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Article(id=1153986645759087124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240901001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456383, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456383, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986646274986519, articleId=1153986645759087124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the contamination of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Beijing Huairou District, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study and analyze the mycotoxins contamination status of Castanea mollissima in Huairou District during one year of cold storage. Methods Taking Castanea mollissima produced in Huairou District as the research object. Castanea mollissima samples of 5 varieties, including 3113, Huaijiu, Huaihuang, Yanhong, and Huahua were collected from the 4 highest yielding townships in Huairou District. They were stored in a cold storage for one year and sampled once a month. The content of 21 kinds of fungal toxins was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results During the storage period, a total of 11 fungal toxins were detected, including tentoxin, alternariol, tenuazonic acid, nivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, alternariolmethylether, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin. The detection rate and value of Alternaria toxins were relatively high. According to the analysis of sampling locations, the number of fungal toxins detected in the 4 townships increased from 66 to 79, with no significant difference or clear pattern. Based on the analysis of storage time, the number of fungal toxins detected in chestnuts showed an overall upward trend with the extension of storage time. The detection rate of fungal toxins was relatively low in the 1 to 6 months of storage, with 4-5 cases detected each month. By the 7th month, the detection of fungal toxins increased to 12 cases, and from the 9th month onwards, all 17 samples were detected. Conclusion The Castanea mollissima shall be consumed and processed less than 6 months of storage after harvest according to the perspective of mycotoxins contamination. The overall detection rate of fungal toxins shows a monthly upward trend. There is no regularity in the detection of fungal toxins in different chestnut planting areas and varieties, and there is co-contamination in Castanea mollissima samples during storage. Further analysis and research on the pollution risk of Alternaria toxins in chestnuts is needed.

, correspAuthors=Quan-Shuai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan-Shuai WANG, Wei-Ming SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986650792251950, articleId=1153986645759087124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析和研究怀柔区板栗在1年的贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况。方法 以怀柔板栗为研究对象, 分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集3113、怀九、怀黄、燕红和花花等5个品种的板栗样本, 在冷库中贮藏1年, 每一个月抽样一次, 用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对黄曲霉毒素等21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结果 贮藏期共检出11种真菌毒素, 分别为腾毒素、交链孢酚、交链孢菌酮酸、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素B2、伏马菌素B3、交链孢酚单甲醚、赭曲霉毒素A和杂色曲霉素。其中交链孢霉菌素检出率和检出值均较高。根据采样地点分析, 4个乡镇的真菌毒素检出数量从66个到79个, 并没有显著的差异和明显的规律, 根据贮藏时间分析, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 板栗中真菌毒素的检出件数总体呈上升趋势。贮藏前6个月真菌毒素的检出率均相对较低, 每个月检出4~5件, 到第7个月真菌毒素检出增至12件, 从第9个月起17件样品均有检出。结论 从真菌毒素污染角度分析建议板栗在贮藏6个月以内进行食用和加工。不同板栗种植地区和不同品种中真菌毒素检出情况没有呈现出规律性, 且板栗样品在贮藏期间存在有共污染状况, 并应对板栗中交链孢霉菌素的污染风险进行进一步的分析和研究。

, correspAuthors=王权帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
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Food Control, 2018(88): 181-189., articleTitle=Occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in nuts and dried fruits from China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984531796292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=9, pageStart=1008, pageEnd=1013, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=43, authorNames=毕珊, 吴玉田, 杨绍群, journalName=理化检验-化学分册, refType=null, unstructuredReference=毕珊, 吴玉田, 杨绍群, 等. 超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中4种交链孢霉毒素的含量[J]. 理化检验-化学分册, 2023, 59(9): 1008-1013., articleTitle=超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中4种交链孢霉毒素的含量, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984607293766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=9, pageStart=1008, pageEnd=1013, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=44, authorNames=BI S, WU YT, YANG SQ, journalName=Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis (Part B: Chemical Analysis), refType=null, unstructuredReference=BI S, WU YT, YANG SQ, et al. Determination of 4 alternaria mycotoxins in sunflower seeds by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis (Part B: Chemical Analysis), 2023, 59(9): 1008-1013., articleTitle=Determination of 4 alternaria mycotoxins in sunflower seeds by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984657625416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=10, pageStart=1460, pageEnd=1467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=45, authorNames=彭子欣, 杨欣, 李莹, journalName=中国食品卫生杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭子欣, 杨欣, 李莹, 等. 我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况研究[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2023, 35(10): 1460-1467., articleTitle=我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984716345674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=10, pageStart=1460, pageEnd=1467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=46, authorNames=PENG ZX, YANG X, LI Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENG ZX, YANG X, LI Y, et al. Mold and mycotoxin contamination in cooked nuts and seeds in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2023, 35(10): 1460-1467., articleTitle=Mold and mycotoxin contamination in cooked nuts and seeds in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984779260236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=451, pageEnd=458, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=47, authorNames=薛文博, 王小丹, 李明璐, journalName=中国食品卫生杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛文博, 王小丹, 李明璐, 等. 基于Apriori算法的小麦中多组分真菌毒素污染的关联规则挖掘[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2022, 34(3): 451-458., articleTitle=基于Apriori算法的小麦中多组分真菌毒素污染的关联规则挖掘, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183427984846369102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=451, pageEnd=458, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=48, authorNames=XUE WB, WANG XD, LI ML, journalName=Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE WB, WANG XD, LI ML, et al. 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Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2022, 34(3): 451-458., articleTitle=Association rule mining of multicomponent mycotoxins contamination in wheat based on Apriori algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183427981297987820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, awardId=SHFZ2020-1, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ2020-1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183427977430839429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427977439228036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, companyId=1183427977430839429, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Huairou District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 101400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427977451810949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, companyId=1183427977430839429, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183427979129532602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Detection of TEN in Castanea mollissima samples, figureFileSmall=ZwAdEXAB/EzJPJqoKySDpA==, figureFileBig=WHHhj8a6rOD4eAfO9tb18A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427979234390205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=图1, caption=板栗样品TEN检出情况, figureFileSmall=ZwAdEXAB/EzJPJqoKySDpA==, figureFileBig=WHHhj8a6rOD4eAfO9tb18A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427979351830721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling locations and varieties of Castanea mollissima

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 品种
九渡河镇九渡河村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
渤海镇渤海所村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
怀北镇神山村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
雁栖镇长元村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
渤海镇渤海所村 花花
), ArticleFig(id=1183427979460882629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

板栗采样地点及品种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 品种
九渡河镇九渡河村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
渤海镇渤海所村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
怀北镇神山村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
雁栖镇长元村 3113
怀九
怀黄
燕红
渤海镇渤海所村 花花
), ArticleFig(id=1183427979565740229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Names, abbreviations and mass concentrations of 17 kinds of standard product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准物质 英文全称 简称 质量浓度/(μg/mL)
黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1 AFB1 2.04
黄曲霉毒素B2 aflatoxin B2 AFB2 0.501
黄曲霉毒素G1 aflatoxin G1 AFG1 2.08
黄曲霉毒素G2 aflatoxin G2 AFG2 0.504
伏马菌素B1 fumonisin B1 FB1 50.1
伏马菌素B2 fumonisin B2 FB2 50.0
伏马菌素B3 fumonisin B3 FB3 50.3
3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3Ac-DON 100.1
15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15Ac-DON 100.1
T-2毒素 T-2 toxin T-2 100.1
雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 nivalenol NIV 100.1
HT-2毒素 HT-2 toxin HT-2 100.1
交链孢菌酮酸 tenuzonic acid TeA 100.8
交链孢酚 alternariol AOH 100.3
腾毒素 tentoxin TEN 100.5
交链孢酚单甲醚 alternariol monomethyl ether AME 101.1
交链孢烯 altenuene ALT 10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1183427979687375047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

17种标准品名称、缩写和质量浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准物质 英文全称 简称 质量浓度/(μg/mL)
黄曲霉毒素B1 aflatoxin B1 AFB1 2.04
黄曲霉毒素B2 aflatoxin B2 AFB2 0.501
黄曲霉毒素G1 aflatoxin G1 AFG1 2.08
黄曲霉毒素G2 aflatoxin G2 AFG2 0.504
伏马菌素B1 fumonisin B1 FB1 50.1
伏马菌素B2 fumonisin B2 FB2 50.0
伏马菌素B3 fumonisin B3 FB3 50.3
3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3Ac-DON 100.1
15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15Ac-DON 100.1
T-2毒素 T-2 toxin T-2 100.1
雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 nivalenol NIV 100.1
HT-2毒素 HT-2 toxin HT-2 100.1
交链孢菌酮酸 tenuzonic acid TeA 100.8
交链孢酚 alternariol AOH 100.3
腾毒素 tentoxin TEN 100.5
交链孢酚单甲醚 alternariol monomethyl ether AME 101.1
交链孢烯 altenuene ALT 10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1183427979825787082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of AOH in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 AOH含量/(μg/kg)
5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 19.94
怀九 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.72
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 15.35
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.50 ND
怀九 0.47 1.07 1.58 3.65 3.86 5.38 7.13 11.92
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.94
雁栖镇 3113 ND ND 20.9 ND ND ND ND ND
怀九 0.37 0.60 1.14 0.82 1.62 6.86 8.54 10.09
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980022919373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

板栗样品中AOH检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 AOH含量/(μg/kg)
5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 19.94
怀九 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.72
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 15.35
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.50 ND
怀九 0.47 1.07 1.58 3.65 3.86 5.38 7.13 11.92
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.94
雁栖镇 3113 ND ND 20.9 ND ND ND ND ND
怀九 0.37 0.60 1.14 0.82 1.62 6.86 8.54 10.09
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980094222544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection of TeA in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 TeA含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 怀九 ND 9.90 24.18 42.25 102.29 103.96
燕红 ND 9.25 31.91 47.98 84.02 101.81
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND 22.42 29.11
怀黄 ND 13.56 18.83 26.40 37.84 62.63
燕红 ND 4.70 11.42 18.47 42.32 113.20
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND ND 15.07 15.24
怀黄 3.83 21.73 26.56 49.64 58.68 82.52
燕红 ND 31.13 50.71 84.23 114.73 127.74
雁栖镇 3113 16.16 25.08 30.16 39.19 76.32 83.50
怀九 13.34 31.25 31.33 35.84 72.79 74.64
燕红 6.55 18.66 19.45 29.22 45.02 54.78
原生 花花 ND ND ND 17.60 26.93 25.13
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980207468755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

板栗样品中TeA检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 TeA含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 怀九 ND 9.90 24.18 42.25 102.29 103.96
燕红 ND 9.25 31.91 47.98 84.02 101.81
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND 22.42 29.11
怀黄 ND 13.56 18.83 26.40 37.84 62.63
燕红 ND 4.70 11.42 18.47 42.32 113.20
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND ND 15.07 15.24
怀黄 3.83 21.73 26.56 49.64 58.68 82.52
燕红 ND 31.13 50.71 84.23 114.73 127.74
雁栖镇 3113 16.16 25.08 30.16 39.19 76.32 83.50
怀九 13.34 31.25 31.33 35.84 72.79 74.64
燕红 6.55 18.66 19.45 29.22 45.02 54.78
原生 花花 ND ND ND 17.60 26.93 25.13
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980291354837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection of NIV in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 品种 NIV含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND ND 217.27 ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND ND 168.55 ND
燕红 ND 154.44 150.09 159.66 207.59 225.63
怀北镇 3113 ND 85.64 ND ND ND ND
燕红 157.09 182.66 218.35 253.75 261.00 289.56
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND 280.92 ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND ND 265.74 ND
怀九 ND ND ND 223.06 ND ND
燕红 183.34 221.69 243.12 267.13 247.75 252.46
雁栖镇 怀九 ND ND ND 281.98 218.36 ND
燕红 ND 198.00 231.66 255.09 284.05 272.41
原生 花花 ND ND ND ND 264.44 ND
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980371046615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

板栗样品中NIV检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 品种 NIV含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND ND 217.27 ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND ND 168.55 ND
燕红 ND 154.44 150.09 159.66 207.59 225.63
怀北镇 3113 ND 85.64 ND ND ND ND
燕红 157.09 182.66 218.35 253.75 261.00 289.56
九渡
河镇		 3113 ND ND ND 280.92 ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND ND 265.74 ND
怀九 ND ND ND 223.06 ND ND
燕红 183.34 221.69 243.12 267.13 247.75 252.46
雁栖镇 怀九 ND ND ND 281.98 218.36 ND
燕红 ND 198.00 231.66 255.09 284.05 272.41
原生 花花 ND ND ND ND 264.44 ND
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980459127002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Detection of OTA in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 OTA含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND 2.41 2.54 1.36 2.03
怀黄 ND ND 2.42 2.76 1.52 3.86
怀九 ND ND 2.47 2.33 2.44 2.56
燕红 ND 0.45 0.45 2.14 2.04 1.80
怀北镇 3113 ND ND 2.57 2.62 1.82 1.67
怀黄 ND ND 1.16 2.28 1.67 2.20
怀九 0.36 1.34 2.54 2.96 2.60 1.98
燕红 ND 0.50 0.91 2.47 ND 2.35
九渡河镇 3113 ND ND 3.32 2.30 1.97 1.66
怀黄 ND 0.47 2.77 2.58 2.14 2.12
怀九 ND ND 2.86 2.98 1.92 ND
燕红 ND 0.90 2.02 1.94 1.75 1.94
雁栖镇 3113 0.65 0.97 2.64 1.90 1.69 1.79
怀黄 ND ND 2.66 0.42 2.30 1.85
怀九 ND ND 2.41 2.51 1.91 1.84
燕红 ND 0.52 1.24 2.44 1.72 1.79
原生 花花 ND ND 1.80 2.74 ND 2.53
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980555595996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

板栗样品中OTA检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 OTA含量/(μg/kg)
7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND 2.41 2.54 1.36 2.03
怀黄 ND ND 2.42 2.76 1.52 3.86
怀九 ND ND 2.47 2.33 2.44 2.56
燕红 ND 0.45 0.45 2.14 2.04 1.80
怀北镇 3113 ND ND 2.57 2.62 1.82 1.67
怀黄 ND ND 1.16 2.28 1.67 2.20
怀九 0.36 1.34 2.54 2.96 2.60 1.98
燕红 ND 0.50 0.91 2.47 ND 2.35
九渡河镇 3113 ND ND 3.32 2.30 1.97 1.66
怀黄 ND 0.47 2.77 2.58 2.14 2.12
怀九 ND ND 2.86 2.98 1.92 ND
燕红 ND 0.90 2.02 1.94 1.75 1.94
雁栖镇 3113 0.65 0.97 2.64 1.90 1.69 1.79
怀黄 ND ND 2.66 0.42 2.30 1.85
怀九 ND ND 2.41 2.51 1.91 1.84
燕红 ND 0.52 1.24 2.44 1.72 1.79
原生 花花 ND ND 1.80 2.74 ND 2.53
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980643676383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Detection of AME in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 AME含量/(μg/kg)
5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 17.87 ND
怀黄 ND ND ND 1.93 ND ND ND ND
怀九 ND ND ND 11.20 ND ND ND ND
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.27 8.58
怀九 ND ND ND ND ND 1.43 ND 1.75
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.15
九渡
河镇		 怀九 2.18 1.93 2.32 3.16 3.26 4.31 6.41 6.38
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.65
雁栖镇 3113 ND ND 10.22 ND ND ND ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND 1.34 4.38 7.38 14.13 13.51
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND 1.38 ND ND
原生 花花 ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.58 ND
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980773699809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

板栗样品中AME检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
地点		 品种 AME含量/(μg/kg)
5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
渤海镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 17.87 ND
怀黄 ND ND ND 1.93 ND ND ND ND
怀九 ND ND ND 11.20 ND ND ND ND
怀北镇 3113 ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.27 8.58
怀九 ND ND ND ND ND 1.43 ND 1.75
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.15
九渡
河镇		 怀九 2.18 1.93 2.32 3.16 3.26 4.31 6.41 6.38
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.65
雁栖镇 3113 ND ND 10.22 ND ND ND ND ND
怀黄 ND ND ND 1.34 4.38 7.38 14.13 13.51
燕红 ND ND ND ND ND 1.38 ND ND
原生 花花 ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.58 ND
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980865974498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Detection of ZEN, FB1, FB2, FB3 and STC in Castanea mollissima samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 采样地点 品种 贮藏时间/月 浓度/(μg/kg)
ZEN 渤海 3113 5 1.30
渤海 3113 7 2.37
怀北 怀九 10 3.70
怀北 怀黄 7 1.13
九渡河 3113 8 0.95
雁栖 怀九 12 0.70
FB1 怀北 怀九 2 5.09
渤海 怀九 3 1.88
怀北 3113 4 0.95
九渡河 3113 4 1.35
渤海 怀九 10 0.43
渤海 怀黄 10 0.31
九渡河 怀黄 10 0.82
雁栖 3113 10 0.84
FB2 渤海 怀九 3 2.75
九渡河 3113 4 11.45
FB3 渤海 怀九 3 3.28
九渡河 3113 4 0.76
STC 雁栖 怀九 3 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1183427980933083363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

板栗样品中ZEN、FB1、FB2、FB3和STC检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 采样地点 品种 贮藏时间/月 浓度/(μg/kg)
ZEN 渤海 3113 5 1.30
渤海 3113 7 2.37
怀北 怀九 10 3.70
怀北 怀黄 7 1.13
九渡河 3113 8 0.95
雁栖 怀九 12 0.70
FB1 怀北 怀九 2 5.09
渤海 怀九 3 1.88
怀北 3113 4 0.95
九渡河 3113 4 1.35
渤海 怀九 10 0.43
渤海 怀黄 10 0.31
九渡河 怀黄 10 0.82
雁栖 3113 10 0.84
FB2 渤海 怀九 3 2.75
九渡河 3113 4 11.45
FB3 渤海 怀九 3 3.28
九渡河 3113 4 0.76
STC 雁栖 怀九 3 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1183427981021163749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

List of Co-occurrence of mycotoxins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点-
品种		 毒素
种类		 真菌毒素
渤海-3113 2 NIV-OTA-AME-OTA
渤海-怀黄 3 TEN-OTA-FB1-TEN-NIV-OTA
渤海-怀九 4 TEN-TeA-OTA-FB1
渤海-燕红 4 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA
怀北-3113 5 TEN-AOH-TeA-AME-OTA
怀北-怀黄 3 TEN-TeA-OTA
怀北-怀九 4 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA
怀北-燕红 6 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
九渡河-3113 3 AOH-TeA-OTA
九渡河-怀黄 3 TeA-OTA-FB1-TeA-NIV-OTA
九渡河-怀九 5 TEN-AOH-NIV-AME-OTA
九渡河-燕红 5 AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
雁栖-3113 4 AOH-TeA-AME-OTA
雁栖-怀黄 3 ZEN-AME-OTA
雁栖-怀九 5 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-OTA
雁栖-燕红 4 TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
花花 3 TeA-NIV-AME
), ArticleFig(id=1183427981109244136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645759087124, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

共污染真菌毒素种类表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点-
品种		 毒素
种类		 真菌毒素
渤海-3113 2 NIV-OTA-AME-OTA
渤海-怀黄 3 TEN-OTA-FB1-TEN-NIV-OTA
渤海-怀九 4 TEN-TeA-OTA-FB1
渤海-燕红 4 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA
怀北-3113 5 TEN-AOH-TeA-AME-OTA
怀北-怀黄 3 TEN-TeA-OTA
怀北-怀九 4 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA
怀北-燕红 6 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
九渡河-3113 3 AOH-TeA-OTA
九渡河-怀黄 3 TeA-OTA-FB1-TeA-NIV-OTA
九渡河-怀九 5 TEN-AOH-NIV-AME-OTA
九渡河-燕红 5 AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
雁栖-3113 4 AOH-TeA-AME-OTA
雁栖-怀黄 3 ZEN-AME-OTA
雁栖-怀九 5 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-OTA
雁栖-燕红 4 TeA-NIV-AME-OTA
花花 3 TeA-NIV-AME
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北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究
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王权帅 * , 孙卫明
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(3): 35-43
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(3): 35-43
北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究
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王权帅* , 孙卫明
作者信息
  • 北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400

通讯作者:

* 王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
Study on the contamination of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Beijing Huairou District
Quan-Shuai WANG* , Wei-Ming SUN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Huairou District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 101400, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240901001
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摘要
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目的 分析和研究怀柔区板栗在1年的贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况。方法 以怀柔板栗为研究对象, 分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集3113、怀九、怀黄、燕红和花花等5个品种的板栗样本, 在冷库中贮藏1年, 每一个月抽样一次, 用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对黄曲霉毒素等21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结果 贮藏期共检出11种真菌毒素, 分别为腾毒素、交链孢酚、交链孢菌酮酸、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素B2、伏马菌素B3、交链孢酚单甲醚、赭曲霉毒素A和杂色曲霉素。其中交链孢霉菌素检出率和检出值均较高。根据采样地点分析, 4个乡镇的真菌毒素检出数量从66个到79个, 并没有显著的差异和明显的规律, 根据贮藏时间分析, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 板栗中真菌毒素的检出件数总体呈上升趋势。贮藏前6个月真菌毒素的检出率均相对较低, 每个月检出4~5件, 到第7个月真菌毒素检出增至12件, 从第9个月起17件样品均有检出。结论 从真菌毒素污染角度分析建议板栗在贮藏6个月以内进行食用和加工。不同板栗种植地区和不同品种中真菌毒素检出情况没有呈现出规律性, 且板栗样品在贮藏期间存在有共污染状况, 并应对板栗中交链孢霉菌素的污染风险进行进一步的分析和研究。

真菌毒素  /  板栗  /  冷库贮藏  /  污染状况

Objective To study and analyze the mycotoxins contamination status of Castanea mollissima in Huairou District during one year of cold storage. Methods Taking Castanea mollissima produced in Huairou District as the research object. Castanea mollissima samples of 5 varieties, including 3113, Huaijiu, Huaihuang, Yanhong, and Huahua were collected from the 4 highest yielding townships in Huairou District. They were stored in a cold storage for one year and sampled once a month. The content of 21 kinds of fungal toxins was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results During the storage period, a total of 11 fungal toxins were detected, including tentoxin, alternariol, tenuazonic acid, nivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, alternariolmethylether, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin. The detection rate and value of Alternaria toxins were relatively high. According to the analysis of sampling locations, the number of fungal toxins detected in the 4 townships increased from 66 to 79, with no significant difference or clear pattern. Based on the analysis of storage time, the number of fungal toxins detected in chestnuts showed an overall upward trend with the extension of storage time. The detection rate of fungal toxins was relatively low in the 1 to 6 months of storage, with 4-5 cases detected each month. By the 7th month, the detection of fungal toxins increased to 12 cases, and from the 9th month onwards, all 17 samples were detected. Conclusion The Castanea mollissima shall be consumed and processed less than 6 months of storage after harvest according to the perspective of mycotoxins contamination. The overall detection rate of fungal toxins shows a monthly upward trend. There is no regularity in the detection of fungal toxins in different chestnut planting areas and varieties, and there is co-contamination in Castanea mollissima samples during storage. Further analysis and research on the pollution risk of Alternaria toxins in chestnuts is needed.

mycotoxins  /  Castanea mollissima  /  cold storage  /  contamination status
王权帅, 孙卫明. 北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 35 -43 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240901001
Quan-Shuai WANG, Wei-Ming SUN. Study on the contamination of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Beijing Huairou District[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 35 -43 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240901001
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0 引言
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板栗是一种极具营养价值的坚果, 北京市是我国板栗种植的重要地区之一[1], 其中怀柔区地处燕山山脉南麓, 气候为暖温带半湿润大陆季风气候, 地理环境十分适合板栗生长, 从明清时期就有了种植板栗的记载, 因此种植面积在全北京名列前茅, 由于其较高的板栗品质, 怀柔又被称为“中国板栗之乡”[2-3]。目前怀柔区共种植板栗30多万亩, 总产量925.71万公斤, 产值达到13400余万元, 是怀柔区农业的三大主导产业之一, 是怀柔山区农民的一项重要经济来源, 因此备受怀柔区政府重视和社会关注[4]。
真菌毒素污染是影响食品安全的一类重要因素, 板栗在种植、贮藏、加工等过程中容易污染真菌毒素, 会影响板栗的品质, 降低板栗的经济价值, 影响行业发展[5-6]。GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》中明确规定了坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1等真菌毒素的限量标准。目前已知镰刀菌属、青霉属和曲霉属等多个菌属的真菌会在板栗产品上发生污染并产生黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins, AFs)、伏马菌素(fumonisins, FBs)、单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素(trichothecenes)、赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)和杂色曲霉素(sterigmatocystin, STC)等次级代谢产物[7-12]。AFs在国内外近些年都有检出, 有的检出率高达62.2%[7-8]。BERTUZZI等[9]研究发现, 在新鲜的板栗中检出了AFs和OTA。此外有研究表明, 新鲜的板栗在贮藏过程中极易遭到真菌的污染并产生真菌毒素, DONIS-GONZALEZ等[10]在4 ℃温度下贮藏的板栗中检测出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN), 毒素含量随着贮藏时间的延长, 含量也逐渐升高, 并且其中一个品种的板栗在贮藏到120 d后, 其DON含量已经超过了最大允许限值。郭耀东[13]对多种食品中的FBs进行了检测和分析发现, 在坚果中FBs的检出率最高。板栗中检出OTA的文献报道非常多, 在干板栗、新鲜板栗和板栗粉3种不同状态的板栗均有检出[14]。
目前对于板栗中多种真菌毒素同时检测的分析方法以超高效液相色谱-质谱法为主, 前处理方法主要可以分为固相萃取法[15]、QuEChERS法[16]、同位素内标直接稀释法[17]和免疫亲和柱法[18]等, 免疫亲和柱法、固相萃取法和QuEChERS法的应用有一定的局限性, 免疫亲和柱法对单一种类真菌毒素前处理时效果较好, 但当同时检测的目标毒素种类很多时, 会导致操作步骤烦琐、相互干扰、净化效果降低等问题。QuChERS法近些年经过优化也可用于真菌毒素的提取、净化, 可以非常简便快捷地去除样品中的脂肪、色素等杂质, 但板栗中脂肪含量较低, 也没有很深的色素, 因此QuChERS法也不适用于板栗的前处理, 因此本研究采用同位素内标直接稀释法进行分析。
板栗采收后很容易发生氧化、腐败、发芽等情况, 对后期的贮存造成了很大的难题[19]。国内对板栗采后的贮藏技术进行了大量的研究, 如辐照保藏、涂料保藏、气调保藏、沙藏等方法[20-23], 陈秋怡等[24]将6种保鲜方式对板栗贮藏过程中品质的影响进行了研究, 得出每种方式都有各自的优势。但目前商业上使用最广泛的还是冷库低温保藏。目前国内外对板栗贮藏期真菌毒素的污染状况的研究鲜有报道, 从文献中查到最多研究到贮藏120 d, 而对贮藏一年的板栗还鲜少见相关的研究报道。随着保藏技术的不断发展, 板栗可以在冷库里保鲜贮藏近一年, 一年中消费者都可以吃到鲜板栗及板栗制品, 但对于一年贮藏期板栗的真菌毒素监测和分析并未进行相关的研究。
本研究以怀柔板栗为研究对象, 分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本, 在冷库中进行贮藏, 每一个月抽样一次, 用超高效液相色谱-质谱法对黄曲霉毒素等21种真菌毒素含量进行测定, 对怀柔区板栗在一年的贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况进行分析和研究。该研究对提升怀柔板栗产品经济效益具有十分重要的必要性, 还可以为制定怀柔区农业产业发展规划和安全监管提供数据支撑。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 试样材料
板栗品种按早熟期、中熟期和晚熟期分别选取, 早熟期的品种为3113 (Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanzaofeng'), 中熟期的品种为怀九(Castanea mollissima ‘Huaijiu')和怀黄(Castanea mollissima ‘Huaihuang'), 晚熟期品种为燕红(Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanhongli')。原生板栗品种为花花。板栗采样地点选取怀柔区板栗产量最大的4个镇, 每个镇的采样具体地点和品种见表1, 每件样品采样20 kg。
从板栗成熟开始采摘并贮藏于北京老栗树聚源德种植专业合作社板栗贮藏专用冷库中, 贮存期为1年。冷库贮藏环境温度为-1~-3 ℃, 相对湿度60%左右。
1.2 试样抽样
样品采集分为采摘期和贮藏期。采摘期选择的样品为成熟但未采摘的板栗。贮藏期从放入冷库开始算起, 每个月抽样一次, 按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》规定进行抽样, 从贮藏袋的上部、中部和下部分别取300 g左右板栗样品, 混合成大约1 kg样品为待测样。
1.3 主要仪器设备
LCMS-8050超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪(日本岛津公司); Waters BEH C18 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.7 μm)(美国Waters公司); BSA623S-CW千分之一电子天平(德国Sartorius公司); VORTEX-5调速振荡器(海门其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); Centrifuge 5810R高速低温离心机(德国Sigma公司)。
1.4 主要材料与试剂
乙腈、甲醇、甲酸(色谱纯, 北京迪马科技有限公司); 21种真菌毒素标准品均购自罗玛实验室检测服务(无锡)有限公司, 包括OTA (10.05 μg/mL)、STC (50.3 μg/mL)、DON (100.1 μg/mL)、ZEN (100.2 μg/mL), 其他17种真菌毒素具体质量浓度见表2。
1.5 样本制备
首先用板栗去皮机去掉板栗壳, 再用粉碎机将脱壳的板栗粉碎, 混匀, 用四分法分成2份, 每份至少200 g, 装入食品样品袋中, 1份-20 ℃冷冻保藏, 另1份用于检测。
1.6 检测方法
本研究采用同位素内标直接稀释法进行前处理, 用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪进行测定。TeA、AOH、TEN、AME和ALT 5种交链孢霉菌素检测方法参照王远等[25]的方法, 其他16种真菌毒素则按照实验室前期所建立的分析方法[26]进行检测。检测结果保留3位有效数字。
1.7 质量控制
采用从Romer公司购买的质控样品M15361M玉米粉种多毒素(DON、FB1、FB2、FB3和ZEN)和M17175A玉米粉中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2(低浓度)进行质量控制。DON和ZEN用于负离子模式质量控制, AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2及FB1、FB2、FB3用于正离子模式质量控制。质控样标准值及不确定度分别为: DON (821±64) μg/kg, FB1 (667±78) μg/kg, FB2 (156±21) μg/kg, FB3 (89±22) μg/kg, ZEN (87±7) μg/kg, AFB1 (3.7±1.6) μg/kg, AFB2<0.5 μg/kg, AFG1<0.5 μg/kg, AFG2<0.5 μg/kg。每批样品检测时均需要同时处理质控样品, 质控样品的结果在证书给定的范围内时本批次检测数据才可使用。
1.8 数据处理
采用Excel 2003和Origin 8.0对样品中真菌毒素污染水平进行统计分析。样品中真菌毒素含量低于其检出限(limit of detection, LOD)时, 判定为未检出, 用ND表示。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 真菌毒素检出情况分析
通过对所有样品进行采摘期及连续12个月贮藏期的检测。采摘期的样品中21种真菌毒素均未检出。贮藏期共检出11种真菌毒素。分别为: TEN、AOH、TeA、NIV、ZEN、FB1、FB2、FB3、AME、OTA和STC, 其他10种真菌毒素均未检出。
2.2 TEN检出情况
分别从渤海镇的怀黄、怀九、燕红, 怀北镇的3113、怀黄、怀九、燕红, 九渡河镇的怀九和雁栖镇的怀九样品中检出TEN, 具体见图1。从地域分, 渤海的怀黄、怀九和燕红3个品种中有检出, 渤海镇的怀九从储藏的第2个月就开始检出, 到第5个月逐渐平稳, 11月含量最高达到4.30 μg/kg, 怀黄和燕红贮藏7到8个月开始检出。怀北4个品种均检出。怀黄从第1个月就检出, 从第3个月到第8个月检出浓度比较平稳, 然后迅速增长。7~10月份其他3个品种开始检出。雁栖仅有怀九检出, 从第1个月就检出, 4~7个月稳定。九渡河只检出怀九, 贮藏到第5个月开始检出。从品种上来看, 怀九4个地方都检出, 渤海和雁栖几乎从开始就检出, 九渡河第5个月检出, 怀北最晚, 第8个月检出。怀黄和燕红在渤海和怀北检出。3113只在怀北镇的样品贮藏到最后3个月检出, 而且含量不高, 仅有1.61 μg/kg。目前对板栗中TEN的研究还不是很深入, 相关报道较少, 其他研究者对番茄、苹果汁等其他食品中交链孢霉菌素进行了研究, 其中TEN均不是主要的检出毒素[27-28], 但本研究中TEN的检出率却很高, 而且检出的贮藏时间整体偏早, 特别是中熟期的品种, 在贮藏刚刚1~2个月就开始有检出, 尽管含量不是很高。4个采样地点的样本均有检出。原因可能是板栗感染的真菌极易产生TEN, 从而导致TEN检出率偏高。虽然检出率很高, 但检出值并不高, 最高值仅有4.30 μg/kg, 而国家食品安全风险监测对小麦粉中TEN的检出值最大超过了200 μg/kg[29]。
2.3 AOH检出情况
AOH在贮藏的前4个月均未检出, 从第5个月开始检出, 5~12个月的检出情况见表3。渤海镇4个品种的板栗样品及花花品种在整个一年的贮藏期均未检出AOH。怀北、九渡河和雁栖的板栗样品中检出了AOH, 其中怀北镇的3113、怀九和燕红, 九渡河镇燕红仅在第12个月检出, 九渡河的3113样品在贮藏到第11个月检出, 而雁栖镇的3113样品仅在第7个月检出, 此外九渡河和雁栖的怀九样品均从贮藏第5个月开始检出AOH, 一直检出到12个月, 含量最高分别达到11.92 μg/kg和10.09 μg/kg。AOH也是一种检出率很普遍的交链孢霉菌素, 本研究中一半的样本检出了AOH, 主要到贮藏的末期检出, 所有样品检出值最高为19.94 μg/kg, 这与NOSER等[27]对番茄中AOH的研究结果相似。
2.4 TeA检出情况
板栗贮藏前6个月TeA均未检出, TeA后6个月的检出情况见表4。按地域进行分析, 渤海镇2个品种怀九和燕红检出了TeA。怀北镇和九渡河镇检出3个品种, 分别为3113、怀黄和燕红。雁栖镇检出3113、怀九和燕红。本地品种花花也检出了TeA。渤海镇和怀北镇的样品在贮藏第8个月开始检出, 而九渡河镇和雁栖镇的板栗从第7个月开始检出。从品种上看, TeA在贮藏的7~8月开始检出, 早、中和晚期的品种均检出了TeA。怀北、九渡河和雁栖3个镇采集的3113样品检出TeA。对于中期品种, 怀北镇和九渡河镇的怀黄、渤海镇和雁栖镇的怀九检出了TeA。4个地区均在燕红品种中检出了TeA。怀柔本土品种花花, 也检出了TeA, 含量不高, 从第10个月检出。TeA是在食品中检出最普遍的交链孢霉菌素, 不论从检出率还是检出值均很高, 有些食品基质如小麦粉中TeA检出值能从800 μg/kg到2000 μg/kg左右[28-29], 本研究中70%的板栗样品检出了TeA, 最高检出结果为127.74 μg/kg, 虽然没有达到小麦粉中那么高的含量, 但不能直接进行比较, 与板栗中检出的其他交链孢霉菌素相比, 检出值已高出数十倍。
2.5 NIV检出情况
板栗贮藏前6个月NIV均未检出, 贮藏后6个月的检出情况见表5。在早、中和晚期品种中均有NIV检出, 主要在燕红品种中检出, 4个镇的燕红样品基本上同时期开始检出, 怀北镇和九渡河镇在贮藏到第7个月, 渤海镇和雁栖镇在第8个月检出,NIV含量整体呈增长趋势, 最后检出浓度为225.63~289.56 μg/kg, 这可能与品种有关, 晚熟的燕红更适宜产NIV毒素的真菌繁殖和产毒。此外还从第8个月的怀北3113, 第10个月的渤海3113、九渡河3113、九渡河怀九和雁栖的怀九, 第11月的渤海怀黄、九渡河怀黄和花花检出了NIV。
2.6 OTA检出情况
OTA与NIV的检出情况相似, 贮藏7~12个月的检出情况见表6。贮藏的前6个月所有板栗样品均未检出, 到第7个月有2件样品检出OTA, 第8个月有7件样品检出, 到第9个月, 所有样品全部检出OTA, 浓度从0.45~3.32 μg/kg。9~12个月基本都有检出, 除了11月有2件, 12月有1件未检出。从第7~12个月的检测数据可知, 检测数据没有呈现出一定的规律。WANG等[30]对253件板栗样品分析后, 仅有4件样品检出了OTA, 这与本研究的结果不一致, 本研究在所有的样品中均检出了OTA。这可能与实验用板栗的贮藏时间不同有关, WANG等[30]所使用的板栗样本是从市场上购买的, 其贮藏时间在文中并未提及, 可能采集的是刚收获的或贮藏早期的板栗, 从而导致检出率很低。
2.7 AME检出情况
板栗样品在贮藏1~4个月时未检出AME, 5~12个月AME检出情况见表7。渤海镇有3113、怀黄和怀九3个品种检出, 怀北镇有3113、怀九和燕红3个品种检出。九渡河镇怀九和燕红2个品种检出。雁栖镇有3113、怀黄和燕红3个品种检出。本地品种花花也有检出。4个镇除了九渡河没有在早熟的3113品种检出, 其他3个镇均在早、中、晚期品种中检出, 检出值在1.34~17.90 μg/kg。除九渡河镇的怀九在第5个月开始检出AME, 其他11件样品都是在7~12个月检出。AME是检出率较少的交链孢霉菌素, 有研究对92件小米粉进行研究, 仅有6件, 占6.5%的样品检出AME[28]。WANG等[30]对33板栗进行检测, 其中3件检出AME。本研究中从整个贮藏期统计尽管有70%的样品检出了AME, 但贮藏5~9个月时, 除贮藏到8个月时有4件检出, 其他每个月只有1~2件检出, 而到了贮藏末期检出率才升高。与TeA和TEN检出情况相比检出率要低很多。
2.8 其他检出的真菌毒素
有5种其他真菌毒素在整个贮藏期有零星检出, 分别为ZEN、FB1、FB2、FB3和STC, 具体数值见表8。ZEN检出5件样品, 6个时间点。4个镇的样品都有检出, 早中期的样品有检出ZEN, 晚期的燕红没有检出。渤海镇的3113样品在贮藏第5月和7月检出。怀北镇的怀黄第7月、怀九第10月检出。九渡河镇的3113在第8月和雁栖镇的怀九在第12月分别有一件样品检出。FB1检出8件样品。4个镇的样品也均检出, 怀北镇的怀九在贮藏的第2月检出, 以后在该样品中再未检出。3113在怀北镇和九渡河镇2个采样地点采集的板栗样品中检出, 检出时间为贮藏的第4个月。其他4件样品均在第10个月检出, 分别为渤海镇的怀九和怀黄、九渡河镇的怀黄和雁栖镇的3113。FB2和FB3检出的样品和时间是一致的。都只有2件样品检出, 分别为贮藏第3个月的渤海镇怀九和第4个月的九渡河镇3113。STC仅在1件样品, 为贮藏到第3个月的雁栖镇怀九。
2.9 共污染状况分析
当贮藏到一定时间后, 所有样品均出现了共污染状况, 具检出的真菌毒素种类为2~6种, 具体见表9。17件样品中有1件样品渤海镇的3113同时检出2种。渤海镇的怀黄、怀北镇的怀黄、九渡河镇的3113、九渡河镇的怀黄、雁栖镇的怀黄还有怀柔原生品种花花均同时检出3种。6件样品渤海镇的怀九和燕红、怀北镇的怀九、雁栖镇的3113和燕红同时检出4种真菌毒素。怀北镇的3113、九渡河镇的怀九和燕红、雁栖镇的怀九4件样品同时检出5种真菌毒素。怀北镇的燕红检出真菌毒素最多为6种。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究所有板栗样本在一年的贮藏期均未检出黄曲霉毒素, 这与国内外的研究结果不一致, PIETRI等[14]、WANG等[30]均在板栗产品中检出了黄曲霉毒素。本研究中未检出黄曲霉毒素可能与贮藏环境有很大关系, 本研究贮藏用的冷库中可能没有产生黄曲霉毒素的真菌, 从而均未检出黄曲霉毒素。关于贮藏环境条件对板栗中真菌毒素的污染影响有待于进一步的研究。
本研究发现, 板栗在贮藏过程中交链孢霉菌素检出率非常高, 5种交链孢霉菌素有4种都有检出, 并且检出时间较早, 目前全球不论对交链孢霉菌素污染状况的研究还是风险评估, 相关数据均不够充分。且目前未看到有关板栗中交链孢霉菌素的相关研究报道。由于交链孢霉菌素可能具有一定的致癌性和生物毒性[31], 因此对板栗中交链孢霉菌素污染状况做进一步的研究具有十分重要的意义。
对样品中真菌毒素检出情况进行统计分析, 计数方法采用每件样本每检出1种真菌毒素统计检出1个真菌毒素。以采样地区进行统计, 渤海镇共检出66个, 怀北镇检出74个, 九渡河镇检出73个以及雁栖镇检出79个。从检出的数量分析差异并不大。除AOH在渤海镇所有样本中均未检出外, STC仅在雁栖镇怀九1件样品中检出外, 其余TeA、AME、TEN、ZEN和FBs均在4个镇采集的板栗样本中检出, 因此无法得出板栗种植地域的不同对种毒素污染种类的分布有确切相关性的结论。关于采样不同地域对板栗中真菌毒素污染状况的影响还需持续采样和分析。
以不同品种为统计单位, 检出真菌毒素数量最多的是雁栖的怀九为33个, 渤海镇3113检出真菌毒素数量最少为8个, 花花检出9个。同一个地区的4个品种相比, 3113检出相对较少, 而怀九样品相对检出最多。从总体对各个品种进行统计分析, 4个地区的3113品种板栗贮藏期共检出56个, 怀黄品种检出68个, 怀九品种检出110个, 燕红品种检出88个。早熟期和晚熟期的品种检出数量相对较少, 而中熟期的怀九则检出数量较多。
随着贮藏时间的延长, 板栗中真菌毒素的含量总体呈上升趋势。贮藏前6个月真菌毒素的检出率均相对较低, 后6个月检出率迅速增加。以每个地方的每个品种为一个统计单位, 共有4个地区, 每个地区3113、怀九、怀黄和燕红4个品种, 以及本地品种花花, 共计17件样品。前6个月每个月检出4~5件, 到第7个月真菌毒素检出增至12件, 从第9个月起17件样品就均有检出, 一直延续到贮藏12个月。这与DONIS-GONZALEZ等[10]的研究结果趋势一致。因此, 从真菌毒素的产生角度来看, 建议每年板栗在9~10月份成熟采摘后放入冷库进行保鲜贮藏, 最长贮藏时间以6个月最佳。
此外板栗在贮藏过程中明显存在多种真菌毒素共污染的状况, 以每件样本每检出1种真菌毒素统计检出1个真菌毒素。当贮藏了一个月, 就检出2个真菌毒素, 从第7个月开始检出数量激增, 从7个增加到21个, 增长到原来的3倍。后期也呈增长趋势, 最后17件样品检出56个, 平均每件样品检出3.4个真菌毒素, 这与彭子欣等[32]对我国熟制坚果中真菌毒素污染状况的分析结果一致。虽然检出的每种真菌毒素从单一角度来分析都没有超过国际及国家的有关限量标准, 但当同时存在多种真菌毒素对人体的潜在危害程度和对板栗品质的影响需要做进一步的研究。采用多种算法如Apriori等[33], 对板栗中多种真菌毒素指标之间的关联性进行研究, 分析真菌毒素之间共污染的关系特征, 为多毒素的联合风险评估提供理论依据。
基金
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  • 北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ2020-1)
文献
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240901001
  • 接收时间：2024-09-01
  • 首发时间：2025-07-21
  • 出版时间：2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-01
基金
北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ2020-1)
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    北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400

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* 王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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