Article(id=1153986713706811491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240914003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726243200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061472584, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061472584, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061472584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061472584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=286, endPage=295, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986714323374182, articleId=1153986713706811491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology and its application in oil, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology, as a unique, clean, efficient, and energy-saving separation method, can solve many defects in traditional extraction techniques such as the use of toxic organic reagents, high energy consumption, and low extraction yield. Therefore, it has good application prospects in food processing. As one of the 3 kinds of major nutrients of human body, oil not only maintains the normal physiological function of human body, but also has many beneficial physiological functions, which is of great value to improve human health and prevent diseases. Therefore, this article focused on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology, systematically summarized supercritical carbon dioxide extraction's concept, mechanism, process flow, characteristics and influencing factors, as well as the research status in recent years regarding its application in plant oils such as wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, and soybean germ oil, as well as animal fats like fish oil and insect oil, aimed to provide a theoretical reference for the scientific research and food processing applications of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology.

, correspAuthors=Meng-Yao GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-Qing WEN, Meng-Yao GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986738386096851, articleId=1153986713706811491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=超临界二氧化碳萃取技术及其在油脂中的应用研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超临界二氧化碳萃取技术作为一种独特、清洁、高效、节能的分离方法, 可以解决传统提取技术中存在的诸多缺陷, 如使用有毒的有机试剂、高能源的使用以及低萃取得率等, 因此在食品加工中有较好的应用前景。油脂作为人体的3大营养素之一, 在维持人体正常生理机能的同时, 也具有诸多有益的生理功能, 对改善人体健康、预防疾病具有重要价值。因此本文聚焦超临界二氧化碳萃取技术, 系统地总结了超临界二氧化碳萃取的概念、作用机制、工艺流程及特点和影响因素, 以及近几年在如小麦胚芽油、米糠油、大豆胚芽油等植物油脂和鱼油、昆虫油等动物油脂方面应用的研究现状, 旨在为超临界二氧化碳萃取技术在科学研究和食品加工应用提供一定的理论参考。

, correspAuthors=郭梦姚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭梦姚(1994—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为粮食储藏。E-mail:
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温娅晴(1996—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

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温娅晴(1996—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

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Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2013, 88(3): 378-387., articleTitle=Extraction of lipids from Yarrowia lipolytica, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1184567083045110164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567083053498773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, companyId=1184567083045110164, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sinograin Dengzhou Deport Directly Under Company, Dengzhou 474100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567083057693078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, companyId=1184567083045110164, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中央储备粮邓州直属库有限公司, 邓州 474100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1184567084018188711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the relationship between supercritical fluid and solid, liquid and gas states, figureFileSmall=iu8+i8ZK2m3V0tMXRv6kdw==, figureFileBig=48rqg0OSKAA912Jj/RTYbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567084072714664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超临界流体与固态、液态、气态关系示意图

注: Tc为临界温度; Pc为临界压力。

, figureFileSmall=iu8+i8ZK2m3V0tMXRv6kdw==, figureFileBig=48rqg0OSKAA912Jj/RTYbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567084127240617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction apparatus[22], figureFileSmall=xCBJeH5kiGmOPUJvYZ/xcg==, figureFileBig=HIGtoM5992KjbP3Egy5PUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567084198543786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超临界CO2萃取工艺流程示意图[22], figureFileSmall=xCBJeH5kiGmOPUJvYZ/xcg==, figureFileBig=HIGtoM5992KjbP3Egy5PUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567084248875435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of supercritical fluids with gas and liquid properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/cm3) 黏度/(μPa·s) 扩散系数/(mm2/s)
气体 1 10 1.000~10.000
超临界流体 100~1000 50~100 0.010~0.100
液体 1000 500~1000 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084320178604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超临界流体与气体、液体性质对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg/cm3) 黏度/(μPa·s) 扩散系数/(mm2/s)
气体 1 10 1.000~10.000
超临界流体 100~1000 50~100 0.010~0.100
液体 1000 500~1000 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084378898861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Common extractants and their critical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萃取溶剂 化学式 相对分子质量/(g/mol) Tc/℃ Pc
/MPa
临界密度/(g/cm3)
二氧化碳 CO2 44.01 30.98 7.38 0.468
NH3 17.03 132.25 11.33 0.225
一氧化二氮 N2O 44.01 36.37 7.25 0.452
H2O 18.02 373.95 22.06 0.322
甲烷 CH4 16.04 -82.59 4.60 0.163
乙烷 C2H6 30.07 32.17 4.87 0.206
丙烷 C3H8 44.10 96.74 4.25 0.221
乙烯 C2H4 28.05 9.20 5.04 0.214
丙烯 C3H6 42.08 91.06 4.56 0.230
甲醇 CH3OH 32.04 239.45 8.10 0.276
乙醇 C2H5OH 46.07 240.75 6.15 0.276
丙酮 C3H6O 58.08 234.95 4.70 0.273
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084446007726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常见萃取剂及其临界参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萃取溶剂 化学式 相对分子质量/(g/mol) Tc/℃ Pc
/MPa
临界密度/(g/cm3)
二氧化碳 CO2 44.01 30.98 7.38 0.468
NH3 17.03 132.25 11.33 0.225
一氧化二氮 N2O 44.01 36.37 7.25 0.452
H2O 18.02 373.95 22.06 0.322
甲烷 CH4 16.04 -82.59 4.60 0.163
乙烷 C2H6 30.07 32.17 4.87 0.206
丙烷 C3H8 44.10 96.74 4.25 0.221
乙烯 C2H4 28.05 9.20 5.04 0.214
丙烯 C3H6 42.08 91.06 4.56 0.230
甲醇 CH3OH 32.04 239.45 8.10 0.276
乙醇 C2H5OH 46.07 240.75 6.15 0.276
丙酮 C3H6O 58.08 234.95 4.70 0.273
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084521505199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide process for wheat germ oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最佳工艺参数 提取率/% 参考文献
压力 温度/℃ 萃取时间 CO2流量
350 bar 50 / 0.4 kg/h 10.94 [26]
50 MPa 60 / 30 g/min 8.87 [27]
25 Mpa 40 141 min 30 L/h 82.79 [28]
30 MPa 50 2 h / 11.05 [29]
300 bar 40 8 h / 9.00 [30]
336 bar 58 10 min 2 g/min 5.30 [31]
35 MPa 50 1 h 22.5~25 L/h 10.15 [32]
30 MPa 50 3 h 8 L/h 10.50 [33]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084580225456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

小麦胚芽油超临界CO2萃取优化工艺

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最佳工艺参数 提取率/% 参考文献
压力 温度/℃ 萃取时间 CO2流量
350 bar 50 / 0.4 kg/h 10.94 [26]
50 MPa 60 / 30 g/min 8.87 [27]
25 Mpa 40 141 min 30 L/h 82.79 [28]
30 MPa 50 2 h / 11.05 [29]
300 bar 40 8 h / 9.00 [30]
336 bar 58 10 min 2 g/min 5.30 [31]
35 MPa 50 1 h 22.5~25 L/h 10.15 [32]
30 MPa 50 3 h 8 L/h 10.50 [33]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084643140017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Research on supercritical carbon dioxide of plant oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物油脂 方法 结论 参考
文献
葵花籽油 采用超临界CO2和以乙醇为溶剂的加压液体萃取
两种绿色技术, 探究富含VE葵花籽油的
最佳提取条件
在60 ℃、18 MPa条件下, 超临界CO2萃取的
葵花籽油中总酚含量高达91.17 mg/100 g; 在超临界
CO2萃取过程中, 温度影响α-VE含量, 压力影响
γ-VE和δ-VE含量
[51]
采用超临界CO2在半流动萃取器中萃取葵花籽油,
萃取温度为313~343 K, 萃取压力为20~40 MPa
高压下, 葵花籽油的提取率随着温度的升高而升高,
低压下则随着温度升高逐渐降低; 这可能是因为在
低压下尽管温度高, 油脂溶解度在超临界CO2
溶解受到交叉效应的作用
[52]
葡萄籽油 采用超临界CO2萃取技术和脉冲电场辅助超临界
CO2萃取葡萄籽油, 与传统的冷榨法进行对比, 提高
葡萄籽出油率和营养价值, 提升葡萄酒渣附加值
当CO2流量为45 g/min, 35 MPa, 45 ℃条件下可获得
最高提取率; 50 MPa, 35 ℃条件下可获得最大
抗氧化活性; 脉冲电场预处理后超临界CO2萃取的
葡萄籽油的提取量高达(81.8±1.0) g/kg
[53]
研究中试超临界CO2萃取葡萄籽油中各因素对萃取
效果的影响, 对中试工艺参数进行优化, 得出萃取
效果最佳的萃取条件, 设计出一种新型超
临界萃取装置
对葡萄籽油萃取率影响的顺序依次是萃取压力>
CO2流量>萃取时间>萃取温度; 试验预测得到
萃取压力23 MPa, 萃取温度45 ℃, 萃取时间186 min,
CO2流量550 L/h, 在此最佳条件下, 葡萄籽油的
萃取率为8.87%
[54]
苹果籽油 使用超临界CO2在超高压(30~130 MPa)条件下
萃取苹果籽油
苹果籽油在CO2中的溶解度随着压力的增加而增加;
在130 MPa、63 ℃条件下, 苹果籽油在CO2中的
溶解度最高为191 g/kg
[55]
研究了高压(10~30 MPa)下苹果籽油的超临界CO2
萃取技术, 填补了在30 MPa以下压力下使用超临界
CO2萃取苹果籽油的空白
提取苹果籽油的最佳工艺为: 压力24 MPa、温度40 ℃、
CO2流量1 L/h、萃取时间140 min, 提取率为
(20.5±1.5)%
[56]
杏仁油 选取萃取压力(15、20、25 MPa)、萃取温度(303.15、318.15、333.15 K)、CO2流量(2、3、5 g/min)为自变量,
以杏仁油的提取率为响应值, 进行3因素3水平响应
面优化实验, 并对实验数据进行分析, 从而确定最佳的提取巴西油桃木杏仁油工艺参数
最佳工艺为: 温度318.15 K、压力25 MPa、CO2流量
5.0 g/min时, 萃取得率为27.6 wt%, 且此条件下获得的
杏仁油富含丰富的角鲨烯、豆甾醇、油酸、棕榈酸
[57]
通过单因素试验和正交试验对采用超临界CO2
萃取法提取野生杏仁油的提取工艺进行优化
影响杏仁油萃取率的因素依次为: 萃取压力>萃取温度>
萃取时间; 40目的原料颗粒度在萃取压力和温度分别
为26 MPa、45 ℃条件下萃取3 h, 杏仁油萃取率达到
42%~45%, 此流程为最佳工艺条件
[58]
茶籽油 基于中心复合设计-响应面法确定超临界CO2萃取
阿萨姆茶籽油的最佳工艺, 探究所提取茶籽油的
理化特性和抗氧化特性
阿萨姆茶籽在50 ℃、220 bar的超临界CO2中萃取4 h,
将获得最高的原油提取率和油脂回收率; 通过超临界
CO2萃取得到的阿萨姆茶籽油具有较强的抗氧化活性,
富含黄酮类化合物、鞣酸类成分和皂苷类化合物,
主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸
[59]
综述了茶籽油的一些提取技术发展中涌现的新工艺,
比较了各种提油技术的优缺点
超临界CO2萃取条件温和, 生物活性成分损失少,
能提高茶油的营养价值和保健功能, 同时减少
精炼工序, 是生产高品质、高效益茶油的理想方法
[60]
薄荷油 对薄荷油的传统和新兴提取技术进行总结,
探讨当前技术的优势与局限
超临界CO2萃取可以解决传统提取方式的费时、高能耗等
缺点, 以及薄荷油在高温状态下会发生氧化、水解、
异构化作用, 导致化学组分的变化; 对超临界CO2
萃取薄荷油的研究现状展开综述, 为薄荷油的高效、
环保提取提供参考和启示
[61]
通过单因素试验及正交试验进行比对, 并根据国家标准对油品理化性质进行检测, 探究CO2超临界萃取薄荷油的工艺 当萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和流体流量
分别为40 MPa、50 ℃、1.5 h、40 kg/h时, 薄荷油的
出油率为3.32%, 为最佳工艺条件
[62]
), ArticleFig(id=1184567084710248882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713706811491, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

植物油超临界CO2萃取研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物油脂 方法 结论 参考
文献
葵花籽油 采用超临界CO2和以乙醇为溶剂的加压液体萃取
两种绿色技术, 探究富含VE葵花籽油的
最佳提取条件
在60 ℃、18 MPa条件下, 超临界CO2萃取的
葵花籽油中总酚含量高达91.17 mg/100 g; 在超临界
CO2萃取过程中, 温度影响α-VE含量, 压力影响
γ-VE和δ-VE含量
[51]
采用超临界CO2在半流动萃取器中萃取葵花籽油,
萃取温度为313~343 K, 萃取压力为20~40 MPa
高压下, 葵花籽油的提取率随着温度的升高而升高,
低压下则随着温度升高逐渐降低; 这可能是因为在
低压下尽管温度高, 油脂溶解度在超临界CO2
溶解受到交叉效应的作用
[52]
葡萄籽油 采用超临界CO2萃取技术和脉冲电场辅助超临界
CO2萃取葡萄籽油, 与传统的冷榨法进行对比, 提高
葡萄籽出油率和营养价值, 提升葡萄酒渣附加值
当CO2流量为45 g/min, 35 MPa, 45 ℃条件下可获得
最高提取率; 50 MPa, 35 ℃条件下可获得最大
抗氧化活性; 脉冲电场预处理后超临界CO2萃取的
葡萄籽油的提取量高达(81.8±1.0) g/kg
[53]
研究中试超临界CO2萃取葡萄籽油中各因素对萃取
效果的影响, 对中试工艺参数进行优化, 得出萃取
效果最佳的萃取条件, 设计出一种新型超
临界萃取装置
对葡萄籽油萃取率影响的顺序依次是萃取压力>
CO2流量>萃取时间>萃取温度; 试验预测得到
萃取压力23 MPa, 萃取温度45 ℃, 萃取时间186 min,
CO2流量550 L/h, 在此最佳条件下, 葡萄籽油的
萃取率为8.87%
[54]
苹果籽油 使用超临界CO2在超高压(30~130 MPa)条件下
萃取苹果籽油
苹果籽油在CO2中的溶解度随着压力的增加而增加;
在130 MPa、63 ℃条件下, 苹果籽油在CO2中的
溶解度最高为191 g/kg
[55]
研究了高压(10~30 MPa)下苹果籽油的超临界CO2
萃取技术, 填补了在30 MPa以下压力下使用超临界
CO2萃取苹果籽油的空白
提取苹果籽油的最佳工艺为: 压力24 MPa、温度40 ℃、
CO2流量1 L/h、萃取时间140 min, 提取率为
(20.5±1.5)%
[56]
杏仁油 选取萃取压力(15、20、25 MPa)、萃取温度(303.15、318.15、333.15 K)、CO2流量(2、3、5 g/min)为自变量,
以杏仁油的提取率为响应值, 进行3因素3水平响应
面优化实验, 并对实验数据进行分析, 从而确定最佳的提取巴西油桃木杏仁油工艺参数
最佳工艺为: 温度318.15 K、压力25 MPa、CO2流量
5.0 g/min时, 萃取得率为27.6 wt%, 且此条件下获得的
杏仁油富含丰富的角鲨烯、豆甾醇、油酸、棕榈酸
[57]
通过单因素试验和正交试验对采用超临界CO2
萃取法提取野生杏仁油的提取工艺进行优化
影响杏仁油萃取率的因素依次为: 萃取压力>萃取温度>
萃取时间; 40目的原料颗粒度在萃取压力和温度分别
为26 MPa、45 ℃条件下萃取3 h, 杏仁油萃取率达到
42%~45%, 此流程为最佳工艺条件
[58]
茶籽油 基于中心复合设计-响应面法确定超临界CO2萃取
阿萨姆茶籽油的最佳工艺, 探究所提取茶籽油的
理化特性和抗氧化特性
阿萨姆茶籽在50 ℃、220 bar的超临界CO2中萃取4 h,
将获得最高的原油提取率和油脂回收率; 通过超临界
CO2萃取得到的阿萨姆茶籽油具有较强的抗氧化活性,
富含黄酮类化合物、鞣酸类成分和皂苷类化合物,
主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸
[59]
综述了茶籽油的一些提取技术发展中涌现的新工艺,
比较了各种提油技术的优缺点
超临界CO2萃取条件温和, 生物活性成分损失少,
能提高茶油的营养价值和保健功能, 同时减少
精炼工序, 是生产高品质、高效益茶油的理想方法
[60]
薄荷油 对薄荷油的传统和新兴提取技术进行总结,
探讨当前技术的优势与局限
超临界CO2萃取可以解决传统提取方式的费时、高能耗等
缺点, 以及薄荷油在高温状态下会发生氧化、水解、
异构化作用, 导致化学组分的变化; 对超临界CO2
萃取薄荷油的研究现状展开综述, 为薄荷油的高效、
环保提取提供参考和启示
[61]
通过单因素试验及正交试验进行比对, 并根据国家标准对油品理化性质进行检测, 探究CO2超临界萃取薄荷油的工艺 当萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和流体流量
分别为40 MPa、50 ℃、1.5 h、40 kg/h时, 薄荷油的
出油率为3.32%, 为最佳工艺条件
[62]
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超临界二氧化碳萃取技术及其在油脂中的应用研究进展
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温娅晴 , 郭梦姚 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(2): 286-295
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(2): 286-295
超临界二氧化碳萃取技术及其在油脂中的应用研究进展
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温娅晴 , 郭梦姚*
作者信息
  • 中央储备粮邓州直属库有限公司, 邓州 474100
  • 温娅晴(1996—), 女, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郭梦姚(1994—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为粮食储藏。E-mail:
Research progress of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology and its application in oil
Ya-Qing WEN , Meng-Yao GUO*
Affiliations
  • Sinograin Dengzhou Deport Directly Under Company, Dengzhou 474100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240914003
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超临界二氧化碳萃取技术作为一种独特、清洁、高效、节能的分离方法, 可以解决传统提取技术中存在的诸多缺陷, 如使用有毒的有机试剂、高能源的使用以及低萃取得率等, 因此在食品加工中有较好的应用前景。油脂作为人体的3大营养素之一, 在维持人体正常生理机能的同时, 也具有诸多有益的生理功能, 对改善人体健康、预防疾病具有重要价值。因此本文聚焦超临界二氧化碳萃取技术, 系统地总结了超临界二氧化碳萃取的概念、作用机制、工艺流程及特点和影响因素, 以及近几年在如小麦胚芽油、米糠油、大豆胚芽油等植物油脂和鱼油、昆虫油等动物油脂方面应用的研究现状, 旨在为超临界二氧化碳萃取技术在科学研究和食品加工应用提供一定的理论参考。

超临界二氧化碳  /  萃取  /  油脂

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology, as a unique, clean, efficient, and energy-saving separation method, can solve many defects in traditional extraction techniques such as the use of toxic organic reagents, high energy consumption, and low extraction yield. Therefore, it has good application prospects in food processing. As one of the 3 kinds of major nutrients of human body, oil not only maintains the normal physiological function of human body, but also has many beneficial physiological functions, which is of great value to improve human health and prevent diseases. Therefore, this article focused on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology, systematically summarized supercritical carbon dioxide extraction's concept, mechanism, process flow, characteristics and influencing factors, as well as the research status in recent years regarding its application in plant oils such as wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, and soybean germ oil, as well as animal fats like fish oil and insect oil, aimed to provide a theoretical reference for the scientific research and food processing applications of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology.

supercritical carbon dioxide  /  extraction  /  oil
温娅晴, 郭梦姚. 超临界二氧化碳萃取技术及其在油脂中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 286 -295 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240914003
Ya-Qing WEN, Meng-Yao GUO. Research progress of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology and its application in oil[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 286 -295 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240914003
近年来, 随着生活水平的提升以及人们健康意识的增强, 许多新兴的非热处理技术逐渐受到关注。这些技术相较于传统的热加工方法, 能够更好地保留食品的固有风味、色泽、质地、营养成分和新鲜度。诸如脉冲电场技术[1-2]、欧姆加热[3-4]、紫外辐照[5-6]、脉冲强光[7-8]、超声波[9-10]、冷等离子体[11-12]、高静水压技术[13-14]、超高压均质[15-16]等技术, 已在食品行业引发了国内外学者的广泛研究。其中, 超临界二氧化碳(CO2)萃取技术, 作为一种独特、清洁、高效、节能的分离方法, 可以解决传统提取技术中存在的如使用有毒的有机试剂、高能源的使用以及低萃取得率等诸多缺陷[17], 满足消费者对“绿色食品”“天然产物”的高纯优质产品的追求。
蛋白质、碳水化合物和油脂并称人体所需3大营养素。其中, 油脂不仅为身体提供能量和必需脂肪酸, 还能提供多种功能性成分, 如脂溶性维生素、甾醇、角鲨烯和多酚等[18]。近年来, 超临界CO2萃取技术在油脂加工过程中的应用明显增加, 使用超临界CO2萃取油脂, 回收率高, 并可调节萃取条件, 对不饱和脂肪酸等功能性成分可以实现选择性分离, 既符合绿色发展需要, 又可以分离油脂中有害或有益成分, 成为当今热门的研究话题之一。因此本文聚焦超临界CO2萃取技术, 较系统地整理了其在油脂中的应用状况, 并针对现有问题提出改善建议, 旨在为后期的研究提供一定的理论支撑。
图1为物质的3相图[19], 由图1可知, 物质以气态、液态、固态3种状态存在, 压力和温度的变化可使其发生3相变化。物质的Tc是指物质由气态转变为液态的最高温度, 在这个温度之上, 气态物质不会随着压强的增大转变为液态。而在Tc时, 气体液化所需要的最低压强即为Pc。当物质温度超过Tc、压力超过Pc时, 便进入了图1中右上角的超临界状态, 此时的物质不同于3相, 属于新的单一相; 对该状态的气体加压, 气体并不会液化, 只是密度变大, 同时兼具类似液体的性质和保留气体的性能, 被称为超临界流体。由表1可以看出, 超临界流体的性质与气体、液体均不完全相同, 而是介于液相与气相之间, 是一种气液不分的状态, 其密度和溶解能力与液体相仿, 黏度等性质与气体更加接近。超临界流体具有对溶质有较大溶解度的液体特点, 又具有易于扩散和运动的气体特点; 同时, 超临界流体的黏度、密度、扩散系数、溶剂化能力等许多性质易受到温度和压力的影响, 因此对选择性分离非常敏感[20]。萃取过程中采用超临界流体作为溶剂的方法, 称之为超临界流体萃取。
当物质处于超临界状态, 压力和温度对超临界流体中物质的溶解度具有显著性影响, 因此通过增加温度, 或者减小压力的手段(或两者同时使用), 可以使溶解于超临界流体中的物质分离出来, 从而达到分离纯化的目的[21]
超临界流体萃取技术将传统蒸馏技术与有机溶剂萃取相结合, 超临界流体作为溶剂与被萃取物料接触, 超临界流体溶解并携带物料中的某些组分(萃取物), 从而使物料中的其他组分(萃余物)被分离, 因压力和温度对超临界流体中物质的溶解度具有显著性影响, 便可通过减小压力、改变温度的手段(或两者同时使用), 使超临界流体的密度下降, 溶解能力变小, 超临界流体所携带的萃取物便被解析出, 由此达到萃取分离的目的。当超临界流体与被萃取物混合后, 超临界流体会根据各物质的不同极性、沸点等性质进行萃取分离。
表2列举了部分常见的如CO2、水、一氧化氮、乙烷、乙烯、丙酮等超临界流体及其临界参数。从表中可知, CO2Tc为30.98 ℃接近室温, Pc为7.38 MPa适中, 操作条件温和, 可以防止热敏性物质的氧化分解, 避免有效成分被破坏; 同时CO2临界密度(0.468 g/cm3)高于常用的超临界溶剂, 因此具有较强的有机物溶解能力。此外, CO2价格低廉易于得到、稳定、安全无毒、低运行成本、易于分离、高效萃取速率、工艺简单, 有利于保证和提高天然产物的质量, 被称为最理想的超临界流体, 广泛应用于食品香料、植物油和生物碱的优良萃取以及医药、化妆品等各个领域。
萃取和分离2个阶段是超临界CO2萃取的基本流程, 萃取阶段是指溶质由物质转移到CO2流体中的过程。调节温度和压力至CO2TcPc以上时, 其对物质中的某些特定溶质具有足够大的溶解度而进行溶解; 分离阶段是指溶质与CO2分离及不同溶质间的分离。将溶解有溶质的CO2流体进行节流减压, 然后在热交换器中通过调节温度转变为气体, 降低溶质的溶解度, 使其析出; 当析出的溶质和气体同时进入萃取釜后, 溶质与气体分离而沉降于萃取釜底部, 进入冷凝器的气体冷凝液化, 然后经高压泵升压至压力超过Pc, 在流经换热器时被加热至温度超过Tc, 再次达到超临界状态, 进入萃取釜中再次提取。图2为超临界CO2萃取工艺流程示意图。
超临界CO2萃取技术相较于一般液体萃取技术, 具有更为理想的萃取速率和适用范围。温度和压力的改变可以控制与溶质的亲和性而实现萃取过程中的分离, 具有许多优良特性: (1)通过温度和压力的变化可提取较高纯度的有效成分或脱出有害成分; (2)所需操作条件温和, 适用于热敏性物质和易氧化物质的分离、精制; (3)超临界CO2萃取技术良好的渗透性和溶解性, 对于固体或黏稠原料中的有效成分可以快速提取; (4)当超临界CO2的密度减小时, 溶剂易于从产品中分离出来, 不产生污染, 可回收使用溶剂, 降低能耗; (5)超临界CO2萃取同时具有萃取和蒸馏的双重功效, 同样适用于分离、精制有机物。
超临界萃取过程中的影响因素有很多, 原料的相对分子质量、极性等原料性质则是影响超临界CO2萃取的内部因素; 从萃取速率和萃取产品的成分与纯度的角度来说, 萃取和分离的温度与压力、CO2的流量、萃取时间、物料颗粒的大小和是否加入夹带剂等, 则是外部可控因素[17]
植物油的提取常见有压榨法、溶剂浸出法和水酶法等方法。压榨法主要采用机械压力将植物油料中的油脂提取出来, 具有工艺简单易操作、生产成本低、适合工业化生产等优点, 但高强度机械压力会引起蛋白质变性, 且提油率低; 使用有机溶剂把油料作物中的油脂提取出来的方法称为浸出法, 又叫溶剂萃取法, 该方法的提油率可高达95%以上, 同时所产生的副产物在一定程度上可以被利用, 但使用的溶剂易燃易爆、安全性不高、污染环境, 且蛋白质变性严重[23]; 水酶法是以水作为溶剂, 用酶作为辅助, 油脂的提取率得到提升, 具有绿色、环保、安全等优点, 但酶制剂的成本较高, 且使用水酶法提取植物油的过程中容易形成稳定的乳状液, 从而降低总油提取率[24]。超临界CO2萃取率高, 选择性好, 无溶剂残留, 无污染, 只需控制压力和温度等主要参数即可达到提取混合物中不同组分的目的, 工艺简单, 萃取剂无毒易回收。
小麦是世界上最重要的3大粮食作物之一, 通常被用来磨粉后制作面粉以及其他面制品。在小麦制粉过程中产生的小麦胚芽(约占小麦质量的2.5%~3.8%)作为一种副产物, 含有丰富的营养物质如蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素、微量元素等, 广泛应用于食品、药品以及生物制剂等。从小麦胚芽中提取的谷物胚芽油称作小麦胚芽油, 富含大量维生素E (vitamin E, VE), 以及高不饱和脂肪酸、植物甾醇、磷脂、二十八烷醇等多种生理活性成分, 被公认为是一种极具营养保健作用的功能性油脂, 颇具开发前景[25]
表3为国内外专家针对超临界CO2萃取小麦胚芽油工艺流程所做的研究。由表3可以看出, 不同学者得出不同结论。这可能因为在提取小麦胚芽油的过程中, 除了超临界CO2萃取的工艺条件对提取有影响外, 小麦胚芽的产地及品质、收获后的加工方式等也会对小麦胚芽油的提取率产生影响。目前学者也将研究方向放在了不同萃取方式对小麦胚芽油品质的影响上[34-35]。TESLIĆ等[26]认为, 超临界CO2萃取的小麦胚芽油富含VE, 具有较高的抗氧化能力; 与索式抽提、微波萃取和超声波萃取技术相比, 超临界CO2 (250 bar、60 ℃、0.3 kg/h CO2)萃取的小麦胚芽油中α-VE和总VE的含量最高, 分别为2.90 mg/g、5.21 mg/g。ÖZCAN等[36]发现无论采用超临界CO2还是冷榨法萃取小麦胚芽油, 对油脂的脂肪酸组成没有显著性影响; 超临界CO2萃取得到的β-VE的含量(49.39%)高于冷榨法(26.82%)。
在糙米碾磨过程中产生的米糠(占总谷物的5%~10%)是一种无法充分利用的副产物, 含有丰富的脂质、蛋白质、碳水化合物等以及非淀粉多糖、生育酚、类黄酮、植酸等; 此外还含有12%~23%的脂质, 经提取后制备米糠油(rice bran oil, RBO)[37]。RBO是一种淡黄色、半透明状的油, 通常含有81%~84%的甘油三酯、1%~2%单酰甘油、2%~3%二酰甘油、2%~6%游离脂肪、1%~2%磷脂、0.8%糖脂、3%~4%腊和4%不皂化物[38]。世界卫生组织、中国粮油协会一致认为RBO是一种“健康型”的食用油[39], 受到人们的广泛欢迎。
MINGYAI等[40]以3种不同的稻谷为原料对比冷榨法、溶剂萃取法和超临界CO2萃取RBO, 结果发现采用超临界CO2萃取技术的提取率为14.76%~18.16%, 且黑米采用超临界CO2萃取具有最佳的理化品质和抗氧化性能。JUCHEN等[41]采用乙醇作为夹带剂, 探究不同温度(40、60、80 ℃)、压力(100、150、200  bar)、固液比(0:1.0、0.5:1.0、1.0:1.0、2.0:1.0)的超临界CO2提取RBO的效果, 认为超临界CO2萃取技术可用于降低操作成本、提高RBO的提取率。SOARES等[42]提出使用超声强化超临界CO2提取RBO, 得出超声的频率和时间为160 W、40 min时, 萃取率高达12.65 wt%; 在不使用超声波协助的情况下, 全球RBO出产率下降至9.94 wt%, 表明超声技术-超临界CO2的应用可以使RBO的全球产率增加27%。采用超临界CO2萃取所得的小RBO, 色泽橙黄、风味纯正、组织均匀不分层, 无需进行脱胶脱色脱臭处理, 可作为功能性油脂应用; 当萃取压力为25 MPa时, 8%含水量的小米糠在35 ℃萃取4 h, RBO的萃取率可高达91.5%[43]。尽管一些文献报道采用超临界CO2萃取技术会制得品质好、色泽浅的RBO, 但该方法成本较高, 目前还没有实现大规模工业化生产。
在大豆制油和蛋白工业过程中产生的大豆胚芽(占大豆质量的2.0%~2.5%)作为一种副产物, 含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质、植物甾醇、VE等营养物质, 通常用于动物饲料, 造成资源浪费[44]。大豆胚芽油中的VE、β-谷甾醇、磷脂等生理活性物质的含量远高于一般性植物油; 且亚麻酸含量是所有胚芽油中最高的[45]。因此, 大豆胚芽油有很好的保健功能, 具有很高的开发利用价值。
黄雨洋等[46]通过响应面来优化超声强化超临界CO2萃取大豆胚芽油的工艺, 得出: 在37 ℃萃取温度、26.3 MPa萃取压力、300 W超声波功率、29 min超声波时间下萃取138 min时, 可得到萃取率为87.24%的大豆胚芽油。宋玉卿等[47]则指出超临界CO2法得到的大豆胚芽油中亚油酸和亚麻酸含量之和明显高于索式法, 碘值也高于索式法, 且大豆胚芽油的品质较好。于殿宇等[48]则以高营养价值的冷榨大豆油为原料, Pd/C为催化剂, 对超临界CO2状态下冷榨大豆胚芽油氢化工艺进行研究。目前学者也加强了亚临界流体萃取法制备大豆胚芽油的研究[49-50]
植物籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸和生物活性成分, 可作为一些功能性食品的重要原料。在高效获取植物籽油领域中, 超临界CO2萃取技术展现了得天独厚的优势。
表4仅列举的部分植物油脂使用超临界CO2萃取, 目前, 超临界CO2萃取同样广泛应用于如芡欧鼠尾草油[63]、树番茄油[64]、黑杨树芽油[65]等油脂的提取。
在鱼类加工过程中的副产物(占原料的20%~80%), 可以通过将其进行生物炼制转化为脂质、蛋白质、多糖、动物饲料、生物燃料等生物基产品, 从而减少环境污染, 提高附加值[66]。其中, 从鱼类及其加工副产物提取的脂质成分, 即鱼油, 是自然界中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)等ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA)的主要来源之一[67]。EPA和DHA能够促进婴儿的大脑和视网膜发育, 对心脑血管疾病、神经系统疾病、癌症等多种疾病具有预防和治疗作用[68]
采用超临界CO2提取鱼油, 不仅在降低重金属等有害杂质含量、防止脂质氧化、保留脂溶性维生素等功能性物质方面具有明显的优势, 同时可获得高效、优质的富含ω-3 PUFA鱼油且环境友好[69]; 而温度、压力、CO2流量、提取时间等提取条件和原料自身性质会影响鱼油在超临界CO2中的溶解能力, 从而改变提取效率[70]。RUBIO-RODRÍGUEZ等[71]研究发现当鳕鱼的水分含量超过20%时, 鱼油提取率与水分含量之间呈负相关。这可能是因为样品中水分含量高时不利于细胞中的脂肪扩散和超临界CO2的进入, 从而缩短了溶剂与溶质之间的接触时间[72]。对于原料的粒径, 大部分学者选择0.25~1.00 mm, 这是因为原料粒径大时, 会降低样品的表面积, 增大扩散路径和扩散阻力, 不利于超临界CO2与鱼油的充分接触[70]; 但粒径过小时则会影响流体通过颗粒床, 使萃取釜中物料的堆积密度增加造成通道效应, 影响溶剂的传质速率[72]。因此专家学者在研究鱼油的超临界CO2萃取过程中, 应综合考虑各方面因素以提高鱼油提取率。
在所有动物种类中昆虫约占60%, 是地球上最大的生物类群; 且昆虫具有摄食简单、繁殖速度快、生长周期短、资源数量大等特点, 因此昆虫资源是一种可持续利用的潜在生物资源[73]。昆虫中油脂含量丰富, 脂肪酸组成合理, 大多包含软脂酸和不饱和脂肪酸, 具有较好的消化性能[74]
蚕蛹油含有丰富的油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸, 具有降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化、改善记忆力等功效, 可用于生物制药, 制作肥皂、表面活性剂、增塑剂等, 具有广阔的开发前景[75]。超临界CO2萃取技术用于萃取蚕蛹油脂时提取率一般可以达到80%以上[76]; 而蚕蛹粉碎粒度、含水量、萃取时间、CO2流量、萃取压力、萃取温度等因素影响着蚕蛹粉萃取的得率和效果[75]。张郁松[77]指出超临界法萃取的蚕蛹油呈浅金黄色, 色泽清亮, 晶莹透明, 无异味; 而石油醚萃取的蚕蛹油呈黄褐色, 有轻微的异味; 且超临界CO2萃取蚕蛹油的过氧化值和酸值要比石油醚提取的低。尽管学者对于超临界CO2萃取蚕蛹油做了一些研究, 但由于超临界CO2萃取过程复杂, 生产成本高, 目前尚未在工业上应用于蚕蛹油的萃取[78]
PURSCHKE等[79]为了促进可使用昆虫的工业化加工进程, 对黄粉虫幼虫油的超临界CO2萃取工艺进行了研究, 认为萃取压力与黄粉虫幼虫在超临界CO2中的溶解度呈正相关, 提高萃取压力可以加快萃取速率; 萃取条件对黄粉虫幼虫的油脂组成成分具有重要影响, 在250 bar、65 ℃条件下缓慢萃取黄粉虫幼虫油, 低分子量和游离脂肪酸含量将达到最高, 因此可以通过改变提取条件从而实现不同脂肪酸的分馏以及后续脂肪酸的精炼。MUANGRAT等[80]则用超临界CO2萃取法提取黑水牤幼虫油, 提取率约为20.18%~25.94%, 萃取的油脂主要成分为月桂酸、亚麻酸、油酸和棕榈酸。
微生物油脂又称单细胞油脂, 是由产油微生物如酵母、细菌、霉菌和藻类等在一定条件下利用碳水化合物、碳氢化合物和普通油脂为碳源, 在菌体内大量积累油脂。目前工业化生产的多不饱和脂肪酸主要从动植物组织中提取, 易受到原料、气候、产地等因素的影响, 生产性差, 油脂含量不稳定, 不能满足社会需要; 而微生物油脂生产周期短, 不受气候和土地限制, 是一种有潜力的新型油脂生产方式[81]
微藻被称为第3代优质可再生能源原料, 相较于其他油料作物具有生长速率快、生产成本低、不受季节影响等特点, 可以高效地利用太阳能和CO2, 在有机体中实现能量转化和储存。PATEL等[82]讨论了超临界CO2提取微藻脂质的方法, 并与其他提取方法进行对比。林锡煌等[83]则致力于筛选具有高产油潜能的微藻, 开发经济高效的微藻油脂提取工艺和检测方法, 对7种富油微藻进行超临界CO2提取, 发现小球藻、三角褐指藻和青岛大扁藻的单不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为36.25%、31.81%和26.85%, 是生物柴油理想的替代品; 牟氏角毛藻的不饱和脂肪酸含量达到91.15%, 可作为绿色医疗保健品的重要来源。
产油真菌多产C16和C18系列不饱和脂肪酸, 可以适应不同的环境, 具有发酵产油周期短、不受产地限制等优势[84]。ONG等[85]通过响应面法研究发现萃取压力是影响超临界CO2萃取被孢霉油脂提取率的最主要因素, 萃取温度和压力与料液比之间存在互作效应; 在萃取压力为201 bar、萃取温度58.9 ℃、料液比为1: 15 (g:mL)时, 被孢霉油脂提取率为92.86%。MILANESIO等[86]用乙醇作为共溶剂采用超临界CO2萃取法提取解脂耶氏酵母油脂, 发现在20 MPa、40 ℃、120~180 min的萃取条件下, 脂耶氏酵母油脂的提取率达到25.4%(以干物质计)。
本文聚焦超临界CO2流体萃取技术, 总结了其在如薄荷油、茶籽油等植物油和如鱼油、昆虫油等动物油油脂工业加工领域的应用。相较于传统的提取技术, 超临界CO2萃取技术展现出诸多的优势, 萃取率高, 选择性好, 无溶剂残留, 无污染, 只需控制压力和温度等主要参数即可达到提取混合物中不同组分的目的, 工艺简单, 萃取剂无毒易回收, 满足消费者对新鲜、营养和健康油脂的需求。然而, 由于处理过程中的环境条件, 对加工设备的空间尺寸、承装容器及密封材料的耐受性有较为严格的要求, 设备的维修成本较为昂贵。随着科技水平的发展, 新型复合易成型、耐压材料的出现, 将有助于解决这一技术应用上的限制。超临界CO2萃取作为一种绿色、高效的食品加工技术, 受到国内外学者的广泛关注。在今后的研究中, 专家学者可比较协同其他萃取方法(如超声-超临界CO2、脉冲电场-超临界CO2、高压-超临界CO2萃取等)与常规或单一萃取的差异, 以便采用更有效经济的加工方式。
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240914003
  • 接收时间:2024-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-14
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    中央储备粮邓州直属库有限公司, 邓州 474100

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* 郭梦姚(1994—), 男, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为粮食储藏。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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