Article(id=1153986650536399403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240906003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725552000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457523, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457523, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457523, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457523, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986651480117811, articleId=1153986650536399403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Mycotoxin contamination and population exposure risk assessment of commercial popcorn from Hunan Province in 2024, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of 8 kinds of mycotoxins in commercial popcorn from Hunan Province of China in 2024, and assess the associated health risks. Methods A total of 67 popcorn samples were collected from 14 cities and states in 2024 from Hunan Provinces of China, the content of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and zearalenone (ZEN) was determined by isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the risk assessment was evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, risk assessment of chronic dietary exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment. Results In the 67 tested popcorn samples, the detection rate of fumonisins B1 was 46.27%, with a maximum value of 285.0 μg/kg, fumonisins B2 was detected in 5 samples, with a maximum value of 80.0 μg/kg, ZEN was detected in 10 samples, with a maximum value of 47.7 μg/kg, and no detection of 4 kinds of aflatoxin and fumonisins B3 were found. The detection rate of fumonisins B1 in loose packaging samples was slightly higher than that in packaged products, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05); the level of fungal toxin contamination in popcorn across the 14 prefecture-level cities in the province posed no obvious risk to human health. Conclusion Mycotoxin contamination is common in the popcorn sold in Hunan Province, and fumonitoxin B1 is the main pollution toxin, and there is a co-pollution phenomenon with fumonitoxin B2 or ZEN. In view of fumonitoxin pollution, it is recommended to pay close attention to the problem, timely traceability investigation, and take corresponding measures.

, correspAuthors=Zhi LIU, Bo WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ping-Ping LU, Xiang-Hui ZENG, Ying HE, Wang-Mei XIE, Pan ZHANG, Zi-Wei LI, Zi-Lang SUN, Yu-Zhi OUYANG, Yu-Shu TANG, Zhi LIU, Bo WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986655007527548, articleId=1153986650536399403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2024年湖南省市售爆米花真菌毒素污染状况及人群暴露风险评估, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 调查研究2024年湖南省市售爆米花8种真菌毒素污染状况, 并对人群暴露进行风险评估。方法 在全省14市州共采集样本67份, 采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2, 伏马毒素B1、B2、B3和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN) 8种真菌毒素的含量, 并采用内梅罗综合污染指数、慢性膳食暴露风险评估和致癌性风险评估对检出的真菌毒素进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 在所测定的67份爆米花样本中, 伏马毒素B1检出率46.27%, 最大值285.0 μg/kg, 伏马毒素B2检出5份, 最大值80.0 μg/kg, ZEN检出10份, 最大值47.7 μg/kg, 4种黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素B3均未检出, 伏马毒素B1在散装样本的检出率略高于定型包装, 但无统计学差异(P>0.05); 全省14地市爆米花真菌毒素污染水平对人体健康无明显风险。结论 湖南省市售爆米花普遍存在真菌毒素污染问题, 且伏马毒素B1是主要污染毒素, 并存在与伏马毒素B2或ZEN协同污染现象, 针对伏马毒素污染问题, 建议密切关注, 及时开展溯源调查, 采取相应措施。

, correspAuthors=刘志, 王博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘志(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
王博(1985—), 男, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全有机污染物检验与风险评估。E-mail:
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#卢萍萍和曾祥辉为共同第一作者

卢萍萍(1990—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:

曾祥辉(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:

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卢萍萍(1990—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:

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卢萍萍(1990—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:

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曾祥辉(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:

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曾祥辉(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:

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New Technology of mycotoxin control at home and abroad[J]. China Swine Industry, 2017, 12(6): 27-32., articleTitle=New Technology of mycotoxin control at home and abroad, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427917037056978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=10, issue=2, pageStart=113, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=47, authorNames=LIU YX, JIANG Y, LI RJ, journalName=Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU YX, JIANG Y, LI RJ, et al. Natural occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize from eight province of China in 2014[J]. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 2017, 10(2): 113-117., articleTitle=Natural occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in maize from eight province of China in 2014, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427917171274707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://law.Foodmate.Net/show-170518.Html, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Commission of the European Communities, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Commission of the European Communities. Setting maximum level for certain contaminants in foodstuffs:EC 1881/2006 [EB/OL]. (2024-05-29) [2018-10-10]. http://law.Foodmate.Net/show-170518.Html, articleTitle=Setting maximum level for certain contaminants in foodstuffs:EC 1881/2006, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427917246772180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=153, issue=null, pageStart=91, pageEnd=98, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=49, authorNames=SPEIJERS GJA, SPEIJERS M, journalName=Toxicology Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SPEIJERS GJA, SPEIJERS M. Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2004, 153: 91-98., articleTitle=Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183427903975994124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427903980188429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, companyId=1183427903975994124, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Loudi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Loudi 417000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427903988577038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, companyId=1183427903975994124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.娄底市疾病预防控制中心, 娄底 417000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1183427904055685904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427904064074512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, companyId=1183427904055685904, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427904085046033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, companyId=1183427904055685904, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南人文科技学院农业与生物技术学院, 娄底 417000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183427908912690040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information on popcorn samples collected from retail stores across the Hunan Province (n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 样本来源 样本数/份 来源
超市/商场 农贸市场 餐饮环节 网店散装
定型 散装 定型 散装 定型 散装 定型 散装
1 长沙市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
2 衡阳市 5 - 5 - - - - - -
3 郴州市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
4 邵阳市 5 3 2 - - - - - -
5 张家界市 4 1 1 - 1 - - 1 -
6 怀化市 5 1 2 - 1 - - 1 -
7 岳阳市 5 1 4 - - - - - -
8 湘潭市 4 2 2 - - - - - -
9 常德市 5 - 5 - - - - - -
10 永州市 5 3 2 - - - - - -
11 娄底市 4 1 2 - - - - - 1
12 益阳市 4 2 - 1 - - - 1 -
13 株洲市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
14 湘西州 6 3 - - 1 - 1 - 1
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909055296378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湖南省市售爆米花采样信息(n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 样本来源 样本数/份 来源
超市/商场 农贸市场 餐饮环节 网店散装
定型 散装 定型 散装 定型 散装 定型 散装
1 长沙市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
2 衡阳市 5 - 5 - - - - - -
3 郴州市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
4 邵阳市 5 3 2 - - - - - -
5 张家界市 4 1 1 - 1 - - 1 -
6 怀化市 5 1 2 - 1 - - 1 -
7 岳阳市 5 1 4 - - - - - -
8 湘潭市 4 2 2 - - - - - -
9 常德市 5 - 5 - - - - - -
10 永州市 5 3 2 - - - - - -
11 娄底市 4 1 2 - - - - - 1
12 益阳市 4 2 - 1 - - - 1 -
13 株洲市 5 2 3 - - - - - -
14 湘西州 6 3 - - 1 - 1 - 1
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909193708412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gradient elution procedure of liquid chromatography in positive ion mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相/% B相/%
0.0 0.25 75 25
1.0 0.25 75 25
4.0 0.25 60 40
9.0 0.25 30 70
9.2 0.25 0 100
9.8 0.25 0 100
10.0 0.25 75 25
11.0 0.25 75 25
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909252428670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正离子模式液相色谱梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相/% B相/%
0.0 0.25 75 25
1.0 0.25 75 25
4.0 0.25 60 40
9.0 0.25 30 70
9.2 0.25 0 100
9.8 0.25 0 100
10.0 0.25 75 25
11.0 0.25 75 25
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909323731840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gradient elution procedure of liquid chromatography in negative ion mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相/% B相/%
0.0 0.25 95 5
1.0 0.25 95 5
1.5 0.25 80 20
5.0 0.25 75 25
5.5 0.25 0 100
8.2 0.25 0 100
8.5 0.25 95 5
12.0 0.25 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909416006530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

负离子模式液相色谱梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相/% B相/%
0.0 0.25 95 5
1.0 0.25 95 5
1.5 0.25 80 20
5.0 0.25 75 25
5.5 0.25 0 100
8.2 0.25 0 100
8.5 0.25 95 5
12.0 0.25 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909508281219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mass spectrum parameters and limits of detection of 8 kinds of mycotoxins and their isotope internal targets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 ESI离子
模式
前体离子(m/z) 产物离子(m/z) 碰撞能量 透镜电压 保留时间
/min
检出限/(μg/kg)
AFTB1 + 313 285*/241 22/35 116 5.28 0.1
AFTB2 + 315 287*/259 23/26 120 4.57 0.1
AFTG1 + 329 243*/311 26/23 124 4.60 0.2
AFTG2 + 331 313*/245 24/31 122 3.74 1.0
FB1 + 722 334*/352 40/35 146 5.79 10.0
FB2 + 706 336*/318 36/35 142 7.17 10.0
FB3 + 706 336*/318 36/35 142 6.67 50.0
ZEN - 317 175*/131 24/30 122 7.69 5.0
13C-AFTB1 + 330 301 23 121 5.28 /
13C-AFTB2 + 332 303 25 126 4.57 /
13C-AFTG1 + 346 257 25 107 4.60 /
13C-AFTG2 + 348 330 23 118 3.74 /
13C-FB1 + 756 356 39 140 5.79 /
13C-FB2 + 740 358 35 130 7.17 /
13C-FB3 + 740 358 35 130 6.67 /
13C-ZEN - 335 185 26 121 7.69 /
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909638304645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

8种真菌毒素及其同位素内标的质谱参数及其检出限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 ESI离子
模式
前体离子(m/z) 产物离子(m/z) 碰撞能量 透镜电压 保留时间
/min
检出限/(μg/kg)
AFTB1 + 313 285*/241 22/35 116 5.28 0.1
AFTB2 + 315 287*/259 23/26 120 4.57 0.1
AFTG1 + 329 243*/311 26/23 124 4.60 0.2
AFTG2 + 331 313*/245 24/31 122 3.74 1.0
FB1 + 722 334*/352 40/35 146 5.79 10.0
FB2 + 706 336*/318 36/35 142 7.17 10.0
FB3 + 706 336*/318 36/35 142 6.67 50.0
ZEN - 317 175*/131 24/30 122 7.69 5.0
13C-AFTB1 + 330 301 23 121 5.28 /
13C-AFTB2 + 332 303 25 126 4.57 /
13C-AFTG1 + 346 257 25 107 4.60 /
13C-AFTG2 + 348 330 23 118 3.74 /
13C-FB1 + 756 356 39 140 5.79 /
13C-FB2 + 740 358 35 130 7.17 /
13C-FB3 + 740 358 35 130 6.67 /
13C-ZEN - 335 185 26 121 7.69 /
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909738967943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Classification table of product contamination risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数阈值 等级划分 等级描述
<0.7 A 无污染
0.7~1.0 B 污染度数低, 需注意预防
1.0~2.0 C 轻微污染
2.0~3.0 D 中度污染
>3.0 E 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909793493897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

产品污染风险分类表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数阈值 等级划分 等级描述
<0.7 A 无污染
0.7~1.0 B 污染度数低, 需注意预防
1.0~2.0 C 轻微污染
2.0~3.0 D 中度污染
>3.0 E 重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909860602763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Overall detection situation of 8 kinds of mycotoxins in commercial popcorn from Hunan Province in 2024 (n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毒素
名称
检出
份数
阳性样本含量情况/(μg/kg)
最大值 最小值 平均值 中位数
AFTB1 0 - - - -
AFTB2 0 - - - -
AFTG1 0 - - - -
AFTG2 0 - - - -
FB1 31 285.0 11.2 49.9 29.1
FB2 5 80.0 10.3 35.2 34.8
FB3 0 - - - -
ZEN 10 47.7 6.20 12.8 7.20
), ArticleFig(id=1183427909973848973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2024湖南省市售爆米花中8种真菌毒素整体检出情况(n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毒素
名称
检出
份数
阳性样本含量情况/(μg/kg)
最大值 最小值 平均值 中位数
AFTB1 0 - - - -
AFTB2 0 - - - -
AFTG1 0 - - - -
AFTG2 0 - - - -
FB1 31 285.0 11.2 49.9 29.1
FB2 5 80.0 10.3 35.2 34.8
FB3 0 - - - -
ZEN 10 47.7 6.20 12.8 7.20
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910099678095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Co-contamination situationof multi-mycotoxin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毒素
种类
样品
数量(67)
毒素组合 检出率/%
1种 28/67 FB1 32.83 (22/67)
ZEN 8.95 (6/67)
2种 9/67 FB1+FB2 7.46 (5/67)
FB1+ZEN 5.97 (4/67)
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910267450257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

真菌毒素协同污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
毒素
种类
样品
数量(67)
毒素组合 检出率/%
1种 28/67 FB1 32.83 (22/67)
ZEN 8.95 (6/67)
2种 9/67 FB1+FB2 7.46 (5/67)
FB1+ZEN 5.97 (4/67)
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910372307858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Detection situation of mycotoxin in different areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 样本数 检出份数(检出率/%) 单一毒素检出份数(检出率/%)
FB1 FB2 FB3 ZEN
长沙市 5 3 (60.00) 3 (60.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
衡阳市 5 3 (60.00) 3 (60.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
郴州市 5 3 (60.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
邵阳市 5 5 (100.00) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (40.00)
张家界市 4 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
怀化市 5 4 (80.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (40.00)
岳阳市 5 2 (40.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
湘潭市 4 3 (75.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (25.00)
常德市 5 4 (80.00) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
永州市 5 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
娄底市 4 2 (50.00) 1 (25.00) 1 (25.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (25.00)
益阳市 4 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
株洲市 5 2 (40.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
湘西州 6 2 (33.33) 2 (33.33) 1 (16.67) 0 (0.00) 1 (16.67)
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910460388243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同地区爆米花真菌毒素检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 样本数 检出份数(检出率/%) 单一毒素检出份数(检出率/%)
FB1 FB2 FB3 ZEN
长沙市 5 3 (60.00) 3 (60.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
衡阳市 5 3 (60.00) 3 (60.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
郴州市 5 3 (60.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
邵阳市 5 5 (100.00) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (40.00)
张家界市 4 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
怀化市 5 4 (80.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (40.00)
岳阳市 5 2 (40.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
湘潭市 4 3 (75.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (25.00)
常德市 5 4 (80.00) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00)
永州市 5 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
娄底市 4 2 (50.00) 1 (25.00) 1 (25.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (25.00)
益阳市 4 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
株洲市 5 2 (40.00) 2 (40.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00)
湘西州 6 2 (33.33) 2 (33.33) 1 (16.67) 0 (0.00) 1 (16.67)
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910573634454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Detection situation of FB1 between shaped packaging and bulk (n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定型包装 散装
样品编号 检出情况/(μg/kg) 样品编号 检出情况/(μg/kg)
ZZZ2024011 182.0 HH2024009 36.4
CS2024013 65.5 ZJJ2024007 33.7
CS2024014 37.8 CS2024016 18.3
SY2024008 17.2 CZ2024013 16.2
SY2024010 58.7 CZ2024014 47.4
SY2024011 285.0 SY2024009 15.1
HH2024010 15.0 YY2024025 50.8
YY2024021 11.2 HY2024008 13.8
XT2024014 17.9 HY2024009 28.6
YYS2024025 14.7 HY2024011 20.3
YYS2024026 10.1 XT2024012 13.1
ZJJ2024009 15.2 CD2024027 276.0
ZZZ2024011 182.0 CD2024028 37.9
平均值 60.1 CD2024029 29.1
中位数 17.5 CD2024030 32.3
检出率/% 19.40 LD2024013 56.6
ZZ2024009 20.9
ZZ2024011 46.3
ZZZ2024013 23.4
HH2024009 36.4
平均值 43.4
中位数 29.1
检出率/% 29.85
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910749795223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

FB1在定型包装与散装中的检出情况(n=67)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定型包装 散装
样品编号 检出情况/(μg/kg) 样品编号 检出情况/(μg/kg)
ZZZ2024011 182.0 HH2024009 36.4
CS2024013 65.5 ZJJ2024007 33.7
CS2024014 37.8 CS2024016 18.3
SY2024008 17.2 CZ2024013 16.2
SY2024010 58.7 CZ2024014 47.4
SY2024011 285.0 SY2024009 15.1
HH2024010 15.0 YY2024025 50.8
YY2024021 11.2 HY2024008 13.8
XT2024014 17.9 HY2024009 28.6
YYS2024025 14.7 HY2024011 20.3
YYS2024026 10.1 XT2024012 13.1
ZJJ2024009 15.2 CD2024027 276.0
ZZZ2024011 182.0 CD2024028 37.9
平均值 60.1 CD2024029 29.1
中位数 17.5 CD2024030 32.3
检出率/% 19.40 LD2024013 56.6
ZZ2024009 20.9
ZZ2024011 46.3
ZZZ2024013 23.4
HH2024009 36.4
平均值 43.4
中位数 29.1
检出率/% 29.85
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910837875609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Health risk assessment indicators of mycotoxins in popcorn in 14 prefectural cities of the Hunan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 真菌毒素 ADI/[mg/(kg·day)] HQ Risk
成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童
长沙市(n=5) FB1 3.28×10-5 3.71×10-5 0.0164 0.0186 / /
FB2 9.04×10-6 1.02×10-5 0.0045 0.0051 / /
ZEN 5.02×10-6 5.68×10-6 0.0003 0.0003 5.02×10-7 5.68×10-7
总和 / / 0.0180 0.0204 / /
衡阳市(n=5) FB1 1.69×10-5 1.91×10-5 0.0085 0.0096 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0085 0.0096 / /
郴州市(n=5) FB1 2.57×10-5 2.91×10-5 0.0129 0.0146 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 6.27×10-6 7.09×10-6 0.0003 0.0004 6.27×10-7 7.09×10-7
总和 / / 0.0087 0.0098 / /
邵阳市(n=5) FB1 7.43×10-5 8.41×10-5 0.0371 0.0420 / /
FB2 6.48×10-5 7.33×10-5 0.0324 0.0366 / /
ZEN 2.19×10-5 2.48×10-5 0.0011 0.0012 2.19×10-6 2.48×10-6
总和 / / 0.0366 0.0414 / /
张家界市(n=4) FB1 1.98×10-5 2.24×10-5 0.0090 0.0112 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0099 0.0112 / /
怀化市(n=5) FB1 2.08×10-5 2.35×10-5 0.0104 0.0118 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 5.13×10-6 5.8×10-6 0.0003 0.0002 5.13×10-7 5.80×10-7
总和 / / 0.0053 0.0060 / /
岳阳市(n=5) FB1 2.51×10-5 2.84×10-5 0.0125 0.0141 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0125 0.0141 / /
湘潭市(n=4) FB1 1.25×10-5 1.42×10-5 0.0063 0.0071 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 4.87×10-6 5.51×10-6 0.0002 0.0003 4.87×10-7 5.51×10-7
总和 / / 0.0043 0.0048 / /
常德市(n=5) FB1 7.78×10-5 8.8×10-5 0.0389 0.0440 / /
FB2 2.82×10-5 3.19×10-5 0.0140 0.0159 / /
ZEN 5.83×10-6 6.6×10-6 0.0003 0.0003 5.83×10-7 6.60×10-7
总和 / / 0.0425 0.0480 / /
永州市(n=5) FB1 / / / / / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / / / / /
娄底市(n=4) FB1 4.58×10-5 5.19×10-5 0.0229 0.0259 / /
FB2 8.33×10-6 9.42×10-6 0.0042 0.0047 / /
ZEN 7.78×10-6 8.8×10-6 0.0004 0.0004 7.78×10-7 8.80×10-7
总和 / / 0.0137 0.0155 / /
益阳市(n=4) FB1 1.0×10-5 1.14×10-5 0.0050 0.0057 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0050 0.0057 / /
株洲市(n=5) FB1 2.72×10-5 3.08×10-5 0.0136 0.0154 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0136 0.0154 / /
湘西州(n=6) FB1 8.3×10-5 9.4×10-5 0.0415 0.0469 / /
FB2 3.23×10-5 3.66×10-5 0.5162 0.0182 / /
ZEN 2.0×10-5 2.27×10-5 0.0010 0.0011 2.01×10-6 2.27×10-6
总和 / / 0.0501 0.0567 / /
), ArticleFig(id=1183427910967899033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

湖南省14地市爆米花中的真菌毒素的健康风险评估指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 真菌毒素 ADI/[mg/(kg·day)] HQ Risk
成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童
长沙市(n=5) FB1 3.28×10-5 3.71×10-5 0.0164 0.0186 / /
FB2 9.04×10-6 1.02×10-5 0.0045 0.0051 / /
ZEN 5.02×10-6 5.68×10-6 0.0003 0.0003 5.02×10-7 5.68×10-7
总和 / / 0.0180 0.0204 / /
衡阳市(n=5) FB1 1.69×10-5 1.91×10-5 0.0085 0.0096 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0085 0.0096 / /
郴州市(n=5) FB1 2.57×10-5 2.91×10-5 0.0129 0.0146 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 6.27×10-6 7.09×10-6 0.0003 0.0004 6.27×10-7 7.09×10-7
总和 / / 0.0087 0.0098 / /
邵阳市(n=5) FB1 7.43×10-5 8.41×10-5 0.0371 0.0420 / /
FB2 6.48×10-5 7.33×10-5 0.0324 0.0366 / /
ZEN 2.19×10-5 2.48×10-5 0.0011 0.0012 2.19×10-6 2.48×10-6
总和 / / 0.0366 0.0414 / /
张家界市(n=4) FB1 1.98×10-5 2.24×10-5 0.0090 0.0112 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0099 0.0112 / /
怀化市(n=5) FB1 2.08×10-5 2.35×10-5 0.0104 0.0118 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 5.13×10-6 5.8×10-6 0.0003 0.0002 5.13×10-7 5.80×10-7
总和 / / 0.0053 0.0060 / /
岳阳市(n=5) FB1 2.51×10-5 2.84×10-5 0.0125 0.0141 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0125 0.0141 / /
湘潭市(n=4) FB1 1.25×10-5 1.42×10-5 0.0063 0.0071 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN 4.87×10-6 5.51×10-6 0.0002 0.0003 4.87×10-7 5.51×10-7
总和 / / 0.0043 0.0048 / /
常德市(n=5) FB1 7.78×10-5 8.8×10-5 0.0389 0.0440 / /
FB2 2.82×10-5 3.19×10-5 0.0140 0.0159 / /
ZEN 5.83×10-6 6.6×10-6 0.0003 0.0003 5.83×10-7 6.60×10-7
总和 / / 0.0425 0.0480 / /
永州市(n=5) FB1 / / / / / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / / / / /
娄底市(n=4) FB1 4.58×10-5 5.19×10-5 0.0229 0.0259 / /
FB2 8.33×10-6 9.42×10-6 0.0042 0.0047 / /
ZEN 7.78×10-6 8.8×10-6 0.0004 0.0004 7.78×10-7 8.80×10-7
总和 / / 0.0137 0.0155 / /
益阳市(n=4) FB1 1.0×10-5 1.14×10-5 0.0050 0.0057 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0050 0.0057 / /
株洲市(n=5) FB1 2.72×10-5 3.08×10-5 0.0136 0.0154 / /
FB2 / / / / / /
ZEN / / / / / /
总和 / / 0.0136 0.0154 / /
湘西州(n=6) FB1 8.3×10-5 9.4×10-5 0.0415 0.0469 / /
FB2 3.23×10-5 3.66×10-5 0.5162 0.0182 / /
ZEN 2.0×10-5 2.27×10-5 0.0010 0.0011 2.01×10-6 2.27×10-6
总和 / / 0.0501 0.0567 / /
), ArticleFig(id=1183427911089533851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Evaluation results of 3 kinds of mycotoxins contamination in popcorn

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 Pi PN 等级划分
FB1 0.115 1.011 轻微污染
FB2 0.013 0.283 无污染
ZEN 0.032 0.563 无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1183427911265694621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

爆米花中3种真菌毒素污染状况评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 Pi PN 等级划分
FB1 0.115 1.011 轻微污染
FB2 0.013 0.283 无污染
ZEN 0.032 0.563 无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1183427911416689567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

FB1 contamination situation in popcorn in 14 cities of Hunan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 Pi
湘西州 0.513
长沙市 0.203
郴州市 0.159
邵阳市 0.459
怀化市 0.128
岳阳市 0.155
衡阳市 0.104
湘潭市 0.078
常德市 0.480
永州市 0.000
娄底市 0.283
益阳市 0.062
株洲市 0.168
张家界市 0.122
), ArticleFig(id=1183427911508964257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650536399403, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

湖南省14地市爆米花中FB1污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 Pi
湘西州 0.513
长沙市 0.203
郴州市 0.159
邵阳市 0.459
怀化市 0.128
岳阳市 0.155
衡阳市 0.104
湘潭市 0.078
常德市 0.480
永州市 0.000
娄底市 0.283
益阳市 0.062
株洲市 0.168
张家界市 0.122
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2024年湖南省市售爆米花真菌毒素污染状况及人群暴露风险评估
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卢萍萍 1, # , 曾祥辉 2, # , 何颖 1 , 谢望梅 1 , 张攀 1 , 李子微 1 , 孙子琅 1 , 欧阳裕脂 1 , 唐宇姝 1 , 刘志 2, * , 王博 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(3): 65-73
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(3): 65-73
2024年湖南省市售爆米花真菌毒素污染状况及人群暴露风险评估
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卢萍萍1, # , 曾祥辉2, # , 何颖1, 谢望梅1, 张攀1, 李子微1, 孙子琅1, 欧阳裕脂1, 唐宇姝1, 刘志2, * , 王博1, *
作者信息
  • 1.娄底市疾病预防控制中心, 娄底 417000
  • 2.湖南人文科技学院农业与生物技术学院, 娄底 417000
  • 卢萍萍(1990—), 女, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:

    曾祥辉(1996—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘志(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
王博(1985—), 男, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全有机污染物检验与风险评估。E-mail:
Mycotoxin contamination and population exposure risk assessment of commercial popcorn from Hunan Province in 2024
Ping-Ping LU1 , Xiang-Hui ZENG2 , Ying HE1, Wang-Mei XIE1, Pan ZHANG1, Zi-Wei LI1, Zi-Lang SUN1, Yu-Zhi OUYANG1, Yu-Shu TANG1, Zhi LIU2, * , Bo WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Loudi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Loudi 417000, China
  • 2. School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240906003
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目的 调查研究2024年湖南省市售爆米花8种真菌毒素污染状况, 并对人群暴露进行风险评估。方法 在全省14市州共采集样本67份, 采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2, 伏马毒素B1、B2、B3和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN) 8种真菌毒素的含量, 并采用内梅罗综合污染指数、慢性膳食暴露风险评估和致癌性风险评估对检出的真菌毒素进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 在所测定的67份爆米花样本中, 伏马毒素B1检出率46.27%, 最大值285.0 μg/kg, 伏马毒素B2检出5份, 最大值80.0 μg/kg, ZEN检出10份, 最大值47.7 μg/kg, 4种黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素B3均未检出, 伏马毒素B1在散装样本的检出率略高于定型包装, 但无统计学差异(P>0.05); 全省14地市爆米花真菌毒素污染水平对人体健康无明显风险。结论 湖南省市售爆米花普遍存在真菌毒素污染问题, 且伏马毒素B1是主要污染毒素, 并存在与伏马毒素B2或ZEN协同污染现象, 针对伏马毒素污染问题, 建议密切关注, 及时开展溯源调查, 采取相应措施。

爆米花  /  真菌毒素  /  污染状况  /  风险评估

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of 8 kinds of mycotoxins in commercial popcorn from Hunan Province of China in 2024, and assess the associated health risks. Methods A total of 67 popcorn samples were collected from 14 cities and states in 2024 from Hunan Provinces of China, the content of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and zearalenone (ZEN) was determined by isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the risk assessment was evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, risk assessment of chronic dietary exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment. Results In the 67 tested popcorn samples, the detection rate of fumonisins B1 was 46.27%, with a maximum value of 285.0 μg/kg, fumonisins B2 was detected in 5 samples, with a maximum value of 80.0 μg/kg, ZEN was detected in 10 samples, with a maximum value of 47.7 μg/kg, and no detection of 4 kinds of aflatoxin and fumonisins B3 were found. The detection rate of fumonisins B1 in loose packaging samples was slightly higher than that in packaged products, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05); the level of fungal toxin contamination in popcorn across the 14 prefecture-level cities in the province posed no obvious risk to human health. Conclusion Mycotoxin contamination is common in the popcorn sold in Hunan Province, and fumonitoxin B1 is the main pollution toxin, and there is a co-pollution phenomenon with fumonitoxin B2 or ZEN. In view of fumonitoxin pollution, it is recommended to pay close attention to the problem, timely traceability investigation, and take corresponding measures.

popcorn  /  mycotoxin  /  contamination status  /  risk assessment
卢萍萍, 曾祥辉, 何颖, 谢望梅, 张攀, 李子微, 孙子琅, 欧阳裕脂, 唐宇姝, 刘志, 王博. 2024年湖南省市售爆米花真菌毒素污染状况及人群暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240906003
Ping-Ping LU, Xiang-Hui ZENG, Ying HE, Wang-Mei XIE, Pan ZHANG, Zi-Wei LI, Zi-Lang SUN, Yu-Zhi OUYANG, Yu-Shu TANG, Zhi LIU, Bo WANG. Mycotoxin contamination and population exposure risk assessment of commercial popcorn from Hunan Province in 2024[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240906003
爆米花作为一种休闲食品, 深受大众欢迎, 尤其是在影剧院、商超等大型公共场所, 消费需求旺盛。湖南不属于我国玉米的主产区[1-2], 制作爆米花的原料或市售爆米花主要来自外省。已有大量的文献资料表明, 作为制作爆米花的原材料, 玉米受真菌毒素污染的问题一直存在[3-4], 真菌毒素污染是玉米产品的主要风险因子, 与气候条件、病虫害、田间管理、仓储, 甚至品种都有一定关系, 主要包括黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins, AFTs)、呕吐毒素、伏马毒素(fumonisins, FUMs)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)等几种[5], 但对目前爆米花中真菌毒素的污染研究还鲜有报道。
真菌毒素是一类由丝状真菌在适宜条件下产生的对人体危害性很大且具有生物毒性的次级代谢产物, 在自然界普遍存在。在我国, 比较常见的真菌毒素有AFTs、ZEN和FUMs等[6], 其共同毒性主要是致DNA损伤和细胞毒性, 低浓度下即可对人和动物健康造成危害, 使肝脏、肾脏和胃肠道发生病变[7-9]。大多真菌毒素都耐高温, 难降解, 能够经受住食品加工程序。食品被污染后价值严重降低, 甚至不能食用, 不但影响经济、贸易和社会发展, 而且会对人类造成中毒、致癌和致突变等健康危害[10-11], 已成为世界各国高度关注的食品安全热点问题。
目前, 我国对真菌毒素检测识别的研究大多集中在谷物、粮食、粮油等农产品上[12-14], 作为玉米真菌毒素污染问题的延伸, 本研究旨在对我省市售爆米花中真菌毒素污染状况做调查研究, 为食品安全风险评估提供数据支持。
按照《2024年国家食品安全风险监测计划》采样要求, 结合我省实际, 采样范围覆盖全省14市州, 共获样本67份, 其中包括长沙市5份, 衡阳市5份, 郴州市5份, 邵阳市5份, 张家界市4份, 怀化市5份, 岳阳市5份, 湘潭市4份, 常德市5份, 永州市5份, 娄底市4份, 益阳市4份, 株洲市5份, 湘西土家族苗族自治州6份, 采样点类型包括商超、农贸市场、餐饮环节以及网店, 样品包装形式有定型包装和散装(包括自行简易包装)两种, 具体信息见表1
Thermo TSQ ACCESSMAX液质联用仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); Waters BEH C18色谱柱(150 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)(美国Waters公司); Multi Reax多位涡旋振荡器(德国Heidolph公司); 低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); Milli-Q去离子水发生器(美国Millipore公司)。
乙腈(色谱纯, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 乙腈中黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFTB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2 (aflatoxin B2, AFTB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1 (aflatoxin G1, AFTG1)、黄曲霉毒素G2 (aflatoxin G2, AFTG2)混合标准溶液[STD#1088, 质量浓度(1.00±0.01) μg/mL, 有效期至2024.9]、乙腈中伏马毒素B1 (fumonisin B1, FB1)、伏马毒素B2 (fumonisin B2, FB2)、伏马毒素B3 (fumonitoxin B3, FB3)混合标准溶液[STD#2012, 质量浓度(50.00±0.90) μg/mL, 有效期至2025.10]、乙腈中ZEN标准溶液[STD#4010, 质量浓度(10.00±0.15) μg/mL, 有效期至2025.4]、乙腈中AFTB1、AFTB2、AFTG1、AFTG2同位素内标混合标准溶液[STD#1080U, 质量浓度(0.500±0.007) μg/mL, 有效期至2026.1]、乙腈中FB1、FB2、FB3同位素内标混合标准溶液[DZ-STDU, 质量浓度(20.00±0.40) μg/mL, 有效期至2026.5]、乙腈中玉米ZEN同位素内标标准溶液[STD#4010U, 质量浓度(25.00±0.40) μg/mL, 有效期至2026.4](青岛普瑞邦公司)。
样品经充分混匀后, 普通家用料理机粉碎, 于自封袋-20 ℃冷冻保存, 待检。根据《2024年食品安全风险监测化学污染物检测工作手册》[15], 结合GB 5009.22—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》、GB 5009.240—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中伏马菌素的测定》及相关检测方法[16], 准确称取5 g(精确到0.01 g)试样于50 mL离心管中, 加入20 mL乙腈-水-甲酸(70:29:1, V:V:V)溶液, 涡旋振荡提取30 min, 取1.0 mL提取液至1.5 mL离心管, 10000 r/min离心5 min。准确转移0.5 mL上清液于另一1.5 mL离心管中, 加入1.0 mL水, 涡旋混匀, 4 ℃ 10000 r/min离心5 min, 上清液过0.22 μm滤膜。吸取180 μL样品滤液于300 μL内插管中, 加入20 μL同位素混合内标溶液, 混匀待测。同时制备空白、平行、加标回收样本。
液相色谱柱: Waters BEH C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm); 柱温: 40 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL; 流速: 0.25 mL/min, 流动相A相: 5 mmol/L乙酸铵0.1%氨水[电喷雾负离子模式(electrospray negative ion mode, ESI-)]/0.2%甲酸水溶液[电喷雾正离子模式(electrospray positive ion mode, ESI+)]; B相: 乙腈; 梯度洗脱程序见表2表3
离子源: ESI; 扫描方式: 单离子检测扫描(single ion monitoring, SRM); 喷雾电压: 3.5 kV; 毛细管温度: 290 ℃; 蒸发温度: 390 ℃; 鞘气压力: 35 psi; 辅助气压力: 15 arb; 8种真菌毒素及其同位素内标的质谱参数及其检出限见表4
为确保研究的科学准确, 在严格按照《2024年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》的基础上, 本研究通过测定空白、平行、加标回收、标准样品的方式对整个实验过程及检测结果进行质量控制。
按照美国环保局提出的风险评估原理和方法[17-19]。对于爆米花健康暴露风险的估计, 应使用式(1)计算平均每日摄入量(average daily intake, ADI)[mg/(kg·day)]:
ADI=(C×IR×EF×ED)/(BW×AT)
式中, ADI为每日摄入量的估计值[mg/(kg·day]; C为爆米花中真菌毒素的浓度(mg/kg), 如AFTs、FUMs、ZEN; IR为爆米花的摄入量(kg/day), 依据中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年), 成人的爆米花摄入量IR为0.05 kg/day, 儿童的爆米花摄入量IR为0.03 kg/day[20]。EF为暴露频率(day/year); ED为暴露时间(year); BW为暴露个体的体重(kg), 成人平均BW为61.75 kg, 儿童平均BW为32.75 kg; AT为平均剂量的时间段(day)。在本研究中, AT=ED×365 d, ED为中国人均寿命72年。
利用式(2)计算出爆米花中特定单一真菌毒素的非致癌性危害系数(hazard quotient, HQ), 利用式(3)计算出多种真菌毒素的非致癌性危害系数(target hazard quotient, THQ)如下:
HQi=ADIi/RfDi
$\mathrm{THQ}=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathrm{HQ}_{i}$
式中, i表示其中某个危害系数, n表示危害系数种类。根据中国居民FUMs膳食暴露风险评估和欧盟食品中特定污染物的最大限量, FUMs (FB1、FB2)的参考剂量(reference dos, RfD)为0.002 mg/kg, ZEN的RfD为0.02 mg/kg, 因此, 如果HQ和THQ小于1, 则认为真菌毒素对人体健康是安全的[21]。癌症风险与癌症斜率因子(slope factor, SF)有关。真菌毒素的风险可以用式(4)计算:
Riski=ADIi×SFi
式中, Riski是一种特定致癌真菌毒素的潜在风险, 根据美国环保局综合风险信息系统(integrated risk information system, IRIS)可知, ZEN的斜率致癌因子SF为0.1 mg/(kg·bw·d)。当Risk≤1×10-6时, 表示无风险; 当1×10-6≤Risk≤1×10-4时, 表示风险可接受; 当1×10-4≤Risk时, 表示风险不可接受。
从单个产品的角度, 评价单个产品的规范性和安全性。考虑了每种样品的污染物检出值, 残留限量标准, 以及多种污染物同时检出的情况。采用PN污染指数评价每类污染物的污染等级, 按(5)~(6)式计算。如表5, 污染指数分为A、B、C、D、E共5个级别, 分别代表无污染; 污染度数低, 需注意预防; 轻微污染; 中度污染; 重度污染。
Pi=Ci/Si
$P_{\mathrm{N}}=\sqrt{\left(P_{\text {iave }}^{2}+P_{\text {imax }}^{2}\right) / 2}$
式中, Pi为真菌毒素单因素污染指标; PN为综合污染指数; Ci为爆米花中真菌毒素的浓度(mg/kg), 如AFTs、FUMs、ZEN; Si为爆米花中AFTs、FUMs、ZEN的国家规定的限量标准; PiavePimax分别代表AFTs、FUMs、ZEN的Pi的平均值和最大值。
运用Excel 2003软件进行实验数据处理及图表绘制, 以(χ2, P<0.05)判定具有显著差异。
湖南省市售爆米花中8种真菌毒素整体检出情况见表6~7, 本研究中, 在我省所有市售爆米花样本中未检出AFTB1、AFTB2、AFTG1、AFTG2和FB3, 与任贝贝等[22]对河北的玉米及其制品中真菌毒素污染的研究结果形似。不同地区市售爆米花真菌毒素的污染情况见表8, 结果显示, 除永州外, 其余所有地区都存在不同程度的污染, 其中邵阳市污染情况最为严重, 检出率达到100.00% (5/5), 其次为怀化市与常德市, 检出率为80.00% (4/5)。在长沙、邵阳、常德、娄底、湘西5个地区的样本中均检出了3种毒素(FB1、FB2、ZEN), 郴州、怀化、湘潭3个地区的样本中均检出2种毒素(FB1, ZEN), 除永州外, 其余地区均只检出FB1 1种毒素。本研究检出的真菌毒素主要是FB1, 是所有样本中的优势污染物, 且在散装样本检出率高于定型包装, 但无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表9)。
综合表6~8可见, 就某单一毒素污染情况来看, 所涉及的67份样本, 8种真菌毒素中除4种AFTs和FB3未检出外, 其余3种都有一定程度的检出, 尤其是FB1, 在所有样本中的检出率达46.27%, 最高285.0 μg/kg(邵阳), 其中邵阳市和常德市的样本中检出率达80.00% (4/5), 最低为娄底市25.00% (1/4); 在长沙、邵阳、常德、娄底、湘西5地市的样本中均检出1例FB2, 最高值80.0 μg/kg(邵阳); 在10份样本中检出ZEN, 最高值47.7 μg/kg(邵阳), 检出率最高的地区为邵阳市和怀化市40.00% (2/5)。
根据表7, 全省14地市67份样本, 仅被单一毒素污染的样本最多, 占所有样本的41.79% (28/67); 被两种毒素(FB1+FB2/FB1+ZEN)协同污染的样本占13.43% (9/67); 就单一毒素污染来看, 仅被单一FB1污染的样品最多,占所有样品的32.83% (22/67), 其次是被单一ZEN污染的样本, 占8.95% (6/67), 被两种毒素协同污染(FB1+FB2/FB1+ZEN)的样本数量相当, 分别占到7.46% (5/67)和5.97% (4/67)。不论是单一毒素污染还是协同污染的样本占比情况, 都与陈皆全[23]对广西百色的玉米真菌毒素调查结论相符。值得注意的是, 在被两种毒素协同污染的9个样本中, 同时含有FB1
由于所有样品均未检出AFTB1、AFTB2、AFTG1、AFTG2以及FB3, 因此本研究利用内梅罗综合污染指数法、慢性膳食暴露风险评估法和致癌性风险评估法对爆米花中检出的真菌毒素污染水平和健康风险进行了评估。由表10可知, 全省14地市的爆米花中单一真菌毒素的HQ均远远小于1, 结果表明, 从单一真菌毒素膳食摄入风险来看, 经膳食摄入爆米花的单一真菌毒素是安全的, 不存在摄入风险。成人与儿童的THQ最大值分别为0.0501和0.0567, 均远远小于1, 表明全省14地市的成人与儿童通过爆米花所摄入的真菌毒素能导致慢性膳食暴露风险很低。ZEN于2017年被世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构列为致癌物质清单中, 因此探究爆米花中的ZEN的致癌性风险评估是有必要的。从表10可知, 除了湘西州和邵阳市的人群, 其他全省12市的Risk值均小于10-6, 表明这12市的成人与儿童通过爆米花所摄入的ZEN无致癌性风险。湘西州成人与儿童的Risk值分别为2.01×10-6和2.27×10-6, 邵阳市成人与儿童的Risk值分别为2.19×10-6和2.48×10-6, 均属于10-6~10-4中, 表示湘西州和邵阳市成人与儿童通过爆米花所摄入的ZEN风险可接受, 但需要注意防范。通过内梅罗综合污染指数法评价爆米花中检出的真菌毒素污染状况, 从表11可得, 单一真菌毒素除FB1以外, PiPN均远小于1, 表明爆米花中FB2和ZEN污染等级均为安全级别。FB1在单一市级的平均污染指数Pi值为0.115, 整体的污染指数PN略微大于1, 属于轻微污染, 与孟繁磊等[24]对吉林玉米真菌毒素膳食风险评估研究结果一致。由表12可知, FB1在湘西州的平均污染指数Pi值最大, 为0.513。这可能是经济发展较弱引起的指标控制和管理力度降低, 所导致湘西州FB1比其他13地市的单一污染指数高。
我国目前对玉米及其制品中真菌毒素的限量要求主要参考GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》, 其中对食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、M1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素、赭曲霉毒素A及ZEN做出了限量要求, 针对玉米及其制品中真菌毒素要求只涉及AFTB1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、ZEN4项, 不论是食品分类还是污染物类型, 都比较粗放, 随着经济社会的发展, 亟需对现行标准予以完善。经过高温膨化, 玉米中的真菌毒素会有一定的损失[25], 目前缺乏初加工或加工产品的真菌毒素限量标准, 另外还可以对食品类别再细化。实施有效防控措施是降低真菌毒素污染最有效最经济的手段, 要对玉米从田间管理到加工生产全环节进行科学管理, 后续还可对高温加工对真菌毒素的影响进行深入研究, 甚至开展食品中真菌毒素降解技术研究[26-28]。由表1可见, 本次研究样本量偏小, 主要来自各地市商超, 农贸市场、饭店及网店样本共10份, 且不具地域代表性, 所有样本也只检测了8种真菌毒素, 难以得到爆米花中真菌毒素污染的真实水平, 结果有一定局限性, 但由采集的67份样品的检出情况看, 爆米花真菌毒素污染的隐患是不容忽视的, 需引起相关部门的足够重视。为进一步全面了解、掌握爆米花中真菌毒素的污染情况, 后期需扩大采样范围, 加大采样量, 此外, 还要扩大毒素监测种类。
有研究表明, 玉米真菌毒素污染因不同地区、不同气候条件呈区域性分布[3], 我国玉米主产区FBs (FB1+FB2+FB3)的检出率在28.00%~100.00%[29], 对照欧盟标准[30], 超标率约为10.00%, 这与本研究中的46.27%相一致。2024年湖南省市售爆米花普遍受真菌毒素污染, 并且有多种毒素协同污染现象, 目前已有研究表明, 当2种或2种以上毒素同时作用于细胞或动物时, 即使每种毒素的剂量在其无效应水平以下, 联合后也可产生明显的毒性相加作用[31]。因此, 爆米花中多种毒素协同污染情况值得密切关注。此外, 湖南不是玉米主产区, 爆米花及玉米主要来自外省, 因此, 应加强源头管理, 在玉米运输、储存、销售等过程中的管理要进一步加强, 且有必要持续对爆米花中多组分真菌毒素进行监测, 并对现制现售爆米花的玉米进行监测, 呼吁相关部门制定严格细化的限量标准, 科学评价爆米花中真菌毒素含量水平, 杜绝受真菌毒素污染的玉米变相入口, 切实保护消费者健康。
从本研究结果来看, 湖南省14地市样本中, 真菌毒素普遍有检出, 邵阳市售爆米花真菌毒素污染情况最严重, 不论是检出率、检出毒素种类, 毒素含量, 都是所有样本所有地区中最高的; 本研究检出的真菌毒素主要是FB1, 是所有样本中的优势污染物, 且在散装样本检出率高于定型包装, 但无统计学差异(P>0.05), 说明爆米花在销售、运输及存储环节因包装形式受真菌毒素二次污染的可能性较小, 主要还是与玉米本身的污染状况有关; 此外, 通过风险评估发现, 全省14地市的成人与儿童通过爆米花所摄入的FB2和ZEN整体污染指数低, 为安全级别; 其FB1、B2和ZEN能导致膳食暴露风险低, 因此湖南省全省14地市的爆米花真菌毒素水平对人体健康无明显风险, 消费者可以放心食用。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240906003
  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
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    1.娄底市疾病预防控制中心, 娄底 417000
    2.湖南人文科技学院农业与生物技术学院, 娄底 417000

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* 刘志(1988—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全。E-mail:
王博(1985—), 男, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全有机污染物检验与风险评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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