Article(id=1153986712020701272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240904007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725379200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061472182, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061472182, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061472182, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061472182, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986709126635984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061471492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760345674980, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1184538872999457118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986709126635984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986712423354459, articleId=1153986712020701272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on active substances and their processing and application of bamboo shoot shells, columnId=1153986712016506967, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Research on Optimization and Application of Food Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bamboo shoot shells, which constitute approximately 60% of the total mass of the bamboo shoot, represent a significant byproduct of bamboo shoot processing. Currently, issues such as low utilization rates and resource wastage persist. To enhance the comprehensive utilization of bamboo shoot shells, this study summarized the key nutrients (including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and active compounds (including flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, and polysaccharides) found in bamboo shoot shells, based on a review of both domestic and international literature. Additionally, it outlined the extraction and processing technologies for these active substances, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. It also discussed the development and utilization prospects of bamboo shoot shells in various fields such as food, textiles, edible fungus cultivation, animal feed, and liquid fuel. Furthermore, it provided insights into future development directions of the processing and utilization of bamboo shoot shells, aiming to serve as a reference for enhancing the added value and effective utilization of bamboo shoot shells.

, correspAuthors=Teng-Gen HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian-Jie MENG, Peng WEN, Hui SHEN, Li-Juan YU, Yuan-Shan YU, Ji-Jun WU, Yu-Juan XU, Teng-Gen HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986723240464554, articleId=1153986712020701272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=竹笋壳活性物质及其加工利用研究进展, columnId=1153986712150724698, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

竹笋壳作为竹笋加工过程中产生的废弃物, 占整个笋体的60%左右, 目前存在利用率低、资源浪费等问题。为了加强笋壳的综合利用, 本文在查阅国内外文献的基础上, 概述了笋壳中的主要营养成分(纤维素、半纤维素、木质素)及活性物质(黄酮、多酚、甾醇、多糖); 并对上述活性物质的提取加工技术及其优缺点进行了归纳总结; 探讨了竹笋壳在食品、纺织、食用菌栽培、动物饲料和液体燃料等领域的开发利用前景, 对笋壳加工利用未来发展的方向进行展望, 以期为提高笋壳的附加值及有效利用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=胡腾根, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡腾根(1989—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
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孟千杰(1997—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬保鲜。E-mail:

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孟千杰(1997—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬保鲜。E-mail:

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竹笋壳活性物质及其加工利用研究进展
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孟千杰 1, 2 , 温棚 2 , 申挥 3 , 于丽娟 3 , 余元善 1 , 吴继军 1 , 徐玉娟 1 , 胡腾根 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究 2025,16(2): 110-118
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品加工工艺优化及应用研究 2025, 16(2): 110-118
竹笋壳活性物质及其加工利用研究进展
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孟千杰1, 2 , 温棚2, 申挥3, 于丽娟3, 余元善1, 吴继军1, 徐玉娟1, 胡腾根1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所, 农业农村部功能食品重点实验室, 广东省农产品加工重点实验室, 广州 510610
  • 2.华南农业大学食品学院, 广东省食品质量安全重点实验室, 广州 510642
  • 3.云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所, 昆明 650000
  • 孟千杰(1997—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为果蔬保鲜。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 胡腾根(1989—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
Research progress on active substances and their processing and application of bamboo shoot shells
Qian-Jie MENG1, 2 , Peng WEN2, Hui SHEN3, Li-Juan YU3, Yuan-Shan YU1, Ji-Jun WU1, Yu-Juan XU1, Teng-Gen HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
  • 2. College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 3. Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Kunming 650000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240904007
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竹笋壳作为竹笋加工过程中产生的废弃物, 占整个笋体的60%左右, 目前存在利用率低、资源浪费等问题。为了加强笋壳的综合利用, 本文在查阅国内外文献的基础上, 概述了笋壳中的主要营养成分(纤维素、半纤维素、木质素)及活性物质(黄酮、多酚、甾醇、多糖); 并对上述活性物质的提取加工技术及其优缺点进行了归纳总结; 探讨了竹笋壳在食品、纺织、食用菌栽培、动物饲料和液体燃料等领域的开发利用前景, 对笋壳加工利用未来发展的方向进行展望, 以期为提高笋壳的附加值及有效利用提供参考。

竹笋壳  /  营养成分  /  活性物质  /  提取技术  /  应用

Bamboo shoot shells, which constitute approximately 60% of the total mass of the bamboo shoot, represent a significant byproduct of bamboo shoot processing. Currently, issues such as low utilization rates and resource wastage persist. To enhance the comprehensive utilization of bamboo shoot shells, this study summarized the key nutrients (including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and active compounds (including flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, and polysaccharides) found in bamboo shoot shells, based on a review of both domestic and international literature. Additionally, it outlined the extraction and processing technologies for these active substances, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. It also discussed the development and utilization prospects of bamboo shoot shells in various fields such as food, textiles, edible fungus cultivation, animal feed, and liquid fuel. Furthermore, it provided insights into future development directions of the processing and utilization of bamboo shoot shells, aiming to serve as a reference for enhancing the added value and effective utilization of bamboo shoot shells.

bamboo shoot shells  /  nutrients  /  active substances  /  extraction technology  /  applications
孟千杰, 温棚, 申挥, 于丽娟, 余元善, 吴继军, 徐玉娟, 胡腾根. 竹笋壳活性物质及其加工利用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (2) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240904007
Qian-Jie MENG, Peng WEN, Hui SHEN, Li-Juan YU, Yuan-Shan YU, Ji-Jun WU, Yu-Juan XU, Teng-Gen HU. Research progress on active substances and their processing and application of bamboo shoot shells[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (2) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240904007
中国被誉为“竹子王国”, 竹资源十分丰富, 据统计有近200种的竹子嫩芽(竹笋)可食用, 如毛竹、麻竹、雷竹、方竹、龙竹、苦竹等。随着笋用林和笋竹两用林丰产技术的推广, 我国鲜笋产量逐年递增, 2023年产竹笋200万t, 是世界上最大的竹笋生产国和出口国。我国现代竹笋加工产业从传统的鲜食、清水笋、笋干等初级加工产品, 发展到如今的竹笋源食品精深加工利用, 产业规模和技术水平均有显著提升。然而, 在竹笋加工过程中产生大量的竹笋壳等副产物, 占整个笋体的60%以上。目前, 竹笋壳被视为农业废弃物, 大多被焚烧或掩埋, 造成严重的资源浪费和环境污染。国内对竹笋壳的研究主要用于雨帽、草鞋、手工艺品的制备等, 也有作为动物饲料的报道; 但并未形成规模生产, 经济效益不显著, 附加值不大。或者在加工技术、产品质量、环境污染等方面存在一些问题。因此, 如何将竹笋壳进行合理的资源化利用是竹笋加工产业亟需解决的难题。本文综述了近年来笋壳的研究现状, 对其主要营养成分和活性物质的提取加工技术及其在工业上的应用进行了归纳总结, 以期为提高笋壳的利用率提供指导, 促进资源节约型和环境友好型社会的发展。
竹笋壳与竹材相似, 主要由纤维素、木质素和半纤维素组成(图1)。贾燕芳等[1]对毛竹笋壳、早竹笋壳、乌哺鸡笋壳、白哺鸡笋壳以及几种常见农业废弃物进行了化学组成测定。结果表明, 不同笋壳中的纤维素含量为36%~40%, 半纤维素含量为35%~46%, 木质素含量在1%~8%之间。此外, 笋壳中含有少量的蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、糖、矿物质(铁、铜、锌、锰、硒等)等营养成分。吴昊晟等[2]以麻竹笋为主要研究对象, 对不同部位的营养成分进行测定与分析, 笋壳中膳食纤维含量为4.34 g/100 g, 蛋白质为5.32 g/100 g, 粗多糖为1.4 g/100 g。因此, 笋壳有良好的应用前景和开发价值。
纤维素是D-葡萄糖在β-1,4-糖苷键作用下形成的天然高分子多糖, 是构成植物细胞壁的主要成分。传统的纤维素来源主要是棉花, 但棉花价格较高, 导致生产成本增加。因此, 越来越多的目光转向从农林废弃物中提取纤维素。笋壳作为初级农林产品的副产物, 具有廉价、储量丰富的特点; 且笋壳与成熟的竹子相比, 木质素含量较低, 更有利于纤维素的提取。倪海燕等[3]发现从毛竹笋壳中提取的竹笋壳纤维属于典型的纤维素纤维, 其结晶度高于棉纤维; 而结晶度较高的纤维素纤维, 其分子链在结晶区域排列紧密, 形成稳定的结构, 这种结构使得纤维受到外力时不易变形, 从而提高了纤维的强度和耐磨性, 将其脱胶后可应用于纺织行业。在食品领域, 纤维素及其衍生物主要以增稠剂、稳定剂、乳化剂等添加剂形式应用。如祖林鹏等[4]采用超声辅助碱提法制备的竹笋壳羧甲基纤维素可作为优良的稳定剂, 与酸性乳饮料中的酪蛋白发生静电相互作用, 阻止酪蛋白凝聚。当羧甲基纤维素的添加量从0.1%增加到0.4%时, 酪蛋白的沉淀率逐渐降低趋于稳定。当其添加量为0.4%时, 酸性乳饮料具有最佳的稳定性, 这为拓展笋壳纤维素在蛋白饮料中的应用提供参考。由此可知, 纤维素衍生物作为添加剂在食品中的应用, 除满足健康和营养的需求外, 还可以提高食品的质量和稳定性。此外, 纤维素及其衍生物因其良好的力学性能、阻隔性能、降解性能和安全无毒性能, 在食品包装领域备受青睐[5]。如FONTES-CANDIA等[6]以芦竹废弃物为原料制备不同纯化程度的纤维素以及水溶性生物活性物质, 并采用冷冻干燥法制备负载活性物质的纤维素基气凝胶衬垫, 用于牛肉保鲜。结果表明, 纤维素基气凝胶中的活性物质在亲水介质中能够完全释放, 4 h后释放率约为100%, 进而减少了牛肉在冷藏过程中的颜色损失和脂质氧化, 展示了笋壳纤维素在食品活性包装中的巨大潜力, 同时其还可以结合不同的改性方法定制其性能, 进而将其设计成具有多种功能的食品包装材料, 如活性包装(含有抗氧化剂、抗菌剂)、智能包装(响应环境变化, 如温度、湿度、pH等)。此外, 因其独特的物理性能和环保优势, 也可以通过复合其他生物聚合物以涂膜[7]、薄膜[8]、水凝胶[9]、气凝胶[10]等形式在食品包装材料领域广泛应用, 对延长食品货架期、减少食品因变质而导致的损失具有重要应用意义。
半纤维素是由木糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖等不同组分的单糖构成的一类非线性结构的杂多糖。半纤维素是制备功能性食品-低聚木糖的良好底物, 余能富等[11]利用碱提法从毛竹笋壳中提取木聚糖, 并分析了不同碱浓度、温度、料液比和浸泡时间对半纤维素中木聚糖得率的影响, 为木聚糖的制备奠定了基础。木聚糖作为一种益生元, 其在改善肠道菌群数量和结构, 提升肠道健康方面有广泛应用。因此, 开发具有益生元功能的竹笋壳木聚糖产品为笋壳的综合利用拓展了新思想。同时, 半纤维素也可以利用微生物的酶促降解作用转化成发酵过程中的可利用糖, 进而合成醇类化合物, 通过控制发酵条件生产乙醇、丁醇、丙酮和木糖醇等[12]化工产品。此外, 当半纤维素与天然高分子物质接枝后, 形成凝胶聚合物, 也被用于重金属吸附剂的研发。梁志等[13]以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸单体, N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂, 通过接枝聚合, 制备了半纤维素基水凝胶吸附剂。结果表明, 其对Cd2+和Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为520 mg/g和337 mg/g。进一步分析原因, 可能是半纤维素上羟基和羧基等官能团与重金属离子如Cu2+、Cd2+等形成稳定的络合物, 从而实现对重金属离子的吸附。因此, 可通过化学改性, 如羧基化、胺化等, 增加半纤维素表面的活性位点, 提高其对重金属离子的吸附能力, 从而促进竹笋壳半纤维素及其改性产物作为一种低成本、高效的环保材料在废水处理和重金属污染治理的应用。由于半纤维素具有良好的成膜特性及生物相容性, 可广泛应用于食品包装行业, 如膜材料和气凝胶[14]等。然而半纤维素在水中的溶解性较差, 且分子间氢键作用力较强, 导致半纤维素膜材料力学性能较差。通过对半纤维素进行化学改性可以有效改善其成膜性和机械性能。例如, 白雪纯[15]以毛竹为原料提取半纤维素, 通过进行羧甲基化改性提高其溶解性和力学性能, 并通过流延法应用于羧甲基半纤维素/山梨醇/没食子酸复合薄膜的制备。研究发现, 羧甲基改性后的半纤维素复合薄膜不仅阻气性能和透光性能得到显著改善, 且随着改性程度的提高展现出更优异的抑菌性能。同时, 该薄膜在蓝莓保鲜及抑制其失重方面表现出显著效果。因此, 未来可以进一步优化或创新半纤维素的改性技术, 提高其力学性能和阻隔性能, 满足不同食品包装材料的需要, 推动笋壳半纤维素在绿色包装材料的应用。
竹笋壳中的木质素属于愈创木基-紫丁香基-对羟基苯基木质素。这种结构的木质素由3种不同的苯丙烷单元构成, 形成了复杂的三维网络结构, 可作为酶的固定化材料, 为酶提供了稳定的物理空间, 从而有助于保持酶的天然构象和活性。例如, GONG等[16]将竹笋壳木质素用于α-淀粉酶的固定化。在相同的条件下, 与游离的α-淀粉酶相比, 竹笋壳木质素固定的α-淀粉酶催化效率和存储稳定性均得到显著提高, 这为笋壳木质素的开发利用提供新视角。同时, 笋壳木质素中含有的芳香环和羟基对多种金属离子具有良好的吸附性能, 使其在重金属离子吸附方面也具有很好的应用前景。如龚卫华等[17]采用醋酸法提取麻竹笋笋壳中的木质素, 分析其理化性质发现, 木质素表现出较强的金属离子吸附能力, 特别是对有害金属离子Pb2+的吸附率达到了96.32% (pH=7)。此外, 木质素还含有多种活性官能团, 如酚羟基、羧基、甲氧基等, 赋予木质素抗菌、抗氧化[18]等生物活性。研究表明木质素的抗氧化活性与酚羟基含量成显著正相关, 与醇羟基含量呈显著负相关。例如, GONG等[19]采用热水预处理和醋酸后处理相结合的方法从竹笋壳中提取乙酸木质素, 与木质素相比, 改性后的乙酸木质素具有更高的酚羟基含量, 在1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基清除能力、2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) ammonium salt, ABTS]阳离子自由基清除能力和铁还原抗氧化能力方面均表现更强的抗氧化能力。研究发现, 胡强等[20]以慈竹笋壳为原料, 采用氯化胆碱(choline chloride, CC)和乳酸(lactic acid, LA)低共熔溶剂预处理提取CC-LA木质素, 低共熔溶剂通过促进木质素中醚键的断裂来增加酚羟基含量, 进而影响其抗氧化活性。结果也证实这一观点, CC-LA3130木质素因其酚羟基含量较高, 导致其抗氧化活性最好。因此, 在笋壳木质素的提取和应用中, 合理利用低共熔溶剂体系对于提高木质素的活性具有重要意义。
竹笋壳富含植物甾醇、黄酮、多酚、多糖等生物活性物质, 这些生物活性物质赋予了竹笋壳提取物良好的抗氧化活性[21]、抑菌活性[22], 使得它们在食品、医药、化妆品、保健品、饲料等方面有广泛的应用。
黄酮类化合物指两个具有酚羟基的苯环与中央三碳原子相互连接而成的一系列化合物, 即以C6-C3-C6为基本骨架构成。这类特殊结构赋予了黄酮类物质捕获自由基及清除活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的能力, 表现出优异的抗氧化活性; 且可以通过破坏细菌的细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性抑制革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌的生长和繁殖, 被广泛应用在医药、食品、农业等领域。大多笋壳黄酮类物质已被证实有很强的自由基清除能力和抑制脂质氧化能力[23]。例如, 杨乐等[24]证明了方竹笋笋壳的笋壳黄酮粗提物和纯化产物对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均有良好的清除作用, 具有较好的抗氧化作用。竹笋壳中黄酮单体主要为夏佛塔苷、白杨素-6-C-阿拉伯糖-8-C-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-6,8-C-二钠阿拉伯糖苷等黄酮苷类物质[25]及牡荆素、异牡荆素、芹菜素等黄酮单体[26]。这些黄酮单体通过其酚羟基与自由基反应, 形成稳定的共振结构, 从而清除自由基, 减少自由基对细胞的损伤; 同时, 其在抑制机体内氧化酶的活性, 延缓机体衰老方面具有重要功能。例如, 苏雅静[27]对毛竹笋壳的黄酮类物质进行提取纯化, 采用酶动力学方法证明了其对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶都有抑制作用。对酪氨酸酶单酚酶的抑制作用主要表现为酶催化反应的停滞时间明显延长, 增长至原来的3倍, 同时稳态酶活性也下降了70%。对酪氨酸酶二酚酶的抑制作用类型表现为混合型抑制。黄酮类物质通过与底物竞争酶的活性位点来抑制酪氨酸酶的催化活性, 也可以反应产生酶-底物-抑制剂三元络合物影响底物与酶的正常结合。因此, 竹笋壳黄酮具有作为天然抗氧化剂的开发潜力, 可广泛应用于食品和日化等领域, 如中式香肠、腌腊制品、膨化食品、调味品等食品及化妆品中。未来可以借助蛋白质组学、代谢组学和转录组学等高通量技术进一步深入研究竹笋壳黄酮类化合物抗氧化和抑制酶活性的分子机制, 揭示其作用靶点和作用途径, 以全面了解黄酮类化合物在细胞和分子水平上的作用, 为笋壳黄酮的应用提供理论支撑。
多酚是以苯酚为基本骨架, 以苯环的多羟基取代基为主要特征的复杂化合物。研究表明, 多酚类化合物具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗癌、抗炎、减肥及调节血糖、血脂等功效[28]。JIANG等[29]利用超声辅助醇提法提取竹笋壳中的多酚, 结果表明, 提取的多酚具有很好的抗氧化活性。并且采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry, UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS)对竹笋壳中活性成分进行了鉴定, 共鉴定出没食子酸、绿原酸、丁香酸、阿魏酸等15种酚酸。这些酚酸类物质因其具有酚羟基和羧基可通过直接清除ROS自由基、抑制脂质氧化或与金属离子(Cu2+、Fe2+)螯合等途径发挥抗氧化作用。孟爱莲[30]采用不同极性相萃取制备了苦笋壳多酚, 结果表明乙酸乙酯相多酚萃取物的抗氧化能力高于石油醚相和正丁醇相; 并通过与α-淀粉酶活性部分的不同基团结合, 破坏酶的构象, 以非竞争性抑制方式降低其酶活; 而与底物竞争α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性中心, 阻止底物与酶的结合, 以竞争性抑制方式降低α-葡萄糖苷酶酶活。此外, 植物多酚是良好的天然保鲜剂, 目前已广泛应用于蔬菜瓜果、畜禽肉及其制品、水产品等的储存保鲜, 能够有效提高保鲜效果, 延长货架期。例如, FONTES-CANDIA等[6]将富含多酚的芦竹废弃物水提取物与前驱液共混方式加入纤维素气凝胶中, 复合气凝胶在亲水介质中完全释放芦竹水提取物, 并且在很大程度上减少了牛肉冷藏后的颜色损失和脂质氧化。与该复合气凝胶接触的牛肉脂质抑制作用达到了41.3%, 且硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS)值最低(4.04 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat), 比空白组(6.37 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat)降低了36.58%。多酚不仅可以作为单一的保鲜剂, 还可以与其他天然成分结合, 开发出多功能新型保鲜剂, 应用于更广泛的食品领域。未来可以将竹笋壳多酚类物质与其他保鲜技术结合, 如低温保鲜、气调保鲜等方式进一步提升食品的保鲜效果。
植物甾醇是一类植物中广泛存在的次生代谢产物, 具有降低胆固醇、消炎、抗癌性、抗氧化性等生理功能, 在医药、健康食品和化妆品行业具有广泛的应用前景。然而, 目前传统的植物甾醇来源主要集中在有限的几种植物中, 如大豆、油菜籽等。这些植物的生长和产量受地理、气候等自然条件限制, 资源相对有限。因此, 从废弃竹笋壳中生产植物甾醇, 可降低其成本, 为植物甾醇提供新来源。例如, 陆柏益[31]通过超高效液相色谱与质谱联用法测定了竹笋中甾醇含量, 结果表明, 竹笋中甾醇含量丰富, 以干基计总甾醇含量高达279.6 mg/100 g, 其主要为β-谷甾醇、芸苔甾醇、豆甾醇、胆固醇、麦角甾醇和谷烷醇。此外, 还可以借助微生物发酵等手段提升笋壳甾醇的含量, 笋壳在发酵过程中, 微生物可以分泌纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和蛋白酶等, 进而分解竹笋壳中的纤维素、半纤维素和蛋白质等大分子物质, 释放出更多的营养物质, 包括植物甾醇。例如, ZHENG等[32]利用黑曲霉对竹笋渣进行固态发酵, 以提高竹笋渣中的植物甾醇含量, 在最佳条件下, 植物甾醇含量为1186 mg/100 g, 而未发酵组中植物甾醇含量仅为523 mg/100 g。陈如寿[33]研究了微生物发酵对方竹笋笋头中甾醇提取得率的影响, 结果发现, 经过发酵预处理后, 采用索氏抽提法、超声细胞破碎法、回流法、超声辅助法及传统溶剂浸提法的甾醇得率由原来的100%、83.23%、77.13%、72.35%、37.82%分别提升至100%、91.75%、87.67%、83.44%、47.22%, 结果表明不同提取方式对笋壳甾醇得率影响较大, 且微生物发酵处理也是提升笋壳甾醇得率的一种有效手段, 这为笋壳甾醇的开发利用提供借鉴。
植物多糖通过氢键或共价键与纤维素(半纤维素)紧密结合, 目前已被证明具有多种生物活性, 如抗氧化、抗高血糖、抗糖化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等[34]。竹笋壳多糖也被证实其具有很好的抗氧化活性, 使其在食品工业、医药和化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用潜力。例如, CHEN等[35]通过超声辅助水提法从竹笋壳中提取了一种新型多糖, 由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖以1:2.05:15.76:49.06:16.7: 39.86的比例组合形成竹笋壳粗多糖。当竹笋壳多糖质量浓度为5 mg/mL时, 在DPPH、ABTS和羟基自由基清除能力以及金属螯合活性方面表现出良好的抗氧化活性。这与单糖组成、糖苷键类型、空间构象等因素有关。如含有葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸的多糖通过与自由基反应, 清除自由基从而表现更强的抗氧化能力。在实际应用中, 提取溶剂的选择对目标多糖的性质和多糖结构也具有重要影响。例如, 水溶剂通常用于提取热稳定性好的多糖; 氢氧化钾溶液可以通过破坏细胞壁释放出紧密结合的多糖, 但也可能会影响多糖的天然结构和生物活性。如PENG等[36]探究了水、反-1,2-环己二胺四乙酸一水(cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, CDTA)、碳酸钠、1 mol/L氢氧化钾、4 mol/L氢氧化钾5种不同溶剂提取的竹笋壳多糖的抗氧化能力, 结果显示, CDTA-可溶性多糖和碳酸钠-可溶性多糖均表现出显著的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力, 且呈现剂量依赖性, 而氢氧化钾处理的多糖活性受一定影响。
溶剂提取法操作简单, 成本低廉, 广泛应用于天然生物活性物质的提取。根据活性物质在溶剂中溶解性的差异, 即相似相溶原理, 选择不同的溶剂对目标化合物进行提取分离。常用的溶剂有水、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮等。提取纤维素和半纤维素常用的碱法溶剂一般是氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾溶液[37], 如罗文超[9]以清远竹笋为原料, 利用碱法制备纤维素, 并将其进行改性制备羧甲基纤维素, 通过环氧氯丙烷与κ-卡拉胶、β-环糊精交联, 成功制备出纤维素基水凝胶。酸法溶剂一般是稀释后的硫酸和盐酸溶液, 如WIJAYA等[38]采用硫酸溶液对竹笋纤维素进行水解, 进而制备纤维素纳米晶。结果表明, 硫酸水解成功去除了竹笋纤维素的无定形区域, 结晶度从53.15%增加至84.55%。溶剂的选择、提取时间、提取温度等因素均会在一定程度上影响提取效果。孟爱莲等[39]对比水提和醇提两种方式所得的活性物质, 其中醇提得到的总酚含量为28.52%, 水提得到的总酚含量为10.24%。与传统的水提相比, 醇提条件下的活性物质提取率较高, 且醇提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制能力[半抑制浓度(50% inhibitory concentration, IC50)=0.091 mg/mL]大于水提取物的抑制能力(IC50=0.130 mg/mL)。
大部分的植物基活性物质主要分布在细胞内, 因此破坏植物细胞壁是加快活性物质溶出的关键。利用生物酶, 例如纤维素酶可以催化纤维素β-1,4-葡萄糖苷键的裂解, 从而破坏植物细胞壁, 促进有效成分的溶出。酶辅助提取法的条件温和, 操作简单, 提取效率高。冉俊枫等[40]以苦竹笋壳为原料, 考察料液比、纤维素酶用量、酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解pH对苦竹笋壳多糖得率的影响, 通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化得到最佳工艺条件为: 料液比1:35 (g:mL), 酶用量3.11%, 酶解时间101 min, 酶解温度54 ℃, 酶解pH=7.0时, 最大多糖提取量为25.4 mg/g, 扫描电镜结果显示该多糖为不规则形态, 边缘呈锯齿状, 表面平整光滑。林良美[41]以毛竹笋壳为原料, 采用复合酶(纤维素酶:中性蛋白酶:α-淀粉酶质量比=1:1:1)法提取笋壳活性膳食纤维, 通过响应面优化了最佳工艺参数。当料液比为1:24 (g:mL)、酶添加量为0.7%、酶解时间为1.6 h、酶解温度为40 ℃时, 笋壳可溶性膳食纤维得率为8.67%, 不可溶性膳食纤维得率为56.21%, 且竹笋壳不可溶性膳食纤维和总膳食纤维均具有较好的持水力、膨胀力和持油力。贾燕芳等[42]以毛竹笋壳为原料, 采用纤维素酶酶解法制备膳食纤维食品添加剂, 通过工艺优化所制备出的膳食纤维含量为86.3%, 并表现出良好的持水性(5.01 g/g)和溶胀性(5.80 mL/g)。为了进一步推动酶辅助提取法在笋壳综合利用上的规模化应用, 应考虑如何降低酶的成本, 使其在工业生产中更具经济性; 同时需要开发更稳定的酶制剂, 并探索酶的固定化技术, 以提高酶的重复使用率。
超声辅助提取是利用超声波产生的强烈的空化作用、机械作用和热作用, 使样品产生强压和温度梯度, 促使细胞结构破坏, 加快物质分子运动的频率和速度, 提高溶剂的穿透力, 促进目标成分进入溶剂。该方法提取时间短、可以减少溶剂的使用量、提高目标产物得率。超声辅助提取在植物活性物质提取的应用中已经表现出明显的优势。例如, 刘于等[43]采用超声辅助酶法提取雷竹笋壳多糖, 单因素及响应面试验结果显示雷竹笋壳多糖在超声功率210 W、复合酶(蛋白质酶:纤维素酶:果胶酶质量比=1:1:1)添加量2.1%等工艺条件下, 得率为2.24%, 且该雷竹笋壳多糖质量浓度在0.1~0.5 mg/mL时, 具有一定的DPPH和羟自由基清除能力。在超声辅助下可以促进酶的渗透, 超声波和酶的协同作用有助于提高提取率。张静等[44]分别以笋头、笋壳、笋衣3种竹笋副产物为原料, 采用超声辅助乙醇法提取黄酮。在3种副产物的最佳提取工艺条件下, 黄酮提取率分别(4.20±0.10)、(9.21±0.13)、(8.48±0.06) mg/g。由此可知, 笋壳中黄酮含量较高, 可以作为提取黄酮类化合物的优质原料, 采用适当的提取方法, 将笋壳转化为有价值的资源应用于食品工业、保健品和医药等领域。目前, 超声辅助提取法作为一种高效、节能的提取技术, 在食品工业、生物活性成分提取等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。但在超声提取过程中驻波效应导致声场分布不均匀, 使得空化效应难以在整个反应体系中均匀发生, 影响提取效率; 且现有研究主要集中在实验室规模, 缺乏对大规模工业应用的设备放大设计研究, 这也是未来超声辅助提取法在笋壳综合利用方面需要突破的技术瓶颈。
微波辅助提取是指微波能量直接作用在植物原料上, 当到达植物内部组织时, 细胞内的温度压力均会升高, 超过细胞所能承受的极限, 从而导致细胞破裂, 加快细胞内物质的溶出, 其优点是穿透性强, 加热效率高。张宇[45]用微波辅助法在不同条件下对毛竹进行预处理, 然后利用碱提醇沉的方法提取半纤维素, 相比于直接碱提的半纤维素, 经微波预处理得到的半纤维素热稳定性较高, 且半纤维素的纯度更高。微波辅助提取法作为一种新型提取技术, 在环境分析、药物提取等方面得到了广泛应用。未来可以进一步提升设备的能量利用效率, 减少能源损耗, 从而促进其在笋壳活性物质提取方面的应用。
超高压辅助提取法一方面可以通过高压破坏细胞结构, 另一方面可以加快溶剂浸入细胞的速度, 造成细胞体积变化, 打破细胞内化学平衡。生物活性物质的溶解度会随着压力的增加而增加, 当提取溶剂加入后, 活性物质在高渗透压下迅速转移至细胞外实现高效提取。例如, 黄丽萍等[46]采用超高压辅助乙醇法提取黄酮, 当乙醇体积分数为60%、料液比为1:15 (g:mL)、压力为420 MPa、保压时间为8 min时, 总黄酮得率为4.26%; 而常压下(0.1 MPa), 总黄酮得率仅为2.14%。杨孝辉等[47]以水为溶剂采用超高压辅助法提取多糖, 结果表明, 压力为446 MPa、保压时间8 min等工艺条件下, 多糖最大得率为9.52%。当多糖质量浓度为1 mg/mL时, 对·OH及超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)的清除率分别为76.98%、73.02%, 表明了超高压辅助法在高效提取有效成分的同时保持了提取物的生物活性。上述结果显示, 超高压辅助提取法在植物活性物质提取, 中药提取等领域展现出巨大的潜力。
高压脉冲电场辅助提取法是通过产生高压脉冲电场, 使得植物组织细胞处于高压电场脉冲中, 植物细胞膜会发生电穿孔或电渗透, 从而增加细胞膜的通透性。溶剂通过细胞膜进入细胞内, 使得细胞内的渗透压高于细胞外的渗透压, 有利于活性物质的溶出。高压电场脉冲辅助提取法具有能耗小、耗时短、对热敏性物质的破坏程度小等优点。例如, 代名君等[48]对比了超声辅助提取法及高压电场脉冲辅助提取法对笋壳黄酮得率的影响, 结果表明, 高压电场脉冲辅助法下黄酮得率为10.37%, 而超声辅助提取法下得率为9.36%。同时, 高压电场脉冲通过与其他方法结合可进一步提升笋壳黄酮的得率。例如, WEI等[49]利用低共熔溶剂结合高压电场脉冲辅助法提取黄酮, 当电场强度为0.55 kV/cm、脉冲数为100时, 此时黄酮的得率为14.36%, 且具有较好的稳定性, 在6个月内未出现沉淀或变色现象。DPPH实验结果表明其具有良好的抗氧化能力, IC50为1.24%。低共熔溶剂作为一种绿色环保的溶剂, 具有较低的熔点和较高的溶解能力, 与高压电场脉冲法结合使用, 可以显著提高目标成分的溶出速度及溶解度, 从而提高其得率。但是, 高压电场脉冲辅助提取法的设备成本较高, 限制其在大规模工业生产中的应用。
超临界流体提取是近年来发展迅速的高新技术之一, 广泛应用于天然产物的分离提取。其通过改变压力和温度, 从而影响超临界流体溶解能力, 达到分离活性物质的目的。具体地, 在超临界状态下, 将超临界流体与待分离的物质接触, 使其能够选择性地提取出极性大小、沸点高低和相对分子质量大小不同的成分。使用过程中无溶剂残留、无污染, 操作简单, 得率较高, 且在较低的温度下进行, 可以有效保护热敏性成分, 与传统提取方法相比, 可以获得有效成分稳定、质量较高的产品, 但成本较高。陆柏益等[50]以超临界CO2法萃取毛竹笋油, 结合单因素试验、正交试验探究了超临界CO2萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和CO2流量对笋油得率的影响, 在萃取压力25 MPa、萃取温度55 ℃、萃取时间2.5 h和CO2流量15 L/h的工艺条件下, 笋油得率为5.74%。进一步利用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对毛竹笋油进行成分分析, 其中含量高的有β-谷甾醇(26.00%)、9,12-十八碳二烯酸(10.50%)、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(9.83%), 而上述组分已被证实具有良好的生物活性。β-谷甾醇可以减少小肠对胆固醇的吸收, 有助于降低血液中的低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL)胆固醇水平。不饱和脂肪酸可以促进胆固醇向胆汁酸的转化, 通过粪便排出体外, 减少血液中的胆固醇含量。且研究发现甾醇和不饱和脂肪酸可能存在协同作用, 共同促进降低和调脂活性, 提高其生物利用度和功效。
图2所示, 竹笋壳可以直接作为包装材料, 用于普洱茶、粽子等包装; 也可以从中提取纤维素等物质作为包装材料的基材。如周小婉[51]采用自主研发的新型竹纳米纤维素/聚乙烯醇复合气凝胶保温箱对脆李、冬枣、荔枝和草莓进行包装, 在模拟电商物流48 h后, 复合气凝胶保温箱与聚苯乙烯泡沫保温箱相比, 可以维持草莓果实的亮度, 同时延缓草莓、荔枝可溶性固形物含量的下降。此外, 利用竹笋壳制作的一次性餐具, 在餐饮外卖市场供不应求, 有望取代传统塑料包装, 减轻塑料污染。竹笋壳中的各类氨基酸和生物活性成分具有潜在的药用价值, 如笋壳多糖具有降血脂、血压的作用, 可进行功能性食品、食品添加剂的开发利用。如杨凌[52]将竹笋壳功能性低聚糖作为添加剂制备饼干, 实现了竹笋壳多糖在焙烤食品中的应用。ZHENG等[34]制备的竹笋壳粗多糖在400 mg/kg的剂量下, 可减轻高脂小鼠的体重, 并显著降低血糖水平、总胆固醇水平, 分别降低了48.7%、26.3%, 说明竹笋壳多糖具有调节血糖的生物活性作用。
竹笋壳经过脱胶处理后得到的竹笋壳纤维具有一定的饱和力和可纺织性, 可用于纺织业。对竹笋壳进行脱胶处理[53], 并对竹笋壳纤维结构和性能进行研究, 确定了其可纺性, 根据不同的产品应用需求, 设计和制造出具有特定性能的纤维素纤维, 从而满足不同行业和市场的需求。竹笋壳中含有多种氨基酸和微量矿物元素等营养物质, 可开发为食用菌的栽培原料。王庆福等[54]研究了在培养基中添加30%竹笋壳粉, 金顶侧耳的菌丝生长速度以及实体产量都提高约10%, 子实体中的粗蛋白提高24%, 氨基酸提高27%。其可能原因是, 在食用菌生长过程中, 菌丝体分泌的酶可以降解培养基料中的纤维素和木质素成分, 进而利用其为碳源转化成蛋白质和氨基酸, 从而提高培养基料的营养价值和利用率。因此, 将竹笋壳作为一种环保且成本低廉的食用菌栽培基料, 开发其在食用菌产业的应用是未来重要方向。同时, 竹笋壳中富含丰富的粗蛋白、纤维素和其他营养成分, 是反刍动物的良好饲料来源。例如, ZHAO等[55]研究了利用竹笋壳替代全株玉米进行全混合日粮青贮。研究结果表明, 竹笋壳提高了青贮有氧稳定性, 且对发酵品质和体外消化率没有不良影响。经过青贮处理后, 竹笋壳中的纤维素和半纤维素在动物瘤胃中较易分解, 能够提高动物的消化率和对营养成分的吸收。此外, 竹笋壳也可以与其他饲料如豆腐渣、燕麦糠等混合使用, 形成均衡的饲料配方, 进一步提高饲料的营养价值。竹笋壳中的纤维素和半纤维素经热解等液化技术后还可以转化为热值较高的生物油, 从而用作燃料。如陈云平等[12]研究了以竹笋壳为原料, 乙二醇为液化剂, 浓硫酸为催化剂进行液化处理, 结果表明, 笋壳液化产物的平均燃值较原料提高了57%, 可作为潜在的液体燃料。因此, 开发竹笋壳等生物质资源从而减少对化石燃料的依赖也是加强其综合利用的方式。综上所述, 竹笋壳作为一种农业副产品, 其成分相对较低, 且来源广泛。充分利用竹笋壳不仅可以减少资源浪费, 还能带来经济和环境上的双重效益。
随着我国竹笋加工业的快速发展, 笋壳废弃物产生量巨大, 也成为笋加工产业主要污染源。笋壳废弃物营养丰富, 具有优良的开发利用价值, 笋壳废弃物处理与资源化利用迫在眉睫。因此, 在未来的基础研究方面, 可从竹笋副产物的生物活性物质入手, 结合仪器分析进行定量测定, 分析单体成分的性质并深入研究其生物活性机制; 进一步改进竹笋副产物中各营养成分提取方法, 朝着提取率高、纯度高、工艺简单以及耗能少等方向深入。将食品研发新技术有效地应用于笋壳副产物的加工, 实现研究成果向科技成果的转化及笋壳的高值化利用。
  • 云南省重点研发计划项目(202202AE090023)
  • 揭阳市产业链“链长制”科技支撑服务项目
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2025年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240904007
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
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云南省重点研发计划项目(202202AE090023)
揭阳市产业链“链长制”科技支撑服务项目
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    1.广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所, 农业农村部功能食品重点实验室, 广东省农产品加工重点实验室, 广州 510610
    2.华南农业大学食品学院, 广东省食品质量安全重点实验室, 广州 510642
    3.云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所, 昆明 650000

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* 胡腾根(1989—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为果蔬加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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