Article(id=1153986715866878063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473099, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473099, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473099, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473099, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=279, endPage=285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986716974174324, articleId=1153986715866878063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Progress in the application of enzymatic extraction in the pretreatment of element extraction, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, with the increasing emphasis on health and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people have gradually explored and put forward more stringent and comprehensive requirements in the analysis of the total amount and form of elements in food and medicine. Although traditional extraction methods can meet the needs of analysis to a certain extent, they often accompanied by various problems. Therefore, exploring more green, efficient and environmentally friendly element extraction technology has become an important thing. As a biocatalyst, enzyme has attracted increasing attention in the field of element extraction because of its unique advantages, such as high specificity, mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness. Enzymatic extraction is a method that using the biochemical action of enzymes to destroy the structure of the sample and breaking the macromolecules into amino acids, so as to extract metal elements. This paper reviewed the application of enzymes in the extraction of elements in cereal foods, vegetables, traditional Chinese medicine, seafood and feed, and discussed which enzymes are suitable for different matrices, the advantages and disadvantages of enzymatic extraction methods, so as to better understand the compatibility of enzymes with different samples. It provides a reference for the future use of enzymatic extraction in the total amount and form of elements in different substances.

, correspAuthors=Jia-Ying HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Jie TAO, Hao-Ran ZHANG, Ting XU, Xian-Hui HUA, Jia-Ying HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986717381021814, articleId=1153986715866878063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=酶提法在元素提取前处理中的应用进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 随着对健康的重视及环境保护意识的日益增强, 人们逐渐深入探索食品、药品中元素的总量与形态, 并提出了更为严苛且全面的要求。传统的提取方法虽然在一定程度上能够满足分析的需求, 但往往伴随着各种问题。因此, 探索更为绿色、高效、环保的元素提取技术成为了重中之重。然而, 酶作为一种生物催化剂, 凭借其特异性高、反应条件温和、环境友好等独特优势, 在元素提取领域的应用日益受到重视。酶提法是利用酶的生化作用破坏样品结构, 将其中的大分子断裂为氨基酸, 从而提取出金属元素的一种方法。文章综述了酶在谷类食品、蔬菜、中药、海产品和饲料中元素提取的应用, 并对不同基质适用的酶及酶提法的优缺点进行论述, 以更好地了解酶与不同样品的适配性, 为今后酶提法在不同物质中提取元素总量及形态的应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=黄家莺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄家莺(1983—), 女, 畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:
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陶玉洁(1998—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:

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陶玉洁(1998—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:

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陶玉洁(1998—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:

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Quantitative determination of arsenic species in feed using liquid chromatography-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry[J]. 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酶提法在元素提取前处理中的应用进展
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陶玉洁 , 张浩然 , 徐汀 , 华贤辉 , 黄家莺 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(2): 279-285
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(2): 279-285
酶提法在元素提取前处理中的应用进展
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陶玉洁 , 张浩然, 徐汀, 华贤辉, 黄家莺*
作者信息
  • 上海市兽药饲料检测所, 上海 201103
  • 陶玉洁(1998—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 黄家莺(1983—), 女, 畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:
Progress in the application of enzymatic extraction in the pretreatment of element extraction
Yu-Jie TAO , Hao-Ran ZHANG, Ting XU, Xian-Hui HUA, Jia-Ying HUANG*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute for Veterinary Drugs and Feeds Control, Shanghai 201103, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710003
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近年来, 随着对健康的重视及环境保护意识的日益增强, 人们逐渐深入探索食品、药品中元素的总量与形态, 并提出了更为严苛且全面的要求。传统的提取方法虽然在一定程度上能够满足分析的需求, 但往往伴随着各种问题。因此, 探索更为绿色、高效、环保的元素提取技术成为了重中之重。然而, 酶作为一种生物催化剂, 凭借其特异性高、反应条件温和、环境友好等独特优势, 在元素提取领域的应用日益受到重视。酶提法是利用酶的生化作用破坏样品结构, 将其中的大分子断裂为氨基酸, 从而提取出金属元素的一种方法。文章综述了酶在谷类食品、蔬菜、中药、海产品和饲料中元素提取的应用, 并对不同基质适用的酶及酶提法的优缺点进行论述, 以更好地了解酶与不同样品的适配性, 为今后酶提法在不同物质中提取元素总量及形态的应用提供参考。

酶  /  酶提法  /  元素  /  前处理技术  /  应用

In recent years, with the increasing emphasis on health and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people have gradually explored and put forward more stringent and comprehensive requirements in the analysis of the total amount and form of elements in food and medicine. Although traditional extraction methods can meet the needs of analysis to a certain extent, they often accompanied by various problems. Therefore, exploring more green, efficient and environmentally friendly element extraction technology has become an important thing. As a biocatalyst, enzyme has attracted increasing attention in the field of element extraction because of its unique advantages, such as high specificity, mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness. Enzymatic extraction is a method that using the biochemical action of enzymes to destroy the structure of the sample and breaking the macromolecules into amino acids, so as to extract metal elements. This paper reviewed the application of enzymes in the extraction of elements in cereal foods, vegetables, traditional Chinese medicine, seafood and feed, and discussed which enzymes are suitable for different matrices, the advantages and disadvantages of enzymatic extraction methods, so as to better understand the compatibility of enzymes with different samples. It provides a reference for the future use of enzymatic extraction in the total amount and form of elements in different substances.

enzymes  /  enzymatic extraction  /  elements  /  pretreatment  /  application
陶玉洁, 张浩然, 徐汀, 华贤辉, 黄家莺. 酶提法在元素提取前处理中的应用进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 279 -285 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710003
Yu-Jie TAO, Hao-Ran ZHANG, Ting XU, Xian-Hui HUA, Jia-Ying HUANG. Progress in the application of enzymatic extraction in the pretreatment of element extraction[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 279 -285 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710003
微量元素与常量元素是保持人体生理活动正常运转的重要物质, 其摄入量的多少对于维持健康至关重要, 不足或过量都可能导致生理功能紊乱甚至引起疾病的发生[1]。重金属及一些其他元素能沿食物链逐步累积, 并最终在人体内富集, 这一过程会干扰人体的新陈代谢机制, 过量时就会对人类的健康构成严重威胁[2-3]。近年来, 食品与药品中的重金属及其他元素, 因其具有毒性以及可能对人类健康产生危害, 成为人们高度关注的议题。因此, 元素的提取和检测变得愈发重要。
目前, 关于元素提取的前处理方法主要有干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解法等。干法灰化因温度高会造成样品损失, 并且能够同时处理样品的批次较少[4]; 湿法消解试剂用量高, 混酸易造成待测元素受污染[5]; 微波消解因温度高易发生爆罐, 且酸的用量大, 会对环境造成污染[6]。而酶提法是利用酶的生化作用破坏蛋白质、糖类等大分子的结构, 将其断裂为氨基酸, 从而释放出金属元素[7-8], 相较于传统的提取方法而言, 酶提法对环境更加友好, 且该方法条件温和、回收率高, 同时也可与超声、加热、微波等物理方法相结合, 这些物理方法的空化效应、机械效应以及热效应能够促进酶解反应[9], 缩短时间, 提高效率。常用的酶有蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶等[10]。随着对金属总量和形态分析的逐渐深入, 绿色环保且高效的酶提取法发挥着越来越重要的作用, 是一种颇具发展潜力的提取方法[11]
本文对酶提法在谷类食品、蔬菜、中药、海产品及饲料中的应用进展进行综述, 以期为酶提法提取各类元素总量及形态的发展提供参考。
谷类作为传统饮食, 是人们每日不可或缺的食品, 其安全性是我们所需要关注的热点之一。镉和砷等有毒元素可以在水稻植株中蓄积, 人体摄入吸收后, 会导致多种疾病[12]。此外, 虽然硒、锰、锌等是人体必需的微量元素, 但过多摄入会引起中毒[13]。因此, 为了人体的健康, 谷类食品中的元素分析显得至关重要。
传统的超声常用于辅助酶提取法, 需要比较选择合适的超声条件以达到快速高效的提取目的。QU等[14]利用超声辅助酶提取对大米样品中的多元素进行前处理后, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定元素含量, 通过对酶类型、酶用量、超声功率和超声处理持续时间等实验条件的比较, 发现当使用6.75 mg胰酶、超声功率为800 W持续时间为5 min时, 提取过程可在20 min内完成, 且砷、镉、锰、锌的回收率为82.2%~97.3%。双频超声可用来辅助酶提取法, 以达到比传统超声更加省时的目的, QIN等[15]、秦黎明等[16]采用双频超声辅助酶消化结合原子荧光光谱法对大米中的镉元素进行测定, 研究比较了酶在传统超声与双频超声波条件下提取镉的时间, 相较于传统超声的90 min, 双频超声仅需160 s, 双频超声为提取物提供了更高效率的酶解技术, 但由于样品处理时间过短, 导致溶液中存在大量有机化合物, 会影响信号稳定性。用不同类型的酶对大米进行提取时, 提取效率也有所不同, 木瓜蛋白酶的检出限低于链酶蛋白酶E, 且回收率更高。曾云想等[17]建立了超声辅助酶法提取-高效液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用法(high performance liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, HPLC-AFS)测定大米中的硒形态, 利用链酶蛋白酶E超声30 min后洗脱进样, 结果表明检出限在0.5~3.1 μg/L, 回收率为80%~114%; 龚洋等[18]采用链酶蛋白酶E酶解提取稻谷中的硒, 而后通过HPLC-HG-AFS对其形态进行检测, 检出限为0.00801~0.05925 mg/kg, 回收率为85.9%~ 103.9%; 秦玉燕等[19]利用木瓜蛋白酶作为提取剂, 采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation- atomic fluorescence spectrometry, HPLC-HG-AFS)测定大米中的硒形态, 检出限为0.39~1.18 μg/L, 回收率为80.2%~118%, 相较于使用链酶蛋白E作为提取剂而言, 检出限更低, 回收率更高。酶的提取效率与其使用量密切相关, 存在一个最佳用量点, 既非越多越好, 也非越少越佳, 陈绍占等[20]用蛋白酶XIV、蛋白酶E、蛋白酶K来提取谷类食品的硒, 相同条件下蛋白酶XIV的提取效率最高, 且提取效率随着蛋白酶XIV用量的增加, 先升高后下降, 以20 mg为宜, 与孟莉等[21]的结论相同。
谷类食品中主要成分是淀粉, 对于淀粉含量较多样品中的元素提取, 可用胰酶、链酶蛋白酶E、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶XIV作为提取剂, 用量需要根据不同蛋白酶而定, 常采用超声辅助法缩短提取时间, 提高提取效率, 但需要注意的是, 过短的处理时间也会导致大量有机化合物的存在, 会对信号的稳定性产生影响, 从而影响样品中元素的检测。
蔬菜作为人们日常饮食中必不可少的食物, 其含有丰富的维生素、膳食纤维、矿物质等人体所需的营养成分, 但由于近年来三废的排放、污水的灌溉, 蔬菜在生长过程中便受到了重金属的污染。当人体摄入蔬菜时, 重金属会随之进入体内并蓄积, 危害人体健康[22]。因此, 对于蔬菜中的元素分析是很有必要的。
对于不同形态的硒, 酶提取法相比水提取和酸提取表现出了更优的提取性能, 蛋白酶K对所有形态的硒具有普遍适用性, 熊珺等[23]对竹笋、萝卜、蘑菇中硒形态的提取方式进行了考察, 其中水提取和酸提取两种提取方式对以非结合蛋白形式存在的硒形态提取效果优于其他形态的硒, 且其他形态的硒加标不能定量回收, 而用蛋白酶K进行提取, 所有硒形态的提取效果均有改善, 其加标回收率均大于80%。利用超声辅助酶提取时, 酶类型、pH、提取温度、超声时间均会影响酶的提取效率, 其中, 超声时间的长短需根据蔬菜的种类差异进行调整, 以达到最佳的提取效果。李倩等[24]对蔬菜中硒形态的提取方式进行了优化, 当采用蛋白酶XIV超声波辅助提取、提取温度为37 ℃、提取80 min且提取液pH为7.5时, 硒的5种形态分离效果最好, 回收率为96.3%~104.2%, 倪张林等[25]采用胃蛋白酶和0.1%稀盐酸提取, 测得硒的5种形态回收率为80.1%~99.2%, 两种方法相较而言, 蛋白酶XIV超声波辅助提取回收率高, 且前处理时间短, 在7 min可完成样品的测定; 刘笑笑等[26]利用链霉蛋白酶E酶解, 超声60 min提取黑木耳中的硒, 通过液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, LC-AFS)测定, 硒的5种形态检出限为0.26~3.06 μg/L, 回收率为76.1%~108.0%。恒温振摇辅助酶提取法稳定性更好, 且与传统的超声辅助有相同的提取效率, 张珂等[27]采用恒温振摇辅助酶提取法对大蒜进行提取, 比较了胃蛋白酶、蛋白酶E、蛋白酶XIV和蛋白酶K的提取效果, 发现同样条件下蛋白酶XIV提取的硒元素总量最高, 同时也比较了超声辅助与恒温振摇的提取效果, 虽然两种方式提取效果相同, 但长时间的超声会导致样品沉积在管底, 无法与提取液更均匀接触, 恒温振摇辅助酶法的回收率为79.0%~104.0%, 稳定性好, 准确度高。
蔬菜中富含膳食纤维, 即主要成分是多糖, 蛋白酶K、蛋白酶XIV、胃蛋白酶、链酶蛋白酶E都适用于多糖含量占比高的样品的提取剂, 不同种类的蔬菜需要选取不同的酶进行提取, 同时可采用超声辅助或恒温振摇的方式来提高提取效率。然而, 超声状态下的酶易发生多肽键断裂或空间结构变化[28], 断裂的小分子是否会与检测元素的某种形态结合形成新物质, 是在选取辅助方式的时候需要考虑的。
中药是我国流传千年的瑰宝, 因其疗效独特、副作用小, 成为世界传统医药的重要组成部分[29]。由于土壤、大气和水的污染, 植物类草药、动物源性中药在生长过程中会富集一定的重金属元素[30-31], 人体摄入后不但会降低疗效, 而且会对身体健康造成危害。
在提取效率相同的情况下, 超声辅助酶提取法拥有更简便的操作, 裘一婧等[32]比较了超声辅助胃蛋白酶水解法与热浸提法提取动物源性中药中的砷, 两种提取方法的实验结果基本一致, 但相较于热浸提法而言, 用超声辅助胃蛋白酶水解法提取砷操作简便且耗时较短, 大大提高了提取效率。蛋白酶XIV对不同形态的硒均有良好的提取效果, 20 mg为最佳用量。张颜等[33-34]考察了不同酶提取海洋中药中硒形态的提取效果, 发现胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶无法提取硒代蛋氨酸, 而蛋白酶XIV的提取效果较好, 且随着蛋白酶XIV加入量的增大, 硒化合物的含量也逐渐增大, 当加入量为20 mg, 37 ℃下超声10 min时, 硒化合物的含量达到最大值, 为提取的最优条件。超声辅助酶萃取虽能达到较高的提取效率, 但酶解反应可能会对检测信号造成影响, 酶解后加入一定量的酸会消除干扰。未敏[35]对比了超声辅助盐酸萃取法、超声辅助酶萃法与超声辅助酶萃取后用酸消解的方法提取党参中的砷, 用原子荧光光谱法(atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS)测定含量, 3种方法的萃取率分别为68.15%、85.43%和95.23%, 使用超声溶剂提取会因为过高的温度而造成砷的损失, 加入酶作为萃取剂后能大大提高提取率, 这是由于酶可以将中药中的大分子物质分解为低分子化合物, 释放出砷元素, 但酶解反应产生的有机物质会影响检测器信号的稳定性, 在酶萃取后用酸消解可以将残留的重金属成分进一步提取, 提高萃取效率。蛋白酶K与脂肪酶共同作为提取剂, 采用超声辅助的方式可用于植物中药中硒元素的提取, 曹玉嫔等[36-37]在玛卡、牛蒡、三七样品中加入超纯水、蛋白酶K及脂肪酶, 采用超声辅助的方式提取其中的硒元素, 通过高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS)检测, 硒的回收率均在95.0%~114.6%之间。
在提取中药中的元素时, 需要根据所提取元素的形态选取合适的酶, 胃蛋白酶、蛋白酶K、脂肪酶、蛋白酶XIV均可用于元素的提取, 但在提取不同形态的硒时, 可优先考虑采用蛋白酶XIV作为提取剂。对于有些中药来说, 酶解会产生有机物从而导致检测时的稳定性降低, 可以考虑酶解后再使用酸消解, 将样品中的金属元素进一步进行提取来提高元素的提取效率。
海产品是人类摄入蛋白质的主要来源, 同时也富含多种维生素及微量元素, 对人体健康非常有益, 但随着海洋中重金属的污染日益严重, 海产品会通过食物链富集重金属, 人体摄入过量后会产生严重的损害[38-39]。因此, 考察海产品中的重金属元素及一些元素的有害形态显得尤为重要。
超声胃蛋白酶提取法不仅拥有较好的提取效率, 对检测结果无干扰, 而且绿色环保, 范晓旭等[40]比较了超声胃蛋白酶提取法、超声纤维素酶提取法、超声稀盐酸提取法和微波消解法提取螺旋藻样品中的锰、锌、锶、镉, 胃蛋白酶的提取效率为93%~100%, 稀盐酸的提取效率为83%~91%, 纤维素酶的提取效率低于60%, 超声胃蛋白酶提取法与传统的微波消解法相比, 4种元素提取率均高于84%, 该法耗酸量少, 对环境友好, 且反应过程中无物料损失、无副反应发生, 结果准确可靠。用酶提取法提取所需元素时, 需通过优化酶提取条件来确保精确且无干扰的元素提取过程。王继霞等[41]采用胃蛋白酶提取贝壳类海产品中的砷, 研究了不同pH、温度、酶的质量及超声时间对提取效率的影响, 结果表明pH 4.5、35 ℃下100 mg胃蛋白酶超声5 min为最优条件, 操作简便且不会引入其他杂质干扰。除了常用的超声, 微波也可以用来辅助酶提取法, 达到较高的准确度。RIBEIRO等[42]采用微波辅助酶解法提取了鱼肉中的硒和汞, 通过ICP-MS检测硒和汞的形态, Se(IV)的定量限为0.15 mg/kg, 其余硒的所有形态定量限为0.010~0.013 mg/kg, 甲基汞的定量限为0.006 mg/kg, 适用于鱼肉中硒和汞形态的测定。在相同的条件下, 木瓜蛋白酶与蛋白酶XIV的提取效率相差不大, 但木瓜蛋白酶在价格上显得更为经济实惠, 具有显著的优势, 朱羽庄等[43]选用木瓜蛋白酶代替蛋白酶XIV, 在pH 5.0、50 ℃提取12 h、180 r/min离心10 min的条件下酶解提取海产品中的硒, 通过HPLC-ICP-MS检测5种硒形态, 检出限为1.231~2.423 μg/L, 回收率为81.3%~118%, 该法前处理简单快捷, 检测成本低, 准确度高, 为海产品中硒形态的定量分析提供了一种有效且可靠的手段。
对于海产品中的元素, 酶提取与传统的微波消解法提取相比, 两者的提取效率大致相同, 酶提取操作简单, 绿色节能, 能保持元素的初始形态, 不会产生其他杂质污染。海产品拥有丰富的蛋白质, 在蛋白质含量较高的样品提取中, 选择胃蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶, 提取效率更高。
饲料作为动物每日主要摄入的食物之一, 其安全性是不可忽视的, 重金属污染是当今饲料中存在的不安全因素之一[44]。长期食用含有重金属元素的饲料, 会对动物的生长及生产性能造成不可逆的影响, 严重时会导致动物死亡[45]。当人们食用重金属蓄积的动物源食品时, 会对身体健康造成严重危害, 因此, 找到简便快速的方法检测饲料中的重金属是十分必要的。
蛋白酶XIV结合超声波探头是目前饲料中元素提取的常用方法, 相较于其他基质使用的超声辅助而言, 无需考虑温度和pH, 但要注意超声时间不能过长。XIAO等[46-47]采用蛋白酶XIV结合超声波探头提取动物饲料中的硒形态, 再通过离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ion chromatography- inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, IC-ICP-MS)进行测定, 5种形态的检出限为1~10 μg/L, 回收率在86.5%~101.6%, 该提取在纯水中进行, 无需控制温度和pH, 60 s可提取一个样品, 操作快速简单, 精密度高, 适用于饲料中硒形态的测定, 有助于提高广泛应用中的样品通量。刘成新[48]考察比较了不同提取方法提取饲料中的硒形态, 蛋白酶结合超声波探头提取时, 60 s为最佳提取时间, 超过2 min后会造成损失, 这是因为超声时间越长, 溶液温度越高, 会使酶失活。
近年来, 在饲料中元素检测的前处理方法中, 一种以酸作为消解剂进行微波消解的方法, 因其高效、快速且能显著提高样品消解效率而备受青睐, 得到了广泛的应用[48], 但消解所使用的酸用量较大, 会对环境造成一定影响[49]; 另一种则是采用甲醇、水溶液作为提取剂来提取[50], 但甲醇水溶液提取法的适用范围相对有限, 且针对不同样品需进行浓度优化[51]。而酶作为绿色环保的提取剂, 在饲料的元素提取中应用很少, 目前只有蛋白酶XIV适用于饲料中硒形态的提取。
随着国家对食品、药品及饲料安全重视程度的加强, 重金属超标问题得到有效控制, 在已建立的多种可靠的提取方法中, 酶提取法拥有绿色环保、操作简便、快速高效等优点, 还可以通过结合超声波辅助、超声波探头提取来缩短提取的时间。在超声辅助酶解的过程中, 易产生一些有机物, 会降低检测时的稳定性, 影响检测结果。所以在超声的过程中, 要注意控制超声时间, 避免在酶解时产生新的物质, 从而干扰元素的检测。
对于不同样品、不同元素的提取, 要选择与之相适应的酶, 如淀粉含量高的样品, 可考虑使用胰酶、链酶蛋白酶E、木瓜蛋白酶、蛋白酶XIV作为提取剂; 蛋白质含量高的样品, 优先选择胃蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶; 含膳食纤维较多的样品, 可选择蛋白酶K、蛋白酶XIV、胃蛋白酶和链酶蛋白酶E。
相较于谷类、蔬菜、海产品、中药来说, 酶在饲料元素提取中的应用还是较少, 近年来随着城市伴侣动物的增加, 宠物市场逐渐扩大, 宠物饲料中元素的检测变得重要起来。因此, 酶在宠物饲料元素检测的提取方面, 仍有较大的研究空间, 如选取哪种类型的酶、是否需要采用辅助方式、在何种pH和温度条件下能够快速准确提取所需元素, 是需要去研究探索的。通过不断的技术创新和优化, 酶提取法将更加简便、快速、准确和环保。
  • 上海奶牛绿色健康养殖关键技术研究与集成应用项目(沪农科推字(2022)第2-1号)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240710003
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
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上海奶牛绿色健康养殖关键技术研究与集成应用项目(沪农科推字(2022)第2-1号)
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    上海市兽药饲料检测所, 上海 201103

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* 黄家莺(1983—), 女, 畜牧师, 主要研究方向为兽药饲料质量安全监测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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