Article(id=1153986651501093527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457753, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457753, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986652298011309, articleId=1153986651501093527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on tea caffeine, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Caffeine is an important functional active substance in tea. The caffeine content in different types of tea varies, which is related to the tea raw materials and different processing techniques. Separating and extracting caffeine from tea leaves can not only obtain tea with low caffeine content, but also meet a wider range of tea drinking needs. On the other hand, it is to obtain high-purity caffeine for use in fields such as medicine and food. The extraction and separation of tea caffeine involves various new extraction methods, including chemical, physical, biological, and others. The key to efficient, high-purity separation and protection of other active substances in tea is the extraction and separation technology. Caffeine also plays an important role in the basic quality, flavor, sensory perception, and activity of tea. Different amounts of caffeine can have an impact on various systems in the human body, and moderate intake can bring beneficial effects. Its functions and applications in antibacterial, catalytic, plant biostimulant, and food packaging materials are also very extensive. This article summarized the synthesis, metabolism, content, and influencing factors of caffeine in tea, summarized the extraction and separation techniques of caffeine in recent years, and evaluated the efficiency and applicability of various methods. In addition, to explore the influence of caffeine on tea quality and its various functional activities and applications, in order to break through some drinking restrictions of tea and better develop and utilize caffeine in tea.

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咖啡碱是茶叶中重要的功能活性物质。不同茶叶中的咖啡碱含量各不相同, 与茶叶原料以及不同的加工工艺处理有关。从茶叶中分离提取咖啡碱, 一方面可获得低咖啡碱含量的茶, 满足更广泛的饮茶需求; 另一方面是为了获得高纯度的咖啡碱, 用于医疗和食品等领域。茶叶咖啡碱的提取分离有化学、物理、生物以及其他多种新提取方法, 如何高效率、高纯度分离以及保护茶中其他活性物质是提取分离技术的关键。咖啡碱对茶叶的基本品质、风味、感官和活性等也起重要影响作用。不同量的咖啡碱对人体各系统都会产生影响, 适量的摄入可以带来有益功效。其在抗菌、催化、植物生物刺激素和食品包装材料等领域的功能及应用也十分广泛。本文对茶叶中咖啡碱的合成、代谢、含量及影响含量的因素进行总结, 归纳近年来咖啡碱的提取分离技术, 评估各种方法的效率及适用性。此外还探究了咖啡碱对茶叶品质的影响和其多种功能活性及应用, 以期突破茶的一些饮用限制以及更好地开发和利用好茶叶中的咖啡碱。

, correspAuthors=毛建卫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
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冯玮(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶深加工。E-mail:

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冯玮(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶深加工。E-mail:

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RSC Advances, 2024, 14(13): 8932-8962., articleTitle=Greening up organic reactions with caffeine: applications, recent developments, and future directions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428265113961329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=142, issue=1, pageStart=91, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[97], rfOrder=137, authorNames=HOLLINGSWORTH RG, ARMSTRONG JW, CAMPBELL E, journalName=Annals of Applied Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOLLINGSWORTH RG, ARMSTRONG JW, CAMPBELL E. Caffeine as a novel toxicant for slugs and snails[J]. Annals of Applied Biology, 2003, 142(1): 91-97., articleTitle=Caffeine as a novel toxicant for slugs and snails, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428265185264500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=69, issue=4, pageStart=882, pageEnd=888, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[98], rfOrder=138, authorNames=YUN-SOO K, HIROSHI S, journalName=Phytochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUN-SOO K, HIROSHI S. Pathogen resistance of transgenic tobacco plants producing caffeine[J]. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(4): 882-888., articleTitle=Pathogen resistance of transgenic tobacco plants producing caffeine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428265256567671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=203, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[99], rfOrder=139, authorNames=LAIA J, CLARA M, SÍLVIA C, journalName=Environmental and Experimental Botany, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAIA J, CLARA M, SÍLVIA C, et al. Impact of environmental conditions, stress severity and dose application on caffeine-related improved lentil productivity[J]. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2022, 203. DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.105064, articleTitle=Impact of environmental conditions, stress severity and dose application on caffeine-related improved lentil productivity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428265323676538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=374, issue=null, pageStart=131639, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[100], rfOrder=140, authorNames=DAGMARA B, ALEKSANDRA BB, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAGMARA B, ALEKSANDRA BB. Innovative and environmentally safe composites based on starch modified with dialdehyde starch, caffeine, or ascorbic acid for applications in the food packaging industry[J]. Food Chemistry, 2022, 374: 131639., articleTitle=Innovative and environmentally safe composites based on starch modified with dialdehyde starch, caffeine, or ascorbic acid for applications in the food packaging industry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183428254535926367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, awardId=31871813, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31871813), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183428251746714146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428251755102755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, companyId=1183428251746714146, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428251763491364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, companyId=1183428251746714146, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068)]), AuthorCompany(id=1183428251809628709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428251818017318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, companyId=1183428251809628709, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428251826405927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, companyId=1183428251809628709, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183428253726425683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Synthesis pathway of caffeine in tea trees[4-5], figureFileSmall=qvWUn1v2jTNiiEF6xvmoag==, figureFileBig=ELeBrwPKfl373olGnRFy3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428253780951636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=图1, caption=茶树中咖啡碱的合成途径[4-5]

注: 1. 7-甲基黄苷合成酶; 2. N-甲基核苷酶; 3. 可可碱合成酶; 4. 咖啡碱合成酶; 5. 1-甲基转移酶; 6. 3-甲基转移酶; 7. 黄嘌呤核苷酶; 8. 3-甲基黄嘌呤合成酶; 9. 茶碱合成酶; 10. 7-甲基转移酶。

, figureFileSmall=qvWUn1v2jTNiiEF6xvmoag==, figureFileBig=ELeBrwPKfl373olGnRFy3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428253831283285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Decomposition pathways of caffeine in tea trees[7], figureFileSmall=BxQCNfOm73lLuEb6iUZ5CA==, figureFileBig=O+0vCd8nLxzAKFoCQl8gYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428253885809238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=图2, caption=茶树中咖啡碱的分解途径[7]

注: 1. 7-N-脱甲基酶; 2. 1-N-脱甲基酶; 3. 3-N-脱甲基酶; 4. 黄嘌呤脱氢酶; 5. 尿酸酶; 6. 尿囊素酶; 7. 尿囊酸酶; 8. 尿酶。

, figureFileSmall=BxQCNfOm73lLuEb6iUZ5CA==, figureFileBig=O+0vCd8nLxzAKFoCQl8gYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428253961306711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Processing techniques of 6 major tea, figureFileSmall=rEnrc8XfHdBnaSlGi9ExHA==, figureFileBig=iTeZyyRy3+cbaOYyeqneSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428254028415576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=图3, caption=6大茶加工工艺, figureFileSmall=rEnrc8XfHdBnaSlGi9ExHA==, figureFileBig=iTeZyyRy3+cbaOYyeqneSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428254099718745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Functional activity of caffeine on the human body, figureFileSmall=kVvIOxOrHxW70IIuitVpwQ==, figureFileBig=mdcyl4Kbuhm8OIeFOymkPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428254158439002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=图4, caption=咖啡碱对人体的功能活性

注: 环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)。

, figureFileSmall=kVvIOxOrHxW70IIuitVpwQ==, figureFileBig=mdcyl4Kbuhm8OIeFOymkPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428254217159259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Caffeine content in the 6 major types of tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 黄茶 白茶 红茶 绿茶 黑茶 乌龙茶
咖啡碱含量
/(mg/g)
37~47 33~45 20~39 25~40 10~29 15~27
参考文献 [9] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13-14]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428254280073820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6大茶类中咖啡碱含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 黄茶 白茶 红茶 绿茶 黑茶 乌龙茶
咖啡碱含量
/(mg/g)
37~47 33~45 20~39 25~40 10~29 15~27
参考文献 [9] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13-14]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428254355571293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Extraction and separation technology of tea caffeine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 分离方法 优点 缺点 文献
化学法 水提法 无毒无害无化学残留、成本低操作简单 影响色泽 [30,65]
有机溶剂萃取法 成本低, 操作简单, 分离度高, 速度快(乳酸乙酯绿色无毒害) 纯度低, 大多毒性大, 会使茶叶芳香物质损失、颜色淡化 [31,34,66]
SFE CO2可重复使用、脱除率高 价格高, 严重影响茶叶香气和
滋味
[36]
结合沉淀法 无毒害 分离度不高 [38]
物理法 吸附法 无毒害、方法简单 吸附色素影响茶叶色泽 [65]
蒙脱土吸附法 高效、最大程度保留茶叶品质 释放Ca2+与茶中草酸盐反应形成草酸钙沉淀 [48]
升华法 工艺简单, 咖啡碱纯度高 破坏茶叶其他活性物质 [50]
超声波辅助法 效率高、杂质少易分离纯化 超声会导致部分咖啡碱流失和破坏 [67-68]
微波辅助法 操作简单、溶剂和功耗低、效率高、产品纯度高 温度控制严格, 脱除率较低 [69]
生物法 微生物降解法 不影响茶叶其他成分的质量和含量 速率低、时间长 [55]
酶降解法 不影响茶叶其他成分的质量和含量 脱除率较低、酶不稳定 [57]
其他 离子液体提取法 无污染、可循环 价格昂贵、会溶解其他杂质、后期分离纯化复杂 [58]
分子印迹法 操作简单、咖啡碱纯度高 价格昂贵, 模板难以获取 [70]
中红外波长射线法 可改善茶的风味 脱除率低 [62]
低共熔溶剂提取法 环保高效 研究不足, 无法回收循环 [63-64]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428254414291550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986651501093527, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

茶叶咖啡碱提取分离技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 分离方法 优点 缺点 文献
化学法 水提法 无毒无害无化学残留、成本低操作简单 影响色泽 [30,65]
有机溶剂萃取法 成本低, 操作简单, 分离度高, 速度快(乳酸乙酯绿色无毒害) 纯度低, 大多毒性大, 会使茶叶芳香物质损失、颜色淡化 [31,34,66]
SFE CO2可重复使用、脱除率高 价格高, 严重影响茶叶香气和
滋味
[36]
结合沉淀法 无毒害 分离度不高 [38]
物理法 吸附法 无毒害、方法简单 吸附色素影响茶叶色泽 [65]
蒙脱土吸附法 高效、最大程度保留茶叶品质 释放Ca2+与茶中草酸盐反应形成草酸钙沉淀 [48]
升华法 工艺简单, 咖啡碱纯度高 破坏茶叶其他活性物质 [50]
超声波辅助法 效率高、杂质少易分离纯化 超声会导致部分咖啡碱流失和破坏 [67-68]
微波辅助法 操作简单、溶剂和功耗低、效率高、产品纯度高 温度控制严格, 脱除率较低 [69]
生物法 微生物降解法 不影响茶叶其他成分的质量和含量 速率低、时间长 [55]
酶降解法 不影响茶叶其他成分的质量和含量 脱除率较低、酶不稳定 [57]
其他 离子液体提取法 无污染、可循环 价格昂贵、会溶解其他杂质、后期分离纯化复杂 [58]
分子印迹法 操作简单、咖啡碱纯度高 价格昂贵, 模板难以获取 [70]
中红外波长射线法 可改善茶的风味 脱除率低 [62]
低共熔溶剂提取法 环保高效 研究不足, 无法回收循环 [63-64]
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茶叶咖啡碱的研究进展
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冯玮 1 , 赵亚飞 1 , 吴泽平 1 , 胡飞阳 1 , 陈小强 1 , 王珍珍 2 , 毛建卫 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(3): 94-105
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(3): 94-105
茶叶咖啡碱的研究进展
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冯玮1 , 赵亚飞1, 吴泽平1, 胡飞阳1, 陈小强1, 王珍珍2, 毛建卫2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
  • 2.浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310023
  • 冯玮(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
Research progress on tea caffeine
Wei FENG1 , Ya-Fei ZHAO1, Ze-Ping WU1, Fei-Yang HU1, Xiao-Qiang CHEN1, Zhen-Zhen WANG2, Jian-Wei MAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2. School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204008
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咖啡碱是茶叶中重要的功能活性物质。不同茶叶中的咖啡碱含量各不相同, 与茶叶原料以及不同的加工工艺处理有关。从茶叶中分离提取咖啡碱, 一方面可获得低咖啡碱含量的茶, 满足更广泛的饮茶需求; 另一方面是为了获得高纯度的咖啡碱, 用于医疗和食品等领域。茶叶咖啡碱的提取分离有化学、物理、生物以及其他多种新提取方法, 如何高效率、高纯度分离以及保护茶中其他活性物质是提取分离技术的关键。咖啡碱对茶叶的基本品质、风味、感官和活性等也起重要影响作用。不同量的咖啡碱对人体各系统都会产生影响, 适量的摄入可以带来有益功效。其在抗菌、催化、植物生物刺激素和食品包装材料等领域的功能及应用也十分广泛。本文对茶叶中咖啡碱的合成、代谢、含量及影响含量的因素进行总结, 归纳近年来咖啡碱的提取分离技术, 评估各种方法的效率及适用性。此外还探究了咖啡碱对茶叶品质的影响和其多种功能活性及应用, 以期突破茶的一些饮用限制以及更好地开发和利用好茶叶中的咖啡碱。

咖啡碱含量  /  提取分离  /  品质影响  /  功能活性

Caffeine is an important functional active substance in tea. The caffeine content in different types of tea varies, which is related to the tea raw materials and different processing techniques. Separating and extracting caffeine from tea leaves can not only obtain tea with low caffeine content, but also meet a wider range of tea drinking needs. On the other hand, it is to obtain high-purity caffeine for use in fields such as medicine and food. The extraction and separation of tea caffeine involves various new extraction methods, including chemical, physical, biological, and others. The key to efficient, high-purity separation and protection of other active substances in tea is the extraction and separation technology. Caffeine also plays an important role in the basic quality, flavor, sensory perception, and activity of tea. Different amounts of caffeine can have an impact on various systems in the human body, and moderate intake can bring beneficial effects. Its functions and applications in antibacterial, catalytic, plant biostimulant, and food packaging materials are also very extensive. This article summarized the synthesis, metabolism, content, and influencing factors of caffeine in tea, summarized the extraction and separation techniques of caffeine in recent years, and evaluated the efficiency and applicability of various methods. In addition, to explore the influence of caffeine on tea quality and its various functional activities and applications, in order to break through some drinking restrictions of tea and better develop and utilize caffeine in tea.

caffeine content  /  extraction and separation  /  quality impact  /  functional activity
冯玮, 赵亚飞, 吴泽平, 胡飞阳, 陈小强, 王珍珍, 毛建卫. 茶叶咖啡碱的研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 94 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204008
Wei FENG, Ya-Fei ZHAO, Ze-Ping WU, Fei-Yang HU, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Zhen-Zhen WANG, Jian-Wei MAO. Research progress on tea caffeine[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 94 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204008
咖啡碱, 也称为咖啡因, 是一种广泛存在于自然界中的嘌呤生物碱, 不仅是茶叶、咖啡等饮料中的关键品质成分和功能成分[1], 而且在医药、食品添加剂以及临床药物中占有重要地位。咖啡碱具有显著的兴奋神经和缓解疲劳感作用, 对世界3大无酒精饮料——可可、咖啡和茶的流行有决定性作用, 被誉为现代软饮料文化的核心。咖啡碱, 作为茶叶中的核心生物碱(占茶叶生物碱95%以上), 不仅赋予茶其独特的风味, 还因其多种功效而广受欢迎。它在茶叶中的含量和存在形式对茶的品质有着决定性的影响。近年来, 咖啡碱的摄入及其产生的影响受到人们的广泛关注。研究发现, 适量的咖啡碱摄入有促进新陈代谢、增加胃肠道功能, 降低肥胖和糖尿病风险、兴奋中枢神经系统等积极作用[2], 但过量的摄入会产生高血压、神经系统损伤、流产等较大的负面影响[3]。而茶叶作为咖啡碱的主要来源, 如何利用好茶叶中的咖啡碱也成为研究热点。本文就茶叶中咖啡碱的合成代谢、含量及影响含量的因素、咖啡碱的提取分离、咖啡碱对茶叶品质的影响和功能活性及应用进行综述, 目的在于从多方面控制好茶叶咖啡碱, 充分发挥其功效, 规避其风险, 扩大其应用。
咖啡碱在茶树中的合成主要集中在幼叶, 随着生长叶片老化, 合成速度逐渐下降。而在茶树的根茎以及子叶等部位很少能合成咖啡碱。咖啡碱是嘌呤核苷酸衍生的一种代谢产物, 生物合成途径的第一步是黄嘌呤被代谢成7-甲基黄嘌呤, 而3,7-二甲基黄嘌呤(可可碱)是咖啡碱的直接前体。主要合成途径: 黄苷→7-甲基黄苷→7-甲基黄嘌呤→可可碱(3,7-二甲基黄嘌呤)→咖啡碱(1,3,7-三甲基黄嘌呤)。另外两条分支为: 黄嘌呤→3-甲基黄嘌呤→茶碱→咖啡碱; 黄苷→7-甲基黄苷→7-甲基黄嘌呤→副黄嘌呤→咖啡碱[4-5], 见图1。有研究比较茶和咖啡植物之间的咖啡碱代谢物, 发现茶叶的咖啡碱含量显著高于咖啡叶, 可能是由于N-甲基转移酶基因数量更多, 以及在茶树中的表达水平更高[6]
在茶树中, 嘌呤生物碱如咖啡碱的分解代谢主要在成熟叶片中进行。这一过程涉及连续的去甲基化反应, 最终转化为黄嘌呤, 随后黄嘌呤通过嘌呤代谢途径进一步转化为二氧化碳和氨。咖啡碱的分解代谢最初在咖啡植物中被发现, 随后通过同位素示踪技术揭示其在茶树等植物中的代谢路径。具体途径为: 咖啡碱→茶碱→3-甲基黄嘌呤→黄嘌呤→尿酸→尿囊素→尿囊酸→尿素→二氧化碳和氨, 见图2。咖啡碱向黄嘌呤的转化在植物和动物体内是相似的, 但黄嘌呤的进一步代谢因物种而异。人类和动物体内缺乏尿囊素酶等后续酶, 因此主要以尿酸形式排出[7]
咖啡碱在鲜叶中的含量为2%~5%。茶叶根据不同发酵方式和发酵时间, 分为绿茶、青茶(乌龙茶)、白茶、黄茶、红茶和黑茶66大茶类。而因加工所选茶品种、产地、加工工艺等众多因素的影响, 使得即使是同一类茶, 其咖啡碱含量也存在很大区别。YONG等[8]研究从17个省份收集的1398个茶样, 通过高效液相色谱仪测定咖啡碱含量。定量结果范围为3~68 mg/g。所有茶样品的平均咖啡碱含量为35.5 mg/g。黄茶中咖啡碱含量最高, 其次是白茶、红茶、绿茶、黑茶和乌龙茶。黑茶和乌龙茶的咖啡碱含量显著低于其他茶品种。红茶和绿茶中的咖啡碱含量显著低于黄茶, 见表1
茶叶中咖啡碱的含量受到茶树品种、产地、采摘时的鲜嫩度和生产季节不同呈现出差异[15]。茶的品种会显著影响咖啡碱的含量, 例如CHEN等[16]研究发现元宝山茶及两种密切相关的低咖啡碱野生茶树就是制作优质低咖啡碱红茶的茶树品种。对于同一品种的茶树, 根据咖啡碱在茶树体内的合成, 在种植阶段就可以控制选育高咖啡碱含量或低含量的茶树, 以满足不同需求。例如使用水杨酸对乌龙茶茶树进行喷施处理能够提高茶叶咖啡碱的含量[17]。土壤中养分的可用性也影响咖啡植物中的咖啡碱含量, 例如土壤中钾元素的含量降低, 可以增加咖啡碱的含量; 磷元素的含量降低时咖啡碱的含量也降低[18]。而茶叶采摘部位, 生产的时间也会影响其咖啡碱含量。一般而言, 嫩叶中咖啡碱含量比老叶高, 春季采摘的新鲜茶叶中次生代谢物浓度最高, 夏季浓度下降, 秋季进一步下降[19]
在茶产品加工过程中, 由于发酵时间, 发酵方式等加工工艺的不同, 如图3, 会对茶叶中的咖啡碱含量造成影响[20]
绿茶加工过程中, 由于绿茶不需要发酵, 仅在干燥过程中会影响咖啡碱的含量。干燥温度显著影响绿茶的咖啡碱含量, 在较高温度下干燥时发现咖啡碱含量相对增加[21]。对于轻发酵的黄茶与白茶, 闷黄作为黄茶加工的重要工序, 对黄茶中咖啡碱含量会产生较大影响, 黄茶的内含物质在湿热的条件下发生变化。随着闷黄时间的增加, 咖啡碱含量有降低的趋势, 且差异显著[22]。在白茶加工的不同阶段, 其咖啡碱含量会呈现出细微的变化, 如萎凋过程中, 白茶的咖啡碱含量会略微增加, 而干燥阶段内则会因温度的上升而有所下降。但总体而言, 成品白茶相比白茶鲜叶的咖啡碱含量会稍有增加[23]。乌龙茶是一种半发酵茶, 金晓怀等[13]研究发现武夷岩茶(乌龙茶)在加工过程中, 经过萎凋、做青、炒青、揉捻后, 茶叶中咖啡碱含量逐渐增大且呈现递增趋势, 由原先鲜叶中咖啡碱含量5~15 mg/g增加到揉捻的咖啡碱含量20~30 mg/g。但在毛茶加工过程中, 茶叶中咖啡碱由于高温, 发生升华、分解、破坏, 使得茶叶中含量急剧减少。对需要发酵的红茶加工而言, 在萎凋过程中咖啡碱含量增加、生物碱总量也呈现总体增加趋势[24]。在发酵过程中咖啡碱含量也会发生变化。厌氧发酵可以显著降低茶叶咖啡碱的含量, 咖啡碱的降解途径主要通过脱甲基化反应生成黄嘌呤, 该反应的中间产物茶碱在此过程中可能与三乙胺生成依他茶碱; 细菌中芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和赖氏菌(Leifsonia)等以及真菌赛博德林酵母菌(Cyberlindnera)、突脐蠕胞菌(Exserohilum)等可能是发酵过程中降解咖啡碱的关键微生物[25]。黑茶作为一种后发酵茶, 在渥堆发酵过程中, 根据工艺不同, 咖啡碱的含量也会有所区别。在渥堆发酵中, 一般咖啡碱含量会显著增加。然而, 由于微生物的影响, 偶尔会出现减少的趋势[26-28]
总体而言, 在茶叶的加工过程中, 工艺中的温度变化, 以及发酵微生物是影响咖啡碱含量的最主要因素。通过改变温度以及发酵的微生物环境会显著影响茶产品中的咖啡碱含量。
我国是茶叶大国, 从茶叶中分离提取咖啡碱, 一方面可获得低咖啡碱含量的茶, 满足更广泛的饮茶需求; 另一方面是为了获得高纯度的咖啡碱, 用于医疗和食品等领域。目前, 咖啡碱的分离纯化技术有很多, 不同方法各具有其优缺点。所以如何高效率、高纯度分离以及保护茶中其他活性物质是提取分离技术的关键。
茶叶中不同活性成分的溶解性能差异显著, 如儿茶素溶解度低, 咖啡碱易溶于热水。所以通过控制水提温度, 时间和茶水比可以有效脱除咖啡碱, 并保留其他活性物质[29]。在提取过程中, 温度是影响咖啡碱去除效率的首要因素, 但时间和茶水比也不宜过低, 以确保提取效率[30]。在茶叶加工过程中, 由于叶细胞及其细胞膜可能遭受损伤或破坏, 热水处理会促使更多的儿茶素溶解于水中。因此, 水提法更适宜应用于新鲜叶片的咖啡碱脱除, 而不宜用于经过揉捻和干燥处理的茶叶。水提法步骤简单, 成本低, 不使用化学溶剂且提取效率高, 然而, 热水处理新鲜茶叶会导致茶叶中易溶于水的其他成分浸出, 进而减少部分活性成分的含量。高温影响多酚氧化酶的活性还会导致红茶中茶红素的含量降低, 影响色泽。
茶叶中存在不同的活性物质, 它们的极性、分子量、溶解度存在显著差异。因此通过向茶提取液中添加有机溶剂, 可以根据相似相溶原则来选择性萃取目标物质。目前, 常用的有机溶剂有氯仿、乙醇和乳酸乙酯等。由于茶叶中茶多酚等活性物质不溶于氯仿且咖啡碱在氯仿中的溶解度较大, 因此可用于分离咖啡碱, 但氯仿本身的毒性对人体健康有较大危害, 安全性方面存疑。乙醇因为其危害较轻、成本低, 是萃取咖啡碱最常用的有机溶剂。使用乙醇萃取时, 影响因素权重为虹吸次数>提取剂浓度>料液比[31]。在此基础上根据茶多酚和咖啡碱的性质差异, 采用碱性且高乙醇体积分数的乙醇水溶液为溶剂脱茶中咖啡碱可以进一步提高咖啡碱的脱除率和儿茶素的保留率[32]
乳酸乙酯是一种无腐蚀性、非致癌性、非致畸性、可生物降解和非臭氧消耗溶剂[33], 使用纯乳酸乙酯的加压萃取法是一种从天然物质中去除咖啡碱的良好方法[34]。对绿茶而言, 在较高温度下, 乳酸乙酯加压萃取法可以去除76%~92%的咖啡碱, 但由于儿茶素可能发生热降解, 因此对咖啡碱/儿茶素选择性不高。另一方面, 使用乳酸乙酯加水混合萃取, 可获得更高的咖啡碱回收率。乳酸乙酯加压萃取过程中会导致茶中芳香物质的损失, 颜色的淡化以及儿茶素在高温下的损失, 所以需要进一步优化其脱除咖啡碱的条件。
有机溶剂萃取法技术成熟、效率高且成本较低, 但有机溶剂可能会引入溶剂残留, 对环境和健康不利, 需要妥善处理, 限制了其应用。
超临界流体萃取技术(supercritical fluid extraction, SFE)是一种新型的萃取技术。它通过提高温度和压力制备具有高溶解性和高渗透性超临界介质, 然后选择性萃取具备不同溶解能力、分子量、沸点等的目标活性物质, 达到分离有效成分和除杂的目的。提取温度和压力是使用超临界萃取法的重要影响因素[35]。以水合乙醇作助溶剂也能提升超临界CO2萃取茶中咖啡碱的效果。但乙醇-水含量的微小变化对萃取效率有很大影响, 过高的水分含量会在液态CO2和助溶剂之间产生快速相分裂, 从而阻碍萃取过程并导致萃取率低。GRANONE等[36]发现当马黛茶用含有15 wt%水的乙醇浸渍时, 可获得最佳提取率。SFE能较好地保留茶叶原有的风味和香气, 但由于其设备成本较高, 操作复杂, 适用度较低[37]
结合沉淀法是通过部分化合物与茶中咖啡碱复合形成沉淀使其分离。如单宁酸分子中含有多个酚羟基, 咖啡碱第9位的氮原子与单宁酸酚羟基上的氢通过配位键能形成不溶于水的单宁酸-咖啡碱复合物。适量的单宁酸可沉淀咖啡碱, 但过量时, 此复合物能通过氢键与亲水性的水解单宁酸形成溶于水的复合物, 不能沉淀咖啡碱, 因此合适的添加量才能达到脱除咖啡碱的效果。范玉文等[38]通过单因素试验, 优化水解单宁酸溶液脱除绿茶提取液中咖啡碱。在水解单宁酸溶液添加比例为浓缩液体积的20%、搅拌时间20 min、温度35 ℃、pH 5.5和浓缩比1/4条件下, 咖啡碱脱除率为88%, 表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯损失率为25%, 相对分离度为6.3。结合沉淀法方法操作简单, 成本低, 但对咖啡碱的脱除程度不高。
吸附法利用不同吸附剂对不同活性成分的吸附度不同, 通过吸附洗脱将不同组分分离, 大孔树脂、活性炭等都可用于咖啡碱的分离纯化。具有羟基的树脂比其他树脂具有更好的吸附/解吸能力[39]。吸附法在研究发展下有很多新型吸附材料被开发出来, 例如: 采用逐层自组装技术合成三维石墨烯-磁性咪唑分子筛骨架的固体吸附剂[40]; 通过将研磨的枣石浸渍在40%磷酸溶液中来制备枣石活性炭[41]; 具有烷基链的疏水胶原纤维[42]; 以咖啡废料与KOH为原料, 通过一步碳化反应合成的N-掺杂碳[43]; 使用热解和溶剂热技术从单宁酸中合成可再生且环保的微孔活性炭及其磁性衍生物[44]等。而蒙脱土作为一种用于食品工业的黏土矿物, 因其对咖啡碱有吸附作用且与儿茶素没有明显结合, 是茶脱咖啡碱很好的吸附材料[45-48]。对比活性炭、石英砂与蒙脱土3种吸附剂的吸附效果, 综合考虑吸附完成后咖啡碱存留的含量和儿茶素类的损失, 蒙脱土有较大优势[49]。吸附法不会引入化学残留, 但各吸附材料的通病在于降低咖啡碱含量的同时也会吸附色素等其他成分影响茶的品质。
茶叶中的咖啡碱易升华, 利用此性质可对其进行分离纯化。叶心等[50]优化升华法纯化茶叶中的咖啡碱。最佳工艺条件为: 升华前使用碳酸钠处理萃余液、碳酸钠添加量与萃余液固形物的质量比为2.3:1、升华温度214 ℃、升华时间28 min, 在此条件下咖啡碱得率为76.21%, 咖啡碱纯度>98.5%。升华法工艺简单, 操作便捷, 但升华法由于过高的处理温度, 会使茶叶中的其他挥发性物质有损失。
超声波辅助提取技术利用超声空化效应及其搅拌作用, 对植物细胞壁结构进行破坏, 增进细胞内含物质与提取溶剂间的接触效率, 从而实现茶叶中咖啡碱的高效提取[51]。该过程涉及超声波在介质中产生的局部高压和高温区域, 促进细胞壁的破裂, 加速咖啡碱等成分的释放[52]。微波辅助提取法通过微波辐射激发茶叶内部的偶极分子进行高频振荡, 由此产生的“内摩擦热”效应实现茶叶内外的同步、快速且均匀加热[53]。这种加热机制能够削弱分子间的氢键作用, 降低咖啡碱与茶叶中其他成分的相互作用力, 从而促进咖啡碱的有效脱除。超声波辅助法快速效率高但超声会导致部分咖啡碱的流失和破坏。微波辅助法因其加热均匀性和操作便捷性, 在提取过程中展现出显著优势, 但在感官品质方面, 微波会使茶的香气和滋味略有改变。将超声和微波相结合也能进一步提高咖啡碱的脱除率[54]。微波技术在茶叶咖啡碱脱除方面具有高效和快速的优势, 但处理条件的优化对于保持茶叶的整体品质至关重要。
微生物降解法是利用部分细菌真菌微生物可以降解咖啡碱的特性, 去除茶叶中的咖啡碱。在细菌中, 咖啡碱的降解主要通过N-去甲基化和C-8氧化途径发生[4]。克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)、红球菌(Rhodococcus)和沙雷氏菌(Serratia)等都能降解咖啡碱[55]。目前真菌降解咖啡碱的研究相对较少, 其降解咖啡碱的具体分子机制还不清楚。有研究从茶园土壤中筛选出具有咖啡碱降解能力的酵母菌, 并利用该菌株发酵制备出低咖啡碱茶酒[56]
酶解法是通过抑制催化黄嘌呤向咖啡碱转化的关键酶活性, 阻断植物体内咖啡碱的生物合成途径, 进而降低其含量达到脱除咖啡碱的效果。间接影响生物脱咖啡碱作用的几个因素有: 水分、通气、间歇性酶添加和混合。而蛋白质与多酚相互作用以及咖啡碱与多酚相互作用这些直接影响生物脱咖啡碱过程可通过使用甘氨酸来防止[57]。经酶解法脱咖啡碱的茶叶保留了原有的风味和香气, 茶叶的总多酚含量有所增加。咖啡碱的酶解主要用于食品应用和特定中间体的生产, 例如茶碱、7-甲基黄嘌呤和副黄嘌呤。酶降解的优点是可以特异性去除甲基黄嘌呤, 从而保留咖啡和茶中独特的风味和香气化合物, 避免对食物的味道产生影响。然而, 咖啡碱降解酶在环境中不稳定, 其生产和开发成本非常高, 导致使用量很少[4]
近年来还有一些其他技术方法被用于咖啡碱的分离提取。如: 离子液体提取法、分子印迹法、中红外波长射线法和低共熔溶剂提取法等。离子液体提取法利用离子液体挥发性低, 溶解性强, 热稳定性好, 无污染的特点作为溶剂或辅助提取剂对咖啡碱进行提取[58-60]。分子印迹法利用目标分析物作为模板来创建特异性结合位点。该技术拥有操作流程简便、溶剂消耗较低以及模板分子和分子印迹聚合物可回收再利用的特点[61]。中红外波长射线法通过中红外射线影响咖啡碱的自然效力达到脱咖啡碱的目的[62]。在降低咖啡碱含量的同时可一定程度上提高茶的风味, 但其对咖啡碱的脱除率相对较低。低共熔溶剂是一种类似于离子液体的新型绿色材料。其具有不可燃性、高热稳定性、低蒸气压和高溶解能力[63]。然而, 与传统离子液体相比, 低共熔溶剂具有一些明显的优势, 如生物降解性好、毒性低、易于制备和成本低。可用其作为绿色介质提取咖啡碱[64](表2)。
在茶等含咖啡碱的饮品被饮用前还有一些咖啡碱的分离调控方法。已有研究制备出成功付载咖啡碱并有效掩盖咖啡碱苦味的壳聚糖包被纳米壳体, 并将其输入到饮料配方中, 提高饮料的有益功能[71]。还有通过合成高效且可生物降解的双层藻酸盐-壳聚糖水凝胶茶包从而实现了出色的茶叶释放效率和脱咖啡碱作用[72]
咖啡碱的提取分离根据目的合理选择相应技术是关键。有机溶剂萃取法、超声、微波辅助法、离子液体提取法以及低共熔溶剂提取法等适用于获取高得率高纯度咖啡碱; 水提法、吸附法、结合沉淀法、中红外波长法以及微生物、酶的生物降解法等适用于最大程度保留茶叶本身性质的同时分离脱除咖啡碱, 得到低咖啡碱茶; 超临界萃取法则较为通用但考虑到经济效益使用较少。此外, 将部分提取分离技术互相组合能够达到更好的分离茶叶咖啡碱效果[73]。在此基础上, 很多技术可以集成和优化, 例如: 降低水提法的提取温度和时间处理鲜叶, 虽然咖啡碱的脱除率会降低, 但能最大程度保留其他活性成分同时提高速度。之后再使用中红外波长射线法或者微波辅助法进行进一步的咖啡碱分离。绿色高效的提取技术是未来的研究重点, 低共熔溶剂作为新型绿色材料有待进一步探索。筛选和优化微生物菌株以及改进酶解法, 特异性去除咖啡碱是最大程度保留茶其他活性成分和风味同时生产低咖啡碱茶产品的关键。
咖啡碱是茶叶抵御环境中害虫和微生物的天然保护剂。它可以防止微生物病原体和食草动物对幼组织和软组织造成损害。咖啡碱还可以通过促进其天敌的生长来杀死有害的病原微生物, 能有效防御病虫害, 提高茶叶采摘前的品质[4]。有研究表明茶叶中天然存在的咖啡碱浓度足以杀死大多数烟草天蛾幼虫, 可以充当内源性杀虫剂[74]。另一方面, 咖啡碱在茶树中的降解会使尿囊素增加, 正常情况下尿囊素升高会减少脱落酸的积累, 这种抑制作用在干旱胁迫下发生逆转。脱落酸的增加使茶树对干旱的耐受性显着增强, 提高干旱地区茶树的适应性和品质。LI等[75]使用独角金内酯调节茶树中的咖啡碱含量, 成功增强茶树的旱耐性和对一种真菌病害的抵抗能力。
茶的苦涩味是茶汤滋味的重要因子, 适度的苦涩味可以丰富茶的味道, 增加厚重感[76]。而咖啡碱是茶叶中苦味的主要呈味物质, 其阈值在500 μmol/L。涩味是一种由涩味物质引起口腔表面发生干燥、紧缩等一系列具有收敛性质的感觉, 是单个茶成分的协同和拮抗作用的综合结果[77]。ZHOU等[78]使用表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯/咖啡碱/唾液模型来模拟喝茶时的口腔状况。结果显示, 部分咖啡碱占据表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与唾液蛋白的结合位点, 抑制它们的相互作用并引起唾液膜弹性网络结构的变化, 从而降低涩味。茶汤在冷却静置时会逐渐变浑浊, 甚至生成肉眼可见的沉淀物, 又称为“冷后浑”。这是由于茶叶中多酚、多糖和咖啡碱等活性物质发生相互作用通过氢键等结合形成沉淀。这导致茶及茶饮料等出现浑浊或者沉淀物, 感官品质和营养功效受影响[79]。其中酯型儿茶素与咖啡碱结合是产生茶汤沉淀的关键。茶中咖啡碱的增加或减少都会显著影响茶汤稳定性以及茶汤沉淀的产生。
咖啡碱的适量摄入可以兴奋中枢神经、提高注意力、缩短反应时间、提高警觉、减少疲劳感、提高记忆力、减少抑郁[80-81]。原因在于咖啡碱充当腺苷受体的阻断剂, 会使大脑中腺苷的浓度降低, 腺苷受体抑制神经元活动减少。同时咖啡碱刺激儿茶酚胺的释放, 减少劳累和疼痛的感觉, 提高警觉性并增加神经放电率。咖啡碱还能增强大脑内海马抗氧化能力和胆碱能系统。其降低乙酰胆碱酯酶活力, 提高乙酰胆碱含量, 从而抑制大脑皮质和海马的氧化应激损伤, 改善记忆力和学习能力[82]。但咖啡碱过量摄入或对神经衰弱人群带来的兴奋效果也可能导致失眠, 同时其摄入对长期睡眠不足导致的精神状态差和运动能力下降也无法弥补[83](图4)。
咖啡碱可以抑制肺部炎症, 提高肺部抵御刺激的能力, 用于治疗支气管炎; 同时咖啡碱还经常用于早产儿和新生儿的呼吸暂停治疗, 原因在于咖啡碱可刺激呼吸中枢, 扩张支气管, 增加每分钟通气量, 缓解临床症状[84]。也有研究表明咖啡碱对儿童早期的神经认知障碍没有影响, 可能对儿童中期的运动功能有益[85], 但最佳剂量仍然未知, 需要进一步的长期研究。
咖啡碱对心血管的影响较为复杂, 既有可能引起血管收缩, 也有可能使血管扩张。咖啡碱通过提高细胞内钙离子浓度, 引起血管舒张, 改善内皮细胞的功能, 降低心血管疾病的患病风险。但咖啡碱也能直接与血管平滑肌细胞受体结合, 从而导致血管收缩[86]。CANALES等[87]研究调查长期饮用含咖啡碱或不含咖啡碱的咖啡对生化特征和心血管反应的影响。结果表明, 长期摄入任何类型的咖啡都会积极改善生化特征。然而, 含咖啡碱的咖啡会减少一氧化氮的生物合成并增加血管收缩剂前列腺素的产生, 而不含咖啡碱的咖啡可以保留血管功能。咖啡碱多年来被认为对心血管系统的负面影响主要在于血压升高, 然而最新研究发现定期摄入适量的咖啡碱, 与新发心脏代谢多发病的患病风险较低有关, 可能对预防多种心脏代谢疾病有益, 包括2型糖尿病、冠心病和中风[88]。咖啡碱最重要的作用方式是阻断腺苷受体, 腺苷受体在血流和压力调节、血管舒张、心率调节和心脏保护中起着至关重要的作用, 腺苷或腺苷激动剂激活它们会导致血小板功能的抑制。而咖啡碱又被称为血小板调节剂, 适量摄入还具有抗血栓形成和抗血小板作用[89]
咖啡碱作为磷酸二酯酶抑制剂, 能增加大脑中cAMP的含量, 导致肾上腺素水平的升高, 进而对糖尿病有利好效果。同时可以保持肌肉中的糖原含量提高运动表现。咖啡碱的钙离子释放作用还能使胰岛素分泌增加, 从而预防糖尿病。高cAMP水平还会激活脂肪组织中对激素敏感的脂肪酶, 这是脂肪分解所必需的, 因此, 咖啡碱会促进脂肪分解, 从而导致脂肪酸和甘油的释放。此外, 咖啡碱也是一种精子促活剂, 能通过抑制cAMP酶的活力来增强精子的活动能力并与肝素协同作用促进精子的获能[80]
研究表明, 茶叶中的咖啡碱对胶原酶和弹性蛋白酶展现出显著的抑制效应。具体而言, 当茶叶咖啡碱的质量浓度设定为1 mg/mL时, 其对胶原酶和弹性蛋白酶的抑制率分别高达46.72%和38.43%[50]。这一发现表明茶叶咖啡碱在延缓皮肤老化进程中的潜在应用价值, 在适宜的浓度下, 茶叶咖啡碱可被纳入多种护肤产品配方中, 以发挥其积极的美容效果。此外, 咖啡碱对角蛋白具有较高的结合亲和力, 这一特性展现出其在头发生长配方及皮肤护理产品中的潜在应用, 从而扩展其在化妆品领域的应用前景[90]
咖啡碱的主要作用机制是抑制磷酸二酯酶(phosphodiesterase, PDE), 这会导致细胞内cAMP水平升高。cAMP的这种升高会引发一系列作用, 最终导致细胞周期进程的抑制, 这是细胞增殖的一个决定性特征。此外, 咖啡碱抑制腺苷介导的细胞生长信号传导的能力增加其抗增殖作用。使用咖啡碱药物可以显着降低细胞活力和增殖率, 抑制癌细胞的增殖[80]。但咖啡碱摄入与各种癌症之间的关联还存在一定争议。有研究发现高水平的咖啡碱摄入量与结肠癌风险增加之间存在潜在关系[91]。也有学者研究表明增加含咖啡碱咖啡以及较低程度不含咖啡碱咖啡的消费与肝细胞癌风险降低相关[92]。另一研究结果为终生摄入咖啡碱与卵巢癌风险没有密切关系[93]。但有学者则指出将咖啡作为饮料饮用可降低患癌症的风险。咖啡的主要次生代谢物咖啡碱和绿原酸, 通过各种信号传导与抗炎和抗肿瘤作用有关[94]
作为一种抗氧化剂, 咖啡碱能消除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子等活性氧。同时咖啡碱能有效地螯合铜等金属离子, 降低氧化损伤和铜离子的促氧化作用。咖啡碱的抗氧化作用取决于剂量、使用时间和氧化应激源[80]
咖啡碱还有抗菌作用, 有助于减少炎症并促进有利于伤口愈合的环境。咖啡碱不仅在人体内有抗菌抑菌效果, 在体外也具有抗大肠杆菌的潜力, 其在体外还能协同增强所选如庆大霉素和卡那霉素等抗生素对大肠杆菌细胞的活性, 可用作一些食品的抗菌抑菌剂。例如在鸡胸肉样品上涂抹咖啡碱有助于抑制大肠杆菌的增殖[95]
甲基黄嘌呤生物碱, 如咖啡碱、可可碱和茶碱, 是较少被探索和利用的生物来源催化剂。近年咖啡碱作为催化剂的应用被发现研究, 因为它可以产生可用于药物输送和其他医疗应用的柔性生物相容性聚合物凝胶。有十余种咖啡碱用作催化剂的实例。如: 咖啡碱催化合成二氢-2-氧吡咯; 咖啡碱催化形成3D共价交联凝胶; 咖啡碱-H3PO4促进3,3’-芳基亚甲基-双-4-羟基香豆素的合成等[96]。由于咖啡碱对环境友好, 成本低廉, 其应用前景十分良好, 已成为一种绿色、权宜之计、可生物降解的催化剂, 具有高效性和适用性。
咖啡碱以其在植物中的抗菌、杀真菌、抗食草和化感活性而闻名, 可以用作植物生物刺激素。咖啡碱可作为烟草天蛾的驱虫剂和杀虫剂; 在番茄叶子上喷洒1%的咖啡碱溶液可以阻止烟草角虫的取食, 而在卷心菜叶子和兰花上喷洒0.01%~0.10%的咖啡碱溶液会显着影响蛞蝓和蜗牛的取食[97]。咖啡碱会对害虫代谢途径产生直接干扰, 并作为信号分子之一激活植物的植物防御反应[98]。LAIA等[99]评估环境条件、胁迫类型和剂量对咖啡碱应用效果的影响。结果表明, 当用作生物刺激剂配方的潜在成分时, 环境条件以及非生物和生物胁迫对植物对咖啡碱的潜在反应有很大影响。
咖啡碱作为天然添加剂对一些复合材料的功能和性能改善使得其在材料领域有一些潜在应用。DAGMARA等[100]用抗坏血酸或咖啡碱和二醛淀粉制作生物可降解薄膜。发现添加咖啡碱会导致更高的淀粉膜疏水性, 而咖啡碱与二醛淀粉结合会降低淀粉中的结晶顺序。咖啡碱和抗坏血酸的掺入都会影响薄膜的刚度, 而二醛淀粉会导致脆性增加。对生物降解的高度敏感性和良好的抗氧化活性证实咖啡碱在食品包装行业中的潜在应用。
本文讨论了咖啡碱在茶树中的合成和分解代谢, 其含量受茶树品种、产地、采摘时的鲜嫩度和生产季节等多种因素影响。茶叶咖啡碱的化学、物理、生物等多种提取分离方法都有其优缺点, 并适用于不同的应用场景。咖啡碱对茶叶品质有显著影响, 它不仅作为茶叶的天然保护剂, 抵御害虫和微生物, 还对茶叶的风味、感官和活性等起重要作用。咖啡碱对人体各系统包括: 神经系统、呼吸系统、心血管系统、内分泌系统、皮肤以及抗癌等方面都有影响。茶作为中国居民摄入咖啡碱的重要来源。茶叶咖啡碱的利弊与其摄入量密切相关, 日常饮食摄入要注意个体差异以及摄入的量和频率。控制好茶叶中咖啡碱的摄入量十分重要, 不仅能打破茶的饮用限制, 扩大其适宜人群, 还能将咖啡碱利用到医疗保健等领域。此外, 咖啡碱还具有抗氧化、抗菌功能, 并在催化、植物生物刺激和材料领域展现出应用潜力。
未来关于茶叶咖啡碱的研究值得关注的几点: 不同咖啡碱含量的茶树育种有待开发研究, 通过改变土壤、微生物等种植条件, 或通过基因工程手段能开发不同咖啡碱含量的茶叶产品。目前微生物降解咖啡碱常使用细菌进行处理, 但对于真菌降解咖啡碱的研究相对较少, 尤其是降解咖啡碱的具体分子机制还不清楚。未来可以尝试筛选更多具有咖啡碱降解功能的微生物等调控茶叶原料中咖啡碱的含量。优化茶叶加工工艺和咖啡碱的提取分离技术, 精细控制茶叶中咖啡碱的含量。此外, 在咖啡碱的活性及应用研究方面, 尤其是对婴幼儿和孕妇的影响, 以及抗癌活性还需要更进一步的研究。其在催化剂和材料领域的应用前景十分广泛可进一步开发利用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31871813)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241204008
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31871813)
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    1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
    2.浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院, 杭州 310023

通讯作者:

* 毛建卫(1964—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农林生物质资源全生物利用与高值化利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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