Article(id=1153986713065087456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061472430, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061472430, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061472430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061472430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1760345674980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=25, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986713727787492, articleId=1153986713065087456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the comprehensive quality evaluation and grading methods of Anji white tea quality, columnId=1153986583259767470, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Quality Analysis and Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develop a comprehensive evaluation method for the quality of Anji white tea and explore its grading criteria. Methods A sensory evaluation and quality component analysis were conducted on 30 samples of Anji white tea. A quality evaluation model for Anji white tea was established using methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, entropy weight method, and grey correlation analysis. Results The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in chemical indicators among Anji white tea from different sources. Moreover, there was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between total catechins, general flavone, and alkaloid components. The comprehensive evaluation model constructed using the entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis could reliably reflect the sensory quality characteristics of Anji white tea, and the fit of its regression model was as high as 0.8258. Furthermore, a grading method for Anji white tea was proposed based on cluster analysis of relative relevance, resulting in effective classification into 4 grades. Conclusion The quality evaluation model established based on entropy weight method combined with gray correlation analysis has achieved the classification of quality grades of Anji white tea and also provides reference and guidance for the quality evaluation of other types of tea.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qi-Lin XU, Xin-Lu LIU, Huang-Yan DENG, Ying-Ying LAI, Lin-Lin WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin-Lin WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986732505686033, articleId=1153986713065087456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=安吉白茶品质综合评价及分级方法研究, columnId=1153986583435928240, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品品质分析与评价, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 构建安吉白茶的品质综合评价方法, 并探究其等级划分方式。方法 通过对30份安吉白茶样品进行感官审评和品质成分检测, 运用相关性分析、主成分分析、熵权法和灰色关联度分析等方法, 建立安吉白茶品质评价模型。结果 不同来源的安吉白茶在化学指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05), 且总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱成分之间具有显著相关性(P<0.01)。通过熵权法和灰色关联分析构建的综合评价模型能够可靠地反映安吉白茶的感官品质特征, 其回归模型拟合度高达0.8258。此外, 基于相对关联度的聚类分析, 提出了一种安吉白茶等级划分方法, 将样品有效划分为4个等级。结论 通过结合熵权法和灰色关联度分析所构建的品质评价模型, 实现了安吉白茶质量等级的划分, 并为其他茶类的品质评价提供了借鉴与指导。

, authors=

徐启林(1996—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为智能制造技术。E-mail:

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* 吴琳琳(1988—), 女, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品及天然药物质量分析研究。E-mail:
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Content of quality chemical components of Anji white tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 水分含量/% 水浸出物/% 游离氨基酸/% 茶多酚/% 总儿茶素/(mg/g) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 生物碱/(mg/g)
S1 5.64±0.18 46.10±0.08 3.79±0.98 9.85±0.27 86.99±0.69 46.53±0.18 38.90±0.46
S2 6.00±0.81 45.02±0.33 3.14±0.61 10.78±0.96 141.12±0.83 50.23±0.84 70.14±0.54
S3 6.85±0.21 57.98±0.77 2.09±0.70 10.14±0.45 118.08±0.01 48.33±0.90 46.86±0.73
S4 5.74±0.05 44.18±0.65 3.21±0.23 8.79±0.35 70.31±0.94 37.83±0.09 37.61±0.38
S5 5.49±0.55 42.38±0.78 3.65±0.27 11.04±0.44 79.76±0.80 33.96±0.22 44.33±0.07
S6 4.45±0.50 43.67±0.30 2.71±0.41 10.95±0.01 64.29±0.30 29.25±0.04 35.57±0.58
S7 4.89±0.48 47.31±0.15 4.48±0.24 10.15±0.62 117.00±0.92 42.42±0.75 59.59±0.44
S8 5.17±0.65 46.95±0.86 3.58±0.79 10.64±0.12 102.68±0.29 45.53±0.25 48.82±0.07
S9 6.51±0.29 51.82±0.23 3.58±0.63 10.42±0.07 138.43±0.91 57.11±0.35 63.88±0.37
S10 5.35±0.14 45.16±0.21 5.24±0.05 9.70±0.49 95.41±0.49 40.69±0.61 53.82±0.04
S11 5.76±0.84 50.46±0.58 5.10±0.15 9.53±0.72 269.76±0.70 76.25±0.17 116.29±0.84
S12 6.06±0.55 46.64±0.69 5.57±0.30 9.84±0.19 167.21±0.62 68.05±0.47 73.11±0.99
S13 6.28±0.98 50.79±0.04 4.61±0.97 9.37±0.75 121.31±0.90 55.65±0.53 56.26±0.94
S14 3.27±0.35 52.73±0.67 5.38±0.49 9.40±0.31 126.61±0.15 66.55±0.75 55.33±0.48
S15 5.84±0.65 49.72±0.81 3.24±0.00 10.18±0.29 89.50±0.30 42.83±0.43 41.78±0.48
S16 5.51±0.96 52.28±0.72 2.24±0.24 8.89±0.30 95.52±0.60 27.90±0.57 70.47±0.85
S17 5.28±0.53 50.71±0.38 5.36±0.50 9.50±0.89 100.42±0.12 43.88±0.10 51.50±0.28
S18 6.25±0.86 47.32±0.73 2.99±0.68 10.38±0.68 109.78±0.44 29.95±0.02 63.23±0.43
S19 6.03±0.26 45.11±0.38 4.61±0.68 8.75±0.57 80.28±0.15 38.76±0.17 37.84±0.42
S20 5.87±0.85 46.93±0.83 3.77±0.78 9.15±0.96 76.55±0.28 36.35±0.05 39.50±0.36
S21 5.52±0.65 49.20±0.40 4.00±0.05 9.08±0.12 72.99±0.61 31.37±0.94 42.85±0.66
S22 5.12±0.42 50.83±0.38 3.03±0.17 10.80±0.01 86.29±0.82 31.69±0.72 54.39±0.96
S23 5.15±0.77 51.90±0.09 4.39±0.74 9.60±0.44 87.53±0.13 41.47±0.36 40.13±0.49
S24 5.74±0.84 53.23±0.60 3.29±0.50 9.47±0.36 84.59±0.18 33.20±0.55 48.19±0.52
S25 5.35±0.54 53.58±0.23 3.67±0.35 9.71±0.93 84.32±0.99 34.61±0.26 45.40±0.64
S26 6.09±0.36 55.68±0.98 4.70±0.13 9.19±0.92 131.31±0.77 45.89±0.47 54.52±0.36
S27 6.06±0.20 54.28±0.71 4.82±0.49 8.54±0.46 66.92±0.12 33.47±0.95 35.23±0.56
S28 6.18±0.37 53.58±0.74 5.82±0.22 10.08±0.47 81.96±0.19 32.44±0.93 64.25±0.05
S29 5.81±0.19 53.15±0.65 6.02±0.39 10.49±0.22 88.83±0.27 30.38±0.66 63.81±0.07
S30 6.58±0.34 57.95±0.77 3.05±0.87 10.50±0.43 119.28±0.74 50.40±0.40 32.28±0.98
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824625647805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

安吉白茶品质化学成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 水分含量/% 水浸出物/% 游离氨基酸/% 茶多酚/% 总儿茶素/(mg/g) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 生物碱/(mg/g)
S1 5.64±0.18 46.10±0.08 3.79±0.98 9.85±0.27 86.99±0.69 46.53±0.18 38.90±0.46
S2 6.00±0.81 45.02±0.33 3.14±0.61 10.78±0.96 141.12±0.83 50.23±0.84 70.14±0.54
S3 6.85±0.21 57.98±0.77 2.09±0.70 10.14±0.45 118.08±0.01 48.33±0.90 46.86±0.73
S4 5.74±0.05 44.18±0.65 3.21±0.23 8.79±0.35 70.31±0.94 37.83±0.09 37.61±0.38
S5 5.49±0.55 42.38±0.78 3.65±0.27 11.04±0.44 79.76±0.80 33.96±0.22 44.33±0.07
S6 4.45±0.50 43.67±0.30 2.71±0.41 10.95±0.01 64.29±0.30 29.25±0.04 35.57±0.58
S7 4.89±0.48 47.31±0.15 4.48±0.24 10.15±0.62 117.00±0.92 42.42±0.75 59.59±0.44
S8 5.17±0.65 46.95±0.86 3.58±0.79 10.64±0.12 102.68±0.29 45.53±0.25 48.82±0.07
S9 6.51±0.29 51.82±0.23 3.58±0.63 10.42±0.07 138.43±0.91 57.11±0.35 63.88±0.37
S10 5.35±0.14 45.16±0.21 5.24±0.05 9.70±0.49 95.41±0.49 40.69±0.61 53.82±0.04
S11 5.76±0.84 50.46±0.58 5.10±0.15 9.53±0.72 269.76±0.70 76.25±0.17 116.29±0.84
S12 6.06±0.55 46.64±0.69 5.57±0.30 9.84±0.19 167.21±0.62 68.05±0.47 73.11±0.99
S13 6.28±0.98 50.79±0.04 4.61±0.97 9.37±0.75 121.31±0.90 55.65±0.53 56.26±0.94
S14 3.27±0.35 52.73±0.67 5.38±0.49 9.40±0.31 126.61±0.15 66.55±0.75 55.33±0.48
S15 5.84±0.65 49.72±0.81 3.24±0.00 10.18±0.29 89.50±0.30 42.83±0.43 41.78±0.48
S16 5.51±0.96 52.28±0.72 2.24±0.24 8.89±0.30 95.52±0.60 27.90±0.57 70.47±0.85
S17 5.28±0.53 50.71±0.38 5.36±0.50 9.50±0.89 100.42±0.12 43.88±0.10 51.50±0.28
S18 6.25±0.86 47.32±0.73 2.99±0.68 10.38±0.68 109.78±0.44 29.95±0.02 63.23±0.43
S19 6.03±0.26 45.11±0.38 4.61±0.68 8.75±0.57 80.28±0.15 38.76±0.17 37.84±0.42
S20 5.87±0.85 46.93±0.83 3.77±0.78 9.15±0.96 76.55±0.28 36.35±0.05 39.50±0.36
S21 5.52±0.65 49.20±0.40 4.00±0.05 9.08±0.12 72.99±0.61 31.37±0.94 42.85±0.66
S22 5.12±0.42 50.83±0.38 3.03±0.17 10.80±0.01 86.29±0.82 31.69±0.72 54.39±0.96
S23 5.15±0.77 51.90±0.09 4.39±0.74 9.60±0.44 87.53±0.13 41.47±0.36 40.13±0.49
S24 5.74±0.84 53.23±0.60 3.29±0.50 9.47±0.36 84.59±0.18 33.20±0.55 48.19±0.52
S25 5.35±0.54 53.58±0.23 3.67±0.35 9.71±0.93 84.32±0.99 34.61±0.26 45.40±0.64
S26 6.09±0.36 55.68±0.98 4.70±0.13 9.19±0.92 131.31±0.77 45.89±0.47 54.52±0.36
S27 6.06±0.20 54.28±0.71 4.82±0.49 8.54±0.46 66.92±0.12 33.47±0.95 35.23±0.56
S28 6.18±0.37 53.58±0.74 5.82±0.22 10.08±0.47 81.96±0.19 32.44±0.93 64.25±0.05
S29 5.81±0.19 53.15±0.65 6.02±0.39 10.49±0.22 88.83±0.27 30.38±0.66 63.81±0.07
S30 6.58±0.34 57.95±0.77 3.05±0.87 10.50±0.43 119.28±0.74 50.40±0.40 32.28±0.98
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824696950974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Difference analysis of physicochemical components of Anji white tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 水分含量/% 水浸出物/% 游离氨基酸/% 茶多酚/% 总儿茶素/(mg/g) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 生物碱/(mg/g)
最大值 6.85 57.98 6.02 11.04 269.76 76.25 116.29
最小值 3.27 42.38 2.09 8.54 64.29 27.90 32.28
均值 5.66 49.89 4.04 9.83 105.20 42.77 52.86
标准差 0.68 4.12 1.05 0.69 39.10 12.06 16.37
变异系数/% 11.99 8.26 25.98 7.00 37.18 28.21 30.98
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824755671231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安吉白茶理化指标的差异性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 水分含量/% 水浸出物/% 游离氨基酸/% 茶多酚/% 总儿茶素/(mg/g) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 生物碱/(mg/g)
最大值 6.85 57.98 6.02 11.04 269.76 76.25 116.29
最小值 3.27 42.38 2.09 8.54 64.29 27.90 32.28
均值 5.66 49.89 4.04 9.83 105.20 42.77 52.86
标准差 0.68 4.12 1.05 0.69 39.10 12.06 16.37
变异系数/% 11.99 8.26 25.98 7.00 37.18 28.21 30.98
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824818585792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis among quality indexes of Anji white tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 水分含量 水浸出物 游离氨基酸 茶多酚 总儿茶素 总黄酮 生物碱
水分含量 1
水浸出物 0.270 1
游离氨基酸 ‒0.165 0.039 1
茶多酚 ‒0.032 ‒0.165 ‒0.253 1
总儿茶素 0.142 0.134 0.225 0.066 1
总黄酮 0.007 0.100 0.307 ‒0.020 0.835** 1
生物碱 0.064 0.040 0.297 0.081 0.837** 0.512** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824877306049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

安吉白茶品质指标间相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 水分含量 水浸出物 游离氨基酸 茶多酚 总儿茶素 总黄酮 生物碱
水分含量 1
水浸出物 0.270 1
游离氨基酸 ‒0.165 0.039 1
茶多酚 ‒0.032 ‒0.165 ‒0.253 1
总儿茶素 0.142 0.134 0.225 0.066 1
总黄酮 0.007 0.100 0.307 ‒0.020 0.835** 1
生物碱 0.064 0.040 0.297 0.081 0.837** 0.512** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1184566824940220610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Component matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 成分
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
水分含量(X1) 0.040 0.570 0.270 ‒0.640
水浸出物(X2) 0.070 0.580 ‒0.100 0.860
游离氨基酸(X3) 0.170 ‒0.140 ‒0.540 0.060
茶多酚(X4) ‒0.010 ‒0.270 0.620 0.500
总儿茶素(X5) 0.370 0.002 0.150 ‒0.050
总黄酮(X6) 0.330 ‒0.050 0.003 0.060
生物碱(X7) 0.320 ‒0.080 0.110 ‒0.120
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825011523779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

成分矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 成分
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
水分含量(X1) 0.040 0.570 0.270 ‒0.640
水浸出物(X2) 0.070 0.580 ‒0.100 0.860
游离氨基酸(X3) 0.170 ‒0.140 ‒0.540 0.060
茶多酚(X4) ‒0.010 ‒0.270 0.620 0.500
总儿茶素(X5) 0.370 0.002 0.150 ‒0.050
总黄酮(X6) 0.330 ‒0.050 0.003 0.060
生物碱(X7) 0.320 ‒0.080 0.110 ‒0.120
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825074438340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comprehensive scores of tea samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 综合得分 排名 编号 综合得分 排名
S1 ‒0.3607 22 S16 ‒0.0308 14
S2 0.4073 7 S17 ‒0.1815 20
S3 0.9355 2 S18 0.0850 11
S4 ‒0.8042 30 S19 ‒0.7283 28
S5 ‒0.5098 25 S20 ‒0.5596 26
S6 ‒0.7882 29 S21 ‒0.5676 27
S7 ‒0.1516 19 S22 ‒0.0117 12
S8 ‒0.0971 17 S23 ‒0.2428 21
S9 0.8152 3 S24 ‒0.0606 16
S10 ‒0.4878 24 S25 ‒0.0999 18
S11 1.6150 1 S26 0.4308 6
S12 0.5463 5 S27 ‒0.3885 23
S13 0.2982 8 S28 0.1150 9
S14 ‒0.0423 15 S29 0.0893 10
S15 ‒0.0288 13 S30 0.8045 4
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825170907333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

茶样综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 综合得分 排名 编号 综合得分 排名
S1 ‒0.3607 22 S16 ‒0.0308 14
S2 0.4073 7 S17 ‒0.1815 20
S3 0.9355 2 S18 0.0850 11
S4 ‒0.8042 30 S19 ‒0.7283 28
S5 ‒0.5098 25 S20 ‒0.5596 26
S6 ‒0.7882 29 S21 ‒0.5676 27
S7 ‒0.1516 19 S22 ‒0.0117 12
S8 ‒0.0971 17 S23 ‒0.2428 21
S9 0.8152 3 S24 ‒0.0606 16
S10 ‒0.4878 24 S25 ‒0.0999 18
S11 1.6150 1 S26 0.4308 6
S12 0.5463 5 S27 ‒0.3885 23
S13 0.2982 8 S28 0.1150 9
S14 ‒0.0423 15 S29 0.0893 10
S15 ‒0.0288 13 S30 0.8045 4
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825246404806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Information entropy and weight of quality indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 信息熵Ej 权重Wj
水浸出物 0.949 0.1292
游离氨基酸 0.951 0.1240
总黄酮 0.906 0.2391
生物碱 0.917 0.2115
水分含量 0.953 0.1199
茶多酚 0.944 0.1427
总儿茶素 0.987 0.0336
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825292542151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

品质指标信息熵及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质指标 信息熵Ej 权重Wj
水浸出物 0.949 0.1292
游离氨基酸 0.951 0.1240
总黄酮 0.906 0.2391
生物碱 0.917 0.2115
水分含量 0.953 0.1199
茶多酚 0.944 0.1427
总儿茶素 0.987 0.0336
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825351262408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Relative correlation degree and quality ranking of Anji white tea samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 最优关联度 最差关联度 相对关联度 质量排序 编号 最优关联度 最差关联度 相对关联度 质量排序
S1 0.34 0.33 0.51 6 S16 0.36 0.33 0.53 5
S2 0.31 0.43 0.42 24 S17 0.26 0.49 0.34 29
S3 0.41 0.27 0.60 1 S18 0.32 0.39 0.45 18
S4 0.29 0.44 0.39 27 S19 0.34 0.35 0.50 8
S5 0.27 0.46 0.37 28 S20 0.29 0.41 0.42 25
S6 0.28 0.57 0.33 30 S21 0.30 0.36 0.45 16
S7 0.35 0.36 0.49 9 S22 0.32 0.40 0.44 20
S8 0.33 0.35 0.49 11 S23 0.38 0.31 0.56 3
S9 0.29 0.38 0.43 22 S24 0.31 0.37 0.45 17
S10 0.27 0.39 0.41 26 S25 0.31 0.36 0.46 15
S11 0.34 0.35 0.49 10 S26 0.38 0.29 0.57 2
S12 0.33 0.33 0.50 7 S27 0.31 0.39 0.45 19
S13 0.30 0.38 0.44 21 S28 0.30 0.34 0.48 13
S14 0.33 0.36 0.48 12 S29 0.29 0.33 0.47 14
S15 0.31 0.42 0.42 23 S30 0.40 0.35 0.54 4
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825426759881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

安吉白茶样品相对关联度及质量排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 最优关联度 最差关联度 相对关联度 质量排序 编号 最优关联度 最差关联度 相对关联度 质量排序
S1 0.34 0.33 0.51 6 S16 0.36 0.33 0.53 5
S2 0.31 0.43 0.42 24 S17 0.26 0.49 0.34 29
S3 0.41 0.27 0.60 1 S18 0.32 0.39 0.45 18
S4 0.29 0.44 0.39 27 S19 0.34 0.35 0.50 8
S5 0.27 0.46 0.37 28 S20 0.29 0.41 0.42 25
S6 0.28 0.57 0.33 30 S21 0.30 0.36 0.45 16
S7 0.35 0.36 0.49 9 S22 0.32 0.40 0.44 20
S8 0.33 0.35 0.49 11 S23 0.38 0.31 0.56 3
S9 0.29 0.38 0.43 22 S24 0.31 0.37 0.45 17
S10 0.27 0.39 0.41 26 S25 0.31 0.36 0.46 15
S11 0.34 0.35 0.49 10 S26 0.38 0.29 0.57 2
S12 0.33 0.33 0.50 7 S27 0.31 0.39 0.45 19
S13 0.30 0.38 0.44 21 S28 0.30 0.34 0.48 13
S14 0.33 0.36 0.48 12 S29 0.29 0.33 0.47 14
S15 0.31 0.42 0.42 23 S30 0.40 0.35 0.54 4
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825510645962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of cluster analysis of Anji white tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 聚类类别 P
类别1
(n=5)
类别2
(n=9)
类别3 (n=12) 类别4
(n=4)
聚类中心 0.5600±
0.0400
0.4900±
0.0200
0.4367±
0.0230
0.3575±
0.0330
<0.01
百分比/% 16.67 30.00 40.00 13.33 -
), ArticleFig(id=1184566825602920651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986713065087456, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

安吉白茶聚类分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 聚类类别 P
类别1
(n=5)
类别2
(n=9)
类别3 (n=12) 类别4
(n=4)
聚类中心 0.5600±
0.0400
0.4900±
0.0200
0.4367±
0.0230
0.3575±
0.0330
<0.01
百分比/% 16.67 30.00 40.00 13.33 -
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安吉白茶品质综合评价及分级方法研究
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徐启林 , 刘昕璐 , 邓黄燕 , 赖盈盈 , 吴琳琳 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025,16(2): 25-34
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食品安全质量检测学报 |本期专题:食品品质分析与评价 2025 , 16 (2) : 25 -34
安吉白茶品质综合评价及分级方法研究
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徐启林 , 刘昕璐, 邓黄燕, 赖盈盈, 吴琳琳*
作者信息
  • 浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310023
通讯作者:
* 吴琳琳(1988—), 女, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品及天然药物质量分析研究。E-mail:
Research on the comprehensive quality evaluation and grading methods of Anji white tea quality
Qi-Lin XU , Xin-Lu LIU, Huang-Yan DENG, Ying-Ying LAI, Lin-Lin WU*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014003
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目的 构建安吉白茶的品质综合评价方法, 并探究其等级划分方式。方法 通过对30份安吉白茶样品进行感官审评和品质成分检测, 运用相关性分析、主成分分析、熵权法和灰色关联度分析等方法, 建立安吉白茶品质评价模型。结果 不同来源的安吉白茶在化学指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05), 且总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱成分之间具有显著相关性(P<0.01)。通过熵权法和灰色关联分析构建的综合评价模型能够可靠地反映安吉白茶的感官品质特征, 其回归模型拟合度高达0.8258。此外, 基于相对关联度的聚类分析, 提出了一种安吉白茶等级划分方法, 将样品有效划分为4个等级。结论 通过结合熵权法和灰色关联度分析所构建的品质评价模型, 实现了安吉白茶质量等级的划分, 并为其他茶类的品质评价提供了借鉴与指导。

安吉白茶  /  品质综合评价  /  理化分析  /  灰色关联分析  /  等级划分

Objective To develop a comprehensive evaluation method for the quality of Anji white tea and explore its grading criteria. Methods A sensory evaluation and quality component analysis were conducted on 30 samples of Anji white tea. A quality evaluation model for Anji white tea was established using methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, entropy weight method, and grey correlation analysis. Results The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in chemical indicators among Anji white tea from different sources. Moreover, there was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between total catechins, general flavone, and alkaloid components. The comprehensive evaluation model constructed using the entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis could reliably reflect the sensory quality characteristics of Anji white tea, and the fit of its regression model was as high as 0.8258. Furthermore, a grading method for Anji white tea was proposed based on cluster analysis of relative relevance, resulting in effective classification into 4 grades. Conclusion The quality evaluation model established based on entropy weight method combined with gray correlation analysis has achieved the classification of quality grades of Anji white tea and also provides reference and guidance for the quality evaluation of other types of tea.

Anji white tea  /  comprehensive quality evaluation  /  physicochemical analysis  /  grey correlation analysis  /  grade classification
徐启林, 刘昕璐, 邓黄燕, 赖盈盈, 吴琳琳. 安吉白茶品质综合评价及分级方法研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014003
Qi-Lin XU, Xin-Lu LIU, Huang-Yan DENG, Ying-Ying LAI, Lin-Lin WU. Research on the comprehensive quality evaluation and grading methods of Anji white tea quality[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014003
安吉白茶主要产自浙江省的安吉县, 被授予中国地理标识保护产品称号。安吉是习总书记“绿水青山就是金山银山”科学论断的发祥地, 而作为“两山理念”实践之一的安吉白茶以其独特的品质特性享誉国内外, 其茶汤滋味具有鲜爽、低苦涩的特点, 颇受消费者青睐[12]。安吉白茶是经过特定工艺制作而成, 包括杀青、揉捻、干燥等环节, 以保留茶叶的嫩爽口感和清香。由“白叶一号”这一特定品种茶树加工而成的安吉白茶, 是一种特殊的绿茶。目前, 全国已种植“白叶一号”超过400万亩, 安吉白茶的品牌价值高达48.45亿元, 年产量超过2100 t, 产值超32亿元[34]。近年来, 随着安吉白茶种植规模的扩大和品牌价值的提升, 市场上却出现了一些不良现象。一些不法商家为了谋取更高的利润, 开始使用其他地区的茶叶冒充安吉白茶, 或者将其他品种的茶叶作为安吉白茶销售, 或者将低品质安吉白茶作为高级别销售。这些假冒伪劣产品不仅误导了消费者, 也对安吉白茶的品牌形象造成了损害。由于等级和质量的混淆, 消费者在选择时往往难以区分真伪, 这对整个行业的健康发展构成了威胁。在这种背景下, 如何构建一个科学合理的安吉白茶品质评价体系, 实现全面精准的品质鉴别, 成为行业内研究人员和茶叶从业者面临的紧迫任务。此外, 安吉白茶的独特品质与其化学成分的种类、含量及配比密切相关, 包括茶多酚及其氧化产物、生物碱、黄酮、氨基酸、有机酸和色素等[5]。这些成分的种类和比例不仅影响着茶的色泽、香气和口感, 而且其复杂的相互作用决定了茶的综合感官品质[68]
因此, 安吉白茶的品质评价应采用一种综合量化的评价策略, 全面考虑多个指标, 建立一个多维度、定量化的品质评价体系, 以更全面地评价和控制安吉白茶的品质。目前常用的茶叶品质评价方法主要包括感官审评和有限的理化指标分析, 这些方法在一定程度上能提供直观感受和初步化学信息, 但感官审评方法易受审评人员的感官疲劳和专业水平的影响, 单一或少数理化指标的分析则显得零散且不系统, 仅能从单一角度揭示安吉白茶的品质等[9]。此外, 虽然已有研究尝试通过相关性分析和主成分分析等方法进行茶叶品质的初步综合评价[1011], 但如何科学地区分不同指标的重要性并将它们综合量化, 仍是安吉白茶品质评价和控制中亟需解决的关键问题, 也是品质评价从定性化、经验化向定量化、科学化转变的必经之路。本研究采用熵权法结合灰色关联分析法对安吉白茶进行综合评价和质量排序, 并通过聚类分析提出基于相对关联度的安吉白茶等级划分方法, 旨在为安吉白茶的综合品质评价提供更为全面和科学的理论依据。
安吉白茶样品共30份, 均来源于浙江省安吉县, 样品分别编号为S1~S30。
茚三酮(纯度≥99%, 上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司); 磷酸二氢钾(分析纯, 湖州湖试化学试剂有限公司); 甲醇、福林酚、碳酸钠(分析纯, 上海麦克林公司); 乙腈(色谱纯, 美国TEDIA天地试剂公司); 茶氨酸标准品(纯度≥99%)、磷酸氢二钠(分析纯)、乙酸、甲酸(色谱纯)(上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司); 没食子酸、可可碱、咖啡碱、茶碱、表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin, EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate, ECG)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocatechin gallate, GCG)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)、山奈酚-3-O-槐糖苷、芦丁、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、紫云英苷标准品(纯度≥98%, 成都值标化纯生物有限公司)。
BS-SKH电子天平(精度0.01 g, 上海友声衡器有限公司); XS105 DuaiRange分析天平(精度0.001 g, 瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司); KQ-300DE超声波清洗器(江苏昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); FX6100台式大容量冷冻离心机(美国BECKMAN COULTER公司); HH-8数显恒温水浴锅(江苏金坛市金城国胜实验仪器厂); DUG-9123A电热鼓风干燥箱(上海精宏实验设备有限公司); UV-2600紫外分光光度计(日本岛津公司); Waters 2695/2690高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(150 mm× 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm)[安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]。
水分含量: 参照GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》; 水浸出物含量: 参照GB/T 8305—2013《茶 水浸出物测定》; 茶多酚总量: 参照GB/T 8313—2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》; 游离氨基酸总量: 参照GB/T 8314—2013《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》。
儿茶素和生物碱的组分含量测定参考文献[12]方法进行, 以EC、EGC、ECG、GCG和EGCG含量总和作为总儿茶素含量, 以可可碱、茶碱和咖啡碱含量总和作为生物碱含量, 使用色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(150 mm× 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm), 检测波长为280 nm, 流动相A为乙腈:乙酸:水(6:1:193, V:V:V), 流动相B为乙腈:乙酸:水(60:1:139, V:V:V), 梯度洗脱, 流动相B初始浓度20%, 35 min内线性扩增至65%, 随后降到20%, 持续5 min, 到40 min时结束, 其中流速为1.0 mL/min, 柱温25 ℃, 进样量10 μL。
黄酮醇苷类组分含量测定参考文献[13]方法进行, 以山奈酚-3-O-槐糖苷、芦丁、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、山奈酚-3-O-云香糖苷和紫云英苷含量总和作为总黄酮含量, 色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm), 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液, 流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液, 柱温35 ℃, 流速为1 mL/min, 进样量10 μL, 检测波长360 nm。洗脱梯度: 前40 min内流动相B由5%线性增加至25%, 在40.01 min时B相降至5%, 接着以5%的B相保持5 min。
感官审评工作参照GB/T 23776—2018《茶叶感官审评方法》的相关要求进行, 对相关感官评价指标分别赋予不同的评分权重, 即外形(25%)、汤色(10%)、香气(25%)、滋味(30%)和叶底(10%)。感官审评的最终得分为去掉评审人员给出得分最高分和最低分后所得平均值。
该研究所有茶叶样品指标的测定均进行3次重复实验, 取各指标测定均值为最终值。数据记录和统计分析采用Microsoft Excel 2019和SPSS Statistics 27.0软件进行。
对30份安吉白茶样品进行3次平行实验, 各理化指标的成分含量和差异分析结果详见表1表2。样品的水分含量介于3.27%至6.85%之间, 平均水分含量为5.66%; 其中S3、S9和S30 3份样品的水分含量超过6.50%, 水分含量偏高可能是由于茶农在自产加工过程中标准化程度不足。尽管如此, 所有样品的水分含量均未超过7.00%, 完全符合GB/T 14456.1—2017《绿茶》的相关标准。水分含量作为反映茶叶品质的重要因子之一, 水分含量越高, 茶叶中的化学反应则越活跃, 会进一步导致叶绿素的变性与分解, 从而使其色泽变得更褐更深, 影响茶叶的色泽观感[11]。水浸出物含量是茶叶品质评价中的一个重要指标, 茶叶中可溶物的多少, 在一定程度上影响着茶汤的厚薄与滋味的浓醇[14]。在30份样品中, 有3份样品的水浸出物含量高于55.00%, 分别是S3、S26和S30。所有样品的平均水浸出物含量为49.89%, 显示出较高的茶汤浓度和耐泡性, 且均满足GB/T 14456.1—2017中对水浸出物含量大于等于34%的要求, 进一步证明了安吉白茶的高品质和稳定性。
游离氨基酸是赋予安吉白茶其鲜爽口感的重要化学成分[15], 对茶叶的香气和品质变化也具有重要影响[16]。安吉白茶的氨基酸含量约为普通绿茶的3~4倍, 显著影响着茶叶的整体品质[1718]。而酚氨比则更是衡量茶叶品质的基础指标, 一般认为, 酚氨比低的茶叶其鲜爽程度高[1920]。现有研究表明, 安吉白茶的游离氨基酸含量均值为5.19%[4]。本研究中, 30份样品中游离氨基酸含量在2.09%至6.02%之间, 其中样品S10、S11、S12、S14、S17、S28和S29的含量均高于5.00%。尽管部分样品略低于GB/T 20354—2006《地理标志产品 安吉白茶》对安吉白茶的最低要求(大于等于5%), 但总体符合安吉白茶高氨基酸含量的特征[21]。此外, 安吉县地处亚热带海洋性季风气候带, 该气候温和且具有雨量充沛, 光照充足的特点, 特别有利于茶树的种植及其化学品质成分的积累, 充足的光照也有利于促进蛋白质的合成以及含氮化合物的积累[22]
茶多酚是茶叶中的主要特征成分, 其含量不仅对茶汤的苦涩度起决定性作用, 还深刻影响着茶叶的品质与口感[16]。作为绿茶中的优质品种, 安吉白茶的茶汤味道鲜爽且苦涩度较低, 这得益于其茶多酚含量低于其他绿茶品种。该研究结果表明, 30份安吉白茶样本中茶多酚的平均含量为9.83%, 其中有部分样本的茶多酚含量甚至低于9.00%。相比之下, 其他研究发现, 如溪头滴水香绿茶的茶多酚含量可达17.97%, 远高于安吉白茶[11]; 相比中黄系列和龙井43扁形绿茶, 源于白叶一号树种的安吉白茶茶多酚总量最低[23]。这与其低温敏感的特性息息相关, 研究发现, 安吉白茶在早春环境温度低于20 ℃时, 其嫩芽呈白色, 当温度高于20 ℃时, 白化表型消失[7]。白化实际上是茶叶内的叶绿素合成受低温的影响而导致“发育障碍”, 从而导致其含量下降, 进而导致茶多酚含量的下降, 与此同时, 游离氨基酸含量则呈上升的趋势。
茶叶中的多酚类物质包括黄烷醇类(主要是儿茶素类)、黄酮醇苷、花色素及花白素类和酚酸类等[24]。而儿茶素类主要包括EGCG、ECG、GCG、EGC和EC等。该研究所收集的茶样中, S11样品儿茶素类含量最高, 尤其是EGCG的含量最高, 高于信阳毛尖等其他绿茶[25]。5种儿茶素单体平均含量从高到底依次为EGCG、GCG、EGC、ECG、EC。研究表明, EGCG不仅是儿茶素中最重要的活性成分[2628], 还具有抗病毒、抗癌和预防心血管疾病的作用[2930]
黄酮类物质是绿茶中形成黄绿色茶汤的主要成分之一[10]。从30份样本数据来看, 黄酮类含量为27.90~76.25 mg/g, 平均含量为42.77 mg/g, 变异系数为28.21%, 显示出相对较大的波动, 这可能受到采茶环境、时间及种植条件的影响。生物碱(包括咖啡碱、茶碱和可可碱)在安吉白茶中也占据重要地位, 本研究中安吉白茶中生物碱平均含量为52.86 mg/g, 其中咖啡碱占生物碱的近半。咖啡碱易与茶叶中的一些物质形成络合物, 可增加茶汤的鲜爽口感。然而, 其滋味的优劣并非与络合物含量成线性关系, 过高的咖啡碱浓度反而可能不利于滋味的提升[31]
此外, 总儿茶素和总黄酮作为主要的抗氧化成分, 直接关联到茶叶的健康效益和品质。这些成分的含量在样品间显示出显著的差异性, 反映了外部环境因素对安吉白茶品质的影响。总儿茶素的含量范围为64.29 mg/g到269.76 mg/g, 总黄酮的含量则在27.90 mg/g到76.25 mg/g之间。生物碱平均含量为52.86 mg/g, 其中咖啡碱是主要成分, 对茶叶的口感和提神效果有着重要作用。各项品质指标中, 总儿茶素和生物碱的含量在不同样品间存在差异, 其变异系数分别达到了37.18%和30.98%, 这一结果显示了这些成分的含量受外部环境因素的明显影响。此外, 相关研究显示, 安吉白茶的游离氨基酸平均值为5.19%, 安吉白茶中的游离氨基酸含量一般高于普通绿茶[4]。在本研究中游离氨基酸均值与其接近, 此外变异系数高达25.98%, 突显出其在评价安吉白茶品质中的重要性。与此相对, 水浸出物和茶多酚的变异系数较低, 表明这些成分在所有样本中的差异较小, 有利于保持安吉白茶的品质一致性。通过对这些关键品质指标的变异系数进行详细分析, 研究强调了实施更细致和系统的品质控制对于保障安吉白茶品质稳定性和优良性的重要性。
对安吉白茶中的7个品质指标进行了相关性分析。结果如表3所示, 总儿茶素、生物碱与总黄酮之间存在极显著的相关性(P<0.01), 特别是总儿茶素分别与这两种指标之间的相关系数超过了0.83。突显了这些化合物在安吉白茶中的协同作用对提升茶叶品质的重要性。茶叶的品质并非由单一成分决定, 而是多种化学成分通过抑制、协同或加和的效应共同作用的结果[32]。已有研究表明, 儿茶素、生物碱和黄酮等对茶汤的口感和风味贡献显著, 它们之间通常存在协同增效的效应[11]。儿茶素类化合物是茶叶中多酚类的主要组成部分, 其中酯型儿茶素不仅关系到茶叶品质, 还具有降血脂、抗癌变及抗氧化等多重生理效益[3334]。考虑到多个品质指标间存在强烈的相互关联, 可能会对评价结果造成偏差。因此, 该研究采用了主成分分析法来进一步筛选重要的品质指标, 以便进行更为精确的安吉白茶综合品质评价。
对安吉白茶的7个品质指标进行主成分分析, 提取了4个主要成分因子, 主成分分析的得分图如图1所示。前4因子的累计方差贡献率达到了84.40%, 其中前4个主成分的特征值分别为2.629、1.319、1.260和0.699, 方差贡献率分别为37.56%、18.85%、18.00%和9.99%。成分矩阵(表4)结合因子载荷图(图2)可知, 第一主成分主要由总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱的高正载荷量构成, 表明这3个品质指标对第一主成分有显著贡献。这进一步说明了总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱含量与安吉白茶的茶汤醇厚度和滋味品质有着密切的相关性, 是影响茶叶品质的关键因素。第二主成分主要受到水分含量和水浸出物含量的影响。而第三主成分则主要包含游离氨基酸和茶多酚的信息, 其中高含量的氨基酸和较低的茶多酚是安吉白茶区别于其他茶类的独特品质特征。第四主成分主要涵盖了水分含量、水浸出物、茶多酚的信息。从主成分分析的结果可以看出, 水分含量、水浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱这7项指标均对前4个主成分贡献较大。此外根据各品质指标变异系数可知除了水浸出物和茶多酚, 30份安吉白茶样品的各项品质指标, 发现存在显著的差异性(P<0.05), 尤其是氨基酸、总黄酮、总儿茶素和生物碱含量。另外相关性分析表明总儿茶素、生物碱与总黄酮之间存在极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。因此, 通过对各品质指标变异系数和相关性的综合考虑, 为全面评估安吉白茶的整体品质, 研究最终选择了这7个品质指标来计算主成分综合得分, 用以进行安吉白茶的品质综合评价。
根据成分得分系数矩阵计算得分, 其回归方程如式(1)~(4), 根据主成分的特征值和贡献率计算主成分得分F, 如公式(5)所示。
F1=0.04×X1+0.07×X2+0.17×X3-0.01×X4+0.37×X5+0.33× X6+0.32×X7
F2=0.57×X1+0.58×X2-0.14×X3-0.27×X4+0.002×X5+0.05× X6-0.08×X7
F3=0.27×X1-0.10×X2-0.54×X3+0.62×X4+0.15×X5-0.003× X6+0.11×X7
F4=-0.64×X1+0.84×X2+0.06×X3+0.50×X4-0.05×X5+0.06× X6-0.12×X7
F=(0.378/0.884)×F1+(0.188/0.884)×F2+(0.18/0.884)×F3+ (0.1/0.884)×F4
式中: F1~F4为前4主成分各自得分, F为主成分得分; X1~X7为水分含量、浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、总儿茶素、总黄酮和生物碱。
根据公式(5)计算得出的综合得分(表5), 在30批样品中, 主成分综合得分排名前5的样品分别为S11、S3、S9、S30和S12。进一步对这些样品的主成分综合得分与感官审评得分进行了相关性分析。分析结果显示, 两者之间存在一定的相关性(P=0.023), 皮尔逊(Pearson)相关系数为0.4150, 表明主成分分析得到的综合得分在一定程度上能够反映安吉白茶的感官品质。然而, 主成分分析主要是通过提取数据中的主要变异来源进行降维, 这可能导致那些对主成分贡献较小的理化指标被忽视, 进而可能丢失关键信息。此外, 由于主成分通常是原始变量的线性组合, 这种方法在数据结构呈现非线性特征时, 可能无法全面捕捉到所有重要的关系, 使得结果的解释性变得较为困难[35]。此外, 该方法在分析前通常假设所有变量同等重要, 但实际上不同的理化指标对样品质量的影响权重可能不同。因此, 有必要进一步探索更为客观和合理的安吉白茶品质评价方法。
熵权法利用信息熵的定义, 根据某一指标的信息熵来评估该指标的离散程度。当信息熵越小时, 表示该指标的离散程度越大, 说明该指标对综合评价的影响就越大。因此, 利用信息熵计算对应品质指标权重, 可以为多指标综合评价提供依据。
设有n个安吉白茶样品, 每个样品有m个品质指标, 则组成一个评价单元序列, {Xik}(i=1,2,3...n; k=1,2,3...m), 在本研究中n为30, m为7。熵权法要求特征序列为定量变量, 同时分为正向指标变量和负向指标变量。从质量评价角度来说, 茶叶水分含量在一定范围内越低越好, 同时考虑到安吉白茶氨基酸含量高, 茶多酚含量低的特点, 选取水分含量、茶多酚与儿茶素类含量作为负向指标, 其余品质指标为正向指标。利用min-max标准化方法对数据进行标准化处理。
各个品质指标的信息熵记为Ej, 各指标权重记为Wj, 相关计算公式(6)~(8)如下:
$E_{j}=-\frac{1}{\ln n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{i j} \ln \left(P_{i j}\right)$
$P_{i j}=\frac{Y_{i j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} Y_{i j}}$
$W_{j}=\frac{1-E_{j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-E_{j}\right)}$
式中: Ej茶为茶样第k个指标的信息熵; Pij为第j项指标下第i个茶样值占该指标的比重; 当Pij=0, 定义ln(Pij)=0; Yij为min-max标准化处理后的数据; Wj为各品质指标权重。
确定各指标信息熵后计算对应品质指标权重, 相关结果如表6所示。由表6可知, 7个品质指标信息熵差异不大, 且均在0.9以上, 因此, 后续采用7个品质指标数据进行分析。
灰色关联分析是一种用于定量描述和比较系统发展变化趋势的方法, 可用于分析品质指标的相互关系, 根据关联度的大小可以进行分析排序, 得到综合评价结果。首先根据各品质指标数据明显升降趋势现象, 选择均值化处理作为量纲处理方式。同样将评价单元序列记为{Xik}(i=1,2,3...n; k=1,2,3...m), 为了更好地统一标准, 将熵权法中提到的负向指标进行倒数转换[36]。待评价指标统一后, 将n个安吉白茶样品对应的品质指标的最大值{Xsk}记为最优参考序列, 对应品质指标最小值{Xtk}记为最差参考序列。利用公式(9)~(10)分别计算最优和最差参考序列的关联系数。
$\xi_{k(s)}^{i}=\frac{\Delta_{\min }+\rho \Delta_{\max }}{\left|Y_{i k}-Y_{s k}\right|}$
$\xi_{k(t)}^{i}=\frac{\Delta_{\min }+\rho \Delta_{\max }}{\left|Y_{i k}-Y_{t k}\right|}$
式中: Yik为处理后的数据, 由原始数据除以茶样第k个指标的平均值得到; Ysk为最优参考序列原始数据除以茶样第k个指标的平均值; Ytk为最差参考序列原始数据除以茶样第k个指标的平均值;$\xi_{k(s)}^{i}$为最优参考序列关联系数;$\xi_{k(t)}^{i}$为最差参考序列关联系数; ri(s)为最优关联度; ri(t)为最差关联度; ri为相对关联度。
其中, 公式(9)中, Δmin=min|Yik-Ysk|, Δmax=max|Yik-Ysk|; 公式(10)中, Δmin=min|Yik-Ytk|, Δmax=max|Yik-Ytk|,。ρ为分辨系数, 一般取值为0.5, 在该研究中, ρ取值为熵权法计算所得的权重。由此得到最优参考序列及最差参考序列关联系数。最后分别利用公式(11)~(13)计算最优关联度、最差关联度及相对关联度, 并进行质量排序, 相关结果如表7所示。模型得分最高的是样品S3, 最小的是S6。30批样品质量排序前5为S3、S26、S23、S30和S16。
$r_{i(s)}=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \xi_{k(s)}^{i}$
$r_{i(t)}=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \xi_{k(t)}^{i}$
$r_{i}=\frac{r_{i(s)}}{r_{i(s)}+r_{i(t)}}$
为进一步验证所提出的基于熵权法和灰色关联度分析法的综合评价方法的合理性, 将相对关联度(X)与感官审评得分(Y)进行线性回归拟合(图3), 所得线性方程为Y=28.85X+71.94 (r2=0.8258)。相对关联度和感官审评得分模型拟合度较高, 表明利用游离氨基酸、茶多酚、总黄酮及生物碱等理化指标建立的相对关联度模型适用于安吉白茶的品质评价。
通过聚类分析并基于相对关联度, 将收集的安吉白茶样品分为4个类别(表8)。这4个聚类中心的相对关联度分别为0.5600、0.4900、0.4367和0.3575, 各类别所占比例分别为16.67%、30.00%、40.00%和13.33%。聚类方差分析结果表明, 样品之间的相对关联度差异极为显著(P<0.01), 这证明了使用相对关联度作为安吉白茶品质等级划分依据的合理性和有效性。根据相对关联度, 30份安吉白茶样品被划分为4个等级: 第一等级的相对关联度不低于0.53, 包括样品S3、S26、S23、S30和S16; 第二等级的相对关联度在0.47至0.53之间, 包括样品S1、S12、S19、S7、S8、S11、S14、S28和S29; 第三等级的相对关联度在0.39至0.46之间, 包括样品S25、S18、S24、S27、S21、S13、S22、S9、S2、S20、S15和S10; 第四等级的相对关联度小于等于0.39, 其余样品被归入此等级。该研究提出的等级划分方法通过引入更系统和定量化的评价体系, 全面考虑了儿茶素、黄酮和生物碱等关键品质成分的含量及其在不同样品中的分布特征。与传统主要依赖于茶叶外观和感官评审的分级方法不同, 该研究结合了化学分析与统计分析, 提供了一个基于多维度科学分析的新视角, 有利于品质评价的科学性和准确性。
本研究通过对30批安吉白茶的品质指标分析, 揭示了不同来源的安吉白茶在化学成分上的差异。通过相关性分析, 发现总儿茶素、总黄酮及生物碱之间存在较强相关性, 表明这些成分的协同作用对茶叶的风味和汤色等感官品质具有关键影响。综合变异系数和指标间的相关性, 最终筛选出7个代表性品质指标用于综合评价, 以确保对安吉白茶整体质量的全面反映。通过主成分分析, 获得了30批样品的综合评分, 且综合得分与感官评审得分的Pearson相关系数为0.4150, 表明主成分分析只能在一定程度上反映安吉白茶的感官品质。进一步利用熵权法对各指标赋权, 并结合灰色关联分析构建品质评价模型, 所计算的相对关联度与感官审评得分的回归模型拟合度高达0.8258, 验证了熵权法结合灰色关联分析的评价模型在安吉白茶品质评估中具有较高的准确性和可靠性。此外, 通过聚类分析提出了安吉白茶的等级划分方法, 按相对关联度将样品分为4个等级, 该等级划分方法提供了一种更加系统化、定量化的分级体系, 降低了传统依赖主观感官评判的影响, 使得结果更加科学和客观。与仅使用灰色关联度分析的茶叶品质评价方法不同, 传统方法通常设定各指标的权重相等, 无法全面反映指标间差异。在本研究中, 通过熵权法结合灰色关联度分析, 客观分配各指标权重, 从而提高了模型的科学性。同时, 与熵权法结合基于绝对关联度的灰色关联分析的评价模型不同[37], 本研究通过相对关联度评估, 揭示了各品质因子间的相对关系, 使得评价更加精确。本研究构建的安吉白茶质量评价模型不仅为其地理标志保护提供了科学依据, 还可以作为市场质量管理和控制的有效工具。通过科学的品质评价和分级方法, 可以帮助企业提升产品的质量标准, 增强市场竞争力, 为消费者提供更加可靠的产品选择标准。此外, 该模型也可推广至其他茶类或农产品, 为其品质评价和分级提供参考。尽管本研究构建了有效的评价模型, 但也存在一些局限性。由于安吉白茶化学成分复杂, 本研究所选取的品质指标难以全面反映其整体特性, 尤其是与香气特征相关的挥发性成分尚未涵盖。这一不足限制了模型在茶叶香气评价上的全面性。因此, 未来的研究应进一步扩展成分检测范围, 尤其是纳入挥发性成分等指标, 从而提升安吉白茶质量评价体系的全面性和适用性。
  • 浙江科技大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2024cxcy067)
  • 浙江科技大学大学生课外科技创新与实践项目(2024CMLX094)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241014003
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
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浙江科技大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2024cxcy067)
浙江科技大学大学生课外科技创新与实践项目(2024CMLX094)
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    浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310023

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* 吴琳琳(1988—), 女, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品及天然药物质量分析研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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