Article(id=1153986648812540451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061457111, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061457111, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061457111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061457111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986649538155045, articleId=1153986648812540451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the regulation of anthocyanidins metabolism in tea plant, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Anthocyanidins are important secondary metabolites in tea plant with significant health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as prevention of cardiovascular diseases. They play a key role in the coloration of purple tea leaves, and their biosynthesis is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. This paper systematically reviewed the metabolic regulation mechanism of anthocyanin in tea plant, with emphasis on discussing different varieties and characteristics of purple tea, biosynthesis pathways, regulatory networks, the influence of external environments, degradation mechanisms, and prospected the future research direction, so as to better analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tea leaves, accurately regulate leaf color in tea plant artificially, and provide reference value for cultivating anthocyanin-rich tea plant varieties.

, correspAuthors=Ling-Yun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui ZHOU, Kai-Kai ZHANG, Huan ZHANG, Yue-Yang DU, Ling-Yun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986656534254223, articleId=1153986648812540451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=茶树花青素的代谢调控研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

花青素是茶树中重要的次生代谢产物, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、预防心血管疾病等显著的健康功效, 是紫茶叶片着色的关键物质, 其生物合成受到内源和外源的共同调控。本文对茶树花青素代谢调控机制进行系统阐述, 重点论述不同紫茶品种及特性、花青素的生物合成、调控网络、外界环境及降解机制对其积累的影响, 并对未来的研究方向进行展望。以期更好解析茶树叶片花青素生物合成的分子调控机制, 为人工精准调控茶树叶色和选育高花青素茶树品种提供参考价值。

, correspAuthors=张凌云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张凌云(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:
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周慧(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:

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周慧(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:

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注: 苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase, PAL)、肉桂酸羟化酶(cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, C4H)、对香豆酰CoA连接酶(4-coumaryl-CoA ligase, 4CL)、查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase, CHS)、辅酶A (coenzyme A, CoA)、查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase, CHI)、黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(flavonoid-3-hydroxylase, F3H)、类黄酮3’羟化酶(flavonoid-3’-hydroxylase, F3’H)、类黄酮3’,5’羟化酶(flavonoid-3’,5’-hydroxylase, F3’5’H)、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR)、黄酮醇合成酶(flavonol synthase, FLS)、无色花色素双加氧酶(leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, LDOX)、花青素合成酶(anthocyanindin synthase, ANS)、无色花青素还原酶(leucoanthocyanidin reductase, LAR)、 花青素还原酶(anthocyanidin reductase, ANR)、类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, UFGT)、谷胱甘肽S移移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)、多药和有毒化合物排出(multidrug and toxic compound extrusion, MATE)、ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette, ABC)和酰基转移酶(acyltransferase, AT)。

, figureFileSmall=GpdgJKAEcATX2gnswYyd8g==, figureFileBig=93s1n42Vfed6vekjgT42QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427975635677265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648812540451, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Internal and external factors of influencing anthocyanin synthesis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响茶树花青素合成的内外因子
内因(特异茶树种质资源) 紫娟[7-8]; 紫嫣[9]; 大厂茶P113[11-12]; 紫葵[13]; 柏塘紫芽[14]; Sunrouge[16];
红叶1号、红叶2号、丹妃[17]; TRFK306[34]; 武夷奇种[35-36]; TRFK 91/1[37]
外因(环境因子) 光质[25-27]; 光强[28]
温度[25,29-30]
P肥[31]; 褪黑素[32]; γ-氨基丁酸[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427975761506385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986648812540451, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响茶树花青素合成的内外因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响茶树花青素合成的内外因子
内因(特异茶树种质资源) 紫娟[7-8]; 紫嫣[9]; 大厂茶P113[11-12]; 紫葵[13]; 柏塘紫芽[14]; Sunrouge[16];
红叶1号、红叶2号、丹妃[17]; TRFK306[34]; 武夷奇种[35-36]; TRFK 91/1[37]
外因(环境因子) 光质[25-27]; 光强[28]
温度[25,29-30]
P肥[31]; 褪黑素[32]; γ-氨基丁酸[33]
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茶树花青素的代谢调控研究进展
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周慧 , 张凯凯 , 张欢 , 杜悦阳 , 张凌云 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(3): 106-114
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(3): 106-114
茶树花青素的代谢调控研究进展
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周慧 , 张凯凯, 张欢, 杜悦阳, 张凌云*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学园艺学院, 广州 510642
  • 周慧(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张凌云(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:
Research progress on the regulation of anthocyanidins metabolism in tea plant
Hui ZHOU , Kai-Kai ZHANG, Huan ZHANG, Yue-Yang DU, Ling-Yun ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029006
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花青素是茶树中重要的次生代谢产物, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、预防心血管疾病等显著的健康功效, 是紫茶叶片着色的关键物质, 其生物合成受到内源和外源的共同调控。本文对茶树花青素代谢调控机制进行系统阐述, 重点论述不同紫茶品种及特性、花青素的生物合成、调控网络、外界环境及降解机制对其积累的影响, 并对未来的研究方向进行展望。以期更好解析茶树叶片花青素生物合成的分子调控机制, 为人工精准调控茶树叶色和选育高花青素茶树品种提供参考价值。

紫茶  /  花青素  /  代谢  /  调控网络

Anthocyanidins are important secondary metabolites in tea plant with significant health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as prevention of cardiovascular diseases. They play a key role in the coloration of purple tea leaves, and their biosynthesis is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. This paper systematically reviewed the metabolic regulation mechanism of anthocyanin in tea plant, with emphasis on discussing different varieties and characteristics of purple tea, biosynthesis pathways, regulatory networks, the influence of external environments, degradation mechanisms, and prospected the future research direction, so as to better analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tea leaves, accurately regulate leaf color in tea plant artificially, and provide reference value for cultivating anthocyanin-rich tea plant varieties.

purple tea  /  anthocyanidins  /  metabolism  /  governance network
周慧, 张凯凯, 张欢, 杜悦阳, 张凌云. 茶树花青素的代谢调控研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029006
Hui ZHOU, Kai-Kai ZHANG, Huan ZHANG, Yue-Yang DU, Ling-Yun ZHANG. Research progress on the regulation of anthocyanidins metabolism in tea plant[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 106 -114 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029006
花青素广泛存在于植物不同器官中, 赋予植物鲜艳多彩的颜色, 保护其抵抗生物和非生物胁迫, 吸引昆虫为植物传播花粉具有重要作用。花青素保健功能显著, 比维生素C、E抗氧化活性更高, 具有抗衰老、增进视力、抗辐射、抗炎、抗癌、预防心血管疾病等诸多健康功效[1-2], 使人类从20世纪的维生素时代进入到21世纪的花青素时代。花青素常以糖苷形式稳定储存于液泡, 称为花色苷, 植物中已鉴定的花色苷种类超过550种[3-4], 其中天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素、矮牵牛素和锦葵素等6种花青素单体形成的衍生物为常见的花色苷[5]
正常绿色茶树品种花青素含量在0.01%~1.0%, 紫芽茶花青素含量高达0.5%~1.0%, 如紫鹃、紫嫣等, 其嫩芽、嫩叶、嫩茎呈现紫色[6]。花青素属于类黄酮合成途径的一个分支, 在模式植物研究较深入, 由于茶树基因组具有高度杂合、基因组庞大且高度重复等特点, 解析茶树花青素代谢调控分子机制研究进展缓慢。茶树花青素分子生物学研究从初期克隆通路基因, 探究外界环境对花青素积累的影响, 多组学测序技术挖掘协同的调控因子等, 探明叶片紫色形成的分子机制和为高花青素紫茶品种选育提供借鉴, 本文回顾茶树花青苷代谢调控机制的研究进展, 并对未来分子机制研究提供展望, 为相关研究的进一步发展提供参考依据。
因花青素具有显著的健康功效, 高花青素紫茶品种逐渐被选育, 我国、日本及肯尼亚等多个国家已相继培育出紫茶品种, 但不同紫茶品种花青素含量、种类和形成的分子机制存在一定差异。
云南省茶叶科学研究所选育的紫娟[7], 一芽二叶花青素含量达29.14 mg/g, 是日本高花青素茶树品种枕個03-1384”(花青素含量0.30~0.37 mg/g)的100倍左右, 主要为飞燕草糖苷和矢车菊糖苷。同一品种种植在不同茶园, 因地理位置和气候条件不同, 花青素含量和糖苷衍生物又有较大差别[8]。四川农业大学选育的紫嫣叶色表型最紫, 可能是F3’5’H基因表达量高导致高含量的飞燕草素[9]。福建红芽佛手是绿芽佛手的自然突变体, 花青素是绿芽佛手的3~4倍, 转录组测序(RNA sequencing, RNA-seq)揭示CHSF3HDFRLARANRUGT75ClUGAT可能在红芽佛手中发挥重要作用[10]。贵州大厂茶P113 (Camellia tachangensis F. C. Zhang)主要为矢车菊素和天竺葵素及其衍生物, 代谢组分析矢车菊糖苷衍生物种类最多[11-12]。紫葵是湄潭台茶N61的自然突变体, CAI等[13]利用pH示差法测定单叶片花青素含量最高为4.97 mg/g, 代谢组分析在茶树叶片首次发现矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。惠州市博罗县发现粉色茶花的柏塘紫芽, 纪荣全[14]利用液相色谱-质谱技术发现鲜叶原料有15种花色苷, 首次在茶叶中发现矢车菊-3-O-槐糖甙-5-O-鼠李糖苷、矮牵牛-3-O-(6-p-香豆酰)-5-O-二葡萄糖苷。肯尼亚“TRFK306”花青素种类主要是锦葵素和天竺葵素[15]。日本“Sunrouge”茶树品种由Cha Chuukanbohon Nou 6 (C. taliensis×C. sinensis)自然杂交育成, 花青素含量远高于Cha Chuukanbohon Nou 6、“Benibana-cha”和“Yabukita”等紫茶品种[16]
以上是世界种植面积相对较多的紫茶品种, 因紫茶制成干茶口感偏苦涩, 我国大多数紫茶品种种植在当地饮用, 如广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所选育的丹妃、丹凤和红叶系列[17-18]、宜兴紫笋茶、杭州龙井紫芽、湖南农业大学自选9803和自选9809, 江北茶区首个紫茶品种(东方紫婵)等[19]
茶树花青素积累受植物自身因素与环境共同影响, 环境因子包括光照、温度、植物激素、肥料和糖份等, 其中光照包括光质、光强、光周期, 强光促进花青素合成。苹果在紫外光(ultraviolet-B, UV-B)照射下花青素积累增多[20], WANG等[21]在拟南芥中发现一个依赖光的HY5-miR858a- MYBL2分子模块调控花青苷在适当水平。拟南芥[22]和苹果[23-24]在低温条件下花青素积累增多。近年关于茶树的环境因子主要集中在光照和温度对花青素积累的影响。
不同光质对茶树花青素影响不同, 紫外光正调节CHSCHIF3HDFR表达, 红光和蓝光分别促进CHIANRANSCHSF3HDFR表达, 其中红蓝光对CHIANR影响效果相似, 共同促进花青素积累[25]。AKTAR等[26]分析蓝光、红光和白光对中茗6号花青素积累影响, 茶树在蓝光处理花青素积累更高, 可能与结构基因(Cs4CLCsFLSCsDFR1CsUFGTCsGSTF12)和转录因子CsMYB75上调表达相关。紫嫣在UV-A\UV-AB处理, 花青素结构基因(F3HF3’5’HDFRANS)和调控因子(TT8、EGL1和TT2)表达上调, LARANR表达下调, 底物更多分流到花青素合成通路[27]。“龙井43”的自然突变体“龙井紫芽”, 遮荫处理下花青素含量减少3倍多, CsMYB1 (HQ660373)表达显著增加, 表明CsMYB1可能是花青素合成的抑制因子[28]
温度是影响花青素合成的另一关键外因, 植物在适当低温花青素合成增多, 高温或过低低温抑制基因表达, 花青素减少。茶树也呈现相似变化规律, JIANG等[29]在烟草异源过表达CsMYB5e (KY827400), 低温下烟草ANS表达量提高导致花青素积累增多。紫茶在不同季节新梢花青素积累存在差异, 紫娟和紫嫣在春、夏、秋季花青素总量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 夏天含量最高, 花青素各组分的季节性变化规律与花青素总量变化一致[30]
茶树花青素合成不仅受到光照和温度影响, 还受到肥料、激素、糖类等调控花青素合成的外界因子。茶园P肥不合理施用, 过多或不足都会诱导天竺葵素和芍药素积累[31], 缺N花青素结构基因(CHSCHIF3HDFRANS)表达量显著上调, 关键酶活性升高, 花青素还原酶ANR表达量下降, 芽叶花青苷含量升高。LI等[32]在茶树外施褪黑素上调合成基因(CsCHSCsANS)的表达促进花青素合成, 并提高对砷胁迫的耐受性。LIAO等[33]外施γ-氨基丁酸提高CsCHSCsF3H的表达促进花青素积累, 首次在茶树上报道γ-氨基丁酸与类黄酮代谢的关联。
因品种和环境不同导致茶树对花青素响应不同, 肯尼亚“TRFK306”在炎热、干燥时紫色转为绿色, 天气潮湿和凉爽时恢复紫色, 与前文强光高温促进花青素积累的结论相反。由于肯尼亚温度过高, 花青素合成基因和ABC、GST、MATE转运蛋白被抑制使花青素降低[34]。一般过度低温、强光干旱、缺素等不良环境均促进花青素合成, 可见花青素合成是茶树抵抗逆境的生理表现。
影响茶树花青素合成的内外因子如表1
植物花青素合成主要经历两个途径, 分别是苯丙素和类黄酮合成途径, 其中苯丙氨酸是首个底物, 如图1所示, 是植物积累花青素共有的反应途径。
苯丙氨酸为花青素合成的首个底物, 由PAL、C4H和4CL等酶生成4-香豆酰-CoA, 是类黄酮合成的关键酶。有研究[38-39]从无性系UPASI-10茶树品种克隆PAL (D26596)、C4H (AY641731)、4CL (DQ194356)等基因, 当外界环境改变如干旱、外施赤霉素和脱落酸, PALC4H4CL表达量也随之改变。马春雷等[40]利用基因芯片技术对龙井群体紫化和绿化后代分析, 筛选到与花青素合成相关的差异基因PAL
查尔酮是类黄酮合成途径的首个化学物质, 由4-香豆酰-CoA和3-丙二酰-CoA在CHS酶催化下合成, 然后在一系列酶(CHI、F3H、F3’H和F3’5’H)催化下生成二氢黄酮醇。SINGH等[41]和马春雷等[42-43]分别克隆了CsF3H (AY641730)和CsCHS (AY656677)、CsCHI (DQ904329)基因。FLSDFR决定底物二氢黄酮醇的流向, ZHOU等[44]以柏塘粉花和紫娟白色花进行RNA-seq, 揭示FLSDFR表达水平不平衡导致底物流向不同造成花色差异, 首次在茶树花青素合成中提出底物分流思想。JOSHI等[45]以CSIR-IHBT的紫色和绿色茶芽为材料, 发现紫色芽叶CsDFRCsANSCsANR表达量高于绿色茶芽, 相反CsFLSCsLAR表达量在绿色芽叶更高。蒋会兵等[46]以紫娟、云抗10号叶片进行RNA-seq分析, 推测PAL (Cluster-1850.70337)、CHSANSUFGT在紫娟茶树花青素合成发挥关键作用, 紫娟FLS表达量低于云抗10号, 可能与DFR存在底物竞争。MEI等[47]同样以两种茶树品种的芽叶进行转录组分析, 紫娟中花青素结构基因(ANSF35HGT13GT)显著上调, 但转录组数据表明促进花青素合成的PAP1家族基因表达量较低, 二者结果略有偏差, 可能与花青素复杂的代谢调控分子机制、环境因子及取材不同有关。
SINGH等[48]克隆CsDFR (AB018685)基因, 幼嫩组织表达量高于老叶, 干旱和脱落酸处理下调, 机械损伤时该基因上调表达。MEI等[49]从柏塘紫芽克隆一系列CsDFRs家族基因, 只有CsDFRa在花青素和儿茶素途径发挥功能, pH为7和和温度为35 ℃时酶催化活性最佳, 对DHQ亲和能力最强, 其中DFRa的141位氨基酸突变改变了酶对底物偏好性。RUAN等[50]进一步以舒茶早为材料克隆了4个CsDFR基因, 过表达拟南芥和重组蛋白催化活性表明CsDFRa/c具有将二氢黄酮醇转化为无色花青素的功能, 然而CsDFRb1和CsDFRb3功能缺失, 分析氨基酸序列差异并定点突变发现具有催化活性的CsDFRa在117位丝氨酸和123位苏氨酸对酶发挥功能起关键作用。金琦芳等[36]在武夷奇种C18叶片克隆ANS基因, 与之前茶树ANS蛋白(AY830416.1)相似性为100%, 染色体步移法克隆ANS启动子, 含有众多光响应元件。对茶树遮荫处理, 随着遮荫程度增加基因表达量降低, 和HONG等[51]研究结果一致。DU等[52]以不同颜色茶籽果皮为材料进行RNA-seq分析, 发现DFRF3’5’HCCoAOM、4-酰基-COA基因可能与紫色果皮的高花青素含量呈正相关。ZHU等[53]以紫色、绿色和黄色不同表型的茶树叶片进行超高压液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱和定量逆转录聚合酶链反应 (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)分析, 表明花青素生物合成途径的4CLANSUFGT基因促进花青素积累。
植物一般以花青苷形式存在, 通过MATE、ABC转运体及GST转移酶运输到液泡储存。龙井43的自然杂交群体发现一种嫩叶为紫红色的后代, 命名为“Mooma1”, 并筛选到一个新基因CsUGT72AM (KY399734), 具有催化生成黄酮醇3-O糖基转移酶的酶活功能[54]。何旭秋[55]验证茶树UA3GalT活性与花青苷密切相关, 瞬时过表达和酶学实验鉴定CsUGT78A15具有UA3GalT活性[56]。YAN等[57]在紫1和陕西紫阳茶筛选到一个高表达差异基因CsGSTU18 (CSS0028669), 把花青苷从胞质转运到液泡储存, CsGSTU18过表达拟南芥出现明显紫化现象并互补草莓RAP基因功能的缺失, 恢复rap草莓表型。YAN等[58]进一步通过酵母文库筛选到一个上游转录因子CsMYBPA1 (CSS0018453), 与CsGSTU18启动子的MBS元件结合激活该基因表达, 启动子元件分析推测CsMYBPA1和CsGSTU18 的表达可能受光信号调控。AKTAR等[59]在龙井43筛选到一个BAHD酰基转移酶基因(TEA031065), 拟南芥过表达该基因, 过表达株系相比野生型的花青素和AtGSTF12 (AT5G17220)表达量提高, 该基因可能提高谷胱甘肽转移酶的运输促进花青素积累。ZHANG等[60]以白鸡冠与绿色表型的茶树品种自然杂交获得不同叶色的F1后代, 发现CsGSTF1 (TGY013699)、CsAN1/CsMYB75 (TGY012519)和bHLH62 (TGY000292)可能对叶色分离发挥重要作用。
MYB、bHLHWD40形成的MBW复合物为花青素合成途径研究较多的调控模块[61], WARKZif、BBX和NAC等转录因子也与花青素合成相关。MYB TFs是植物最大的转录因子家族, PAZ等[62]在玉米克隆第一个MYB转录因子C1基因, 近年来关于茶树的MYB TFs基因家族研究也取得一些进展。
马春雷等[28]克隆2个转录因子CsMYB1 (HQ660373)和CsMYB2 (HQ660374), 该基因叶片表达量是根的100多倍, 具有组织特异性, 茶树遮荫处理CsMYB1表达量随花青素的升高而升高, 推测CsMYB1是光响应转录因子。WEI等[63]以龙井43和白毫早杂交出现性状分离的紫色和绿色F1后代作RNA-seq, 筛选到一个差异基因CsMYB75 (CL39582Contig1), 与AtPAP1高度相似, 可能对花青素合成发挥关键作用, 发现ANS (CL15Contig6)、GSTF (comp176045_c0_seq1)和3GT (CL39680Contig1)与后代叶色分离有显著相关性。WEI等[64]进一步以龙井43和紫娟叶片进行RNA-seq, 明确受CsMYB75 (Unigene017036)转录因子调控的CsGSTF1是专一性参与花青素积累的关键基因, 其表达水平直接决定茶叶花青素的高低。该团队以紫娟和金萱的F1群体叶色差异极大的单株进行RNA-seq、BSA-seq和BSA-seq联合分析, 参与花青素合成和转运等多个基因在紫叶中高表达, 发现紫色品种中CsMYB75的启动子有一段181 bp的Indel, 该Indel与群体叶色共分离, 181bp Indel可显著提高CsMYB75基因的表达水平, 从而促进高花青素积累[65], XIE等[66]进一步发现该Indel可遗传给F1代, 删除CsMYB75中启动子的181 bp, CsMYB75转录活性降低, 表明在紫色品种中CsMYB75启动子的181bp插入是促进花青素合成的关键结构变异。与CHEN等[67]对22个代表性茶树品种测序构建泛基因组库,并联合转录组和代谢组分析发现的机制类似, 启动子区域一段长末端重复转座子插入是形成紫叶的关键因素。181 bp的Indel包含光和激素响应等顺式作用元件[65], 是否导致对外界环境响应不同及上游转录因子对其造成不同的作用未来可进一步验证。
HE等[54]以“Mooma1”转录组筛选的CsMYB6a (KX853535), 烟草中过表达该基因激活3GTCHS的表达。有趣的是HE等[54]在“Mooma1”鉴定的CsMYB6a、SUN等[68]在紫娟鉴定的CsAN1和WEI等[64]在紫娟和龙井43鉴定的CsMYB75, 3个转录因子蛋白同源性高达90%以上, 同源家族基因的碱基差异可能导致不同茶树品种的功能差异。如JIAO等[69]报道的CsMYB5s家族基因对原花青素(procyanidine, PA)结构基因CsANR有功能差异, 由于CsMYB5s的R2R3结构域的关键氨基酸导致PA生物合成的细微差异。CHEN等[70]对茶树123个R2R3 MYB TFs进行全基因组特征分析发现CsMYB17 (XM_028222741.1)在紫茶品种表达水平较高, 其表达模式和调控网络促进多种花青苷合成。CAI等[13]发现紫葵ANS、F3HCsMYB90 (XM_028213189.1)与花青素呈正相关, 与PPO氧化酶呈负相关, 过表达CsMYB90导致烟草愈伤组织变紫。刘霞等[12]解析大多数花青素合成结构基因、MYB和bHLH类调控因子表达水平与大厂茶P113花青素积累一致, LI等[11]进一步通过无参转录组分析CsMYB12 (TRINITY-DN2257-c0-g1)可能是P113嫩芽变紫的一个关键转录因子。
SHUI等[71]研究表明CsMYB113 (MZ006213.1)在拟南芥过表达, 提高合成基因(F3HCHIDFRUF3G)的表达导致花青素提高, 且CsMYB113具有组织特异性, 根中表达量最高。HUANG等[72]利用福鼎大白茶和紫娟杂交, 后代出现性状分离, 发现紫色和紫红色的性状后代花青素合成酶基因CsANS1 (CSS0010687)高表达, CsAN1 (KU745295)转录因子正调控CsANS1, 花青素含量较低的后代和父本CsAN1存在片段缺失, CsAN1m (CSS0030514)的片段缺失是导致花青素积累不足的主要原因, 该性状通过杂交遗传给后代。拟南芥AtMYBL2是花青素合成抑制子, CsMYBL2a (MW837257))和CsMYBL2b (MW837258)是AtMYBL2同源基因, 与CsTT8 (TEA029880.1)/GL3 (TEA0200131.1)和CsTTG1 (TEA000080.1)形成MBW复合物, 抑制花青素合成。UV-B照射, HY5表达增加导致CsmiR85a增加, CsmiR85a靶向CsMYBL2a/2b降低其表达使花青素积累偏高。高温条件CsCOP1 (TEA023893)上调HY5并与之互作的CsPIF3、BR信号通路, 分别上调CsMYB2a/2b的表达, 抑制花青素和儿茶素合成[73]。ZHAO等[74]发现HY5 (MT498595)与CsMYB12 (MT498592)互作促进花青素合成, 形成复杂的黄酮醇调控网络。
bHLH型转录因子是仅次于MYB TFs的最大转录因子家族, 含有碱性螺旋环螺旋结构。1989年首次在玉米中发现花青素相关bHLH型转录因子, 在植物体不同组织中调节花青素合成基因的表达[75]
梁猛[76]从紫娟第1、2片紫叶和第5、6片绿叶采取iTRAQ定量蛋白质组学对差异蛋白表达分析, 在bHLH (bHLH66-like和bHLH135)和HY5的调控下, 花青素合成酶(CHS、CHI、ANS)等活性增强, 促进花青素合成。曲浩等[77]以紫娟叶片克隆bHLH型转录因子MYC1, MYC1基因的表达量从第二叶、开面叶、成熟叶由高到低, 与叶片花青素含量趋势一致。用黄、绿、蓝、紫4种光质照射叶片, 紫光照射MYC1表达量和花青素含量都最高, 与前人不同光质处理茶树结果相似, 推测MYC1基因参与紫娟花青素合成, 并且MYC1的表达与光质有关。ZHANG等[78]基于酵母文库筛选结果, 利用紫娟和柏塘紫芽克隆一个光响应转录因子CsbHLH89 (XP 028085713)通过结合FLSCHSDFR启动子区的G-box元件调控结构基因转录, 上游转录因子HY5结合bHLH89启动子间接调控花青素合成。
MYB、bHLH和WD40形成二元或三元复合物(MB、MBW)调控花青素合成, 孙彬妹[79]鉴定茶树第一个与花青素合成相关的三元复合物, CsAN1 (KU745295)与CsEGL3 (XM_028239138.1)或CsGL3 (XM_028224420.1)和CsTTG1 (TEA000080)形成MBW复合物显著增加烟草花青素含量。侯华[80]鉴定CsWD40 (XM_028248215.1)与CsbHLH转录因子(CsGL3, CsTT8)和MYB转录因子(CsAN2, CsMYB5e)形成MBW复合物调控花青素和原花青素合成。WANG等[81]鉴定一个蔗糖诱导调控因子CsMYB5b (KY827397), 上调烟草LARANR的表达促进PA合成, CsMYB5b与CsTT8 (MH618663)或CsWD40 (MH618664)形成二元复合物。LI等[82]利用MYB DBD模型(PF00249)搜索茶树基因组, 鉴定出221个MYBs, 首次对茶树MYBs进行详细的全基因组分析, 为MYBs与其他调控因子协同调节茶树次生代谢产物、植物发育和应激反应提供新见解。CsMYB184 (TEA029017)、TT8a和WD40形成复合物激活ANS表达, 被CsCPCa (CSA013631)和CsMYBL2b (CSA012996)抑制激活调控, 表明CsCPCa和CsMYBL2b通过干扰MBW复合物对花青素关键基因的抑制进而影响花青素合成。
植物的花青素合成受表观遗传学调控, 如DNA甲基化、非编码RNA、组蛋白修饰和染色质重塑。SUN等[68]鉴定紫娟CsAN1启动子甲基化相较于花青素含量低的绿色茶树品种更低, 嫩叶(紫色)比老叶(深绿色)甲基化水平低, 表明CsAN1启动子低甲基化能直接影响花青素结构基因(CsCHSCsFLSF3’HCsDFRCsLDOX1CsUFGT)表达。GUO等[10]深度测序从头组装基因组发现红叶佛手miR529可能靶向3GT1, 导致基因表达量降低。陈林波等[83]基于高通量筛选“紫娟”花青素相关的miRNA, 筛选到4个miRNA (miR828a、miR845c、novel_14和novel_87miRNA), 可能靶向花青素结构基因和调控因子。在低温条件下泛素化蛋白CsMIEL1降解促进花青素合成基因CsMYB90CsGSTa, 导致其协同调控的下游花青素结构基因CsUF3GTCsDFRCsANS表达降低, 使花青素维持在一个稳定的水平[84]
花青素含量由合成和降解共同决定, 植物中花青素降解机制相较于合成研究较少。对多种植物研究表明花青素降解酶分为3大类: 过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glycosidases, β-Gly)参入植物花青素降解[85-87]。荔枝(Litchi chinensis)和大鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsia calycina)物种中已明确鉴定花青素降解酶基因[85,88], 茶树的降解酶基因还在探索阶段。MEI等[47]对紫娟和紫嫣的芽和第一、三、五叶转录组分析, PPO和POD在紫娟第一叶活性最低, 第三、五叶活性最高, 与花青素积累呈负相关, β-Gly与紫娟花青素无明显相关性, PPO和β-Gly的表达在紫嫣中与花青素呈负相关, 但与POD无明显相关性, 说明不同紫茶花青素降解的分子机制不同。
印度CSIR-IHBTPT-17茶树品种叶片在4月份(S1)红紫色, 8月份(S2)深灰紫色, 10月份(S3)橄榄绿色, S2时期花青素积累量最多, RNS-seq表明花青素积累最多时期, 花青素合成酶基因、转运蛋白、关键转录因子显著上调。S3时期花青素积累最少, 花青素降解酶、抑制型转录因子显著下调, 与花青素含量降低呈正相关, 此时期ANR上调表达可能是花青素降解物作为底物生成表儿茶素, 表儿茶素负反馈抑制酶活性保护花青素不被降解[34]。这与玫瑰花高含量的没食子儿茶素抑制酶活性保护花青素不被降解相似, 是植物自发形成一种保护机制, 使花青素维持在适中浓度[87], 此外TEA000197、TEA015011、TEA022953、TEA029453、TEA018992、TEA028634、TEA0005827与其他植物发现的花青素降解酶基因同源性很高, 可能在茶树中发挥花青素降解功能[34]
近些年从发现并育成高花青素紫茶品种, 探明茶树积累花青素的分子机制及外界环境对花青素积累的影响, 现已较清晰探明紫茶的分子机制, 但茶树遗传背景复杂, 其分子机制仍可从以下方面进一步解析: 如茶树中负责花青素糖基化修饰酶已被表征, 花青苷酰基化修饰酶尚未成功报道[89]; 茶树中花青素降解机制还未被解析; 不同紫茶品种花青素合成、运输机制的差异性; 不同茶树品种对环境因子如强光、低温的响应导致花青素积累的分子差异机制; 深入探究生长激素对茶树花青苷调控的代谢机制研究; 花青素结构基因和转录因子的结构变异导致的功能差异; 不同家族调控基因如ZifbZIPWARKCOP1PIF3等家族基因对花青素的调控作用; 茶树中花青素分子机制是否和生长、衰老等其他生理指标或香气积累相关, 如高花青素紫茶品种制成的红茶香气种类多[90-91]
目前, 茶树基因组测序工作已完成, 茶树基因组逐渐从草图水平、染色体水平、单配体水平被解析, 高质量基因组加速茶树基础生物学和分子育种学研究。然而茶树属于多酚多糖的木本植物, 在本体上的稳定遗传转化一直是卡脖子难题, 最近有研究报道在茶树本体上进行瞬时过表达、基因沉默实验验证功能基因及培育出茶树组培苗, 未来直接在茶树本体上验证花青素功能基因相较于在模式植物烟草和拟南芥更有说服力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32072628)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
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国家自然科学基金项目(32072628)
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    华南农业大学园艺学院, 广州 510642

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* 张凌云(1972—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为茶树生物技术与资源利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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