Article(id=1153986645415154194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726675200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456301, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456301, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456301, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456301, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986646128185878, articleId=1153986645415154194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of sub-chronic exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins on liver lipidomics in mice, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the effects of sub-chronic doses of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) on the livers of mice. Methods In the present study, the effects of different dose concentrations PSTs on hepatic lipid metabolomics were assessed by oral gavage using the lipidomics technique. Results Exposure to the high-and medium-dose group (greater than 100 µg STXeq/kg BW) resulted in abnormal lipid metabolism, with glycerophospholipids (GP) as the major differential lipid metabolites, phosphatidylethanolamine (18:3/22:6) [PE (18:3/22:6)], PE (16:0/18:0), and 16(17)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid were lower, whereas the relative content of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (P-16:0/0:0) was elevated in relative levels of these lipids, which might serve as biomarkers of liver injury due to PSTs exposure. In contrast, the low dose group (45 µg STXeq/kg BW) did not significantly affect mouse liver lipids. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differential lipids showed that α-linolenic acid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis were collectively involved in lipid metabolism in the 3 kinds of PSTs experimental groups. Conclusion The effects of PSTs on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice are characterized by a dose-dependent pattern, and lipid dysfunction may affect the neurotoxic effects of PSTs. This study provides a theoretical reference for exploring the mechanism of hepatic injury by PSTs in mice.

, correspAuthors=Hai-Yan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Xiao WANG, Cai-Hong CHEN, Guan-Chao ZHENG, Shan-Qin HUO, Zhi-Jun TAN, Hai-Yan WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986674242605269, articleId=1153986645415154194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=麻痹性贝毒亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估亚慢性剂量麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)对小鼠肝脏的影响。方法 本研究通过口服灌胃的方式, 采用的脂质组学技术评估不同剂量浓度PSTs对肝脏脂质代谢组学的影响。结果 高中剂量组(大于100 µg STXeq/kg BW)暴露导致脂质代谢异常, 其中甘油磷脂类(glycerophospholipids, GP)为主要差异脂质代谢物, 磷脂酰乙醇胺(18:3/22:6) [phosphatidylethanolamine (18:3/22:6), PE (18:3/22:6)]、PE (16:0/18:0)、16(17)-环氧二十二碳五烯酸的相对含量降低, 而溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(P-16:0/0:0)的相对含量升高, 这些脂质可作为PSTs暴露导致肝脏损伤的生物标志物。相比之下, 低剂量组(45 µg STXeq/kg BW)未对小鼠肝脏脂质造成显著性影响。差异脂质的代谢途径富集分析表明, α-亚麻酸代谢、甘油酯代谢、花生四烯酸代谢和类固醇激素的生物合成共同参与了3个PSTs实验组的脂质代谢。结论 PSTs对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响具有剂量依赖性特征, 脂质功能障碍可能影响PSTs的神经毒性作用, 本研究为探索PSTs对小鼠肝脏损伤机制提供了理论参考。

, correspAuthors=吴海燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴海燕(1985—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:
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王潇潇(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:

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王潇潇(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:

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王潇潇(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:

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注: a. AM组与KM组火山图; b. BM组与KM组火山图; c. CM组与KM组火山图; d. 韦恩图; e. 差异脂质化合物二级分类(数量>5)。

, figureFileSmall=3WJxF5nynkn3mKXyT681xA==, figureFileBig=4Q7px/BxE3SnYzMbUa1ohQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428194603511957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different doses of PSTs exposure on lipid metabolites in mice liver, figureFileSmall=iXxCstz5rXWWPnbog+Y2kw==, figureFileBig=GIknQoAOX+in0KNIvrtIoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428194679009430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同剂量PSTs暴露对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢物影响差异

注: a. PLS-DA得分图; b. PLS-DA置换检验图; c. OPLS-DA得分图; d. OPLS-DA置换检验图。

, figureFileSmall=iXxCstz5rXWWPnbog+Y2kw==, figureFileBig=GIknQoAOX+in0KNIvrtIoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428194767089818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heatmaps of key differential lipids in mice livers exposed to different doses of PSTs, figureFileSmall=yqiyo6PUIbhlAVK/dl/EuA==, figureFileBig=O8l5CUJuTkf31jVHOUIGwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428194871947422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同剂量PSTs暴露对小鼠肝脏关键差异脂质热图

注: a. AM与KM组; b. BM与KM组。

, figureFileSmall=yqiyo6PUIbhlAVK/dl/EuA==, figureFileBig=O8l5CUJuTkf31jVHOUIGwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428194968416419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Enrichment analysis of key differential lipid metabolites KEGG and box plot of relative content, figureFileSmall=34pH1fO6BvK9p79PBWQiDw==, figureFileBig=CUko53hOAlKHg140GvugrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428195056496806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986645415154194, language=CN, label=图5, caption=关键差异脂质代谢物KEGG富集分析及相对含量箱线图

注: a. KEGG富集气泡图; b~e. 脂质代谢物相对含量箱线图。

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麻痹性贝毒亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响
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王潇潇 1 , 陈彩红 1 , 郑关超 2 , 霍善琴 2 , 谭志军 2 , 吴海燕 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(3): 8-16
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(3): 8-16
麻痹性贝毒亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响
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王潇潇1 , 陈彩红1, 郑关超2, 霍善琴2, 谭志军2, 吴海燕2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院, 青岛 266404
  • 2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 农业部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071
  • 王潇潇(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴海燕(1985—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:
Effects of sub-chronic exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins on liver lipidomics in mice
Xiao-Xiao WANG1 , Cai-Hong CHEN1, Guan-Chao ZHENG2, Shan-Qin HUO2, Zhi-Jun TAN2, Hai-Yan WU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003
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目的 评估亚慢性剂量麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)对小鼠肝脏的影响。方法 本研究通过口服灌胃的方式, 采用的脂质组学技术评估不同剂量浓度PSTs对肝脏脂质代谢组学的影响。结果 高中剂量组(大于100 µg STXeq/kg BW)暴露导致脂质代谢异常, 其中甘油磷脂类(glycerophospholipids, GP)为主要差异脂质代谢物, 磷脂酰乙醇胺(18:3/22:6) [phosphatidylethanolamine (18:3/22:6), PE (18:3/22:6)]、PE (16:0/18:0)、16(17)-环氧二十二碳五烯酸的相对含量降低, 而溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(P-16:0/0:0)的相对含量升高, 这些脂质可作为PSTs暴露导致肝脏损伤的生物标志物。相比之下, 低剂量组(45 µg STXeq/kg BW)未对小鼠肝脏脂质造成显著性影响。差异脂质的代谢途径富集分析表明, α-亚麻酸代谢、甘油酯代谢、花生四烯酸代谢和类固醇激素的生物合成共同参与了3个PSTs实验组的脂质代谢。结论 PSTs对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响具有剂量依赖性特征, 脂质功能障碍可能影响PSTs的神经毒性作用, 本研究为探索PSTs对小鼠肝脏损伤机制提供了理论参考。

麻痹性贝毒  /  脂质组学  /  差异脂质  /  代谢通路

Objective To evaluate the effects of sub-chronic doses of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) on the livers of mice. Methods In the present study, the effects of different dose concentrations PSTs on hepatic lipid metabolomics were assessed by oral gavage using the lipidomics technique. Results Exposure to the high-and medium-dose group (greater than 100 µg STXeq/kg BW) resulted in abnormal lipid metabolism, with glycerophospholipids (GP) as the major differential lipid metabolites, phosphatidylethanolamine (18:3/22:6) [PE (18:3/22:6)], PE (16:0/18:0), and 16(17)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid were lower, whereas the relative content of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (P-16:0/0:0) was elevated in relative levels of these lipids, which might serve as biomarkers of liver injury due to PSTs exposure. In contrast, the low dose group (45 µg STXeq/kg BW) did not significantly affect mouse liver lipids. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differential lipids showed that α-linolenic acid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis were collectively involved in lipid metabolism in the 3 kinds of PSTs experimental groups. Conclusion The effects of PSTs on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice are characterized by a dose-dependent pattern, and lipid dysfunction may affect the neurotoxic effects of PSTs. This study provides a theoretical reference for exploring the mechanism of hepatic injury by PSTs in mice.

paralytic shellfish toxins  /  lipidomics  /  differential lipids  /  metabolic pathways
王潇潇, 陈彩红, 郑关超, 霍善琴, 谭志军, 吴海燕. 麻痹性贝毒亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 8 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003
Xiao-Xiao WANG, Cai-Hong CHEN, Guan-Chao ZHENG, Shan-Qin HUO, Zhi-Jun TAN, Hai-Yan WU. Effects of sub-chronic exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins on liver lipidomics in mice[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 8 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003
麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)是全球公认的强效神经毒素, 是一类包括57种类似物的天然神经毒性生物碱。其主要毒理作用机制是通过与神经细胞的钠离子结合, 阻止钠离子穿过膜, 从而抑制神经传导[1]。近年来, 在全球变暖、海洋富营养化和酸化的作用下, 有害藻华的发生频率逐渐增加, 而PSTs作为一类危害严重的贝类毒素, 对人类的安全健康构成了重大威胁[2-3]。PSTs可以通过食物链从浮游动物传递至贝类、鱼类等其他海洋生物, 并在其体内积累和转化[4]。据不完全统计, 从1985年至2018年间, 全球共发生3800余例PSTs中毒事件[5]。关于PSTs的毒性作用机制及差异、毒性限量的安全性及复合毒性作用机制等研究依然是近年来科学研究的焦点[6-8]。先前关于PSTs长期暴露的研究主要集中于双壳类动物和鱼类。研究表明, PSTs的积累会影响双壳类动物的行为和代谢过程, 诱发氧化应激, 并导致吸收效率和清除率等变化[9-10]。人类在食用受PSTs污染的贝类后, 通常在0.5 h到3 h内出现中毒症状。症状初期表现为唇舌刺痛和指尖麻木, 随后这些感觉会蔓延至四肢乃至全身, 严重情况下中毒者可能因呼吸衰竭而死亡, 具体取决于摄入的毒素剂量[11-12]。随着研究的深入, 研究人员发现PSTs与行为改变和空间记忆丧失有关[13], PSTs还可能导致明显的认知障碍和神经细胞损伤, 并改变动物模型系统中海马组织蛋白的表达[14]。并且, 雄性小鼠暴露在98 µg STXeq/kg/d的剂量下会导致肝脏谷草转氨酶显著升高[15], 这表明PSTs具有潜在的肝脏毒性。
肝脏是人体和动物体内以代谢为主的器官, 同时也是多种有毒物质作用的靶器官[16-17]。脂质在维持和调节膜流动性、信号转导和神经功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用[18-20]。脂质组学是继蛋白组学、代谢组学之后, 研究生物不同脂质分子的化学结构、生物功能及其在代谢调控中的动态变化, 揭示脂质在生物样本中代谢调控机制的学科[21], 在揭示毒性作用机制方面扮演着重要角色, 已被应用于肥胖、动脉粥样硬化、代谢综合征和癌症等研究[22-24]。研究表明, 大多数的脂质效应标志物与外源性化学物质残留呈正相关, 并与疾病风险增加有关[25]。最新研究表明, 微囊藻毒素暴露导致小鼠前额叶皮层和海马的区域特异性脂质组改变[26]。但前额叶皮层和海马体中的脂质含量变化呈现相反趋势, 揭示了脂质功能障碍在微囊藻毒素神经毒性机制中发挥重要作用且具有组织器官特异性。然而, 目前关于PSTs的毒性评价主要集中在致死毒性剂量和中位致死剂量, 而对于其他毒性作用研究较少[27]
本研究采用基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的非靶向脂质组学技术, 评估了亚毒性剂量PSTs灌胃暴露后小鼠肝脏脂质组学的变化, 结合多元统计分析, 探讨了PSTs对小鼠肝损伤中差异代谢物的变化规律和对代谢通路的影响, 为阐明PSTs对小鼠肝脏的损伤机制提供参考。
24只健康SPF级ICR雄性小鼠, 6~8周龄, 体重18~22 g, 购买于维通利华(北京)生物技术有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK(京)2021-0006。饲养于青岛大学生物医学中心实验动物平台, 环境温度为21~23 ℃, 湿度40%~60%, 光/暗周期: 12/12 h, 小鼠自由饮用无菌水和标准啮齿动物饲料。本研究方案已通过中国海洋大学的动物福利研究审查和批准(批准文号: SPXY2023081510)。
PSTs标准溶液: 石房蛤毒素(saxitoxin, STX)、新石房蛤毒素(neosaxitoxin, NEO)、膝沟藻毒素1~4 (gonyautxins 1~4, GTX1~4)、膝沟藻毒素2~3 (gonyautxins 2~3, GTX2~3)、N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素5 (gonyautoxin 5, GTX5)、N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素6 (gonyautoxin 6, GTX6)、N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素1~2 (N-sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin 1~2, C1~2)、脱氨甲酰基石房蛤毒素(decarbamoylsaxitoxin, dcSTX)、脱氨甲酰基新石房蛤毒素(decarbaoylneosaxitoxin, dcNEO)、脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒2~3 (decarbamoylgonyautoxins 2~3, dcGTX2~3), 购自加拿大国家海洋研究中心, 质量浓度分别为: STX 53.91 µg/mL、NEO 20.51 µg/mL、GTX1 23.53 µg/mL、GTX4 7.41 µg/mL、GTX2 40.57 µg/mL、GTX3 17.20 µg/mL、GTX5 21.13 µg/mL、GTX6 5.22 µg/mL、C1 53.91 µg/mL、C2 16.12 µg/mL、dcSTX 21.40 µg/mL、dcNEO 10.49 µg/mL、dcGTX2 35.27 µg/mL、dcGTX3 10.36 µg/mL。
乙腈、正己烷(质谱级, 德国Merck公司); 甲酸、异丙醇(质谱级, 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 乙酸、氯仿、二氯甲烷(质谱级, 美国Sigma公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液[(phosphate buffer solution, PBS), 上海源培生物科技股份有限公司]。
BSA124S-CW分析天平(感量0.1 mg, 德国Sartorius公司); JXFSTPRP-24组织破碎仪(上海净信实业发展有限公司); PS-60AL超声破碎仪(深圳市雷德邦电子有限公司); BUCHI R-215旋转蒸发仪(瑞士BUCHI公司); Himac CR 22GⅡ高速离心机(日本Hitachi公司); Vanquish Flex UPLC超高压液相系统配有Q-Exactive组合型四极杆高分辨质谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 岛津XD20液相色谱仪配有SCIEX-5500 QTRAP型四极杆质谱仪(美国SCIEX公司); ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18色谱柱(100 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm, 美国Waters公司)。
提取: 样品为2020年采集的2000 g阳性贻贝, 参照并改进吴海燕等[28]的提取方法, 具体如下: 称取15 g试样于50 mL离心管中, 加入15 mL 1%乙酸水溶液, 涡旋混合90 s。将离心管密封置于沸水中煮沸5 min, 取出置于流水下冷却至室温, 4500 r/min离心10 min, 取上清液后加入6 mL 1%乙酸水溶液重复提取一次, 收集并混合所有上清液。60 ℃水浴旋转蒸发至体积小于150 mL, 以8000 r/min的转速离心10 min的PSTs上清液作为实验样品。
测定: 取1 mL上清液, 分别稀释50倍和100倍后经固相萃取柱净化, 设置3个平行, 取稀释后的提取液1 mL于1.5 mL离心管中, 加入5 µL氨水, 涡旋混匀, 13000 r/min离心10 min。依次用3 mL乙腈、3 mL 20%乙腈水溶液(含1%乙酸)、3 mL 0.1%氨水溶液活化ENVI-CarbTM固相萃取柱(250 mg/3 mL), 加入500 µL提取液, 再用700 µL超纯水淋洗, 正压挤干, 最后用1 mL 75%乙腈水溶液(含0.25%甲酸)洗脱混匀, 13000 r/min离心10 min, 上清液倒入进样瓶中, 测定PSTs含量。
暂养5 d后, 将小鼠随机分为4组, 分别设置为对照组(KM组, 生理盐水), 高剂量组(AM组, 150 µg STXeq/kg BW/d)、中剂量组(BM组, 100 µg STXeq/kg BW/d)、低剂量组(CM组, 45 µg STXeq/kg BW/d)。连续灌胃28 d, 根据小鼠体重调整灌胃剂量, 具体如下: 1~7 d灌胃0.20 mL, 8~15 d时灌胃0.25 mL, 16~28 d时灌胃0.30 mL。
灌胃28 d后, 设置1 d的恢复期。第30 d颈椎脱臼处死小鼠, 解剖并采集肝脏, 生理盐水冲洗去除表面血迹, 并用滤纸擦干后, 剪取一片小鼠肝脏组织于标记好的锡箔纸中, 置于液氮速冻, 随后存于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
(1)脂质提取
样品中脂质的提取参考GU等[29]的方法。称取10.00 mg± 1.00 mg组织样品, 溶解于0.35 mL PBS中。随后, 使用探针超声仪在冰水浴中将组织匀浆, 超声功率设定为50%, 采用脉冲模式, 每个脉冲持续12 s, 间隔12 s, 共计循环12次。将匀浆的组织转移到玻璃试管中, 进行脂质提取。首先加入1.50 mL的甲醇:氯仿(2:1, V:V)混合溶剂, 旋涡15 min, 加入0.60 mL氯仿和0.60 mL水, 再次旋涡15 min, 12000 r/min离心10 min, 收集底层有机相。用1 mL氯仿重复提取过程两次, 每次均使用旋涡混合器振荡15 min后, 12000 r/min离心10 min, 收集底层有机相。将收集到的底层有机相合并, 氮吹至干燥。随后, 加入1.80 mL的正己烷:甲醇:水(1:1:0.1, V:V:V)混合溶剂进行进一步的脂质提取, 搅拌5 min后, 12000 r/min离心10 min, 收集底层有机相。最后, 将底层有机相氮吹至干燥, 加入150 µL的二氯甲烷-含内标甲醇(1:1, V:V)溶液进行复溶。另外, 所有样品取等量上清混合成质量控制(quality control, QC)样品上机检测。
(2)超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析
色谱条件: 采用ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)。A相: 乙腈/水(6:4, V:V)+10 mmol/L甲酸铵+0.1%甲酸, B相: 异丙醇/乙腈(9:1, V:V)+10 mmol/L甲酸铵+0.1%甲酸。流动相梯度: 0~0.50 min, 30% B; 0.50~2.00 min, 30%~75% B; 2.00~5.20 min, 75%~100% B; 5.20~6.80 min, 100% B; 6.80~6.81 min, 100%~30% B; 6.81~10.00 min, 30% B。柱温40 ℃, 流速为0.35 mL/min。
质谱条件: 采用高分辨率串联质谱仪, 在70000分辨率下全扫描范围为m/z 70~1050, 正离子和负离子模式下喷雾电压分别为3.50 kV、3.00 kV。毛细管温度300 ℃, 辅助加热器温度350 ℃。在全扫描质谱和数据依赖型二级质谱两种模式下完成数据采集, 以QC样本进行二级质谱扫描用于脂质定性。
采用XCMS 3.2.0软件对采集到的质谱数据进行峰拾取、峰分组、保留时间校正、二次峰分组等预处理。采用特征峰搜库鉴定, 对特征峰的保留时间进行校正, 以提高峰匹配的准确性, 并将一级和二级质谱信息与代谢数据库进行匹配, 质量误差控制在10 ppm以内, 并通过二级质谱匹配得分来确定代谢物。根据LIPID MAPS数据库对脂质进行命名及分类, 按照80%的规则剔除缺失值, 对于剩余的缺失数据, 采用原始矩阵中的最小值进行填补。为了减少样品制备及仪器不稳定性的影响, 采用峰面积归一化法进行相对定量分析, 并进行标准化处理。此外, 删除了在质控样本中相对标准偏差超过30%的变量。
归一化后, 进行多元统计分析, 对所有样本进行偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA), 同时用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis, OPLS-DA)验证, 并采用置换检验防止模型过度拟合。基于倍数变化(fold change, FC)、第一主成分的变量投影重要度(variable important in projection, VIP)和Student's t检验P值确定差异脂质代谢物, FC≥1.2或FC≤1/1.2, VIP>1, P<0.05为标准筛选差异脂质代谢物。通过基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)数据库进行差异代谢通路分析, 并通过Fisher精确检验获得与实验处理最相关的生物学代谢途径。脂质组学数据使用联川生物在线云平台分析。所有实验设置平行6次。使用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析显著性分析, 以P<0.05为差异显著水平, 实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。
PSTs提取液中的麻痹性贝毒各组分含量如图1所示, 主要包括GTX1~4、GTX2~3、C1~2、NEO、STX、GTX5和GTX6共10种组分。按照毒性因子, 统一转换为STXeq表示。所有毒素组分转化为STXeq后, 总毒性为(58.40±7.47) µg STXeq/mL。用生理盐水稀释至实验所需浓度进行暴露实验。
小鼠肝脏中共监测到了20360种代谢物, 从中筛选出同时满足以下条件的代谢物: FC≥1.2或FC≤1/1.2、P<0.05、VIP≥1。AM、BM和CM组分别筛选到1442种、891种和464种代谢物。如图2a~2c所示, 在AM、BM和CM组, 分别检测到124种(80种上调, 44种下调)、73种(36种上调, 37种下调)和19种(13种上调, 6种下调)差异脂质(P<0.05)。通过比较AM、BM和CM组与KM组的筛选结果, 在AM、BM和CM组有4种共同差异脂质代谢物, 见图2d。这些代谢物的LipidMaps注释分类结果显示, 共注释到308种脂质分子种类, 分为7大类和29个亚类。鉴定到的脂质及其化合物数量比例分别为脂肪酸类(fatty acids, FA, 占25.32%)、甘油脂类(glycerolipids, GL, 占13.31%)、甘油磷脂类(glycerophospholipids, GP, 占46.75%)、多聚乙烯类(polyketides, PK, 占1.62%)、孕烯醇酮脂类(prenol lipids, PR, 占2.62%); 鞘脂类(sphingolipids, SP, 占3.90%)、固醇脂类(sterol lipids, ST, 占6.49%)。如图2e所示(图中只标注了代谢物数量大于5的脂质分类)。GP是小鼠肝脏脂质的主要组分, 其次为FA和GL。
为了更好地判断组间差异, 进行了PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析, 并通过置换检验对模型进行了验证, 检验次数为200次。在PLS-DA和OPLS-DA得分图中, R2Q2的所有排列值均小于原始值, Q2在纵坐标的截距小于0, 说明模型稳定可靠, 没有出现过拟合现象。在PLS-DA图中(图3a), PC1与PC2的贡献率分别为17.45%和11.59%, KM组和CM组在X轴上重叠较大, 而AM组、BM组和KM组在X轴上显著分离(P<0.05), PLS-DA分析显示样本沿主成分1呈剂量依赖性分离。在OPLS-DA图中(图3b), 3个PSTs组均与KM组显著分离(P<0.05), 与PLS-DA结果基本一致。这些结果共同表明PSTs暴露导致显著的脂质代谢紊乱。
为了进一步探讨PSTs组和对照组之间脂质的差异, 根据条件筛选差异脂质, AM组筛选到15种差异脂质, BM组筛选到14种, 而CM组筛选到4种。相比于KM组, AM组中10种脂质下调, 包括7种GP: 磷脂酰胆碱(15:0/16:0) [phosphatidylcholine (15:0/16:0), PC (15:0/16:0)]、PC (15:0/16:0)、PC (18:2/22:6)、PC (22:5/22:6)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(16:0/18:0) [phosphatidylethanolamine (16:0/18:0), PE (16:0/18:0)]、PE (18:0/18:0)、PE (18:0/22:6)、PE (18:3/22:6); 2种FA和1种GL。5种脂质上调, 包括2种GP: PC 37:2和溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(P-16:0/0:0) [lysophosphatidylethanolamine (P-16:0/0:0), LysoPE (P-16:0/0:0)]; 2种FA: N-棕榈酰乙醇胺16:0 (N-palmitoylethanolamine 16:0, NAE 16:0)和NAE 18:0和1种PR, 如图4a所示。
BM组9种脂质下调, 包括8种GP: PC 36:4、PC (20:4/20:4)、PE (18:3/22:6)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱20:5 (lysophosphatidylcholine 20:5, LPC 20:5)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺18:2 (lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:2, LPE 18:2)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(16:1/0:0) [lysophosphatidylcholine (16:1/0:0), LysoPC (16:1/0:0)]、LysoPC (15:0/0:0)、溶血磷脂酰甘油(16:0/0:0) [lysophosphatidylglycerol (16:0/0:0), LysoPG (16:0/0:0)]和1种FA。5种脂质上调, 包括2种GP: 磷脂酰丝氨酸(16:0/18:0) [phosphatidylserine (16:0/18:0), PS (16:0/18:0)]和LysoPE (P-16:0/0:0); 1种FA、1种GL和1种ST。如图4b所示。
CM组仅有4种差异脂质, 相对于AM组和BM组,未对小鼠肝脏脂质造成显著性影响。在AM组和BM组GP类为主要差异脂质且主要呈下调趋势。由此可见, PSTs对小鼠肝脏脂质的影响具有显著的剂量效应。
对鉴定到的所有脂质代谢物进行KEGG数据库富集, 随后对经过差异值去除之后的所有脂质代谢物进行KEGG通路统计。其中三组共同富集到α-亚麻酸代谢、甘油酯代谢、花生四烯酸代谢和类固醇激素的生物合成通路(P<0.05)(图5a)。仅AM富集到不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成途径(P<0.05), AM组与CM组共同富集到亚油酸代谢通路。结合上述结果, 小鼠肝脏受PSTs影响的途径与脂质分解代谢和合成密切相关, 并对其产生影响。
通过对代谢通路中关键脂质分子进行归一化处理。PE (18:3/22:6)、PE (16:0/18:0)和16(17)-环氧二十二碳五烯酸[16(17)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid, 16(17)-EpDPE]的相对含量在PSTs的影响下降低, 而LysoPE (P-16:0/0:0)的含量则相反, 且均存在剂量依赖性, 如图5b~e所示。
研究表明人体主要通过尿液排泄摄入体内的PSTs毒素[30]。采用大鼠模型暴露低剂量的PSTs后, 毒素的主要分布器官为肝脏和肾脏[31]。刘洁生等[32]通过连续5周的大鼠灌胃实验探究PSTs可能具有的蓄积性和远期毒性, 结果表明高剂量组(18.4 μg STX/kg)对大鼠肝、肾、心等器官功能等均存在不同程度的损害, 显示出一定的功能毒性。然而, 关于PSTs对肝脏脂质影响的研究仍然不足, 这限制了对PSTs神经毒性作用及其潜在机制影响研究。与之类似, 腹泻性贝毒给药后24 h在肝脏中检测到相对较低浓度的毒素, 未见明显组织异常病变[33]。长期暴露于低剂量的腹泻性贝毒可以改变大鼠的结肠微生物群落结构, 而不会造成肝脏损伤[34]。本研究发现, PSTs可引起小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的紊乱(AM和BM组), 低剂量组(CM组)的差异脂质数量最少且通过PLS-DA分析显示与对照组无显著差异, 因此, PSTs对小鼠肝脏脂质具有显著的剂量效应关系, 且一定剂量的PSTs对小鼠肝脏具有显著的毒性影响。
PLS-DA和OPLS-DA分析揭示了PSTs暴露能够显著改变小鼠肝脏的总体脂质组成, 其中最显著的变化发生在GP类别中。全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)暴露的研究结果与之类似, PFOS是一种与肝损伤相关的有机污染物, 它同样主要影响GP代谢[35]。GP作为细胞膜的基本组成部分, 对维持正常的细胞信号传导和调控细胞凋亡至关重要[36], 参与调节多种通过G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR)或离子通道介导的细胞信号传递途径[37-38]。此外, 有证据显示GP水平的变化与氧化应激指标之间存在显著的相关性[39]。在本研究中, GP水平的显著下调可能会引发细胞结构损伤, 并干扰细胞间的信号识别过程, 从而影响肝脏的整体功能。
磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC)和磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine, PE)是细胞质膜中含量最丰富的两种主要甘油磷脂, 是肝脏组织应激调控的主要脂质代谢物。如酒精引起的急性肝损伤模型中观察到PC和PE的水平在肝脏中同样显著下降[40]。在PFOS所导致的肝损伤中PC的水平被上调而PE则被下调[41]。本研究中暴露于PSTs后PC和PE的水平均显著下调。研究表明, PC可以抑制脂肪酸的累积, 广泛用于治疗由心肌缺血、脑血管疾病、痴呆症和脂肪肝引起的肝功能障碍[42]。PC还可以显著减轻CCl4对小鼠的肝毒性作用[42]。然而, 肝脏PC含量的减少可抑制低密度脂蛋白的分泌, 进而导致甘油三酯在肝脏中积造成肝脏损伤累[43]。由此可见, 在PSTs暴露情况下PC含量的减少, 可能是机体的一种应对策略以抵抗PSTs引起的肝毒性。此外, PC主要在肝脏中通过PE的N-甲基化合成[44]。PE是哺乳动物细胞中含量第二丰富的磷脂, 可协助某些膜蛋白的折叠, 进而启动自噬反应[45]。自噬在降解肝细胞内过量的脂质堆积方面发挥着关键作用, 从而维持肝脏脂质代谢的平衡状态[46]。在PSTs暴露情况下, PE含量的减少会影响细胞自噬的功能, 进而导致细胞功能异常和形态损伤。
花生四烯酸代谢途径在小鼠肝脏对PSTs暴露的应激反应发挥了重要作用。已有研究表明, 花生四烯酸相关通路在贻贝中应对PSTs诱导的机体炎症反应过程中发挥着重要的调控作用[47], 而对于小鼠而言, 其具体的解毒机制仍有待进一步探究。研究发现, 高氯酸盐暴露造成小鼠肝脏损伤和脂代谢紊乱, 其中花生四烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸水平显著下降[48]。16(17)-EpDPE作为二十二碳六烯酸的代谢产物, 其相对含量的降低可能反映了二十二碳六烯酸在小鼠体内的减少。此外, 溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(lysophosphatidylethanolamine, LPE)的代表物质LysoPE (P-16:0/0:0)相对含量的升高也值得关注。LPE通过激活GPCR诱导细胞内钙动员、趋化迁移和细胞侵袭[49], 而GPCR的功能紊乱与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。这些发现不仅揭示了脂质代谢在PSTs诱导的肝脏损伤中的作用机制, 也为未来的研究和潜在干预策略提供了新的思路。
本研究采用非靶向脂质组学技术全面鉴定了不同剂量亚慢性PSTs暴露下小鼠肝脏中的脂质分子。研究结果表明, PSTs显著改变了肝脏中的脂质整体组成, 对GP的影响尤为显著。通过对差异脂质的代谢途径进行富集分析, 发现α-亚麻酸代谢、甘油酯代谢、花生四烯酸代谢以及类固醇激素的生物合成参与了PSTs灌胃组的脂质代谢调节。本研究旨在揭示不同剂量亚慢性PSTs暴露下小鼠肝脏脂质组成的变化, 为后续更深入地阐明PSTs对肝脏损伤的潜在机制提供了理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3105203)
  • 中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2023TD76)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003
  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3105203)
中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2023TD76)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院, 青岛 266404
    2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所, 农业部水产品质量安全检测与评价重点实验室, 青岛 266071

通讯作者:

* 吴海燕(1985—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为贝类毒素风险形成机理研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240919003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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