Article(id=1153986651735970357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457808, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457808, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=226, endPage=234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986652834878035, articleId=1153986651735970357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the formation and inhibition measures of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in baking foods, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous improvement of people's consumption capacity and consumption level, baking foods are deeply loved by consumers for their rich nutrition, great taste, fashion, easy to carry and other characteristics. Baking foods often need to dehydrate the dough through high temperature and dry hot baking to dry and harden, and then chemical changes such as starch gelatinization and protein denaturation occur, and the result is delicious bread, cakes, etc. However, this kind of food would form large amounts of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and other pollutants during the baking process. When the content of HMF exceeded a certain limit, it would cause harm to the human body. High concentration of HMF is cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, etc., and has potential health risk to humans. How to control the formation of contaminants such as HMF in baking foods has become the focus of the food industry. This article reviewed the sources of HMF in baking foods and the toxicity of HMF, summarized the inhibition measures of HMF in baking foods in recent years from 3 aspects of improving the types of precursors in raw materials, optimizing the baking process, and adding inhibitors, to provide theoretical reference for the control of HMF in the industrial production of baking foods.

, correspAuthors=Yu-Jing KE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Jing KE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986670522257491, articleId=1153986651735970357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=烘焙食品中羟甲基糠醛的形成及抑制措施研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着人们消费能力和消费水平的不断提高, 烘焙食品以其营养丰富、美味可口、时尚、易于携带等特点深受广大消费者的喜爱。烘焙食品通常需要通过高温干热的烘焙方式使面团脱水变干变硬, 进而发生淀粉糊化、蛋白质变性等化学变化, 最终可形成美味可口的面包、蛋糕等。但这类食品在烘焙过程中会形成大量的羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF)等污染物, 当含量超过标准时就会对人体造成伤害。高浓度的HMF有细胞毒性、诱变毒性、基因毒性等, 对人体有潜在的健康风险。如何控制烘焙食品中HMF等污染物的形成成为食品行业的焦点。本文阐述了烘焙食品中HMF的来源、HMF的毒副作用, 并从改良原料中前体物质的种类、优化烘焙工艺、添加抑制剂这3个方面着手, 总结了近年来烘焙食品中HMF的抑制措施, 以期为烘焙食品工业化生产中HMF的控制提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=柯宇静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 柯宇静(1997—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与保藏。E-mail:
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烘焙食品中羟甲基糠醛的形成及抑制措施研究进展
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柯宇静 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(3): 226-234
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(3): 226-234
烘焙食品中羟甲基糠醛的形成及抑制措施研究进展
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柯宇静*
作者信息
  • 岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室茂名分中心, 茂名 525099

通讯作者:

* 柯宇静(1997—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与保藏。E-mail:
Research progress on the formation and inhibition measures of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in baking foods
Yu-Jing KE*
Affiliations
  • Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Science and Technology, Maoming 525099, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204007
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随着人们消费能力和消费水平的不断提高, 烘焙食品以其营养丰富、美味可口、时尚、易于携带等特点深受广大消费者的喜爱。烘焙食品通常需要通过高温干热的烘焙方式使面团脱水变干变硬, 进而发生淀粉糊化、蛋白质变性等化学变化, 最终可形成美味可口的面包、蛋糕等。但这类食品在烘焙过程中会形成大量的羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF)等污染物, 当含量超过标准时就会对人体造成伤害。高浓度的HMF有细胞毒性、诱变毒性、基因毒性等, 对人体有潜在的健康风险。如何控制烘焙食品中HMF等污染物的形成成为食品行业的焦点。本文阐述了烘焙食品中HMF的来源、HMF的毒副作用, 并从改良原料中前体物质的种类、优化烘焙工艺、添加抑制剂这3个方面着手, 总结了近年来烘焙食品中HMF的抑制措施, 以期为烘焙食品工业化生产中HMF的控制提供理论参考。

烘焙食品  /  羟甲基糠醛  /  抑制措施  /  反应机制

With the continuous improvement of people's consumption capacity and consumption level, baking foods are deeply loved by consumers for their rich nutrition, great taste, fashion, easy to carry and other characteristics. Baking foods often need to dehydrate the dough through high temperature and dry hot baking to dry and harden, and then chemical changes such as starch gelatinization and protein denaturation occur, and the result is delicious bread, cakes, etc. However, this kind of food would form large amounts of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and other pollutants during the baking process. When the content of HMF exceeded a certain limit, it would cause harm to the human body. High concentration of HMF is cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, etc., and has potential health risk to humans. How to control the formation of contaminants such as HMF in baking foods has become the focus of the food industry. This article reviewed the sources of HMF in baking foods and the toxicity of HMF, summarized the inhibition measures of HMF in baking foods in recent years from 3 aspects of improving the types of precursors in raw materials, optimizing the baking process, and adding inhibitors, to provide theoretical reference for the control of HMF in the industrial production of baking foods.

baking foods  /  5-hydroxymethylfurfural  /  inhibition measures  /  reaction mechanism
柯宇静. 烘焙食品中羟甲基糠醛的形成及抑制措施研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 226 -234 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204007
Yu-Jing KE. Research progress on the formation and inhibition measures of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in baking foods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 226 -234 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204007
烘焙食品又称焙烤食品, 是以面粉、白砂糖、油脂、牛奶、鸡蛋、食盐、酵母、水等为基本原料, 以膨松剂、调味剂、香精香料、果脯等为辅料, 经一系列工艺手段烘焙而成的方便食品, 主要包括面包类、饼干类、酥类、蛋糕类等。据2024—2030年中国烘焙食品市场调研与未来发展趋势报告显示, 2024年我国烘焙食品销量约1367.92万t, 比2015年的增长了6.05%, 预测今后一定时期内烘焙食品将保持10%以上的年增长速度。羟甲基糠醛又称5-羟甲基-2-糠醛(5-hydroxymethhlfurfural, HMF), 食品中常见的一种热致内源性污染物, 是美拉德反应或碳水化合物在高温或低pH条件下脱水生成的一种暗黄色、具有强烈糖类气味的醛类化合物[1]。碳水化合物和氨基酸含量丰富的食物在烘焙过程中极易发生美拉德反应和焦糖化反应产生大量的HMF[2], 在贮藏过程中也会产生HMF[3]。在烘焙过程中, HMF的含量会随着烘焙时间的延长不断增加, 其增加速度也随着烘焙温度的升高而加快[4]。HMF可以通过皮肤、黏膜、呼吸道等进入人体, 过量摄入会对人体造成伤害[5]。牛辰瑾等[6]按照ICH M7指导原则, 经in silico系统评价HMF为2类遗传毒性杂质。因此, 探究有效减少烘焙食品中HMF生成量的方法对人体健康和食品安全具有重要意义。
烘焙食品在高温加工过程所产生的HMF给人体带来了潜在的健康安全隐患。目前, 抑制烘焙食品中HMF形成的方法主要集中在控制食品中前体物质的种类和含量、优化加工工艺、在加工过程中添加一些外源活性物质以抑制HMF的生成或消除HMF。烘焙食品中HMF形成受原料组成和加工工艺的影响非常大。有些食品的必要原料或成分是必不可少的, 通过控制食品中前体物质抑制HMF可能会存在局限性。HMF与食品的褐变程度有关, 若通过优化加工的温度和时间来控制HMF含量, 可能会降低食品褐变程度, 影响食品原有的风味和品质。在使用外源性添加剂抑制HMF生成方面, 食品添加剂、植物化学素、食品配料等外源性物质的添加可以有效抑制HMF的生成。许多研究表明, 植物多酚对HMF形成有较好的抑制作用。在蔗糖/谷氨酸模拟体系中, 单独添加2~10 mg/mL表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯或白藜芦醇, 可分别减少55.16%和89.77%的HMF[7]。而外源添加抑制剂的使用必须遵循国家的标准且在不影响食品原有风味和感官质量的前提下, 又不会对人体的健康造成不利影响。基于安全性、稳定性及对食品原有风味和感官品质影响的考虑, 抑制剂的广泛应用也受到了一定的限制。目前, 国内尚没有对烘焙食品体系中HMF抑制措施进行系统的研究。因此, 如何根据食品的营养功能特性在加工生产过程中找出能有效降低烘焙食品中HMF形成的方法, 同时对食品感官质量及营养价值不产生影响的方法是亟需解决的问题。本文阐述了烘焙食品中HMF来源、HMF的毒副作用, 以及总结了近年来烘焙食品中HMF的抑制措施, 为实现在烘焙食品体系中既能确保食品原有风味与营养价值的同时又能高效抑制HMF形成的目标提供一定的理论依据。
HMF在食品中主要是从美拉德反应和焦糖化反应中形成的, 含碳水化合物丰富的食物在热加工或烹饪过程中易产生HMF, 其在干果和焦糖(HMF含量超过1 g/kg)[8]中含量最高。在生活中, 我们摄入HMF的主要来源是面包和咖啡[9]。HMF被认为是面包和其他烘焙产品中常见的热致污染物[10]。烘焙食品通常是以谷物面粉为主原料, 经过烘焙工艺定型或成熟的方便食品。制作烘焙食品有3个重要的步骤, 分别是和面、发酵和烘焙[11]。一般情况下, 烘焙在120 °C以上的温度、较低的相对湿度条件下进行。在发酵阶段, 随着发酵温度的升高, 面粉中蛋白质和淀粉在微生物和内源酶的作用下降解为氨基酸和单糖, 氨基酸和单糖发生美拉德反应形成HMF。在烘焙或持续高温阶段, 发酵后面团中的蛋白质、糖类、脂肪降解速度增加, 产生大量的氨基酸、单糖、脂肪酸等小分子化合物, 美拉德反应加剧进而形成大量的HMF。此外, 糖分子在高温下发生降解, 产生焦糖色素和焦糖香气, 使面团表面形成坚硬的焦糖外壳, 从而赋予烘焙食品特有的风味和感官特性[12]。这些反应主要受面团成分、水分蒸发和烘焙条件(时间、温度和传热过程)的影响[13-14]
HMF的形成与食物的热处理过程、糖的类型和浓度有关。相关的研究结果表明, 食品中HMF的形成主要有4条途径, 其中美拉德反应和焦糖化反应是较为公认的形成途径。一是美拉德反应, 还原糖的羰基与氨基化合物(氨基酸和蛋白质)的游离氨基相互作用, 反应过程中会产生许多中间物质(maillard reaction products, MRPs)[15]。反应初期, 还原糖与氨基酸或蛋白质通过羰胺缩合反应脱水缩合形成希夫碱, 希夫碱不稳定会迅速环化成N-糖胺。由于希夫碱的C=N双键是极性不饱和共价键, 希夫碱易重排产生中间产物。在酸性条件下, 葡萄糖与氨基酸反应形成N-葡萄糖基胺, 经阿马多利(Amadori)重排转变成更稳定的1-氨基-1-脱氧-2-酮糖; 果糖与氨基酸反应形成果糖胺, 经海因式(Heyn's)重排异构成2-氨基-2脱氧-醛糖[16-18]。1-氨基-1-脱氧-2-酮糖是一些产香物质的非挥发性前驱物, 其经加热容易裂解产生一系列挥发性杂环化合物如呋喃类、吡嗪类、吡喃类化合物等[19]。反应时, Amadori重排产物经过1,2-烯醇化形成1,2-烯胺醇, 随后C-3羟基经β-消除形成3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮, 然后脱水形成HMF(图1)[20]
二是焦糖化反应, 当糖加热到超过其熔化温度时, 会产生烯醇中间产物和最终脱水产物, 此反应会使面包或其他烘焙产品产生特有的风味。在热处理过程中, 己糖发生脱水或分解反应形成HMF[21]。在高温(大于等于120°C)下, 己糖先经过1,2-烯醇化形成1,2-烯二醇, 再进一步生成3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮, 最后脱水环化形成HMF(图2)[22]。此过程中会伴随着许多复杂的副反应, 产生甲酸、乙酰丙酸、2-羟基乙酰呋喃、呋喃甲醇等副产物, 这些副产物易聚合生成可溶解的聚合物及不溶的黑色物质。三是果糖、葡萄糖等己糖在高温和干燥的环境中裂解形成HMF[23], 而在低温和酸性条件下亦可经过脱水形成HMF[24]。在干燥热解条件下, 果糖结合H+形成呋喃果糖基阳离子, 再脱水形成HMF[25]。四是α-二羰基化合物如3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮发生裂解或酶促反应生成甘油醛和丙酮醛, 两者再通过羟醛缩合、脱水形成HMF[26]
作为反映食品新鲜及褐变程度的指示物, HMF不仅是食品风味的重要成分, 也是食品安全性、食品加热过程及美拉德反应程度的重要评价指标[27]。HMF具有低毒性, 小鼠和大鼠的半数致死剂量分别为1.9 g/kg和3.1 g/kg, 持续60 d摄入310 mg/kg的HMF会导致大鼠肝功能受损[28]。口服188 mg/kg或375 mg/kg的HMF约两年可增加雌性小鼠肝细胞腺瘤的发生率, 说明长期暴露于高水平的HMF下会有致癌的风险[29]。不同浓度的HMF会对人体造成不同程度的影响, 低浓度的HMF具有抗氧化、抗心肌缺血、神经保护性等生理活性[30]; 但高浓度的HMF会刺激眼睛、上呼吸道、皮肤和黏膜, 过量摄入会损害人体横纹肌和内脏, 并具有细胞毒性、诱变毒性、基因毒性、损伤DNA等有害作用[31-33]。多项研究结果表明, HMF的人均摄入量为30~150 mg/d[9,34], 比其他热致内源性污染物(如丙烯酰胺、呋喃等)报道的摄入量高出几个数量级。欧盟食品安全委员会建议每人每天摄入的HMF含量上限是1.6 mg。早期的研究结果表明, 当HMF浓度高于75 mg/kg时, 能够观察到HMF对人体的毒性作用[35]。ZAITSEV等[36]通过研究长期口服HMF (40、80、160 mg/kg)对大鼠机体的影响, 采用40倍的安全边际得出人类食物中HMF的每日安全摄入量为2 mg/kg体重。据研究报道, 经烘焙处理后蓝莓馅糕点中HMF含量可达到294.4~301.4 mg/kg[37], 含有蔓越莓的小麦面包中HMF含量为210 mg/kg, 面包中HMF含量可高达410 mg/kg, 饼干中HMF含量为0.5~74.5 mg/kg, 烘焙食品中HMF的平均含量为18.4 mg/kg[38-39]。水果馅料广泛用于各种烘焙产品中, 如面包、糕点、馅饼、蛋糕和饼干, 而目前对含水果馅料的烘焙食品中内源性有害物的研究较少。为保证食品安全, 我国GB/T 18796—2005《蜂蜜》对蜂蜜中的HMF含量加以限制, 不得超过40 mg/kg; GB/T 18963—2012《浓缩苹果汁》规定苹果浓缩汁中的HMF含量不得超过20 mg/kg。HMF的含量水平也常作为牛奶、加工水果、咖啡等质量评价的指标。HMF在体内可经磺基转移酶作用转化为5-羟甲基糠醛次硫酸(5-sulfoxymethylfurfural, SMF)以及在体外经氯化过程形成氯甲基糠醛(chloromethylfurfural, CMF), 这些物质都具有强致癌性和致突变性[40]。SURH等[41]研究发现分别给小鼠局部投药10~25 μmoL/g的HMF、SMF和CMF, 均表现出皮肤乳头状瘤的诱导活性, 且SMF和CMF比HMF具有更高的皮肤致癌率。MONIEN等[29]研究表明小鼠给药2.5 min后, 就可检测到HMF在小鼠体内转化的SMF; 经初始剂量为452~551 mg/kg的HMF转化而成的SMF, 就能够通过体内循环系统与细胞结构相互作用。SMF的微量转化就能对人体造成伤害。HMF对人体有潜在的健康风险, 可能对人体致癌或其被人体代谢为致癌化合物。HMF是烘焙食品中重要的热致污染物, 而且HMF的摄入量是mg/kg量级, 远高于其他食品污染物。因此, 减少或控制食品中HMF的含量已成为重要的食品安全问题。
面粉种类会影响面包中HMF的形成和褐变的程度。CIESAROVÁ等[42]对热处理非小麦面粉(小米、大麦、高粱、燕麦和黑麦)进行检测, 干热面粉中的HMF含量为2.0~44.3 mg/kg。在180 °C下加热25 min, 全麦面包中的HMF含量(17.25 mg/kg)均比小麦和黑麦面包(46.69、47.02 mg/kg)的低, 这可能是因为全麦面包的失水速度慢于小麦面包, 延缓HMF的形成, 而黑麦面包产生更多的HMF, 可能是因为黑麦面粉中含有较多的游离氨基酸或蛋白质[43]。全麦面包比非全麦面包含有更多的纤维、维生素、矿物质等营养成分, 其中的水溶性纤维与其他食物混合而成的胶体能与糖分子结合, 减缓碳水化合物的吸收速度, 从而维持较长时间的饱腹感以及促进胃肠蠕动等。鉴于全麦面包的诸多益处, 超市、便利店、面包店的全麦面包也因此倍受减脂人群的喜爱。
糖类是HMF形成的重要底物, 糖的类型会影响烘焙食品中HMF的生成量。控制原料中糖的类型或浓度, 可以有效减少食品中HMF含量。若将原料中的葡萄糖置换为果糖, 原料中会形成更多的HMF, 因为果糖的烯醇化反应快于葡萄糖, 以及其反应形成的3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮也比葡萄糖形成的多。在低温(小于250 °C)下, 蔗糖产生的HMF少于果糖或葡萄糖, 而在300 °C时则相反[44]。在250 °C以上的高温、干燥条件下, 蔗糖会产生大量的HMF, 其中90%的HMF由果糖部分产生, 仅10%来自葡萄糖部分, 这可能是因为蔗糖在干燥、热解条件下形成了高活性的呋喃果糖基阳离子, 而这种阳离子能有效地直接转化为HMF[25]。NGUYEN等[45]研究不同果糖、葡萄糖和天冬酰胺摩尔比的小麦粉面团对饼干中HMF形成的影响, 结果发现, 小麦粉中葡萄糖、果糖和天冬酰胺的浓度越低, 饼干中形成的HMF就越少。ZHANG等[46]研究面糊配方对蛋糕中HMF形成的影响, 结果表明, 糖的类型对蛋糕中HMF形成有较强的影响, 而且果糖对HMF的转化比葡萄糖和双糖(蔗糖、麦芽糖和乳糖)更有效。在食品模型和烘焙产品中, 将果糖、葡萄糖等还原糖置换为非还原糖和多元醇后能明显降低产品中HMF含量[47]。因此, 为减少HMF的生成量, 用于制作烘焙食品的糖尽量不使用或少使用果糖和葡萄糖。
另外, 食盐和膨松剂碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢铵也能显著影响HMF含量。欧隽滢等[48]探讨碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢铵、食盐对果糖反应体系中HMF形成的影响, 研究发现分别添加2.0 mg/mL碳酸氢钠和碳酸氢铵时, 果糖反应体系中HMF的生成量分别为3.02、17.52 mg/L, 比对照组分别下降8.68倍和1.49倍; 添加4.0 mg/mL食盐时, HMF的生成量为9.03 mg/L, 降幅达65.40%。GÖKMEN等[49]将饼干配方中的碳酸氢铵置换为碳酸氢钠, 能够显著减少饼干中HMF的生成量。碳酸氢铵能够诱导食品中HMF形成, 所以在烘焙食品的加工过程中应该尽量避免使用碳酸氢铵, 或者用碳酸氢钠来代替碳酸氢铵。
烘焙温度和时间是影响烘焙食品中HMF形成的首要因素, HMF生成量随烘焙温度和时间的增加而增加[50]。VAN-DER-FELS-KLERX等[51]分别检测了饼干在200、190、180 °C下烘焙15 min后的HMF含量, 200 °C烘焙饼干中的HMF含量分别是190 °C、180 °C烘焙饼干中HMF含量的20倍和100倍。烘焙温度的变化可以显著影响烘焙食品中HMF的含量。CAPUANO等[52]研究表明, 在180 °C下烘烤25 min, 面包中HMF的生成量为47.02 mg/kg; 在160 °C下烘烤34 min, HMF的生成量为14.63 mg/kg; 在140 °C下烘烤40 min, HMF的生成量仅有2.53 mg/kg。合理调控烘焙温度和时间, 能够有效地减少烘焙过程中HMF的生成量。PETISCA等[53]研究表明, 当烘焙温度为160 °C、烘焙时间为60、40和20 min时, 蛋糕中HMF的含量分别为41.90、9.32和3.63 mg/kg。说明减少烘焙时间可以降低食品中HMF含量。GIOVANELLI等[54]研究发现, 为达到与传统的家庭烘焙披萨(250 °C)相当的品质, 只要严格控制烘焙时间, 高温家用电器在310 °C和450 °C下烘焙可以制作出相当质量的披萨, 而且形成的热致污染物含量也保持在较低水平。
HMF的生成量也与水分活度有关, 较高湿度的烘焙条件可以大量减少HMF的生成量。烘焙初期, 水分蒸发带走热量使得食品温度低于100 °C, 而低温不利于HMF的快速形成。在美拉德反应过程中, Amadori化合物经脱水过程形成HMF; 在焦糖化反应中, 己糖通过脱水反应形成HMF。由于1 mol己糖生成1 mol HMF需要释放3 mol的水, 因此存在过多的水分会抑制产物HMF的形成[25]。AIT-AMEUR等[55]研究表明, 在饼干烘焙过程中, HMF的积累高度依赖于水分活度, 水分活度必须低于0.40才能显著形成HMF。因此, 合理调节烘焙过程中的湿度能够有效地减少HMF的形成。
酸碱度会影响HMF的形成。有研究证明, 较低的pH有利于HMF的生成, 酸性条件可促进HMF的形成, 而碱性条件则抑制HMF的形成[56]。在较低的pH条件下, 己糖经过1,2-烯醇化反应, 再脱水生成HMF; 而在较高的pH条件下, Amadori重排产物通过2,3-烯醇化反应产生还原酮类及脱氧还原酮类, 不利于HMF的形成。KAVOUSI等[57]研究表明, 在果糖/谷氨酸模拟体系中, pH从4增加至5和6, HMF的生成量从5620 mg/kg降低至3290 mg/kg和2089 mg/kg。当pH达到10, pH再不会影响体系中HMF的形成。因此, 合理调节烘焙食品中pH可以减少HMF的形成。
探究抑制剂对食品污染物形成的影响是近年来国内外的研究热点。添加抑制剂是减少食品中HMF形成的一种有效方法。在使用抑制剂时, 要保证抑制剂既能提升食品的品质和安全性, 又不对人体的健康造成不利影响, 并确保抑制剂的质量和使用量都在安全范围内。目前, 关于对食品中HMF的抑制, 主要研究的抑制剂有氨基酸、无机盐、多酚。
氨基酸的类型会明显影响HMF的形成。蔡芸[58]研究几种添加剂(甘氨酸、半胱氨酸、半胱氨酸盐酸盐和氯化钙)复配使用对葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系中HMF和丙烯酰胺形成的影响, 结果发现在pH为5.7和7.0下, 除了甘氨酸和氯化钙的复配不能同时抑制HMF和丙烯酰胺的形成, 其他两两组合均能抑制HMF和丙烯酰胺的形成。KAVOUSI等[57]探究了氨基酸对美拉德模拟体系中HMF形成的影响, 发现脯氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸能够减少HMF的形成; 在蔗糖/氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺)模拟体系中, 天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺能够促进HMF的形成。因为当氨基酸的等电点低于反应介质的pH时, 谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸等这些酸性的氨基酸能够给蔗糖提供用于水解生成HMF过程的质子, 从而增加了HMF的生成量。ZOU等[59]研究发现在160 °C下, 氨基酸与HMF以反应摩尔比1:10的比例反应15 min, 半胱氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸分别与HMF发生迈克尔加成反应从而有效地消除HMF, HMF消除率分别为96.7%、93.4%和41.9%。ZHAO等[60]借助高效液相色谱-串联质谱和核磁共振波谱方法, 推断出HMF通过与两个半胱氨酸发生脱水缩合反应形成缩硫醛(1-dicysteinethioacetal- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, DCH)。WANG等[61]研究发现在160 °C、pH为11的条件下, 赖氨酸与HMF发生加成反应产生一种比HMF毒性低的HMF-赖氨酸席夫碱[(E)-N6-((5’-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2’-yl) methylene)lysine, HML], 并在4种烘焙产品(饼干、曲奇、蛋糕、面包)的食品检测中测定了HML的含量(0.05~1.90 μg/kg)。ZENG等[62]研究表明在食品模拟体系中, 甘氨酸能够与HMF发生羟醛缩合反应形成两种缩合物[2β-amino-3α-hydroxy- 3-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)propanoic acid, HGA和2α- amino-3β-hydroxy-3-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)propanoic acid, HGB], 从而消除HMF。所以, 添加物可通过抑制HMF的形成, 或者与HMF反应形成迈克尔加成产物或schiff base等, 进一步控制食品中HMF含量。
GÖKMEN等[63]探究了单价、二价和三价阳离子对葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺和HMF形成的影响, Na+、K+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+在热加工过程中都抑制了丙烯酰胺的形成, 但是这些阳离子却促进了HMF的形成。阳离子增加葡萄糖的分解速率, 催化己糖脱水生成最终产物HMF, 导致HMF的含量显著增加; 因葡萄糖数量锐减, 进而阻止了丙烯酰胺生成的关键中间体席夫碱的形成, 造成丙烯酰胺的生成量明显减少。QUARTA等[64]研究CaCl2、MgCl2和CH3COOK对葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系和饼干中丙烯酰胺和HMF形成的影响, 结果表明, CH3COOK能抑制HMF的形成, 却极大的促进了丙烯酰胺的形成; CaCl2、MgCl2通过加快1,2-烯醇化反应而增加HMF的形成, 却有效地减少丙烯酰胺的形成。无机盐对HMF的影响与对另一种食品污染物丙烯酰胺的影响是相反的。从食品安全的角度考虑, 这种策略是存在问题的, 无机盐会显著增加其他食品污染物的形成。未来仍需要更多的研究来验证和完善此抑制方法。
由于多酚有良好的抗氧化等多种生物活性, 其被广泛用作抗氧化剂应用于食品中抑制HMF和其他污染物的生成。江姗珊[65]研究绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、柚皮素对葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系中HMF和丙烯酰胺形成的影响, 结果发现氧化后的抗氧化剂对HMF和丙烯酰胺的抑制效果比不做任何处理的抑制效果好。HMF含量随着氧化后的绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸浓度增加表现为先降低后增加, 其随着氧化后的柚皮素浓度的增加而降低, 柚皮素可以抑制HMF的形成。ZHANG等[66]研究发现在焦糖化反应中, 槲皮素、表儿茶素、迷迭香酸在中性条件下表现为抑制HMF形成的效果, 而根皮素、柚皮素、绿原酸在中性和碱性条件下都促进HMF的形成。龙成艳等[67]研究表明, 根皮素在模拟体系和月饼中均能显著减少HMF含量, 根皮素对HMF的消除可能存在2种机制, 其一是根皮素抑制3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮的形成; 其二是HMF与2个根皮素脱水形成加合物, 从而减少HMF的含量。张易楠[68]探究了槲皮素对小麦粉面包中HMF形成的影响, 结果发现, 在160 °C下烘焙30 min, 添加1.9 mg/g的槲皮素面包中减少了86.0%的HMF, 可能是因为槲皮素与HMF以及前体发生分子间脱水反应, 进而消除了HMF。TOTLANI等[69]在模拟烘焙条件(10%水分, 220 °C, 10 min)下, 探究了表儿茶素对美拉德产物形成机制的影响, 研究结果表明, 表儿茶素可以淬灭3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮, 随着3-脱氧葡萄糖醛酮浓度的下降, HMF的含量也呈下降的趋势。已有研究表明, 表儿茶素可通过与HMF形成加合物的方式消除HMF[70]。OLIVIERO等[71]研究表明在烘焙的过程中可可豆的抗氧化活性及其中的儿茶素含量都减少了, 而且HMF的生成量也显著降低, 这可能与儿茶素的羰基捕获活性有关。QI等[72]通过构建葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系, 研究表儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对HMF形成的影响, 结果发现添加质量浓度为50、100、200 μg/mL的儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯均能有效地减少HMF的形成, HMF抑制率为50%~86%。宋宝格[73]通过量子化学计算方法推测HMF与半缩酮形式的矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucosidechloride, C3G)发生迈克尔加成反应形成C3G-HMF加合物, 半缩酮形式C3G的C6和C8位优先攻击共轭体系的β碳原子(C3), 通过加成反应形成加合物来减少HMF含量。JIANG等[74]研究不同美拉德模拟体系中绿原酸对HMF形成的影响, 结果表明, 在160 °C下反应36 min, 绿原酸显著增加了葡萄糖/半胱氨酸、葡萄糖/谷氨酸和葡萄糖/甘氨酸模拟体系中HMF的形成, 但减少了葡萄糖/赖氨酸模拟体系中HMF的形成。将这4种氨基酸分别与HMF一起加热, 能显著消除HMF, 上述的结果可能是因为绿原酸的加入, 阻碍了氨基酸对HMF的消除反应。因受到食品体系或模拟体系中其他组分的影响, 或者因反应条件、自身浓度的不同, 多酚对HMF的形成可能会具有抑制或者促进的双重作用。目前大部分的研究仅是探究了多酚对HMF形成的抑制效果, 具体的抑制机制尚未清晰。
食用胶体又称亲水胶体, 其含有亲水性基团, 如羧基、羟基、氨基和羧酸根等, 是多糖大分子及其衍生物, 能与水分子发生水化作用形成黏稠的溶液或凝胶。叶倩等[75]通过建立蔗糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系探究黄原胶对HMF形成的影响, 黄原胶的存在可使得体系流动性降低, 反应底物被包埋, 从而抑制美拉德反应、减少体系中HMF的生成量。单金卉等[76]研究黄原胶和大豆纤维复配比例对油炸外裹糊鱼块中的丙烯酰胺形成的影响, 结果发现, 外裹糊中黄原胶和大豆纤维添加比例为1:1时, 鱼块的丙烯酰胺含量显著增加, 这可能是由于外裹糊配方中添加了黄原胶和大豆纤维, 使得外裹糊的水分含量维持在美拉德反应的适宜湿度(12%~18%), 油炸过程加剧美拉德反应, 从而增加丙烯酰胺的生成量。黄逸伦[77]研究了黄原胶、k-卡拉胶、果胶、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠对饼干中HMF形成的影响, 除果胶促进其形成外, 黄原胶、k-卡拉胶、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠对HMF形成表现出抑制效果, 其中壳聚糖和海藻酸钠的抑制效果最为显著, 最大抑制率分别达到67.2%和66.6%。WANG等[78]评价了壳聚糖对蛋糕中晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)形成的抑制效果, 当蛋糕糊中添加0.5%壳聚糖时, AGEs的抑制率可达30.31%~61.22%。目前关于食用胶体抑制热加工食品中HMF或其他美拉德反应产物形成的研究相对较少。食用胶体可以减少食品污染物HMF的含量, 但其具体的抑制机制仍需要进一步的研究。
HMF是烘焙食品中普遍存在的热致内源性污染物。碳水化合物是形成HMF的主要反应底物, 富含碳水化合物的食品原料在烘焙过程中会不可避免地形成HMF。HMF作为美拉德反应的典型产物, 其会影响烘焙食品的风味、色泽、香气等特性。在保持食品原有风味和感官特性以及营养健康特性的同时, 改变、控制美拉德反应途径抑制HMF的产生, 比抑制丙烯酰胺等其他食品污染物更难实现。外源抑制剂对HMF形成的抑制或者对已经生成的HMF的消除是比较有限的, 抑制剂的开发应用和临床研究至今存在着很大的空白。食品基质成分复杂, 抑制剂对HMF的影响可能是多元化的, 具体作用机制尚不明确。改良原料中前体物质的种类、优化烘焙工艺、添加抑制剂的措施都存在一定的局限性。虽然目前尚未明确HMF对人体的毒害作用机制, 但是HMF的代谢产物SMF对人体有强致癌性和致突变性, 会损害横纹肌、肝等器官。因此, 对烘焙食品中的HMF进行监测和控制极为重要, 研究烘焙食品中HMF的形成机制及抑制方法, 可为有效调控HMF的生成量提供理论参考。目前, 关于烘焙食品中HMF的限量没有做出明确规定。为保障烘焙食品的安全和人体的健康, 应加快研究和评估烘焙食品中HMF的风险以及饮食暴露量, 探究高HMF摄入量的饮食与疾病的关系。今后, 可以通过同位素标记法将前体物质标记, 从分子层面研究其作用机制, 明确HMF的具体抑制机制, 以寻找更加高效方便的HMF控制措施, 确保烘焙食品的品质和安全。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
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    岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室茂名分中心, 茂名 525099

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* 柯宇静(1997—), 女, 硕士, 助理工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工与保藏。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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