Article(id=1153986712800841821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061472368, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061472368, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061472368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061472368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986713471930466, articleId=1153986712800841821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Multi-factor analysis and correlation study on the activity of proteinase in raw milk, columnId=1153986712901505118, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Dairy Processing and Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the factors affecting protease activity in raw milk. Methods Used raw milk and milk samples before and after different processing techniques as samples, acid, alkali and neutral protease activities were determined based on the Folin phenol method. The effects of different regions, seasons, ranch temperatures, somatic cell numbers, number of psychrophilic bacteria, and behavioral stress on protease activity in milk samples were analyzed at the ranch and process levels, and the effects of different processing techniques on product protease activity were analyzed. Results The contribution rate of protease activity changes at the ranch level was in the following order: Season (resulting in temperature changes)>highest temperature on the ranch>region>number of psychrophilic bacteria>number of somatic cells. In the comparison of protease inactivation rates under different treatment processes, the 4 treatment processes had the following order of protease inactivation rate: Ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) preheating treatment (90 ℃, 5 s)>pre heat treatment before sterilization (70 ℃, 5 s)>reverse osmosis (RO)>centrifugal sterilization. Conclusion The main influencing factor at the ranch level is the seasonal temperature changes that affect protease activity, simultaneously using preheating treatment before sterilization at the process level can achieve a protease inactivation rate of over 50%.

, correspAuthors=Shu-Li ZHANG, Jun-Rui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Fei BAO, Xiao-Wei HUA, Kai-Ru HE, Juan-Juan ZHONG, JunYing HE, Fang-Jian CHENG, Ri-Na WU, Fei-Yu AN, Shu-Li ZHANG, Jun-Rui WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986772557091488, articleId=1153986712800841821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的多因素分析及相关性研究, columnId=1153986713060888672, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的因素。方法 以原料乳以及不同工艺处理前后奶样为样本, 基于福林酚法测定酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, 在牧场和工艺层面分析不同地区、季节、牧场温度、体细胞数、嗜冷菌数目及行为应激对牛奶样本蛋白酶活性的影响, 并对不同处理工艺对产品蛋白酶活性的影响进行分析。结果 牧场层面对蛋白酶活性变化的贡献率依次为: 季节(导致的温度变化)>牧场最高温度>地区>嗜冷菌数>体细胞数。在不同处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的对比中, 4种处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的大小依次为: 超高温灭菌(ultra-high temperature treated, UHT)前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s)> 巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s)>反渗透(reverse osmosis, RO)膜>离心除菌。结论 在牧场层面主要影响因素为季节导致的温度变化对蛋白酶活性的影响; 在工艺层面同时采用杀菌前预热处理的方式可以使蛋白酶的灭活率达到50%以上。

, correspAuthors=张淑丽, 武俊瑞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张淑丽(1981—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与检验。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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#包雨飞和华晓巍为共同第一作者

包雨飞(2000—), 女, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

华晓巍(1983—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

, authorsList=包雨飞, 华晓巍, 贺凯茹, 钟娟娟, 贺俊英, 程方键, 乌日娜, 安飞宇, 张淑丽, 武俊瑞)}, authors=[Author(id=1184567141052334667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1922963248@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1184567141132026445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, authorId=1184567141052334667, language=EN, stringName=Yu-Fei BAO, firstName=Yu-Fei, middleName=null, lastName=BAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1184567141190746702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, authorId=1184567141052334667, language=CN, stringName=包雨飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, #, address=1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866, bio={"content":"

包雨飞(2000—), 女, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

包雨飞(2000—), 女, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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华晓巍(1983—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

华晓巍(1983—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

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Mengniu Dairy (Qiqihar) Co., Ltd., Qiqihar 161000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567140817453635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, companyId=1184567140800676417, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.蒙牛乳业(齐齐哈尔)有限公司, 齐齐哈尔 161000)])]), Author(id=1184567141450793557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1184567141509513815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, authorId=1184567141450793557, language=EN, stringName=Kai-Ru HE, firstName=Kai-Ru, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1184567141572428376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, authorId=1184567141450793557, language=CN, stringName=贺凯茹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1184567140725178942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567140733567551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, companyId=1184567140725178942, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1184567140741956160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, companyId=1184567140725178942, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866)])]), Author(id=1184567141622760026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1184567141694063196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, authorId=1184567141622760026, language=EN, stringName=Juan-Juan ZHONG, firstName=Juan-Juan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. 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注: 左图为牧场所在城市: N-1: 内蒙古城市1; N-2: 内蒙古城市2; H-1: 黑龙江城市1; H-2: 黑龙江城市2; H-3: 黑龙江城市3; H-4: 黑龙江城市4; H-5: 黑龙江城市5。

, figureFileSmall=LdgKDOtTkF9HuzJd+oNyHg==, figureFileBig=Zg8fjRnGTeuoYkjVpwMmjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567143749272200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Protease activities in lactic acid alkaloids of raw materials in different seasons, figureFileSmall=UQNbqmO2+FWK0s33y9hY7Q==, figureFileBig=YHy3qF5EvFfPznU2Y2+fVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567143816381065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同季节原料乳酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性

注: 同一种类蛋白酶活性, 不同大写字母表示有显著性差异, P<0.05, 下同。

, figureFileSmall=UQNbqmO2+FWK0s33y9hY7Q==, figureFileBig=YHy3qF5EvFfPznU2Y2+fVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567143870907018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Activities of acid-base neutral protease in different months in the surveyed pasture areas, figureFileSmall=UhTZtfbDWwm7ObkryLly7w==, figureFileBig=UW+gdbVlX4pIy2H+1Sjwcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567143921238667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图4, caption=牧场所在地区不同月份酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, figureFileSmall=UhTZtfbDWwm7ObkryLly7w==, figureFileBig=UW+gdbVlX4pIy2H+1Sjwcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567143971570316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Activities of neutral protease at different temperatures in the surveyed pastures, figureFileSmall=E0V39aU82eQJs6gkLnSgBQ==, figureFileBig=6uLXJNadM+EmsGjYBsdXOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144030290573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图5, caption=所调查牧场不同温度酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, figureFileSmall=E0V39aU82eQJs6gkLnSgBQ==, figureFileBig=6uLXJNadM+EmsGjYBsdXOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144080622222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Activities of medium acid and alkaline proteases in milk samples of healthy and behavioral stress cows, figureFileSmall=j5dJizBZnH8bPpfTj+ozYw==, figureFileBig=SnmqoRz6WqqermRzKansgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144168702607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图6, caption=健康与行为应激奶牛奶样的酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, figureFileSmall=j5dJizBZnH8bPpfTj+ozYw==, figureFileBig=SnmqoRz6WqqermRzKansgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144227422864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Number of psychrophilic bacteria in milk samples throughout the year, figureFileSmall=vQxqJEK+KqaomZSWJQYypg==, figureFileBig=91WBJVmiMidBSpmFl5umpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144281948817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图7, caption=全年奶样的嗜冷菌数目, figureFileSmall=vQxqJEK+KqaomZSWJQYypg==, figureFileBig=91WBJVmiMidBSpmFl5umpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144349057682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relationship between the number of psychrophilic bacteria and protease activity in acidic and alkaline environments, figureFileSmall=JFwfdruPt73tBdRIwewhyw==, figureFileBig=J5kcmPn2U2JnaXPHEGmCjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144407777939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图8, caption=嗜冷菌数目与酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, figureFileSmall=JFwfdruPt73tBdRIwewhyw==, figureFileBig=J5kcmPn2U2JnaXPHEGmCjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144479081108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Annual number of somatic cells, figureFileSmall=tIY6EthRSCaW97ISAanMqg==, figureFileBig=dlVYnPsz21rACapGeYsSjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144554578581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图9, caption=全年体细胞数目, figureFileSmall=tIY6EthRSCaW97ISAanMqg==, figureFileBig=dlVYnPsz21rACapGeYsSjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144625881750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship between somatic cell count and protease activity in acidic and alkaline environments, figureFileSmall=Kl8HWFjDfmbGrc1t96Y9FA==, figureFileBig=fPMt8r+KqAOu0/n/DmdQ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144680407703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图10, caption=体细胞数与酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, figureFileSmall=Kl8HWFjDfmbGrc1t96Y9FA==, figureFileBig=fPMt8r+KqAOu0/n/DmdQ4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144739127960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Analysis of correlation coefficients of various factors, figureFileSmall=D+6uh9ErDqVuRn8RTbOjwg==, figureFileBig=BbPvpelVaGEOmJ6zNsPT+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144793653913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图11, caption=各因素相关系数分析图

注: 图中*表示两个指标的变化呈显著相关性(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=D+6uh9ErDqVuRn8RTbOjwg==, figureFileBig=BbPvpelVaGEOmJ6zNsPT+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144848179866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effects of centrifugal sterilization on protease activity, figureFileSmall=+k3dCEqFMgt3TCjBGIm9ng==, figureFileBig=gxLiqb78HHlrdblriNxM7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144911094427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图12, caption=离心除菌对蛋白酶活性的影响, figureFileSmall=+k3dCEqFMgt3TCjBGIm9ng==, figureFileBig=gxLiqb78HHlrdblriNxM7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567144965620380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effects of RO membrane on protease activity, figureFileSmall=asppQcP/yf0P8242nlYtNg==, figureFileBig=LhRXmsJLhNdmU5xe+kS6Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567145020146333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图13, caption=RO膜对蛋白酶活性的影响, figureFileSmall=asppQcP/yf0P8242nlYtNg==, figureFileBig=LhRXmsJLhNdmU5xe+kS6Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567145074672286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effects of different preheating treatments on protease activity, figureFileSmall=8Mn36ADMl/uHdvszfBvWTg==, figureFileBig=zLSXp0IGeypfID/f4+jejA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567145129198239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同预热处理对蛋白酶活性的影响, figureFileSmall=8Mn36ADMl/uHdvszfBvWTg==, figureFileBig=zLSXp0IGeypfID/f4+jejA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1184567145179529888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample sources for different factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 样本来源 取样批次/时间
地区 来源于内蒙古(N省)和黑龙江省(H省)共7个城市不同牧场的原料乳(462个样本) 每隔10 d取一次样
季节、温度 全年H省8个不同牧场的原料乳 每隔10 d取一次样
行为应激 同一牧场经人员鞭打等行为前后的同一奶牛所产原料乳 间隔10 d取样
嗜冷菌数、体细胞数 同一牧场的原料乳 每隔10 d取一次样
处理方法(离心除菌、巴氏杀菌、RO膜、超高温杀菌) 相同牧场、批次、以及工序设备生产奶样 各工艺处理前后的样本
), ArticleFig(id=1184567145234055841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同因素的样本来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 样本来源 取样批次/时间
地区 来源于内蒙古(N省)和黑龙江省(H省)共7个城市不同牧场的原料乳(462个样本) 每隔10 d取一次样
季节、温度 全年H省8个不同牧场的原料乳 每隔10 d取一次样
行为应激 同一牧场经人员鞭打等行为前后的同一奶牛所产原料乳 间隔10 d取样
嗜冷菌数、体细胞数 同一牧场的原料乳 每隔10 d取一次样
处理方法(离心除菌、巴氏杀菌、RO膜、超高温杀菌) 相同牧场、批次、以及工序设备生产奶样 各工艺处理前后的样本
), ArticleFig(id=1184567145288581794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Protease inactivation rates under different treatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式 蛋白酶失活率/%
离心除菌 8.81
RO膜 24.52
巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s) 51.47
UHT前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s) 56.59
), ArticleFig(id=1184567145351496355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986712800841821, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理方式的蛋白酶失活率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式 蛋白酶失活率/%
离心除菌 8.81
RO膜 24.52
巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s) 51.47
UHT前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s) 56.59
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影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的多因素分析及相关性研究
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包雨飞 1, # , 华晓巍 2, # , 贺凯茹 1 , 钟娟娟 3 , 贺俊英 4 , 程方键 1 , 乌日娜 1 , 安飞宇 1 , 张淑丽 3, * , 武俊瑞 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025,16(2): 72-82
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:乳制品加工与质量控制 2025, 16(2): 72-82
影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的多因素分析及相关性研究
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包雨飞1, # , 华晓巍2, # , 贺凯茹1, 钟娟娟3, 贺俊英4, 程方键1, 乌日娜1, 安飞宇1, 张淑丽3, * , 武俊瑞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866
  • 2.蒙牛乳业(齐齐哈尔)有限公司, 齐齐哈尔 161000
  • 3.蒙牛乳业(沈阳)有限责任公司, 沈阳 100122
  • 4.内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010010
  • 包雨飞(2000—), 女, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

    华晓巍(1983—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张淑丽(1981—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与检验。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
Multi-factor analysis and correlation study on the activity of proteinase in raw milk
Yu-Fei BAO1 , Xiao-Wei HUA2 , Kai-Ru HE1, Juan-Juan ZHONG3, JunYing HE4, Fang-Jian CHENG1, Ri-Na WU1, Fei-Yu AN1, Shu-Li ZHANG3, * , Jun-Rui WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center for Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2. Mengniu Dairy (Qiqihar) Co., Ltd., Qiqihar 161000, China
  • 3. Mengniu Dairy (Shenyang) Co., Ltd., Shenyang 100122, China
  • 4. Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010010, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105003
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目的 探究影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的因素。方法 以原料乳以及不同工艺处理前后奶样为样本, 基于福林酚法测定酸、碱、中性蛋白酶活性, 在牧场和工艺层面分析不同地区、季节、牧场温度、体细胞数、嗜冷菌数目及行为应激对牛奶样本蛋白酶活性的影响, 并对不同处理工艺对产品蛋白酶活性的影响进行分析。结果 牧场层面对蛋白酶活性变化的贡献率依次为: 季节(导致的温度变化)>牧场最高温度>地区>嗜冷菌数>体细胞数。在不同处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的对比中, 4种处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的大小依次为: 超高温灭菌(ultra-high temperature treated, UHT)前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s)> 巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s)>反渗透(reverse osmosis, RO)膜>离心除菌。结论 在牧场层面主要影响因素为季节导致的温度变化对蛋白酶活性的影响; 在工艺层面同时采用杀菌前预热处理的方式可以使蛋白酶的灭活率达到50%以上。

乳制品  /  原料乳  /  蛋白酶  /  影响因素

Objective To explore the factors affecting protease activity in raw milk. Methods Used raw milk and milk samples before and after different processing techniques as samples, acid, alkali and neutral protease activities were determined based on the Folin phenol method. The effects of different regions, seasons, ranch temperatures, somatic cell numbers, number of psychrophilic bacteria, and behavioral stress on protease activity in milk samples were analyzed at the ranch and process levels, and the effects of different processing techniques on product protease activity were analyzed. Results The contribution rate of protease activity changes at the ranch level was in the following order: Season (resulting in temperature changes)>highest temperature on the ranch>region>number of psychrophilic bacteria>number of somatic cells. In the comparison of protease inactivation rates under different treatment processes, the 4 treatment processes had the following order of protease inactivation rate: Ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) preheating treatment (90 ℃, 5 s)>pre heat treatment before sterilization (70 ℃, 5 s)>reverse osmosis (RO)>centrifugal sterilization. Conclusion The main influencing factor at the ranch level is the seasonal temperature changes that affect protease activity, simultaneously using preheating treatment before sterilization at the process level can achieve a protease inactivation rate of over 50%.

dairy product  /  raw milk  /  protease  /  influencing factors
包雨飞, 华晓巍, 贺凯茹, 钟娟娟, 贺俊英, 程方键, 乌日娜, 安飞宇, 张淑丽, 武俊瑞. 影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性的多因素分析及相关性研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105003
Yu-Fei BAO, Xiao-Wei HUA, Kai-Ru HE, Juan-Juan ZHONG, JunYing HE, Fang-Jian CHENG, Ri-Na WU, Fei-Yu AN, Shu-Li ZHANG, Jun-Rui WU. Multi-factor analysis and correlation study on the activity of proteinase in raw milk[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105003
牛奶是一种营养丰富且具有生物活性的食物, 有研究表明, 正常原料乳中约有70种天然酶。其中蛋白酶因其来源广泛、种类多样, 作用性强, 因此其被认为是影响牛奶和奶制品的质量和保质期的重要因素[1]。牛奶中的蛋白酶包括内源蛋白酶和外源蛋白酶。原料乳中的内源蛋白酶也称纤溶酶, 其依托于复杂的纤溶酶原-纤溶酶转化系统而产生[2]。同时, 在HAMED等[3]的研究中发现, 牛奶中的纤溶酶活性与体细胞数呈现显著的相关性, 即随着牛奶中体细胞数的增加, 其纤溶酶活性逐渐增大。然而除了内源蛋白酶外, 在原料奶中还含有外源蛋白酶, 其主要由细菌产生。即使所有食用的牛奶在加工过程中都经过热处理, 以灭活残留酶类和微生物, 延长牛奶的保质期。但是受限于复杂的纤溶酶转化体系以及原料乳中混杂的微生物组成, 部分蛋白水解酶能够抵抗得住热杀菌工艺的强度而残留在成品乳中, 从而导致产品出现如蛋白沉淀、凝胶老化、风味劣变等质量缺陷[4]。郭银萍等[5]研究表明, 在成品乳的生产过程中采取灭杀工艺处理可以有效保证成品乳的安全性, 然而仅仅通过调整工艺等技术手段难以实现对这种蛋白酶类的灭活。因此, 在原料端对生牛乳中存在的蛋白酶进行监控和控制是生产货架期内品质稳定的乳品的关键因素[4-7]
为了抑制微生物的繁殖以及耐热蛋白酶的产生, 从牧场收集的原料乳在送往加工厂进行加工处理之前, 通常需要在4 ℃的低温环境下冷藏数小时。这样的预处理有助于减缓或抑制微生物的增长, 从而保证原料乳的品质。然而, 即便在这样的冷藏条件下, 牧场的诸多因素仍旧可能对原料乳的质量产生不利影响。例如, 牧场的地理位置可能会影响到周围环境, 进而影响到奶牛的生活环境、健康状况及微生物群的组成[8]; 气候条件[4], 如高温或低温等, 都可能通过影响奶牛的饮食和生理状态来影响原料乳的品质; 季节性因素, 如湿度、降雨活动等对于不同的微生物生长条件来说也有一定的影响。研究表明, 冬季原料乳中含有的微生物数量增多, 它们的存在可能导致奶牛乳房和组织状况恶化, 并可能随着时间的推移影响原料乳的质量[9]; 此外, 牧场工作人员的操作行为, 如不当的注射疫苗方式, 也可能引起奶牛的应激反应, 从而影响奶的品质[10-13]。近期的研究表明, 这些因素常与原料奶中的嗜冷菌种类与数量相关联。在原料乳中, 来自微生物的外源酶主要由嗜冷菌产生, 在将要进行热处理的生乳冷藏储存过程中, 嗜冷菌能够在低温下生长, 产生耐热蛋白酶。假单胞菌是造成冷藏原料乳腐败的主要菌属[7], 且柠檬酸杆菌、肠杆菌、哈夫尼菌、沙雷氏菌、气单胞菌等嗜冷菌也可产生蛋白酶, 可能损害牛奶品质并导致变质[14]
目前针对于乳中蛋白酶研究的主体大多为成品乳, 这样很难对乳中蛋白酶进行溯源与分析。因此, 本研究基于福林酚法对不同地区、不同牧场收集的原料乳进行酸性、碱性以及中性蛋白酶活性的测定, 探究原料乳的嗜冷菌数、体细胞数、行为应激、不同处理工艺与原料乳蛋白酶活性的关系及影响。经过多年以来的完善, 福林酚法已是检测食品中蛋白酶活性最稳定的方法之一。同时通过不同pH缓冲溶液的配制, 福林酚法可以实现酸、中、碱性蛋白酶活性的同时测定。本研究以期为进一步控制原料乳蛋白酶活性、提高产品质量、更好地了解原料乳样本蛋白酶对其的影响提供有力参考。
福林试剂、L-酪氨酸、无水碳酸钠(分析纯)、干酪素(化学纯)、三氯乙酸(分析纯)(上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
I2紫外可见分光光度计(济南海能仪器股份有限公司); HH-S 21.6电热恒温水浴锅(上海东星建材实验设备有限公司); PHS-3E pH计(上海仪分科学仪器有限公司); ImageXpress Micro XLS流式细胞仪[美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司]。
牛奶抽样样本来源见表1
参照GB/T 23527.1—2023《酶制剂质量要求 第1部分: 蛋白酶制剂》的方法略作修改。
取质量浓度分别为0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/L的酪氨酸标准溶液1 mL, 然后加入5 mL 0.4 mol/L的碳酸钠溶液和1 mL福林试剂, 混匀后于40 ℃±0.2 ℃水浴显色20 min, 使用紫外可见分光光度计在680 nm处测定吸光度。以酪氨酸浓度为横坐标, 吸光度值为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。
吸取待测样本1 mL, 40 ℃±0.2 ℃水浴中预热2 min, 加入1.0 mL经同样预热的1%酪蛋白溶液(40 ℃预热5 min), 40 ℃±0.2 ℃反应10 min, 加入2 mL三氯乙酸溶液, 静置10 min, 过滤。吸取滤液1.0 mL, 加入5.0 mL碳酸钠溶液和1.0 mL福林试剂, 摇匀于40 ℃±0.2 ℃水浴20 min。空白样本需先加入三氯乙酸使蛋白酶失活, 其余操作相同。
蛋白酶活性计算公式见(1):
$X=\frac{A \times K \mathrm{~m} \times 4}{10} \times 100$
式中: X为牛奶中蛋白酶活性, U/100 mL; A为样本吸光度; Km为吸光常数(即根据回归方程计算出当吸光度为1时的酪氨酸的量); 4为蛋白酶反应体积, mL; 10为蛋白酶反应时间, min。
取样本0.5 g或0.5 mL, 用0.1%的无菌蛋白胨盐溶液进行梯度稀释(w/v), 连续稀释5次。吸取300 μL稀释液于MPC琼脂培养基上均匀涂布, 设置3个平行, 用封口膜对平板进行密封。在4~6 ℃连续培养10 d[15]。嗜冷菌菌落计数方法参考我国农业标准NY/T 1331—2007《乳与乳制品中嗜冷菌、需氧芽孢及嗜热需氧芽孢数的测定》。
将生乳在35 ℃水浴锅中加热5 min, 混匀后冷却至室温, 使用流式细胞仪[16]测定样本体细胞数。
本研究基于企业实际加工工艺流程如图1, 对不同处理工艺前后的奶样进行取样并分析。
本研究数据以平均值±标准偏差表示, 每组实验均重复3次并分析采用Excel 2021、SPSS Statistics 27, 进行统计分析, 用单因素方差对差异性进行分析, P<0.05则认为所检验的差别有统计学意义, 使用Origin 2024软件进行数据的分析处理并绘图。
选取两个不同省份7个城市的牧场, 地理位置分布如图2所示, 每隔10 d对不同奶牛取样并进行蛋白酶活性检测, 共采集了462份样本。整体来看, N省两个城市样本的酸性、碱性、中性蛋白酶活性普遍较低, H省样本的的3种蛋白酶活性相对较高, 表明原奶生产的地区因素(地理位置)对其蛋白酶活性有影响, YAP等[17]研究结果发现地理位置与季节差异对原料乳菌群产生影响, 同时也受牧场位置[18]的影响。FELICIANO等[19]研究表明, 纬度和当前天气条件的变化也影响了调查地区原料奶的微生物菌群。SKEIE等[8]研究结果表明, 尽管不同牧场的牛奶中列出的细菌含量几乎相同, 但不同样本中的优势微生物群存在显著差异, 主要微生物群以腐败属为主, 如假单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属, 其是易产生耐热蛋白酶的菌属[20], 因此会对原料乳中蛋白酶活性产生影响。
将全年划分为4个季节, 划分标准为: 每年3~5月为春季; 6~8月为夏季; 9~11月为秋季; 12~2月为冬季。图3~4可以看出, 各类蛋白酶活性均呈现春冬高, 夏秋低的现象, 春冬与夏秋季节蛋白酶活性有显著性差异(P<0.05)。整体来看, H省8个牧场在一年内, 3种蛋白酶活性趋势基本一致, 在3~5月趋势降低, 6~7月份趋势小幅增加, 8~11月趋势降低, 12~2月呈大幅增加。不同月份之间蛋白酶活性的差异趋势和季节有一定的相似性, 不同月份之间蛋白酶活性的变化和季节导致的温度变化具有一定的相关性。
FELICIANO等[19]研究也表明不同季节之间的蛋白酶活性存在相似性, 即春、冬两季之间的蛋白酶活性均值相似; 夏、秋两季之间的蛋白酶活性均值相似。同时, 许多研究已经报道了季节性导致的温度变化对牛奶成分的影响, 许多成分的浓度和理化性质在一年中有不同程度的变化, 夏季牛奶的脂肪和蛋白质含量低于冬季牛奶[21]。GUO等[22]研究表明, 通过季节性响应的微生物群类可能通过细胞外蛋白酶、肽酶和脂肪酶的生长或活性分泌而导致牛奶变质。GUO等[22]研究表明, 也发现采样季节之间的细菌群落结构存在显著差异, LI等[4]研究也表明季节性变化会影响原料乳微生物群, 其中气候温度尤其影响原料乳的微生物组成。同时饮食的改变也被认为是牛奶特性季节性变化的主要原因。在春夏季节大多数在户外放牧, 并食用新鲜牧草, 而在冬季时, 主要食用青贮饲料和精饲料[23], 由于季节导致的温度变化, 饲料也会发生变化, 同时也会导致牛奶成分发生变化[24]。多项研究表明, 奶牛的饮食直接影响乳脂浓度。除季节外, 在同一地区收获的用青贮饲料或干草喂养奶牛的牛奶表明, 青贮饲料喂养的奶牛产奶量更高, 但蛋白质和酪蛋白含量较低, 这表明虽然饮食通常不会影响牛奶中单个蛋白质组分的组成, 但会对蛋白质浓度造成影响, 进而使蛋白酶活性发生变化[25-26]
结果表明, 季节导致的温度变化影响原料乳中蛋白酶活性, 同一季节温度不是一成不变的, 其具有一定的局限性, 为明确具体的温度变化对蛋白酶活性的影响, 因此本研究对上述8个牧场温度进行进一步的细化(1 ℃为一区间)。
相关研究表明, 温度和湿度等气候条件会影响动物生产性能和畜牧生产[27]。每种动物都有自己适宜生存的温度范围, 此范围为等热区, 奶牛的等热区为10~21 ℃, 当外界温度超出这个范围后, 机体就会表现出非特异性防御应答反应, 导致发生热应激综合症[28]。热应激的产生和环境因素、动物的生理阶段、生产水平以及胎次等都有密切的关系。
图5所示, 当最高温度超过15 ℃时, 各类蛋白酶活性较低, 酸性蛋白酶活性保持在400 U/100 mL左右; 中性、碱性蛋白酶活性保持在500 U/100 mL左右。在热应激条件下, 奶牛表现出多种生理反应, 包括自愿减少采食量、增加维护要求、产奶量降低以及制造牛奶质量下降。此外, 热应激期间牛奶蛋白减少可能是蛋白质周转率增加、酪蛋白和结构蛋白之间的竞争以及酪蛋白降解增加的结果[29]。当奶牛受到超过本身体温调节能力的过度高温刺激时, 可导致奶牛的新陈代谢发生紊乱、生产性能下降、免疫力减弱、乳成分改变等变化[30]
当最高温度处于0~15 ℃时, 各类蛋白酶均较为平稳的保持在较高酶活性的状态, 此时正值冬春交替, 早晚温差较大, 奶牛受冷热应激的影响, 导致其所产原料乳中蛋白酶活性较高。当最高温度处于0 ℃以下时, 尤其是当温度低于-4 ℃时, 原料乳中酸性蛋白酶活性在600 U/100 mL处波动; 中性、碱性蛋白酶活性在700 U/100 mL处波动。推测在此低温区间, 原料乳中的嗜冷菌获得了优势的生长环境, 由嗜冷菌生产的外源性蛋白酶大量在原料乳中存在, 使原料乳中的蛋白酶活性基本保持在一个偏高的水平上。
除了考虑季节以及温度等因素, 还考虑到人为因素带给奶牛的影响(即行为应激)。奶牛的行为应激指的是奶牛在挤奶过程中因突然的惊吓、暴力驱赶等引起的应激反应。MATORE等[31]表明处理奶牛时, 使用鞭子、大喊大叫和吹口哨等负面相互作用会导致奶牛的生长性能不佳和免疫反应降低。BUCKHAM-SPORER等[32]认为运输条件有可能改变动物对运输的心理或身体压力的生理反应, 包括噪音、过度拥挤、食物和水的剥夺、极端温度、与不熟悉的动物混在一起、人类的行为以及新的环境中。GUPTA等[33]也认为牛在运输后血浆皮质醇反应的程度与运输前的饲养条件(例如农场设施和市场)、装载、卸载和运输后的饲养条件有关。
因此, 本研究对同一牧场经人员鞭打等行为前后的奶牛所产奶样进行蛋白酶活性研究, 图6可以看出, 在健康的原料乳中, 酸性蛋白酶活性为725 U/100 mL, 中性蛋白酶活性为776 U/100 mL, 碱性蛋白酶活性为588 U/100 mL, 相对较低; 而出现行为应激的原料乳中酸性蛋白酶活性为1184 U/100 mL, 中性蛋白酶为1098 U/100 mL, 碱性蛋白酶活性为796 U/100 mL, 较健康原料乳分别增加了63%、41%和35%。健康奶牛的样本与行为应激奶牛的样本之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 说明奶牛的行为应激对其所生产原料乳中的蛋白酶活性有影响。
大多数嗜冷菌具有产生耐热蛋白酶的能力, 这些蛋白酶会破坏牛奶和乳制品的质量[34]。原料乳在低温下储存的时间延长会产生选择性条件, 有利于嗜冷菌的生长, 从而改变牛奶的微生物组成。虽然新鲜吸取的牛奶可能不含嗜冷菌, 但它们几乎存在于所有冷藏的原料乳中[35]。在巴氏杀菌之前延长原料乳的储存时间, 会使导致牛奶变化的嗜冷菌、脂解菌和蛋白水解菌以及其产生的酶增加, 从而在加工牛奶和奶制品的质量方面出现问题[36]
因此, 为了探究温度与嗜冷菌对原料乳中蛋白酶活性影响的权重, 本研究统计了全年的嗜冷菌数目和与之相对应的蛋白酶活性, 见图7。发现对于嗜冷菌数目来说, 夏季(6、7、8月)乳品中嗜冷菌的数量较高, 嗜冷菌数目均值超过3000 CFU/mL, 冬季则相对较低。产生这种情况的原因分析为夏季温度较高, 微生物的生长繁殖比较活跃, 当温度上升时, 酶的活性通常也将上升, 嗜冷菌的生长速率随之上升[37]。冬季温度低, 虽然嗜冷菌可以获得相对优势的生长环境, 但其生长繁殖速度与夏季相比仍有差距。同时, 本研究选取嗜冷菌数目相对较高的6、7、8月份, 以进行各蛋白酶活性与嗜冷菌数目的分析。图8所示, 随着嗜冷菌数目的上升, 酸、中、碱性蛋白酶活性均呈波动性平稳状态, 表明原料乳中嗜冷菌数目与蛋白酶活性并没有显著的相关性。经分析, 发生这种情况的原因是实验所选季节为夏季, 温度较高, 嗜冷菌大量繁殖的同时其他产酶菌也在大量繁殖。同时由于夏季温度较高, 纤溶酶原激活系统整体的活力受到激发, 导致乳样中纤溶酶活性上涨。其他产酶菌所生产的胞外蛋白酶以及受激活的纤溶酶共同作用, 影响了嗜冷菌数目与各类蛋白酶活性的相关性。这与ERCOLINI等[38]的研究发现相应。
对同一牧场的原料乳每隔10 d进行取样检测体细胞数及蛋白酶活性。
乳体细胞计数(somatic cell count, SCC)已被用作乳房健康和牛奶质量的指标[39]。目前我国最新技术规范NY/T 4292—2023《生牛乳中体细胞数控制技术规范》要求生牛乳中体细胞数应小于40万个/mL。CARMO等[40]研究表明, 牛奶中SCC的增加会显著影响乳制品中的各种反应进程, 例如酪蛋白的水解等, 这可能会对产奶产生不利影响[41]
因此, 为了探究影响原料乳品质的另一项因素——体细胞数目对蛋白酶活性的影响, 收集并记录了一年内原料乳中的体细胞数目和与之相对应的各蛋白酶活性, 见图9。发现全年原料乳中的体细胞数目, 在6、7、8月达到最高峰, 均大于17万个/mL。在8月后原料乳中的体细胞数呈波动性下降趋势。经分析, 产生这种情况的原因与夏季温度高, 生物新陈代谢速率较快相关。奶牛乳腺炎的患病率因季节而异, SCC也是如此, 由大肠杆和链球菌属引起的乳腺炎在夏季会发生的更多。
图10所示, 随着原料乳中体细胞数目的增加, 原料乳中各蛋白酶活性也呈现波动性平稳状态。经分析, 发生这种情况原因可能是一方面本研究所收集的样本中体细胞数均小于25万个/mL, 远远低于国家标准。证明从体细胞数层面上来说, 本研究所用原料乳质量较好, 导致体细胞数与原料乳各蛋白酶活性的相关性较差。另一方面, 虽然夏季体细胞数量最多, 来源于乳源内部的蛋白酶活性较高, 但微生物在夏季同样会快速繁殖, 其所产生的微生物源蛋白酶依旧对总蛋白酶活性起着决定性的作用。而在HAMED等[3]的研究中发现, 当体细胞数超过40万个/mL时, 牛奶的蛋白酶活性发生了显著增高, 并且其来源的奶牛大多伴有乳房炎症状的发生。
根据前文对牧场层面、原料乳品质层面影响蛋白酶活性指标的分析进行筛选。以最高温度代表季节更替, 删去行为应激这一难以把控的因素。将不同地区进行赋值, 以总蛋白酶活性作为因变量, 选取80%的数据作为实验集, 对影响总蛋白酶活性的各因素进行多元逐步回归。经多元逐步回归得到的回归模型为:
Y=750.496-1 6.622X1-0.970X2-0.532X3+0.216X4-5.155X5
式中: Y为总蛋白酶活性, U/100 mL; X1为季节, 以季节的温度变化为每个时间区间赋值, 从低到高用1~12表示。X2为地区, 地区A~C分别以10, 20, 30表示; X3为嗜冷菌数, 100 CFU/mL; X4为体细胞数, 万个/mL; X5为牧场最高温度, ℃。
其中, 该回归方程的决定系数R2=0.793。以剩下的20%的数据作为检测集对回归方程的准确性进行检测, 得到其平均误差率为8.4%, 可以证明该多元回归方程比较准确。多元回归方程系数的绝对值代表其对应变量对因变量影响的贡献程度。对该多元方程的系数进行分析得, 各自变量对因变量变化的贡献度的顺序依次为: X1(季节)>X5(牧场最高温度)>X2(地区)>X3(嗜冷菌数)>X4(体细胞数)。
同时, 对酸性、碱性、中性蛋白酶活性与该5种指标采用Pearson系数进行相关性分析, 详细结果如图11所示, 发现酸、碱、中性蛋白酶之间各自呈现显著的正相关性。
3种蛋白酶活性与季节更替、温度变化呈现显著负相关性(P≤0.05), 即随着温度升高、季节变化, 3种蛋白酶活性呈现下降趋势。同时发现嗜冷菌数目与碱性蛋白酶活性呈显著负相关性。这与本研究之前的分析一致。温度升高、季节变化可能导致乳中嗜冷菌的数量相对其他菌种数量下降, 嗜冷菌未能得到良好的生长优势, 从而影响来源于嗜冷菌的耐热蛋白酶的产生, 进而使原料乳中总蛋白酶活性下降。
离心除菌主要是基于颗粒(微生物、脂肪球、不溶性蛋白等)和分散相之间的密度差除去原料乳中的体细胞和细菌。由图12可知, 经离心除菌前后, 样本中酸性蛋白酶活性增加了11%; 中性蛋白酶活性和碱性蛋白酶活性分别减少了29%和8%。离心除菌主要是基于颗粒(微生物、脂肪球、不溶性蛋白等)和分散相之间的密度差除去原料乳中的体细胞和细菌。整体来看, 离心除菌步骤对蛋白酶活性的影响较小。
膜分离技术作为一种非热加工分离技术, 其核心原理在于利用不同组分尺寸的差异来实现高效分离。该技术特别适用于脱脂乳的处理, 能够选择性地去除其中的细菌和体细胞, 同时确保乳制品中的营养成分与生物活性物质得以完好保留, 从而维护了乳品的天然品质与营养价值。根据膜材料孔径大小及其截留特性的差异, 膜分离技术被细分为多个类别, 主要包括微滤、超滤、纳滤以及反渗透[42]
本实验研究RO膜分离技术对离心后乳样本质的影响, 取通过RO膜前后的乳样进行测定。原料乳样本经巴氏杀菌后, 乳中蛋白酶及微生物指标将会有显著下降。但部分乳中耐热孢子仍会存在, 这些孢子在合适的黄经中将会重新转变为营养细胞, 进而产生腐败酶类物质。采用RO膜处理的目的则是降低这些孢子的存在, 同时除去部分嗜冷菌所生产的耐热酶。采取经巴氏杀菌处理后的样本, 对其进行RO膜添加测试。由图13所示, 在添加RO膜处理后, 各类蛋白酶活性均有所下降, 同时酸性蛋白酶活性在添加RO膜处理前后差异显著, 说明RO膜分离技术可以一定程度上降低工艺过程中的蛋白酶活性。
预热处理工艺通常是指在热杀菌前对乳样进行短时间的升温操作, 进而使酶类物质的3级结构打开, 同时辅助蛋白水解的过程, 使其更容易被灭活[43]。本研究分别对巴氏杀菌前预热处理及超高温灭菌(ultra-high temperature treated, UHT)前预热处理对杀菌后乳品中酶类物质的残留进行检测和分析。
对于巴氏杀菌前热处理, 本研究采用预热5 s的形式, 探究巴氏杀菌前预热温度(40、45、50、55、60、65、70 ℃)对巴氏杀菌后原料乳中各类蛋白酶活性的影响。由图14所示, 巴氏杀菌后各类蛋白酶活性随预热温度的变化基本一致, 均在55 ℃和70 ℃的点位上较低, 在50 ℃和65 ℃的点位上较高; 对于UHT杀菌前处理, 本研究同样采用预热5 s的形式, 探究UHT杀菌前预热温度(80、85、90、95 ℃)对UHT杀菌后原料乳中各类蛋白酶活性的影响。研究表明, UHT处理后各蛋白酶活性随预热温度的增加呈现先增长后降低再增长的趋势。其中, 90 ℃预热处理5 s时酸性、碱性和中性蛋白酶活性最低。结果表明, 在巴氏杀菌前采取70 ℃的预热处理对于杀菌处理后乳品中的蛋白酶残留具有明显的抑制作用; 而在UHT杀菌前采取90 ℃的预热处理也会使杀菌后的乳品中残留蛋白酶活性减小。
同时, 对于两种不同杀菌方式中部分温度出现峰值的现象, 推测在较低温度下出现峰值的原因与部分酶类物质的激活现象相关, 而在较高温度下出现峰值的原因可能与纤溶酶原系统激活和耐热芽孢在适宜条件下重新生长为营养细胞有关[44-45]
经比较, 4种处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的大小依次为: UHT前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s)>巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s)>RO膜>离心除菌。经分析, 对于各种处理工艺, 基于温度的处理工艺对蛋白酶的灭活效率更高。因此在实际的乳品加工生产中, 在热杀菌前进行何时温度的预热处理可以有效地控制乳品中的蛋白酶活性(表2)。
人们对乳制品行业的要求越来越高, 保持牛奶的高质量是非常重要的, 而其中最主要的限制因素就是原料乳中蛋白酶的活性。本研究中, 在牧场层面, 各因素对原料乳蛋白酶活性的影响贡献度的顺序依次为: 季节(导致的温度变化)>牧场最高温度>地区>嗜冷菌数>体细胞数。因此来看, 在牧场层面实施对牛舍的温度控制是十分重要的, 其对原料乳中的蛋白酶活性影响最大。
而在处理工艺层面, 经比较, 4种处理工艺对蛋白酶灭活率的大小依次为: UHT前预热处理(90 ℃、5 s)>巴氏杀菌前热处理(70 ℃、5 s)>RO膜>离心除菌。结果显示, 通过加工工艺来实现对蛋白酶的灭活是有效的。同时采用杀菌前预热处理的方式均可以使蛋白酶的灭活率达到50%以上。然而国内外对于原料乳中的蛋白酶研究较少, 需要更深一步的研究来评估这些处理工艺的可能性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32172279)
  • 蒙牛乳业横向合作项目(202309186027032916)
  • 沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-14)
  • 沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-28)
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105003
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32172279)
蒙牛乳业横向合作项目(202309186027032916)
沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-14)
沈阳市科技创新平台项目(21-104-0-28)
作者信息
    1.沈阳农业大学食品学院, 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心, 沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室, 沈阳 110866
    2.蒙牛乳业(齐齐哈尔)有限公司, 齐齐哈尔 161000
    3.蒙牛乳业(沈阳)有限责任公司, 沈阳 100122
    4.内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司, 呼和浩特 010010

通讯作者:

* 张淑丽(1981—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与检验。E-mail:
武俊瑞(1977—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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