分子印迹聚合物膜等。虽然上述方法具有很好的检测能力, 特别是在敏感性和特异性方面。然而, 这些分析方法存在操作烦琐、样品前处理过程复杂, 耗时长、价格昂贵、难以实现自动化操作或在线测定等问题, 难以满足实际生产中大量奶制品掺掺检测的要求[5]。为此, 探索高效、迅速且精确的奶制品掺假检测方法显得尤为重要。
近年来, 随着科技的快速发展, 光谱技术逐渐成为食品安全领域中的一项重要工具, 尤其是在奶制品的掺假检测方面。该技术不仅操作简单, 而且检测速度极快, 能够在短时间内提供准确的结果, 极大提高了检测效率。此外, 光谱技术的高精确度使得它能够有效识别奶制品中的各种成分和潜在的掺假物质[6], 从而为消费者提供了更为可靠的食品安全保障。这些优点使得光谱技术成为奶制品掺假检测中不可或缺的有效新手段。
本文综述了光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用, 包括近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy, Raman)、原子荧光光谱(atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS)等多种技术, 并探讨了各类光谱技术的基本原理、优缺点及其在实际检测中的应用效果。通过对相关文献的系统分析, 为奶制品的质量控制和安全检测提供全面而有价值的参考, 帮助行业内的专业人士更好地理解和应用这些先进的检测技术, 以确保消费者能够享受到安全、优质的奶制品。
紫外-可见光谱(ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, UV-Vis)是通过测量物质对紫外光(10~400 nm)和可见光(400~780 nm)的吸收或透射进行分析的技术, 反映了分子中价电子跃迁时的能量变化与化合物所含发色基团之间的关系[7]。UV-Vis具有分析速度快且通常不破坏样品的优点。该技术对含有共轭双键或芳香环的有机化合物表现出高灵敏度, 但当样品中存在多个成分时, 难以单独测定每个成分的浓度。此外, 溶剂、pH和温度等因素都会影响吸收光谱, 而对于没有明显吸收特征的化合物, 该技术并不适用。长期使用紫外可见光谱仪可能导致仪器基线不稳定, 需要定期校正; 同时, 高浓度样品可能偏离比尔定律, 从而影响定量分析的准确性[8]
UV-Vis技术在奶制品掺假检测中展现出了显著的应用潜力, 成为了食品安全领域的重要工具。胡淑红等[9]利用UV-Vis技术检测乳清粉中的总磷脂含量, 研究显示该方法具有良好的线性关系, 回收率超过90%, 相对标准偏差小于3%, 这表明其在实际应用中具有可靠性和有效性。然而, 非蛋白物质也可能吸收部分紫外光, 导致光散射干扰, 从而影响检测的精确度, 给检测结果带来一定的不确定性。为了克服这一局限, KALPANA等[10]开发了一种基于对硝基苯胺修饰的银纳米颗粒的光电检测方法。他们通过不同浓度的对硝基苯胺制备了两种不同的纳米颗粒, 当向这些纳米颗粒中加入三聚氰胺时, 纳米颗粒会发生聚集, 颜色从黄色转变为蓝色。这种颜色变化与三聚氰胺的浓度直接相关, 可以通过光电技术捕捉并使用国际照明委员会(Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, CIE)色度图来确定其主波长。这种方法不仅避免了光散射干扰, 而且操作简单, 成本低廉, 能够有效地定量检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺掺假, 极大地提高了检测的便捷性和经济性。此外, VERÍSSIMO等[11]开发了一种基于光纤的传感器, 该传感器的暴露端涂覆了一种特殊的多金属氧酸盐, 这种盐不溶于水。当该传感器接触甲醛时, 其UV-Vis就会发生变化, 显示出其对特定化合物的敏感性(如图1图2所示)。通过这种传感器, 研究人员能够定量检测牛奶中的甲醛含量, 确保奶制品的安全性。实验结果表明, 使用这种光学传感器与传统方法得到的结果在统计学上没有显著差异, 验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性, 进一步推动了光学传感器在食品检测中的应用。DUTTA等[12]则通过未封端和柠檬酸封端的银纳米粒子结合UV-Vis技术, 成功地测定了牛奶中的尿素浓度(如图3所示)。这项研究展示了一种经济高效的尿素检测方法, 利用银纳米粒子的颜色变化特性, 结合UV-Vis技术, 可以快速准确地测定牛奶中的尿素含量。对于小型乳品企业而言, 这种方法尤为有价值, 因为它不仅简化了尿素检测的过程, 还降低了检测成本, 同时保持了良好的准确性和可靠性, 使得小型企业能够在竞争激烈的市场中保持优势。
UV-Vis技术在奶制品掺假检测中展示了多种优势, 包括高灵敏度、快速检测和非破坏性等特点。尽管存在一些局限性, 如光散射干扰, 但通过技术创新和方法优化, 这些局限性正在逐步被克服, 使得UV-Vis技术成为一种可靠且广泛应用的检测工具, 为确保食品安全和消费者健康提供了有力保障。
NIR技术是一种基于物质在近红外光区域吸收特定波长的光, 对这些吸收光谱进行分析, 可以获取物质的化学信息的光谱技术。该技术利用光与物质相互作用时产生的吸收、透射或反射信号揭示样品的分子结构和化学成分, 特别对C-H、O-H、N-H等官能团的振动信息具有高度敏感性[13]。NIR技术是一种无损检测方法[14]并且具有极快的分析速度, 能在30 s内获取大量数据; 能够同时检测多组分, 极大提高检测效率, 能够满足在线、快速检测的需求[15]。但其对仪器信噪比要求高, 因此仅适用于高含量组分测定。
这些优势使得NIR技术在奶制品掺假检测中展现出显著优势。通过快速、无损分析奶制品的光谱特征, 能够精确识别掺入的非乳成分, 如水分、淀粉等杂质。陈达等[16]采用长光程傅里叶变换红外光谱, 结合顶空采样技术, 对掺杂香兰素的奶粉体系中的挥发性气体进行了高灵敏度检测。这种方法巧妙地规避了奶粉复杂基质对香兰素分析的干扰, 显著提升了香兰素检测的灵敏度。为了进一步提高定量分析方法的检测灵敏度, 他们还发展了多尺度建模方法, 有机结合了离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform, DWT)和偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)。通过利用气体红外光谱中的时频多尺度信息, 从复杂且多变的奶粉红外光谱中准确提取微弱的香兰素吸收信息。研究结果表明, DWT-PLS算法显著提升了模型的预测精度和可靠性, 从而推动了长光程红外光谱检测技术在奶粉安全检测中的应用。KARUNATHILAKA等[17]开发了一种结合NIR技术和化学计量学模型的非目标检测方法, 用于快速筛选乳粉产品。实验中使用的乳粉产品包括纯正乳粉以及掺杂了已知或未知掺杂物的混合乳粉。通过使用独立的真实乳粉样品测试集和由重量法制得的混合物验证簇类软独立分类模型(soft independent modeling of class analogy, SIMCA)的性能。结果显示, SIMCA的灵敏度达到100%, 能够有效且快速地筛选出掺假乳粉产品(如图4~5所示)。刘伯扬等[18]利用NIR仪采集了470例正常牛奶样本和1090例异常牛奶样本的光谱数据, 并结合化学计量学方法建立了偏最小二乘判别(partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)的鉴别模型。这些模型能够实现多种掺假物异常牛奶样品的快速准确识别, 具有较高的特异性。黄扬明等[19]采用NIR技术, 也结合了PLS, 成功建立了一种移动窗口-偏最小二乘法(moving window-partial least squares, MW-PLS)模型。这一创新性方法能够快速而准确地测定牛奶中的尿素含量, 极大地提高了检测效率, 并为乳制品的质量控制提供了有效的技术支持。
NIR技术在奶制品掺假检测中表现出显著的优势。通过快速、无损的分析, 结合先进的化学计量学方法, 该技术不仅能够精确识别掺杂物, 还能显著提高检测的灵敏度和准确性, 为保障奶制品的成分检测提供了强有力的技术支持。
Raman是以拉曼散射效应为基本原理发展起来的一种分子振动光谱技术。该效应是指当光源照射在样品上时, 测定物质吸收光子能量, 但有一小部分光在通过样品时会发生散射现象, 这种散射现象又分为弹性散射和非弹性散射[20]。Raman因其高灵敏度、所需样品量少、分析速度快及操作简便等特点而备受青睐, 特别适用于同时检测多种成分, 从而在分析复杂混合物方面展现出显著优势。此外, 该技术还支持远程在线分析, 这意味着即便是在距离拉曼分析仪数百米的位置, 也能够实现精准的操作控制。然而, 尽管拥有诸多优点, Raman同样存在一定的局限性, 比如容易受到荧光现象的干扰, 以及对环境温度、样品放置位置或激光功率等因素的变化较为敏感, 这些都可能对其结果产生影响。因此, 在Raman时, 需要充分考虑到这些潜在的影响因素, 以确保获得准确可靠的分析结果。
王海燕等[21]利用Raman技术对贝因美、飞鹤和雀巢旗下3种奶粉进行了真伪鉴别研究, 通过结合最近邻算法建立了识别模型, 最终实现了99.56%的平均识别率。尽管该方法能够快速鉴别真伪奶粉, 但在区分掺假奶粉方面仍存在不足。相比之下, 陈达等[22]的研究则通过Raman结合数据驱动的多尺度建模方法, 成功检测了4种常见的奶粉掺假物, 该方法不仅能够有效降低样本中未知物质的信号干扰, 还达到了98.9%的高准确度, 从而极大地提升了检测速度和精度, 为乳品行业的质量控制提供了强有力的技术支撑。雷皓宇等[23]进一步拓展了Raman的应用范围, 他们运用表面增强Raman技术对奶粉中的二聚氰胺成分进行了检测, 结果显示二聚氰胺的检出限为0.15 mg/L, 回收率介于76.5%至112%之间, 且相对标准偏差低于9.4%, 证实了该方法在检测奶粉中二聚氰胺方面的有效性。此外, KARUNATHILAKA等[24]将Raman与化学计量学相结合, 用于检测奶粉中的三聚氰胺掺杂情况。研究表明, 在97%置信水平下, 该方法能够正确识别三聚氰胺掺杂浓度超过0.5%的干混样品及掺杂浓度高于0.30%的湿混样品, 为保障奶粉安全提供了可靠手段。DUYGU等[25]采用Raman技术来确定人造黄油、玉米油及棕榈油在白色和超滤奶酪样品中的来源。借助PLS-DA与PLS对Raman进行评估, 研究人员能够有效识别脂肪或油的来源及其掺假比例, 其中人造黄油、玉米油及棕榈油掺假的决定系数分别为0.990、0.993、0.991, 检出限分别为3.38%、3.36%和3.59%。TIAN[26]则结合Raman技术和化学计量学方法, 针对生乳中掺入的麦芽糊精、碳酸钠和乳清开展了研究(如图6所示)。通过建立PLS-DA分类模型和PLS回归模型, 并采用一阶导数预处理原始Raman数据以及基于投影变量重要性的变量选择优化, 研究团队构建了性能优异的模型。这不仅有助于去除噪声, 还突出了关键特征, 显著提升了模型对掺假物检测的能力。鉴于巴氏杀菌奶经常被超高温灭菌奶掺假, 给消费者带来安全隐患, NI等[27]提出了一种新的解决方案。他们采用Raman结合乳糖指数筛选和支持向量机的方法, 快速区分巴氏杀菌奶与超高温灭菌奶。通过制备不同比例的混合样品建立分类模型, 并利用高分辨率质谱确认乳糖与蛋白质间的美拉德反应, 进一步验证了乳糖与加热处理的相关性。这种方法不仅提高了检测效率, 还深化了对热处理过程中乳糖变化机制的理解。
Raman提供了更高的选择性和灵敏度, 具有非接触式检测的能力, 这使得它非常适合于一些包装完好样品的直接分析, 如透明、半透明以及具有较低拉曼信号的包装材料, 样品无需任何预处理, 减少了样品污染的风险[28]。这种技术特别适合于检测那些与奶制品光谱特征相似的非法添加剂, 如劣质奶粉。在应用Raman检测掺假奶粉时, 若掺假物为面粉、淀粉等不同于奶粉结构的其他物质, 此时仅凭借拉曼特征峰位即可对掺假物进行鉴定分析; 当掺假物为劣质奶粉、乳粉等与奶粉结构相似的物质时, 掺假物的拉曼特征峰与奶粉本身较为相似, 此时需要运用数学方法进行回归建模, 识别的效果才会比较好。
AFS是通过测量物质受激发后发出的荧光强度和波长来进行分析的技术。当自由原子吸收了特征波长的辐射之后被激发到较高能态, 接着又以辐射形式活化, 可以观察到原子荧光[29]。该荧光的波长与原子种类有关, 能准确识别不同的元素[30]。AFS因其高灵敏度而特别适用于痕量分析, 并且其操作相对简单, 不需要复杂的样品前处理。这种方法能够同时测定多种微量元素, 且受到的干扰较少, 谱线也比较简单, 能够准确分析, 校准曲线的线性范围宽。然而, 尽管有诸多优点, AFS也存在一些局限性。首先, 它容易受到基体效应的干扰, 这在处理复杂样品时尤为明显, 增加了分析难度[31]。其次, 该方法所能测定的金属种类有限, 主要集中在汞、砷、铅、镉、锌、锑、锡、铟、钛等元素上。此外, 在实际应用过程中, 还会遇到荧光淬灭效应和散射光干扰等问题, 这些问题在处理复杂基体样品时尤为突出, 可能导致检测结果的偏差。因此, 尽管AFS在痕量金属元素分析中表现出色, 但在面对复杂样品时仍需谨慎处理, 以确保分析结果的准确性和可靠性。
赫书东等[32]采用氢化物发生-AFS法间接测定奶粉中碘的含量。该方法基于酸性环境下碘离子将五价砷还原为三价砷的原理, 通过测定三价砷的浓度来推算碘的含量。这种方法不仅操作简单高效, 而且扩展了AFS的应用范围, 使得奶粉中碘的检测变得更加便捷和可靠。张寒霜等[33]开发了一种微波消解-氢化物AFS法, 用于测定乳粉中的总硒含量。通过优化实验条件, 如使用6 mol/L盐酸、80 ℃下反应20 min, 并采用3%盐酸和1.0 g/100 mL硼氢化钾作为还原剂, 该方法实现了对不同硒形态乳粉中硒含量的准确测定。结果显示, 硒含量与硼氢化钾浓度和盐酸浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系, 线性相关系数大于0.9998, 检出限为0.001 mg/kg。该方法在实际应用中表现出了高精度和可靠性, 为乳粉中硒含量的检测提供了有力支持。除了微量元素的检测, 荧光特性也被广泛应用于牛奶质量检测。PANDEY等[34]利用核黄素特有的荧光特性, 开发了一种实时监测牛奶是否变质以及是否存在尿素掺假的方法。该方法能够检测并量化高达80 mmol的高浓度尿素掺假, 检出限值为9.3 mmol。这种方法为牛奶质量监控提供了一种简单而有效的手段, 确保消费者能够食用到安全高质量的牛奶。ZHANG等[35]进一步推进了荧光技术的应用, 开发了一个6通道传感器阵列, 用于区分牛奶中的5种主要蛋白质, 并从不同饮料中识别出纯牛奶。该传感器阵列不仅能够以100%的交叉验证准确率区分掺杂不同浓度掺杂物的牛奶, 还通过荧光变化来识别和区分牛奶中的蛋白质类型。这种新型传感器阵列能有效检测牛奶中的掺假情况, 为牛奶质量检测提供了新的技术手段。此外, RAHAT等[36]结合荧光光谱与PLS模型, 开发了一种定量预测牛乳和水牛乳掺假情况的方法。通过分析不同浓度混合乳样的荧光发射光谱, 特别是在442 nm和525 nm波段的位置, 该方法能够对牛乳和水牛乳进行高度选择性的检测, 从而准确预测掺假程度。这种方法提供了一种快速且非破坏性的检测手段, 有助于及时发现和控制乳品掺假现象。
AFS专注于重金属及其他微量元素的测定, 其高灵敏度和低检出限使其成为检测乳制品中潜在污染物的理想工具。AFS技术尤其适用于环境监测或食品安全领域的专业实验室, 但对于一般企业的日常检测来说, 可能并不实用。如果仅需定期检测特定重金属元素, 则AFS可以作为补充手段, 结合其他技术使用。
X射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XRF)是一种无损分析技术, 用于确定样品中元素组成及含量。该技术通过初级X射线激发样品中的原子, 促使电子发生跃迁, 并随后释放出具有特定能量的荧光X射线。这些荧光X射线的能量特性与元素的原子结构相关, 通过检测其能量分布, 可以识别样品中的元素种类, 并进一步对元素的浓度进行定量分析[37]。XRF分析速度快、操作简便、可同时测定多种元素, 且对样品要求较低, 适用于固体、粉末等多种形态。但其对轻元素(如C、N、O等)检测能力较弱, 深度分辨率有限, 通常只能分析表面几微米至几十微米范围内的成分[38]。且定量分析准确性受基体效应等因素影响较大, 高精度测量需要校准标准物质[39]
GALVAN等[40]探讨了能量色散X射线荧光光谱(energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, EDXRF)结合化学计量学工具, 用于区分正宗的牛乳和山羊乳与掺有乳清的乳品的可能性。研究结果显示, EDXRF数据在区分不同样本方面展现出良好的能力, 当与适当的算法结合应用时, 预测准确度可达98.4%至100%。此外该方法所采用的设备不仅便携、成本效益高、检测快速且坚固耐用, 还省去了复杂的样品准备步骤, 并能够轻松调整以适应不同的检测需求。石志峰等[41]基于X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)建立了一种适用于食品添加剂香兰素的无损快速、高灵敏度的检测方法。乳制品中的淀粉、蛋白质等基质材料在XRD下未显示复杂衍射图案, 消除了背景干扰。掺杂香兰素后在13.03°处出现明显尖锐的衍射峰, 该峰是快速检测香兰素的特征指纹峰。该方法采用直接进样、精细扫描, 相较于气相色谱法和电泳法更为便捷、迅速, 结果可靠且适用性强。该研究中香兰素的最低掺杂量为202 μg/g, 适用于市售加香食品的快速检测, 灵敏度满足检测需求。AFTAB等[42]通过观察硒纳米颗粒合成过程中透射波长的变化, 快速准确检测出了牛奶中是否含有水杨酸。水杨酸通过强键合作用与纳米颗粒相互作用, 从而干扰硒纳米颗粒的形成, 这一点通过XRD得到了证实。在纳米颗粒合成过程中, 这种相互作用导致透射波长随水杨酸量的增加而减小, 显示出硒纳米颗粒与掺假物之间有强烈的结合, 从而允许在牛奶中进行原位快速检测水杨酸, 其检出限为10⁻3 mol, 线性相关系数为0.9907。该方法不仅具有较高的灵敏度和选择性, 且由于采用了绿色合成技术, 也更加环保和可持续。HARINI等[43]开发了一种基于折射率的光纤传感器来检测掺假牛奶(如图7所示)。该传感器用氧化锑(Sb2O3)作为传感层, 通过射频磁控溅射沉积在光纤的裸芯上。传感层经过了全面的表征, 包括X射线衍射、能量色散X射线分析等。该传感器具备高效检测多种类型牛奶中甲醛及水分掺假的能力, Sb2O3涂层探头对甲醛的灵敏度分别为2.2 nm/v%(类型1牛奶)、1.9 nm/v%(类型2牛奶)和1.5 nm/v%(类型3牛奶)。对于牛奶中的水, 灵敏度分别为1.7、1.5和1.2 nm/v%。该研究还开发了一个原型传感器探头用于连续监测牛奶掺假, 并与Arduino和ThingSpeak接口连接, 这使得该传感器可以实现实时和远程监控。
XRF技术作为一种无损分析手段, 在食品检测中表现出显著的优势, 包括快速简便的操作、多元素同时检测能力以及广泛的样品适用性, 可以有效区分纯乳与掺假乳品。尽管XRF技术在检测轻元素和深度分辨率方面存在局限, 且定量分析受基体效应影响, 但其结合其他创新方法在食品安全领域的应用前景依然广阔。
高光谱技术(hyperspectral imaging, HSI)是一种依托相对较窄的电磁波波段来采集物体相关信息的先进技术, 其应用范畴极为宽泛, 可以捕获可见光波长范围内外的数百个电磁波段, 以及增强图像特征区分度的波段[44], 能够在紫外光、近红外、可见光以及中红外的热红外区域等多个光谱区间内捕获高度精细且连续的窄带图像数据, 进而构建出一条完整且连贯的光谱数据曲线。HSI的核心优势在于其超高的分辨率, 既有高精度的空间分辨率, 也有极高的光谱分辨率, 确保了信息的丰富性与深度, 为实施更为精确细致的分类与识别工作奠定了坚实基础[45]。然而, HSI成本相对较高, 所需设备构造复杂, 无论是初始购置还是后续的维护保养, 均需投入不菲的资金。另一方面, 由于该技术能够产生海量的数据, 数据的处理难度随之增大, 这就要求配备专业的软件工具与技术团队来支撑数据的深度处理与细致分析工作[46]
杨巧玲等[47]开发了一套便携式的点扫描拉曼高光谱成像检测系统, 专门用于奶粉中硫脲的快速无损检测。该系统的检出限为0.05%, 并且硫脲像素点数量随添加浓度的增加呈现线性增长趋势, 相对标准偏差小于7%。这套系统不仅适用于口岸现场对奶粉中非法添加物的快速筛查, 还在其他固体颗粒掺假检测中展现出良好的应用前景, 显著提升了口岸现场散装样本监管环节的质量评价准确性, 确保了散装奶粉在进出口环节的精准监管。在高光谱分析应用于骆驼奶粉检测的实际案例中, 测试样本类别往往不同于模型构建时所用的样本类别。元学习作为一种擅长处理领域迁移和少量样本场景的学习方法, 被用来应对这一挑战。RUAN等[48]将元学习方法与HSI结合起来, 用于检测掺有牛奶奶粉的骆驼奶粉(如图8所示)。在检测十一个掺假水平时, 纯骆驼奶粉的检测准确率达到98.92%。元学习的整体检测准确率达到84.4%, 并且通过对特征向量和贡献的详细分析, 证实了基于元学习的定性分析的可靠性和稳定性。结合这两种方法, 不仅提高了检测效率, 还增强了检测结果的可靠性和稳定性, 这对于确保产品质量和维护消费者利益至关重要。LI等[49]采用主成分分析方法结合长短时记忆网络来研究掺假牛奶。基于近红外高光谱数据(400~1000 nm), 他们对掺假牛奶进行了定性和定量分析。结果显示, 近红外HSI结合先进的数据处理方法是一种可行且高效的掺假牛奶检测手段。这种方法的优点是非破坏性、快速性和准确性, 为乳制品行业的质量控制提供了强有力的支持。近红外高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学和机器学习, 能够有效地检测奶粉中的掺假物含量。赵昕等[50]研究了不同品牌奶粉中三聚氰胺、香兰素和淀粉的定量预测。通过对HSI图像进行像素点预处理, 提取感兴趣区域的平均光谱。使用拉普拉斯分数和ReliefF算法选择建模变量, 建立了PLS回归模型, 并开发了一维卷积神经网络模型(one-dimensional convolutional neural networks, 1DCNN)。Laplacian score-PLS模型和ReliefF-PLS模型的均方根误差分别为0.111%、0.057%、0.034%和0.199%、0.054%、0.045%。1DCNN模型的均方根误差为0.856%、0.091%、0.064%。基于ReliefF-PLS模型的可视化结果表明了其良好的预测能力。通过结合技术和先进的机器学习方法, 可以有效地对婴儿配方奶粉中的多种掺杂物进行定量分析和预测。宗婧等[51]提出了一种基于移动窗口光谱角制图的拉曼高光谱成像方法, 该方法利用拉曼高光谱成像技术, 将乳粉中未知掺杂物的识别问题转化为拉曼高光谱奇异像素点的识别问题。通过移动窗口光谱角制图算法, 找出与正常脱脂乳粉相似度差异大于阈值的像素点, 有效弥补了传统定向筛查方法中无法遍历所有掺杂物的不足。结果显示, 拉曼高光谱成像法对阴性和阳性样品的识别率均达到了93.3%, 表明此方法可以满足乳制品安全的非定向筛查需求, 并为其他食品样品的快速筛查提供了一种新思路。
HSI通过采集多个窄电磁波段的数据, 提供高空间和光谱分辨率的图像, 适用于奶制品掺假的快速无损检测。尽管该技术成本高且数据处理复杂, 但结合化学计量学和机器学习方法, 它在提高检测效率和可靠性方面展现出巨大潜力, 将为奶制品及其他食品的质量控制提供强大支持。
奶制品因其丰富的营养成分在日常饮食中占据重要地位, 适量摄入不仅有助于骨骼健康, 还能促进生长发育。然而, 近年来频繁发生的奶制品安全事件, 尤其是成分掺假问题, 严重损害了行业的信誉并危害了人民的健康。针对奶制品掺假检测, 传统的方法往往操作烦琐且成本高昂, 这使得行业亟需一种高效、快速的检测技术来应对这一挑战。光谱技术, 如UV-Vis、NIR和Raman等, 因其高灵敏度和快速性, 逐渐成为奶制品掺假检测的有效工具。这些技术不仅能迅速识别特定添加剂或污染物, 还能在复杂基质中精确区分不同的化学成分, 极大地提高检测效率和准确性。如UV-Vis检测三聚氰胺、甲醛等; NIR检测香兰素、尿素等; Raman检测二聚氰胺、麦芽糊精等; AFS检测微量元素、蛋白质类型等; X射线荧光光谱检测乳清、水杨酸等; 高光谱检测硫脲、淀粉等。这些先进的技术为确保食品安全提供了有效的支持。尽管上述光谱技术已经取得了显著成效, 但仍存在一些挑战, 比如基体效应干扰、复杂样品处理难度大、检出限值以及设备成本高等问题。随着科学技术的不断进步, 光谱技术在奶制品掺假检测中的应用将会迎来新的机遇和发展。
未来的光谱技术将通过运用人工智能和大数据分析技术优化模型构建, 提高预测精度, 并借助机器学习算法更准确地识别和量化掺假物质。此外, 研发体积更小、重量更轻且性能稳定的便携式光谱仪, 将使现场即时检测变得更加便捷, 从而缩短从采样到结果输出的时间。为了进一步提高检测的可靠性和一致性, 建立健全奶制品掺假检测的标准体系, 统一评价指标与方法将是关键步骤。同时, 加强国际间的交流合作, 共享最新的科研成果和技术经验, 也将有助于推动全球奶制品安全水平的整体提升。通过这些综合措施, 光谱技术将在未来更好地服务于奶制品掺假检测, 帮助行业恢复信誉, 确保奶制品的安全与质量, 保护消费者的权益。
  • 中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241115005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-15
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中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
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    中国人民公安大学侦查学院, 北京 100083

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* 刘瑞(1987—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品真实性鉴定。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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