Article(id=1153986715497779309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061473011, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061473011, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061473011, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061473011, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986716458274930, articleId=1153986715497779309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Comprehensive utilization and nutrient analysis of traditional sour whey based on composite membrane separation technology, columnId=1153986712016506967, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Research on Optimization and Application of Food Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the nutritional components of traditional sour whey and its products and explore its comprehensive utilization value. Methods The traditional sour whey was separated step by step into a variety of homogeneous and stable whey products by composite membrane separation technology. The content of protein, fat, peptide, mineral and lactose was used as evaluation index to analyze the nutritional characteristics and availability direction of these products. Results Four kinds of whey products: Thin cream RQ-1 for milk standardization (fat content 47.4 g/100 g); microfiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-3 was a high-protein and polypeptide drink (protein content 3.52 g/100 g; peptide content 0.92 g/100 g); ultrafiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-5 was a pure peptide type drink (peptide content 0.87 g/100 g); the reverse osmosis membrane interception liquid RQ-9 could be used for the development of mineral drinks (ash content 0.88 g/100 g, 5 major elements detected) and the recycling of lactose (lactose content 3.92 g/100 g). Conclusion “Turning waste into treasure” of traditional sour whey is directly related to the increase of herdsmen's income. The membrane separation method provides a new solution for its comprehensive utilization.

, correspAuthors=Liang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing MA, Yuan-Sheng GUO, Ri-Di GA, Li-Shan SUN, Chun-Dong LI, Ri HU, Guo-Qiang LIU, Fang XIAO, Xin-Yu ZANG, Liang GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986761983250904, articleId=1153986715497779309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于复合膜分离技术对传统酸乳清的综合利用及营养成分分析, columnId=1153986712150724698, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对传统酸乳清及其产品进行营养成分分析并探究其综合利用价值。方法 采用复合膜分离技术, 将传统酸乳清逐级分离成多种成分均一、稳定的乳清产品。以蛋白质、脂肪、肽、矿物质、乳糖等的含量为评价指标, 分析产品的营养特征及可利用方向。结果 4种乳清产品: 稀奶油RQ-1用于乳的标准化(脂肪含量47.4 g/100 g); 微滤膜截留液RQ-3为高蛋白和多肽饮品(蛋白质含量3.52 g/100 g; 肽含量0.92 g/100 g); 超滤膜截留液RQ-5为纯多肽型饮品(肽含量0.87 g/100 g); 反渗透膜截留液RQ-9可用于矿物质饮品的开发(灰分含量为0.88 g/100 g, 检出5种常量元素)及乳糖的回收利用(乳糖含量3.92 g/100 g)。结论 传统酸乳清“变废为宝”直接关系到牧民增收, 膜分离方法为其综合利用提供了新的解决方案。

, correspAuthors=郭梁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭梁(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为生物工程技术开发锡林郭勒野生动植物和微生物资源。E-mail:
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马静(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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马静(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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马静(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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Zhenglanqi Changhong Dairy Factory, Xilinhot 026000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567038967170038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, companyId=1184567038954587124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.正蓝旗长虹乳制品厂, 锡林浩特 026000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184567042129674288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Concentration and separation process of membrane system, figureFileSmall=uxblO2aSX6MIIPhGdAKvYA==, figureFileBig=/ZEoAViI0X+v7XhkIuIt4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567042192588849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=图1, caption=膜系统浓缩分离过程, figureFileSmall=uxblO2aSX6MIIPhGdAKvYA==, figureFileBig=/ZEoAViI0X+v7XhkIuIt4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567042272280626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Whey separation liquid obtained after membrane separation, figureFileSmall=++sY9fXIOPJFELsiGhw+tg==, figureFileBig=yRtVmsx/fJG/+qlwxW1iWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567042335195187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=图2, caption=膜分离后得到的乳清分离液, figureFileSmall=++sY9fXIOPJFELsiGhw+tg==, figureFileBig=yRtVmsx/fJG/+qlwxW1iWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567042427469876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dry matter content of each whey separation liquid, figureFileSmall=bA/7V3bgG0bi0DXYYWPvkQ==, figureFileBig=E/6XgjkGB3J1AsMCVvunqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567042486190133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=图3, caption=乳清分离液的干物质含量

注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图4~9同。

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Application of separation membrane in food industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别 处理方法 主要膜类型
(孔径/分子截留量)
参考操作条件 其他 参考
文献
乳清 MF+UF+NF MF: 陶瓷膜, 孔径0.2 μm
UF: 聚醚砜(5 kDa)
NF: 聚酰胺(350 Da)
温度: 25 ℃; 跨膜压力: 1.5 bar;
温度: 25 ℃; 跨膜压力: 1.0~1.4 bar;
温度: 35 ℃; 跨膜压力: 40 bar
MF: 除脂/除菌
UF: 提取乳清蛋白/标准化工艺
NF: 回收乳糖
[11]
[12]
[13]
饮料 MF+UF MF: 聚偏二氟乙烯、聚砜、聚醚砜;
UF: 300 Da~500 kDa
温度: 20~35 ℃;
跨膜压力: 0.5~3 bar
MF: 澄清/除菌/除脂/除蛋白;
UF: 澄清/浓缩: 去除单宁、淀粉、纤维素等
[14]
[15]
[16]
食用油 UF 聚偏二氟乙烯、醋酸纤维素
聚砜(3000 Da)
温度: 45 ℃; 转速500 r/min UF: 脱胶(去除磷脂)、脱色、脱酸(去除游离脂肪酸) [17]
[18]
UF 聚砜酰胺(20000 Da) 温度: 30~50 ℃;
跨膜压力1.5~2 bar
UF: 脱胶(去除磷脂)、脱色、脱酸(去除游离脂肪酸) [19]
调味料 MF 有机微滤膜(0.1 μm) 温度50 ℃; 跨膜压力1.2 bar 除菌/澄清 [20]
[21]
UF 聚偏二氟乙烯(200 kDa) 跨膜压力3 bar 除菌/澄清 [22]
UF 负电荷-聚偏二氟乙烯(8~10 kDa) 温度0~45 ℃;
跨膜压力0.2~0.8 bar
去除部分有机物/盐/细菌 [23]
RO 聚酰胺(200 Da) 温度25 ℃; 跨膜压力6.9 bar 去除有机物/脱盐 [24]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567043635429443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离膜在食品工业中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类别 处理方法 主要膜类型
(孔径/分子截留量)
参考操作条件 其他 参考
文献
乳清 MF+UF+NF MF: 陶瓷膜, 孔径0.2 μm
UF: 聚醚砜(5 kDa)
NF: 聚酰胺(350 Da)
温度: 25 ℃; 跨膜压力: 1.5 bar;
温度: 25 ℃; 跨膜压力: 1.0~1.4 bar;
温度: 35 ℃; 跨膜压力: 40 bar
MF: 除脂/除菌
UF: 提取乳清蛋白/标准化工艺
NF: 回收乳糖
[11]
[12]
[13]
饮料 MF+UF MF: 聚偏二氟乙烯、聚砜、聚醚砜;
UF: 300 Da~500 kDa
温度: 20~35 ℃;
跨膜压力: 0.5~3 bar
MF: 澄清/除菌/除脂/除蛋白;
UF: 澄清/浓缩: 去除单宁、淀粉、纤维素等
[14]
[15]
[16]
食用油 UF 聚偏二氟乙烯、醋酸纤维素
聚砜(3000 Da)
温度: 45 ℃; 转速500 r/min UF: 脱胶(去除磷脂)、脱色、脱酸(去除游离脂肪酸) [17]
[18]
UF 聚砜酰胺(20000 Da) 温度: 30~50 ℃;
跨膜压力1.5~2 bar
UF: 脱胶(去除磷脂)、脱色、脱酸(去除游离脂肪酸) [19]
调味料 MF 有机微滤膜(0.1 μm) 温度50 ℃; 跨膜压力1.2 bar 除菌/澄清 [20]
[21]
UF 聚偏二氟乙烯(200 kDa) 跨膜压力3 bar 除菌/澄清 [22]
UF 负电荷-聚偏二氟乙烯(8~10 kDa) 温度0~45 ℃;
跨膜压力0.2~0.8 bar
去除部分有机物/盐/细菌 [23]
RO 聚酰胺(200 Da) 温度25 ℃; 跨膜压力6.9 bar 去除有机物/脱盐 [24]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567043752869956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter table of membrane separation process

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样品编号 样品名称 膜类型 质量/kg 过膜时间/h 膜通量/(L/h) 膜压力/MPa
RQ-2 脱脂乳清 / 200.0 / / /
RQ-3 MF截留液 MF膜 21.7 8.0 450~180 0.20
RQ-4 MF透过液 161.5
RQ-5 UF截留液 UF膜 14.4 1.5 2500~2350 0.35
RQ-6 UF透过液 144.4
RQ-7 NF截留液 NF膜 28.0 3.0 2100~2000 0.80
RQ-8 NF透过液 113.6
RQ-9 RO截留液 RO膜 17.3 1.5 2000~1800 1.00
RQ-10 RO透过液 95.0
), ArticleFig(id=1184567043878699077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膜分离过程参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 样品名称 膜类型 质量/kg 过膜时间/h 膜通量/(L/h) 膜压力/MPa
RQ-2 脱脂乳清 / 200.0 / / /
RQ-3 MF截留液 MF膜 21.7 8.0 450~180 0.20
RQ-4 MF透过液 161.5
RQ-5 UF截留液 UF膜 14.4 1.5 2500~2350 0.35
RQ-6 UF透过液 144.4
RQ-7 NF截留液 NF膜 28.0 3.0 2100~2000 0.80
RQ-8 NF透过液 113.6
RQ-9 RO截留液 RO膜 17.3 1.5 2000~1800 1.00
RQ-10 RO透过液 95.0
), ArticleFig(id=1184567043979362374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of free amino acids in whey separation liquid (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 缩写 RQ-3 RQ-5 RQ-7 RQ-9
1 丙氨酸 Ala 5.8±0.4 / / /
2 天门冬氨酸 Asp 67.0±4.2 / / /
3 磺基丙氨酸 Cys-A 58.6±2.8 17.0±1.4 6.4±0.9 3.8±0.2
4 半胱氨酸 Cys 36.5±0.7 / / /
5 甘氨酸 Gly 24.2±1.0 / / /
6 组氨酸 His 51.6±1.6 18.6±2.4 39.0±2.1 /
7 赖氨酸 Lys 85.0±2.1 13.6±2.4 45.8±4.5 /
8 蛋氨酸 Met 87.0±5.0 / 19.0±3.0 /
9 蛋氨酸砜 Met-s 392.0±8.1 78.4±3.5 256.4±13.6 12.0±4.2
10 苏氨酸 Tyr 19.0±2.2 / 24.2±1.4 /
), ArticleFig(id=1184567044050665543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986715497779309, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

乳清分离液的游离氨基酸含量(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 缩写 RQ-3 RQ-5 RQ-7 RQ-9
1 丙氨酸 Ala 5.8±0.4 / / /
2 天门冬氨酸 Asp 67.0±4.2 / / /
3 磺基丙氨酸 Cys-A 58.6±2.8 17.0±1.4 6.4±0.9 3.8±0.2
4 半胱氨酸 Cys 36.5±0.7 / / /
5 甘氨酸 Gly 24.2±1.0 / / /
6 组氨酸 His 51.6±1.6 18.6±2.4 39.0±2.1 /
7 赖氨酸 Lys 85.0±2.1 13.6±2.4 45.8±4.5 /
8 蛋氨酸 Met 87.0±5.0 / 19.0±3.0 /
9 蛋氨酸砜 Met-s 392.0±8.1 78.4±3.5 256.4±13.6 12.0±4.2
10 苏氨酸 Tyr 19.0±2.2 / 24.2±1.4 /
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基于复合膜分离技术对传统酸乳清的综合利用及营养成分分析
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马静 1 , 郭元晟 1 , 嘎日迪 1 , 孙立山 3 , 李春冬 1, 2 , 呼日 1 , 刘国强 1 , 肖芳 1 , 臧心雨 1 , 郭梁 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究 2025,16(2): 138-146
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究 2025, 16(2): 138-146
基于复合膜分离技术对传统酸乳清的综合利用及营养成分分析
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马静1 , 郭元晟1, 嘎日迪1, 孙立山3, 李春冬1, 2, 呼日1, 刘国强1, 肖芳1, 臧心雨1, 郭梁1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.锡林郭勒职业学院, 锡林浩特 026000
  • 2.锡林郭勒盟食品科学与检测实验中心(锡林郭勒盟农畜产品检验检测中心), 锡林浩特 026000
  • 3.正蓝旗长虹乳制品厂, 锡林浩特 026000
  • 马静(1993—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郭梁(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为生物工程技术开发锡林郭勒野生动植物和微生物资源。E-mail:
Comprehensive utilization and nutrient analysis of traditional sour whey based on composite membrane separation technology
Jing MA1 , Yuan-Sheng GUO1, Ri-Di GA1, Li-Shan SUN3, Chun-Dong LI1, 2, Ri HU1, Guo-Qiang LIU1, Fang XIAO1, Xin-Yu ZANG1, Liang GUO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Xilingol Vocational College, Xilinhot 026000, China
  • 2. Xilingol Food Science and Testing Experimental Center (Xilingol Agricultural and Animal Products Testing Center), Xilinhot 026000, China
  • 3. Zhenglanqi Changhong Dairy Factory, Xilinhot 026000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014009
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目的 对传统酸乳清及其产品进行营养成分分析并探究其综合利用价值。方法 采用复合膜分离技术, 将传统酸乳清逐级分离成多种成分均一、稳定的乳清产品。以蛋白质、脂肪、肽、矿物质、乳糖等的含量为评价指标, 分析产品的营养特征及可利用方向。结果 4种乳清产品: 稀奶油RQ-1用于乳的标准化(脂肪含量47.4 g/100 g); 微滤膜截留液RQ-3为高蛋白和多肽饮品(蛋白质含量3.52 g/100 g; 肽含量0.92 g/100 g); 超滤膜截留液RQ-5为纯多肽型饮品(肽含量0.87 g/100 g); 反渗透膜截留液RQ-9可用于矿物质饮品的开发(灰分含量为0.88 g/100 g, 检出5种常量元素)及乳糖的回收利用(乳糖含量3.92 g/100 g)。结论 传统酸乳清“变废为宝”直接关系到牧民增收, 膜分离方法为其综合利用提供了新的解决方案。

膜分离  /  传统酸乳清  /  综合利用

Objective To analyze the nutritional components of traditional sour whey and its products and explore its comprehensive utilization value. Methods The traditional sour whey was separated step by step into a variety of homogeneous and stable whey products by composite membrane separation technology. The content of protein, fat, peptide, mineral and lactose was used as evaluation index to analyze the nutritional characteristics and availability direction of these products. Results Four kinds of whey products: Thin cream RQ-1 for milk standardization (fat content 47.4 g/100 g); microfiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-3 was a high-protein and polypeptide drink (protein content 3.52 g/100 g; peptide content 0.92 g/100 g); ultrafiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-5 was a pure peptide type drink (peptide content 0.87 g/100 g); the reverse osmosis membrane interception liquid RQ-9 could be used for the development of mineral drinks (ash content 0.88 g/100 g, 5 major elements detected) and the recycling of lactose (lactose content 3.92 g/100 g). Conclusion “Turning waste into treasure” of traditional sour whey is directly related to the increase of herdsmen's income. The membrane separation method provides a new solution for its comprehensive utilization.

membrane separation  /  traditional sour whey  /  comprehensive utilization
马静, 郭元晟, 嘎日迪, 孙立山, 李春冬, 呼日, 刘国强, 肖芳, 臧心雨, 郭梁. 基于复合膜分离技术对传统酸乳清的综合利用及营养成分分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014009
Jing MA, Yuan-Sheng GUO, Ri-Di GA, Li-Shan SUN, Chun-Dong LI, Ri HU, Guo-Qiang LIU, Fang XIAO, Xin-Yu ZANG, Liang GUO. Comprehensive utilization and nutrient analysis of traditional sour whey based on composite membrane separation technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014009
传统酸乳清是生产蒙古族传统乳制品时产生的液态副产物。它一般是以鲜乳为原料, 经过滤、传统工艺发酵、凝乳加热、分离收集而得, 属于酸乳清的一种, 其pH一般为4.6左右[1]。研究发现一定地理区域内, 传统乳制品发酵过程中具有共同的核心微生物群[2]。以地处黄金奶源维度的内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例, 该地的传统乳制品中乳酸菌和酵母菌的含量最高且菌群多样性丰富, 传统酸乳清与传统乳制品的优势菌种一致[3-4], 产生的质量比可以达到1:9甚至是1:12。根据2023年政府公开数据, 锡盟传统乳制品产量突破5.4万t, 产生的传统酸乳清可达近60万t。随着传统乳制品标准体系的完善、区域品牌的建立、加工技术的优化, 传统乳制品的消费市场潜力巨大[5], 因此传统酸乳清的综合利用十分必要。
传统酸乳清受技术限制及乳清品质不稳定的影响, 一般都当作废液排放或者喂食牲畜, 资源浪费的同时还对环境及水生生物造成严重危害[6]。手工作坊占锡盟传统乳制品企业的98.4%左右, 生产工艺依赖传承、经验[7-8]。部分科研从业者试图改进传统乳制品生产工艺, 探索适合工业生产的危害分析的临界控制点体系。但标准化企业占比低、大龄从业者学习新技术困难[9-10]。传统酸乳清的品质与原料乳的来源、环境条件、加工工艺等有关系。传统乳制品发酵终点的确定全凭经验, 缺乏食品良好操作规范和食品卫生标准操作程序, 而发酵时间的长短、菌种的类型, 都会影响蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、乳酸等成分含量, 这导致不同厂家、不同批次产生的酸乳清成分变化很大, 对于后续开发均一稳定的产品, 具有一定难度。
膜分离技术在食品工业中应用示例如表1所示(各产品类别的应用不仅限于表格中的膜材料及相关操作条件, 表中示例仅作为实际生产参照)。以压力差为驱动能量, 以膜孔径分类的微滤(microfiltration, MF)膜、超滤(ultrafiltration, UF)膜、纳滤(nanofiltration, NF)膜及反渗透(reverse osmosis, RO)膜分离体系在食品工业中应用广泛。膜材料包括成本低、应用广的有机膜和稳定性好、耐用的无机膜。近年来开发的改性膜在亲水性、渗透性、选择性方面表现优秀[25]。膜分离技术设备自动化程度高, 操作简单易学, 维修成本低。对从事传统乳制品加工人员的学历、年龄要求不高。其次, 膜分离技术分离条件温和, 耗能低。膜分离过程对热敏物质友好, 较好地保留了乳清中生物活性成分[26]。再次, 膜分离技术的分离度高, 分离级别可达10-9 m。传统酸乳清的成分根据分子量的不同进行分离、富集, 实现乳的标准化, 解决传统酸乳清品质不稳定的问题[27]。经过RO膜分离后, 乳清废液可以直接排放或饮用, 操作工艺低碳环保。
现阶段, 酸乳清应用于乳清蛋白粉、乳清糖、乳清饮料, 少量添加于日化产品中[28-32]。研究的产品种类少, 生产成本高, 热基工艺致使酸乳清的营养性、功能性大打折扣。对于传统酸乳清的综合利用及系列产品的开发鲜有报道。因此本研究以传统酸乳清为研究对象, 结合膜分离技术, 对传统酸乳清及其产品进行营养成分分析, 旨在深挖传统乳制品资源综合利用潜力, 为高效、绿色、优质的乳清产品开发和工业化生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。
传统酸乳清, 内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗地区采集。
MF膜(0.2 μm, 陶瓷材质)、UF膜(10 kDa, 聚醚砜材质)、NF膜(150~300 Da, 聚酰胺材质)、RO膜(100 Da, 聚酰胺材质)(重庆佳和过滤技术公司)。
硫酸铜、硫酸钾、氨水、石油醚、无水乙醚、刚果红、亚甲蓝、乙醇、盐酸、5-磺基水杨酸、酒石酸钾钠、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾、柠檬酸、三氯乙酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 甲醇(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技有限公司); 硝酸(优级纯, 苏州晶瑞化学有限公司); 茚三酮(优级纯, 安徽酷尔生物工程有限公司)。
ME204E型万分之一电子天平、FE38型电导率仪、FE28 pH计(美国梅特勒托利多公司); JH-DS2540-3X型多功能膜过滤设备(重庆佳和过滤技术公司); Avanti J-E型离心机(贝克曼库尔特公司); DZKW-S-8型水浴锅(北京永光明公司); MFLC-7/12A型马弗炉; WGL-125D型干燥箱(天津泰斯特公司); K9840型凯氏定氮仪、SH220N型石墨消解仪(山东海能公司); NexION 2000型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国PE公司); U3000型液相色谱仪、Hypersil GOLD色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); S433D型氨基酸分析仪(德国Sykam公司)。
采集的蒙古族传统酸乳清离心脱脂后, 使用MF-UF-NF-RO复合膜分离, 上一级截留液作为乳清待分析液, 透过液则通入下一级分离膜浓缩分离。膜分离过程如图1所示, 对得到的各级乳清液编号为: RQ-0~RQ-10。
水分参照GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中第一法(直接干燥法)液体试样测定方法测定; 脂肪参照GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中第三法 碱水解法测定; 蛋白质参照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中第一法 凯氏定氮法测定; 灰分参照GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》中第一法 食品总灰分的测定方法测定; 乳糖参照GB 5009.7—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中还原糖的测定》中第一法 直接滴定法测定。
参照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》中第一法 电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定。
滤液中小分子蛋白的测定: 称5 g乳清液, 用15%三氯乙酸定容至50 mL。将大分子蛋白沉淀后, 滤液以8000 r/min, 离心5 min。上清液按GB 5009.5—2016中凯氏定氮法测定, 得到滤液中小分子蛋白的含量。
滤液中游离氨基酸的测定: 取经三氯乙酸处理, 离心(8000 r/min, 5 min)后的滤液1 g稀释至10 mL, 经过0.22 μm的微孔过滤膜过滤后, 于氨基酸分析仪上测定滤液中游离氨基酸的含量。
乳清产品肽含量为滤液中小分子蛋白含量减去滤液中游离氨基酸含量。
试样制备: 样液高速离心(12000 r/min, 5 min)后, 称取1 g上清液于15 mL离心管, 加入0.01 mol/L盐酸8 mL, 用水定容10 mL后, 离心(12000 r/min, 5 min)取上清液过滤, 滤液供液相色谱仪分析。检测条件: 流动相A为甲醇; 流动相C为磷酸缓冲盐(phosphate buffer saline, PBS)缓冲溶液(称取8.00 g氯化钠、1.20 g磷酸氢二钠、0.20 g磷酸二氢钾、0.20 g氯化钾, 用900 mL水溶解后, 用盐酸调节pH至2.7, 再加水至1000 mL, 经过膜、超声脱气后使用); 流速为0.50 mL/min; 液相色谱柱为Hypersil GOLD (250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 柱温35 ℃; 进样量10 μL; 洗脱条件: 0.00~3.00 min, 99.0%C; 9.00~11.00 min, 95.0%C; 12.00~30.00 min, 99.0%C。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行分析, 实验数据以平均值±标准偏差表示。根据单因素方差分析法中的Ducan比较法进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行绘图。
传统酸乳清脱脂处理后, 去除稀奶油层得到脱脂乳清。脱脂乳清依次通过MF膜、UF膜、NF膜、RO膜, 记录各级截留液、过滤液的质量。通过控制膜分离过程参数, 可以调整各级乳清分离液的浓缩比、营养指标等。乳清通过膜过滤设备过程中, 记录过膜时间、膜通量、膜压力等信息见表2
乳清液RQ-0~RQ-10如图2所示。传统酸乳清RQ-0, 为黄绿色乳浊液, 微酸。瓶底有少量白色沉淀, 这是由于凝乳不完全, 分离的传统酸乳清中含有一些蛋白颗粒; RQ-1为离心得到的稀奶油, 呈半固态、乳白色, 具有乳香味, 微酸, 质地均匀, 组织细腻; RQ-2、RQ-3为均匀的乳黄色乳浊液, 经MF膜浓缩后的RQ-3浊度更高, 微酸; RQ-4~RQ-9为黄绿色透明液体, 其中RQ-9的颜色最深, RQ-10为无色透明的液体。这是由于RO膜的分子孔径最小, 仅有水分子通过, 乳清中的色素均被截留。其澄清度为RQ-4>RQ-3、RQ-6>RQ-5、RQ-8>RQ-7、RQ-10>RQ-9。
图3为乳清分离液的干物质含量, 可明显看出RQ-1的干物质含量显著高于其他乳清分离液(P<0.05), 原因是RQ-1的主要成分为脂肪, 属于半固态稀奶油, 组织状态与其他乳清分离液完全不同, 干物质含量高达51.6 g/100 g。其他液态乳清分离液中, MF膜截留液RQ-3干物质含量为6.45 g/100 g, 与RQ-0的干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05), 即RQ-3还原了RQ-0中几乎大部分的营养物质。同时根据图3还可明显看出, 干物质含量RQ-3>RQ-4、RQ-5>RQ-6、RQ-7>RQ-8、RQ-9>RQ-10, 即MF膜、UF膜、NF膜、RO膜的截留液的干物质含量均大于透过液, 符合复合膜浓缩分离的规律。另外干物质含量越高, 澄清度也越低。这与乳清液感官性状分析的结论一致。此外, RO膜透过液RQ-10干物质含量为0.01 g/100 g, 显著低于其他乳清分离液(P<0.05)。利用RO膜的这一性质, 可应用于乳清加工流程的终端水处理, 有利于环境保护和能源的再利用。
由结果得出, 乳清液的脂肪含量特征明显。RQ-1的脂肪含量最高为47.4 g/100 g, 从乳清液RQ-4开始, 均未检出脂肪。即说明乳清原液RQ-0经过离心分离, 脱去了大部分脂肪, 而微滤膜则完全阻止了脂肪分子通过, 达到了完全除脂的目的。分离出的稀奶油RQ-1, 还可以用于乳的标准化, 根据添加量来调整牛乳中脂肪所占的百分比。另外, 乳清液RQ-2、RQ-3与传统酸乳清RQ-0的脂肪含量差异性不显著(P>0.05), 脂肪使得乳清的口感更细腻, 从感官上乳清液RQ-2、RQ-3与传统酸乳清RQ-0的口感更为贴近。另外, RQ-0、RQ-2、RQ-3脂肪含量分别为0.52、0.06、0.41 g/100 g。根据GB 28050—2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品营养标签通则》要求, 均属于低脂肪产品。
乳清蛋白是丰富的活性肽来源, 是评价乳清液营养成分最重要的指标。乳清蛋白中包括β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、乳过氧化物酶、牛血清蛋白、糖巨肽等生物活性成分, 其中关键组分表征为β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白及免疫球蛋白[33]。如图4所示, RQ-3乳清分离液蛋白含量最高为3.52 g/100 g, 显著高于其他乳清液(P<0.05), 其蛋白含量是传统酸乳清RQ-0 (0.82 g/100 g)的4.3倍。这是因为实验中MF膜孔径为0.2 μm, 大分子蛋白被MF膜截留。另外乳清液RQ-5、RQ-9中的蛋白含量较高, UF膜截留液RQ-5与传统酸乳清RQ-0蛋白含量差异性不显著(P>0.05)。根据凯氏定氮法测定原理, 图4中测得的各蛋白质含量是根据氮元素折算的结果。事实上每种分离液中的蛋白质含量仅是一个折算值, 从分子量上来看RQ-3>RQ-5>RQ-7>RQ-9。GB 19301—2020《食品安全国家标准 生乳》中理化指标要求, 蛋白质的含量需≥2.8 g/100 g。由此可以看出RQ-3乳清液属于高蛋白产品, 蛋白含量高于一般牛奶中蛋白含量。值得注意的是, 乳清中含有的蛋白质分子量较小, 在抗氧化、抗高血压、降血脂、抗菌、抗肿瘤等方面, 更具生物学价值。因此, 开发RQ-3为高蛋白乳清饮品。
图5可知, 从含量上看, 乳清液RQ-3和RQ-5肽含量显著高于RQ-7和RQ-9 (P<0.05), 但RQ-3和RQ-5、RQ-7和RQ-9之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结合各截留液中蛋白质含量, 可计算出RQ-3、RQ-5、RQ-7、RQ-9中肽含量占总蛋白质含量的百分比分别为: 26.1%、100%、100%、100%。即RQ-3中所含肽含量占总蛋白含量的1/4, 而RQ-5、RQ-7、RQ-9中总蛋白含量均为肽。肽含量上, RQ-3、RQ-5的肽含量较高(分别为0.92 g/100 g和0.87 g/100 g), 且差异性不显著(P>0.05)。RQ-7、RQ-9的肽含量分别为0.38 g/100 g和0.40 g/100 g, 差异性不显著(P>0.05)。从分子量来看, 4种乳清截留液肽分子量为: RQ-3>RQ-5>RQ-7>RQ-9。肽一般分为二肽、三肽、低聚肽、多肽几种。分子量的大小, 与氨基酸的聚合度有关。乳源性生物活性肽, 已被证明在抗菌、抗氧化、抗血栓、有益骨骼健康方面有一定功能性[34]。因此, 可将RQ-3、RQ-5开发成多肽型功能性饮品, 其差别是RQ-3中除了肽还含有一部分蛋白质, 而RQ-5为纯肽型的乳清饮品。
表3可知, RQ-3的游离氨基酸种类丰富且含量最高, 10种游离氨基酸的总含量为826.8 mg/kg。蛋氨酸和赖氨酸作为必需游离氨基酸, 在MF膜截留液中的含量较高, 因此RQ-3可以作为很好的营养补充饮品。另外, RQ-3中含量最高的蛋氨酸砜, 也来源于蛋氨酸。有研究表明, 蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸砜这一类含硫氨基酸在抗氧化、抗化学致癌物等方面有一定作用。因此RQ-3具备一定的功能性[35]。另外, 游离氨基酸的种类及含量与乳清截留液的风味也有密不可分的关联[36]。从呈味特征上分类, RQ-3、RQ-7中同时含有鲜味氨基酸(Cys-A、Lys)、甜味氨基酸(His)、芳香族氨基酸(Tyr)及苦味氨基酸(Met、Met-s) 4种, 而RQ-5缺少芳香族氨基酸, RQ-9缺少芳香族氨基酸和甜味氨基酸。从营养价值及风味丰度上, RQ-3优于其他乳清截留液。
乳清液经水浴蒸干、碳化、灰化后, 得到的白色粉末即为灰分。如图6所示, 灰分的量RQ-3>RQ-2、RQ-5>RQ-4、RQ-9>RQ-8, 即MF膜、UF膜、RO膜浓缩后乳清液灰分的量大于浓缩前灰分的量。而NF膜浓缩后灰分的量小于浓缩前灰分的量(RQ-7<RQ-6), 另外NF膜截留液RQ-7与透过液RQ-8的灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。即说明NF膜的浓缩比低于其他3种分离膜, 选择的NF膜截留性能与UF膜差别不大。RO反渗透膜截留了乳清液RQ-8中近乎所有的无机成分, 因此乳清分离液RQ-9的灰分含量最高, 为0.88 g/100 g, 显著高于其他各级乳清液的灰分的含量(P<0.05)。各乳清液中灰分的量远小于婴幼儿配方食品(乳基液态产品)灰分限量。因此, 乳清饮品不会对婴幼儿肾脏代谢带来负担, 同时通过图7可以看出, RQ-9含有钾、钠、磷、钙、镁5种常量元素, 可调节人体矿物质平衡, 有助于防止骨质疏松、结直肠癌腺瘤发生的风险[37-38]。综上, 考虑开发乳清液RQ-9为矿物质饮品。
图8可知, RQ-1、RQ-3、RQ-4、RQ-5、RQ-8、RQ-10乳糖含量均小于2 g/100 g, 根据GB 29050—2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品营养标签通则》中分类, 以上乳清分离液均为低乳糖等级, 可以减缓乳糖不耐症的发生[39]。由透过液和传统酸乳清的浓度, 可计算出乳糖通过MF膜、UF膜、NF膜、RO膜的转移率分别为41.72%、57.01%、35.11%、0.75%, 即说明: MF膜、UF膜、NF膜可以允许乳糖分子通过, 对乳糖的截留率不高, RO膜对乳糖的截留率高。RQ-9的乳糖含量为3.92 g/100 g, 显著高于其他乳清分离液(P<0.05), 可以选择RQ-9乳清液用于乳糖的回收[40]。回收的乳糖一方面添加到食品中用于调配营养成分比例; 另一方面, 回收的乳糖在糖果、人造奶油、烘焙食品、生物制药方面均有一定应用。
图9所示, 各乳清截留液中乳酸的含量为RQ-3>RQ-9>RQ-5>RQ-7, 其中RQ-3乳酸含量为0.36 g/100 g, 显著高于其他乳清截留液(P<0.05); RQ-5、RQ-7乳酸含量相当, 差异性不显著(P>0.05)。由此可以看出, MF膜截留了乳清液中的大部分乳酸, 而RO膜可以完全截留乳酸分子。另外乳酸作为酸乳中最主要的有机酸, 4种乳清截留液乳酸含量在0.15~0.36 g/100g之间, 乳酸含量适宜, 还有酸度调节的空间, 产品感官上可接受。因此, 一方面乳酸可以作为酸度调节剂, 指示发酵程度。如甜乳清未经发酵, 其酸味来源于酸味剂(无机酸)。而酸乳清中除了乳酸外, 还有甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸等, 在口感层次上较为丰富; 另一方面, 乳酸还是一种天然的防腐剂, 与其他有机酸起到一定的协同作用, 可以破坏细胞结构, 抑制细菌生长。因此, 4种乳清截留液不仅口感丰富, 同时均有一定的抑菌能力, 不易变质[41]
传统酸乳清是生产传统乳制品时产生的液态副产物, 复合膜分离的各级乳清分离液理化指标, 与膜材料、操作条件、浓缩比等均有一定的关系。本研究中得到的4种乳清产品, 经营养成分分析得出: RQ-1, 脂肪含量占比近50%。因此可以开发用于乳的标准化, 提高牛乳的脂肪占比; RQ-3为高蛋白、肽, 富含10种4类特征风味游离氨基酸, 营养成分丰富的乳清饮品; RQ-5为纯肽饮品, MF膜去除了大分子蛋白, 更易吸收, 具有一定的功能性; 乳清液RQ-9中灰分和乳糖含量显著高于其他乳清液, 可将RQ-9开发成矿物质饮品, 调节人体矿物质平衡, 或是对RQ-9进行喷雾干燥, 回收的乳糖用于食品加工、生物制药等方面。RO膜为复合膜分离技术的最后一级, RQ-10可直接排放或饮用, 低碳环保。复合膜分离技术, 打破了传统酸乳清品质不稳定、开发利用难的现状。系列乳清产品的开发不仅增加了乳清产品类目, 为充分利用传统乳制品资源奠定了基础, 同时解决了传统酸乳清直接排放带来的环境污染问题。另外, 传统酸乳清产量巨大, 原料供应充足, 具备工业批量化生产的可能性。21世纪以来, 功能性产品市场潜力巨大, 生物活性肽成为研究热点[42]。本研究仅对肽总量进行测定, 未来可通过构建适配体传感器法、凝胶电泳法、液相色谱-串联质谱法等, 针对具体功能性蛋白、生物活性肽的种类、含量进行检测分析[43]。或是在现有的系列乳清产品的基础上进行调配, 增加产品风味、香型。为了保证评价的客观性, 可利用电子鼻、电子舌、气相色谱-质谱仪对风味指标进行测定和分析。对乳清系列产品的包装、运输、贮藏条件进行实验, 延长产品的保质期, 提高经济效益。
  • 锡林郭勒盟“揭榜挂帅”项目(XMGD-202302)
  • 2024年锡林郭勒盟科技计划项目(202409)
  • 锡林郭勒盟博士教学科研项目(XMB202401)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014009
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
基金
锡林郭勒盟“揭榜挂帅”项目(XMGD-202302)
2024年锡林郭勒盟科技计划项目(202409)
锡林郭勒盟博士教学科研项目(XMB202401)
作者信息
    1.锡林郭勒职业学院, 锡林浩特 026000
    2.锡林郭勒盟食品科学与检测实验中心(锡林郭勒盟农畜产品检验检测中心), 锡林浩特 026000
    3.正蓝旗长虹乳制品厂, 锡林浩特 026000

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* 郭梁(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为生物工程技术开发锡林郭勒野生动植物和微生物资源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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