Article(id=1153986650154717736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457432, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457432, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=139, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986650767086125, articleId=1153986650154717736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on simultaneous determination of multiple drug residues in bean sprouts, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the safety concerns arising from the illegal use of drugs in bean sprouts have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, the effective detection of various illicitly used drugs in bean sprouts is crucial to ensuring consumer health. This review introduced the categories, functions, and hazards of common prohibited additives in bean sprouts, including plant growth regulators, antibiotics, and fungicides. It provided an overview of the current situation of supervision, standard detection methods, and risk assessment. At the same time, the review analyzed the application, advantages, and disadvantages of different pretreatment and purification methods applied in the determination of various prohibited additives. Furthermore, in view of several potential hazardous substances with high detection rates in bean sprouts, the existing detection methods were expounded and evaluated with the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this article summarized the research progress on simultaneous multi-drug residue detection in bean sprouts, and proposed future directions. The aim is to provide a reference for high-throughput screening of various additives in bean sprouts, establish relevant standards, and offer technical support for the scientific and rational quality control of bean sprouts.

, correspAuthors=Yan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao HU, Lu-Wen ZHANG, Qiu-Chi CHI, Ren-Ping TONG, Yan CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986651077464624, articleId=1153986650154717736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=豆芽中多种药物残留的同时测定方法研究进展, columnId=1153433635601502912, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 在豆芽中非法滥用药物的安全性问题日益突出, 因此对豆芽中多种非法滥用药物的有效检测对保障消费者的健康具有十分重要的意义。基于此, 本文介绍了豆芽中植物生长调节剂、抗生素、杀菌剂等常见违禁添加药物类别、作用与危害, 概述了其监管现状、标准检测方法及风险监测评估情况。同时本文总结分析了不同前处理净化方式在各类违禁添加药物测定中的应用情况及优缺点, 并针对豆芽中检出率较高的几种主要潜在危害物, 对现有的检测方法展开重点论述及优缺点评价。最后, 对目前豆芽中同时测定多种药物残留研究进展进行总结并提出展望, 以期为开展豆芽中各类添加药物的高通量筛查、相关标准的建立提供参考, 为科学合理控制豆芽的质量提供技术支持。

, correspAuthors=陈燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈燕(1978—), 女, 硕士, 副主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量研究。E-mail:
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胡筱(1996—), 女, 博士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

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胡筱(1996—), 女, 博士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(5): 493-498., articleTitle=Determination of three exogenous plant hormone residues in bean sprout by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427917913670566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=1074, pageEnd=1079, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=121, authorNames=马凯, 杨昌彪, 崔姗姗, journalName=分析试验室, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马凯, 杨昌彪, 崔姗姗, 等. 超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对豆芽中药物残留的非靶向筛查和定量分析[J]. 分析试验室, 2023, 42(8): 1074-1079., articleTitle=超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对豆芽中药物残留的非靶向筛查和定量分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427917997556647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=1074, pageEnd=1079, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=122, authorNames=MA K, YANG CB, CUI SS, journalName=Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA K, YANG CB, CUI SS, et al. 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Food Analytical Methods, 2017, 11(4): 1155-1162., articleTitle=Field-amplified sample injection and solid-phase extraction for sensitivity improvement of electrophoretic determination of indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid in food samples, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183427904538034915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, awardId=2023-69, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市市场监督管理局2023年度科技项目(2023-69), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183427900926739131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427900935127740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, companyId=1183427900926739131, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427900939322045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, companyId=1183427900926739131, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183427904059884255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Application situation, advantages and disadvantages of different purification methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
净化方式 应用类别 优点 缺点 参考文献
不净化法 PGRs; 抗生素 前处理简单; 适用于多种药物快速筛查 不适用于干扰较大的豆芽基质 [11-12]
固相萃取法 PGRs; 抗生素 试剂用量少; 环境污染少; 无乳化; 操作简单 成本较高; 需柱活化预处理等步骤 [13-14]
固相微萃取法 杀菌剂 集萃取、解析、进样于一体; 几乎
无二次污染
吸附容量有限; 重复性差 [15]
分散固相萃取法 PGRs; 抗生素; 杀菌剂 覆盖范围广; 操作简单、快捷;
灵敏度高
不适用于含水量低或者脂肪含量高的
样品
[16-17]
在线固相萃取法 PGRs; 喹诺酮类抗生素; 杀菌剂 简单前处理后即可直接进样 灵敏度相对较低 [18-19]
中空纤维三相液相
微萃取法
吲哚有机酸类植物
生长素
有机溶剂消耗少; 净化能力强;
分析效率高
成本高; 适用范围较为局限 [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427904164741856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同净化方式的应用情况及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
净化方式 应用类别 优点 缺点 参考文献
不净化法 PGRs; 抗生素 前处理简单; 适用于多种药物快速筛查 不适用于干扰较大的豆芽基质 [11-12]
固相萃取法 PGRs; 抗生素 试剂用量少; 环境污染少; 无乳化; 操作简单 成本较高; 需柱活化预处理等步骤 [13-14]
固相微萃取法 杀菌剂 集萃取、解析、进样于一体; 几乎
无二次污染
吸附容量有限; 重复性差 [15]
分散固相萃取法 PGRs; 抗生素; 杀菌剂 覆盖范围广; 操作简单、快捷;
灵敏度高
不适用于含水量低或者脂肪含量高的
样品
[16-17]
在线固相萃取法 PGRs; 喹诺酮类抗生素; 杀菌剂 简单前处理后即可直接进样 灵敏度相对较低 [18-19]
中空纤维三相液相
微萃取法
吲哚有机酸类植物
生长素
有机溶剂消耗少; 净化能力强;
分析效率高
成本高; 适用范围较为局限 [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427904273793761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monitoring situation, advantages and disadvantages of the detection methods for main potential hazards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 主要潜在危害物监测情况 优点 缺点
PGRs 抗生素 杀菌剂 其他
GC-MS 4-氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸等[37-38] / / 邻苯二甲酸
酯类塑化剂[39]
操作简便、灵敏、快速 需衍生化处理
HPLC 6-苄基腺嘌呤、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、赤霉素、吲哚乙酸、4-氯苯氧乙酸、4-氟苯氧乙酸、异戊烯腺嘌呤、噻苯隆等[40-41] 甲硝唑、诺氟沙星、
环丙沙星等[18]
多菌灵、福美双、百菌清等[42] 尿素[43-44] 前处理简单, 灵敏度高, 成本低 基质干扰影响
较大, 易造成假
阳性干扰
LC-MS/MS 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、4-氟苯氧乙酸、4-氯苯氧乙酸、6-苄基腺嘌呤、赤霉素、噻苯隆、激动素、多效唑、矮壮素等[45] 甲硝唑、恩诺沙星、
诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、强力霉素、磺胺嘧
啶等[46]
多菌灵[26] / 检测准确度、灵敏度高 设备昂贵, 检测
成本高
二维液相色谱法 赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸等[47] / / / 选择性高, 分离
能力强
检测通量较低
荧光光谱法 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丙酸、吲哚丁酸等[48] / / / 专属性强 荧光猝灭问题
毛细管电泳法 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸等[49] / / / 分离效率高, 耗时短、有机溶剂用量少、环境友好 重现性差
GC 乙烯利[50]、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸[51] / 百菌清[52] / 操作简便、成本低 需衍生化处理
离子色谱法 4-氯苯氧乙酸[53] / / 连二亚硫酸
[54]、亚硝
酸盐[55]
快速、灵敏、
选择性好
检测化合物受限
电化学传感器 4-氯苯氧乙酸[56] / / / 检测速度快 寿命较短
生物传感器 6-苄基腺嘌呤[57] / / / 专一性强, 成本低 生物固化膜
不稳定
酶联免疫法 6-苄基腺嘌呤[58] / / / 操作简单、专一性强, 可进行定性和定量测定 易出现假阳性或
假阴性, 准确性
较差
比色分析法 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸[59] / / / 简单直观 目视比色误差较大
拉曼光谱法 6-苄基腺嘌呤[60] / / / 样品无需前处理 易受到光污染
), ArticleFig(id=1183427904349291234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986650154717736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各检测方法对主要潜在危害物的监测情况及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 主要潜在危害物监测情况 优点 缺点
PGRs 抗生素 杀菌剂 其他
GC-MS 4-氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸等[37-38] / / 邻苯二甲酸
酯类塑化剂[39]
操作简便、灵敏、快速 需衍生化处理
HPLC 6-苄基腺嘌呤、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、赤霉素、吲哚乙酸、4-氯苯氧乙酸、4-氟苯氧乙酸、异戊烯腺嘌呤、噻苯隆等[40-41] 甲硝唑、诺氟沙星、
环丙沙星等[18]
多菌灵、福美双、百菌清等[42] 尿素[43-44] 前处理简单, 灵敏度高, 成本低 基质干扰影响
较大, 易造成假
阳性干扰
LC-MS/MS 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、4-氟苯氧乙酸、4-氯苯氧乙酸、6-苄基腺嘌呤、赤霉素、噻苯隆、激动素、多效唑、矮壮素等[45] 甲硝唑、恩诺沙星、
诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、强力霉素、磺胺嘧
啶等[46]
多菌灵[26] / 检测准确度、灵敏度高 设备昂贵, 检测
成本高
二维液相色谱法 赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸等[47] / / / 选择性高, 分离
能力强
检测通量较低
荧光光谱法 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丙酸、吲哚丁酸等[48] / / / 专属性强 荧光猝灭问题
毛细管电泳法 吲哚乙酸、吲哚丁酸、6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸等[49] / / / 分离效率高, 耗时短、有机溶剂用量少、环境友好 重现性差
GC 乙烯利[50]、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸[51] / 百菌清[52] / 操作简便、成本低 需衍生化处理
离子色谱法 4-氯苯氧乙酸[53] / / 连二亚硫酸
[54]、亚硝
酸盐[55]
快速、灵敏、
选择性好
检测化合物受限
电化学传感器 4-氯苯氧乙酸[56] / / / 检测速度快 寿命较短
生物传感器 6-苄基腺嘌呤[57] / / / 专一性强, 成本低 生物固化膜
不稳定
酶联免疫法 6-苄基腺嘌呤[58] / / / 操作简单、专一性强, 可进行定性和定量测定 易出现假阳性或
假阴性, 准确性
较差
比色分析法 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸[59] / / / 简单直观 目视比色误差较大
拉曼光谱法 6-苄基腺嘌呤[60] / / / 样品无需前处理 易受到光污染
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豆芽中多种药物残留的同时测定方法研究进展
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胡筱 , 张泸文 , 迟秋池 , 童仁平 , 陈燕 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(3): 139-146
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(3): 139-146
豆芽中多种药物残留的同时测定方法研究进展
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胡筱 , 张泸文, 迟秋池, 童仁平, 陈燕*
作者信息
  • 上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203
  • 胡筱(1996—), 女, 博士, 中级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈燕(1978—), 女, 硕士, 副主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量研究。E-mail:
Research progress on simultaneous determination of multiple drug residues in bean sprouts
Xiao HU , Lu-Wen ZHANG, Qiu-Chi CHI, Ren-Ping TONG, Yan CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017006
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近年来, 在豆芽中非法滥用药物的安全性问题日益突出, 因此对豆芽中多种非法滥用药物的有效检测对保障消费者的健康具有十分重要的意义。基于此, 本文介绍了豆芽中植物生长调节剂、抗生素、杀菌剂等常见违禁添加药物类别、作用与危害, 概述了其监管现状、标准检测方法及风险监测评估情况。同时本文总结分析了不同前处理净化方式在各类违禁添加药物测定中的应用情况及优缺点, 并针对豆芽中检出率较高的几种主要潜在危害物, 对现有的检测方法展开重点论述及优缺点评价。最后, 对目前豆芽中同时测定多种药物残留研究进展进行总结并提出展望, 以期为开展豆芽中各类添加药物的高通量筛查、相关标准的建立提供参考, 为科学合理控制豆芽的质量提供技术支持。

豆芽  /  药物残留  /  同时测定  /  净化方式

In recent years, the safety concerns arising from the illegal use of drugs in bean sprouts have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, the effective detection of various illicitly used drugs in bean sprouts is crucial to ensuring consumer health. This review introduced the categories, functions, and hazards of common prohibited additives in bean sprouts, including plant growth regulators, antibiotics, and fungicides. It provided an overview of the current situation of supervision, standard detection methods, and risk assessment. At the same time, the review analyzed the application, advantages, and disadvantages of different pretreatment and purification methods applied in the determination of various prohibited additives. Furthermore, in view of several potential hazardous substances with high detection rates in bean sprouts, the existing detection methods were expounded and evaluated with the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this article summarized the research progress on simultaneous multi-drug residue detection in bean sprouts, and proposed future directions. The aim is to provide a reference for high-throughput screening of various additives in bean sprouts, establish relevant standards, and offer technical support for the scientific and rational quality control of bean sprouts.

bean sprouts  /  drug residues  /  simultaneous determination  /  purification methods
胡筱, 张泸文, 迟秋池, 童仁平, 陈燕. 豆芽中多种药物残留的同时测定方法研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017006
Xiao HU, Lu-Wen ZHANG, Qiu-Chi CHI, Ren-Ping TONG, Yan CHEN. Research progress on simultaneous determination of multiple drug residues in bean sprouts[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017006
近几年, 毒豆芽、问题豆芽等食品安全事件被多次爆出, 即不法商贩受利益驱使在豆芽生产过程中非法添加植物生长调节剂(plant growth regulators, PGRs)、抗生素、杀菌剂、塑化剂、尿素、漂白剂等药物, 从而缩短生长周期、提高外观品相并延长保鲜寿命。PGRs用于豆芽快速生长, 如“AB”粉(主要成分为6-苄基腺嘌呤和赤霉素)、“无根豆芽素”(含4-氯苯氧乙酸)、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚乙酸等均在豆芽生产过程中有非法添加[1]。抗生素类药物可用于杀菌消毒, 防止豆芽根部腐烂, 常用抗生素分为喹诺酮类、四环素类、磺胺类、硝基咪唑类等, 其中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、甲硝唑等检出率较高。杀菌剂通常用于豆芽生产用水的消毒、杀菌、防腐, “毒豆芽”事件中常用杀菌剂为多菌灵、福美双等[2]。研究表明, 上述药物长期摄入会对人体健康造成严重危害, 如致使老年人骨质疏松、儿童发育早熟、女性生理发生改变等; 抗生素类药物可能诱发致癌、致畸等疾病, 还会使人体内菌群对其产生耐药性[3-5]
结合豆芽中非法滥用药物的监管与检测现状, 发现当前的检测研究方法集中于质谱联用手段, 且开展准确高效的多种药物同时检测研究已成发展趋势但仍具较大挑战。本文分析总结了近年来国内外豆芽中多种药物同时检测研究中的前处理净化方式及检测方法, 对豆芽中各类添加药物的高通量筛查、相关标准的建立均具有重要意义。
随着近年来“毒豆芽”事件的曝光, 食品安全监管部门针对豆芽质量安全的关注度与监管力度有效提升[6]。2015年, 原国家食药总局、农业部、国家卫计委发布第11号公告, 规定生产者不得在豆芽生产过程中使用6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸钠、赤霉素等物质; 2020年起, 豆芽中3种喹诺酮类抗生素被纳入国家食品安全风险监测计划。2020年宋晓婉等[7]在安徽省部分地区50家超市及农贸市场共采集228组豆芽样品, 对11种常见PGRs进行了风险监测评估, 样品中4-氯苯氧乙酸检出率最高, 不合格率高达23.25%。2022年金琦琦等[8]在2019—2021年上海市售蔬菜质量安全分析及监管建议中指出芽苗菜蔬菜类豆芽的抽检力度逐年增加, 且不合格率从5.00%降至2.86%。
目前, 由于各类化合物极性差异较大且部分潜在危害物分布较为分散, 针对豆芽中多类药物残留的同时检测尚无相应的国家标准检测方法。BJS 201703《豆芽中植物生长调节剂的测定》可同时测定豆芽中11种PGRs; BJS 202310《豆芽、豆制品、火锅及麻辣烫底料中喹诺酮类、磺胺类、硝基咪唑类、四环素类化合物的测定》可同时测定上述食品中42种抗生素类化合物; T/ZACA 021—2020《豆芽中氟喹诺酮类和硝基咪唑类药物残留量的测定液相色谱-串联质谱法》可同时测定12种抗生素。上述标准仅针对同一类别的多组分药物检测, 而在较多文献研究中, 已实现豆芽中多种、多类别药物残留的同时测定[9-10]
前处理中的净化作用主要用于消除干扰仪器测定的豆芽基质成分, 如磷脂类干扰物、蛋白质、色素等。本文总结了不净化法、固相萃取法、固相微萃取法、分散固相萃取法、在线固相萃取法、中空纤维三相液相微萃取法等不同净化方式的应用情况及优缺点(见表1)。
固相萃取技术是利用杂质或目标化合物与样品溶剂和吸附剂间亲和力的相对大小不同而达到分离目的, 依据净化机制可分为保留式固相萃取法与通过式固相萃取法。前者通常参考BJS 201909《豆制品、火锅、麻辣烫等食品中喹诺酮类化合物的测定》采用0.1 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取后进行净化, 而通过式则参考BJS 201703《豆芽中植物生长调节剂的测定》采用1%甲酸乙腈作为提取液。常用的固相萃取柱包括MCS混合阳离子交换柱[13,21]、HLB固相萃取柱[14,22]及通过式PRiME HLB固相萃取柱[23-24]等, 目前PRiME HLB固相萃取柱在文献研究中应用较多。同时, 新型固相萃取吸附材料的开发与应用也为豆芽中多种药物检测的前处理手段提供了发展方向。例如CAO等[25]制备并选取巯基功能化聚丙烯腈纳米纤维垫作为新型固相萃取吸附剂, 实现了绿豆芽、黄豆芽等蔬菜样本中4种PGRs的有效测定。
除此之外, 固相微萃取技术在豆芽多种药物残留测定中也有所应用。SHI等[15]采用稳定的生物兼容性电纺纳米纤维(聚苯乙烯/石墨烯@二氧化硅, PS/G@SiO2)作为固相微萃取涂层, 将固相微萃取纤维直接插入绿豆芽茎中, 进行原位体内采样和提取, 用于定量检测两种新的杀菌剂残留物在绿豆芽中的含量, 该方法具有良好的精密度和抗基质干扰能力。
分散固相萃取(又称QuEChERS)对于豆芽中多类别药物残留的同时测定是较为重要的前处理净化方法。在各类吸附材料的选择中[16-17,26], 十八烷基键合硅胶(octadecyl silane, C18)可用于去除基质中的脂肪和色素; N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine, PSA)可有效去除基质中的脂肪酸和有机酸, 但使用PSA净化时可能会对四环素类和大部分PGRs如吲哚乙酸、矮壮素等有吸附作用[27-31]; 石墨化炭黑(graphitizing of carbon black, GCB)可有效去除基质中的部分色素、固醇等极性大的物质干扰, 但对平面化合物具有很强的亲和力, 可能导致部分抗生素及含有平面芳香环结构的农药分子回收率降低, 如多菌灵等[32-33]; 键合氨丙基(NH2)可能会引入新的干扰峰而不适用于含磺胺类药物的净化。由于豆芽中色素干扰不明显, 豆芽中多种药物残留的测定研究中通常选择C18吸附剂作为分散固相萃取法主要净化材料[34-35]
目前在线固相萃取技术已被多次运用于豆芽中药物残留及禁用添加剂的检测。黄雷芳等[19]基于Turboflow在线净化技术建立了同时测定豆芽中11种有机酸类PGRs残留量的方法, 显著提高了分析效率和稳定性; 朱群英等[18]利用双三元液相系统的程序控制流路切换功能, 通过优化富集净化泵流动相、阀切时间等条件, 用于豆芽中6种PGRs、3种杀菌剂和2种喹诺酮类药物残留的在线固相萃取, 为豆芽安全风险监测中多种药物测定提供可靠的方法。
中空纤维液相微萃取技术集采样、萃取和浓缩于一体, 兼具富集倍数高、有机溶剂消耗少、样品净化能力强、环境友好等优点, 已被广泛应用于食品检测领域[36]。陈露等[20]通过正交试验, 优化了中空纤维萃取绿豆芽中吲哚类植物生长素的最优条件, 使用少量有机溶剂有效去除了基质中复杂干扰组分, 用于绿豆芽中吲哚类植物生长素的快速痕量测定。
豆芽中多种药物残留的同时检测方法主要包括气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)等, 另外二维液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、表面增强拉曼光谱法、离子色谱法、荧光光谱法等在该领域也有少量应用。本文总结了目前豆芽中检出率较高的几种主要潜在危害物, 并对现有的各检测方法展开分析及优缺点评价(表2)。除6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸、赤霉素明确指出在豆芽中禁止使用外, 其余PGRs及杀菌剂在GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》中均有限量规定, 但未对豆芽制定限量要求; 甲硝唑、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星等抗生素在兽药注册使用范围内不包含豆芽, 为禁止使用; GB 22556—2008《豆芽卫生标准》中规定豆芽中亚硫酸盐(以SO2计)限量为0.02 g/kg。
GC-MS可有效分离和定量分析挥发性有机物, 已广泛应用于豆芽中农药、PGRs和化学污染物残留的检测。宋利军等[38]针对豆芽生产过程中可能使用的几种常见PGRs, 根据其化学性质进行分级净化, GC-MS进行测定; 张文华等[37]建立了气相色谱-串联质谱(gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)一次进样可同时测定豆芽和番茄中4-氯苯氧乙酸等6种PGRs残留的分析方法, 相比分级净化缩短了前处理时间, 提高了检测效率和稳定性; 程盛华等[61]以Carb/NH2固相萃取小柱净化, 采用在线凝胶渗透色谱进一步分离, GC-MS法测定豆芽中53种农药残留, 并随后进行豆芽中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等16种塑化剂的测定[39]
HPLC测定豆芽中多种药物残留中常用的检测器为紫外检测器(ultraviolet absorption detector, UV)[62]、二极管阵列检测器(diode array detector, DAD)[40-42,63]及荧光检测器(fluorescence detector, FLD)[64-65]等。与液相色谱-质谱法相比, HPLC对仪器设备的要求较低, 操作简单, 适合于较低检测成本下分析豆芽中药物残留量。陈君等[42]建立了一种豆芽样品中甲硝唑、多菌灵、赤霉素、6-苄基腺嘌呤和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸同时检测的HPLC-DAD方法, 并对市场上豆芽样品进行抽样分析, 其中多菌灵、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸等检出率较高; 刘赐敏等[43]等以呫吨氢醇为衍生剂, HPLC-FLD测定豆芽中尿素含量; WANG等[62]以离子对搅拌棒吸附萃取法为提取手段, 并结合高HPLC-UV同时测定绿豆芽、黄瓜等蔬菜中水杨酸、吲哚-3-乙酸和脱落酸三种酸性植物激素。
目前豆芽中多组分、多类别药物的同时快速测定以LC-MS/MS为主, 其中液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪定量能力较强[66-68], 以四极杆-飞行时间质谱[69]和四极杆/静电场轨道阱[70]为代表的高分辨质谱, 可进行大批量非靶向快速筛查与定量分析。孙晓冬等[46]利用QuEChERS净化手段, 结合超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪, 研究建立豆芽中51种抗生素类药物的快速筛查方法; 马凯等[45]通过优化分散固相萃取前处理方法, 并结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)实现了豆芽中PGRs类、抗生素类、杀菌剂类共96种药物残留的同时测定; 并以此为基础, 完成超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对豆芽中9种药物残留的非靶向筛查与定量分析方法的建立[70]
除上述主要检测手段之外, 二维液相色谱法[71]、荧光光谱法[48]、毛细管电泳法[49,72-73]也被少量应用于豆芽中多种药物残留的同时检测中。高宗林等[47]基于二维液相色谱, 针对绿豆芽中的干扰物质, 建立了样品中6-苄基腺嘌呤、赤霉素、4-氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸4种PGRs的分析方法; YIGAIMU等[48]建立了一种快速简便的测定绿豆芽中吲哚-3-乙酸、吲哚-3-丙酸和吲哚-3-丁酸总生长素含量的荧光光谱法; 白新伟等[49]使用3-氨基苯磺酸作为衍生化试剂, 建立了一种用于测定豆芽中PGRs残留的毛细管电泳分析方法。上述检测方法在近年来文献研究中报道相对较少, 且关注的潜在危害物相对集中在PGRs这一类别, 局限性较大。除此之外, 针对豆芽中禁止添加的6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚乙酸等植物生长素的检测方法还包括气相色谱法[51]、离子色谱法[53]、电化学传感器法[56]、生物传感器法[57]、酶联免疫法[58]、比色分析法[59]、拉曼光谱法[60]等, 但目前报道仅针对某单一化合物进行检测, 无法满足多种药物同时测定的需求。
为满足监管需求, 发展检测类别多、覆盖面广、可实现大批量样品中多组分药物同时快速测定的方法, 是目前该领域重要的研究方向。前处理方面, QuEChERS法步骤简化、抗干扰能力强且回收率高, 是目前豆芽基质中多组分药物同时测定的主流净化方式。在线固相萃取技术在简化前处理步骤的同时可减少样品的污染及可能发生的分析物降解, 未来发展中或许能够成为豆芽中多药物残留分离分析的另一重要手段。各检测方法各有利弊, 在实际检测中应结合实际需求取长补短、相互融合, 如GC-MS、HPLC、UPLC-MS/MS等传统仪器方法检出限低、准确度高且重复性好, 在豆芽中多种药物残留同时检测中得到了广泛应用, 目标化合物覆盖范围更广, 可用于实验室进一步确证检测; 尤其是以四极杆-飞行时间质谱和四极杆/静电场轨道阱为代表的高分辨质谱, 可进行大批量豆芽样品中多种药物非靶向快速筛查、风险监测与定量分析, 是今后豆芽食品安全监管的一大重要技术保障; 酶联免疫分析、生物传感器和拉曼光谱法等选择性强、灵敏度高且操作简便, 可用于便携式检测装备的开发, 适用于大批量豆芽样品中6-苄基腺嘌呤、4-氯苯氧乙酸等禁用组分的现场快速筛查, 但在多组分药物同时检测中仍具较大发展空间。另外, 目前豆芽相关文献中目标化合物集中于PGRs、抗生素及杀菌剂这几类, 对于塑化剂、尿素、连二亚硫酸钠、亚硝酸盐等潜在危害物的检测研究甚少, 且难以做到同时检测, 是未来亟需解决的研究难点。针对豆芽中主要潜在危害物, 若能同时建立通用的前处理方法及快速筛查手段, 对保障食品安全、推动豆芽中多种药物残留限量及标准检测方法的建立均具有重大意义。
  • 上海市市场监督管理局2023年度科技项目(2023-69)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241017006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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上海市市场监督管理局2023年度科技项目(2023-69)
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    上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203

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* 陈燕(1978—), 女, 硕士, 副主任药师, 主要研究方向为食品安全质量研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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