Article(id=1153986644886671889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241109002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731081600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456175, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456175, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456175, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=293, endPage=302, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986645444514323, articleId=1153986644886671889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Optimization of formula and processing technology of braised pork, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the formula and processing technology of braised pork. Methods The pork belly was cured by ultrasonic treatment for 30, 45 and 60 min and static curing as the control. The marinade uptake, production rate, drip loss rate and cooking loss rate were used as indicators to compare the effects of ultrasonic and static curing on curing efficiency and quality. The sensory characteristics of braised pork made by traditional and vacuum low-temperature slow cooking techniques were compared by measuring the moisture content, thermal processing loss and sensory scores. The formula of braised pork was optimized by using sensory scores as the index and conducting single factor and orthogonal experiments. Results Compared with static curing, different ultrasonic treatment times were beneficial to the improvement of the marinade uptake and production rate of the meat, and the cooking loss rate and drip loss rate were significantly lower than those of the static curing group. The marinade uptake was the highest after 60 min of ultrasonic treatment, and there was no significant difference in the production rate between 45 min and 60 min of ultrasonic treatment. With the extension of ultrasonic treatment time, the drip loss rate gradually increased, reaching a maximum of 6.20%, and the cooking loss rate was relatively low after 45 min and 60 min of ultrasonic treatment. Overall, ultrasonic curing for 45 min was the most effective. In terms of vacuum low-temperature slow cooking technology, the total sensory scores of 65 ℃ and 70 ℃ for 6 h and 70 ℃ for 8 h were relatively high. When the slow cooking temperature was set at 70 ℃ for 6 h, the color, aroma, taste and texture of braised pork were significantly improved. Compared with the traditional process, the cooking loss rate was significantly reduced and the moisture content was significantly increased. In terms of formula optimization, the sugar-oil-water mass ratio had the most significant effect on the sensory score, followed by spices and dark soy sauce. The optimal formula was determined as follows: 250 g of streaked pork, 30 g of sugar solution (including 15 g of white granulated sugar, 6 g of vegetable oil, and 9 g of water), 6 g of soy sauce, 5 g of Huadiao wine, 400 g of water, 2 g of anise, 0.2 g of fragrant leaves, and 1.2 g of cinnamon. Conclusion The ultrasonic assisted curing and sous-vide technology can effectively improve the quality of braised pork, and the improved formula technology makes the comprehensive sensory evaluation of braised pork the best.

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目的 优化红烧肉配方及加工工艺。方法 采用超声腌制30、45、60 min、静态腌制对猪五花肉进行腌制, 以腌制吸收率、出品率、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率为指标比较超声和静态腌制对腌制效率和品质的影响。通过测定水分含量、热加工损失、感官评分比较传统工艺和真空低温慢煮工艺制作的红烧肉在感官特性上的变化。以感官评分为指标, 采用单因素和正交实验优化红烧肉配方。结果 与静态腌制相比, 不同时间超声处理有助于肉品腌制吸收率和出品率的提升, 且蒸煮损失率和滴水损失率显著低于静态腌制组。超声60 min, 腌制吸收率最高, 超声45 min和60 min出品率无显著差异。随着超声处理时间的延长, 滴水损失率逐渐增加, 最高到6.20%, 超声45 min和60 min蒸煮损失率均较低。整体来看, 超声波腌制45 min效果较好; 真空低温慢煮工艺方面, 65 ℃、70 ℃处理6 h和70 ℃处理8 h感官评分总分均较高。当慢煮温度设定为70 ℃, 持续6 h状态下, 红烧肉的色泽、香气、味道、口感均得到显著改善。与传统工艺相比, 蒸煮损失率显著降低, 水分含量显著提高; 配方优化方面, 结合各配料配比对红烧肉感官评分的影响, 糖油水质量比对感官评分的影响最为显著, 其次是香辛料和老抽。确定最优配方为: 五花肉250 g, 糖液30 g(其中白砂糖15 g、植物油6 g、水9 g), 老抽6 g, 花雕酒5 g, 水400 g, 八角2 g, 香叶0.2 g, 桂皮1.2 g。结论 超声波辅助腌制和真空低温慢煮技术可有效改善红烧肉品质, 改良后的配方工艺使得红烧肉综合感官评价最好。

, correspAuthors=郭双霜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭双霜(1986—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:
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注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 下同。

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ArticleFig(id=1183428389835784324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of the amount of soy sauce on sensory evaluation of braised pork, figureFileSmall=YXaavVF1EndoCm8qFQdjMg==, figureFileBig=gHoIgB+SpmE0H4kKMCxixA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428389907087493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=图6, caption=老抽用量对红烧肉感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=YXaavVF1EndoCm8qFQdjMg==, figureFileBig=gHoIgB+SpmE0H4kKMCxixA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428389965807750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of the amount of spicy on sensory evaluation of braised pork, figureFileSmall=5azaJtxvKKrgI8fHmN+raA==, figureFileBig=oANkWR+/aL61A1PclJcdAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390028722311, 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journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=图12, caption=蒸煮温度对蒸煮损失率的影响, figureFileSmall=QZMFXnj341rYOqOmuFP4Mw==, figureFileBig=6nIv9yMQm9i9TSJgBqJDow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390712393874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effects of cooking time on moisture content, figureFileSmall=3xrlX566tfZJbZsVlRWPmQ==, figureFileBig=hBL+dOxNZqsSalAegEDJNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390796279955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=图13, caption=蒸煮时间对水分含量的影响, figureFileSmall=3xrlX566tfZJbZsVlRWPmQ==, figureFileBig=hBL+dOxNZqsSalAegEDJNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390850805908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effects of cooking temperature on moisture content, figureFileSmall=wR4HY9ffEqmlYIR5ulB5sQ==, figureFileBig=rGUZUmb7b4mWfi+tSSLEPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390905331861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=图14, caption=煮制温度对水分含量的影响, figureFileSmall=wR4HY9ffEqmlYIR5ulB5sQ==, figureFileBig=rGUZUmb7b4mWfi+tSSLEPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428390955663510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard of braised pork

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 感官评分标准
色泽
(25分)
肉皮色泽红亮, 肥膘半透明, 瘦肉色泽酱红有光泽(16~25分)
肉皮红色, 肥膘不透明, 瘦肉色泽酱红, 无光泽(11~15分)
色泽淡红或红黑, 无光泽(1~10分)
香气
(25分)
红烧肉特有的香气, 香气四溢, 颊齿留香(16~25分)
有红烧肉香气, 不够浓郁, 无异味(11~15分)
味道不好, 没有猪肉香气, 有异味(1~10分)
口感
(25分)
瘦而不柴, 软烂适度, 肥肉入口即化, 肉皮软糯(16~25分)
瘦肉干柴或软烂(11~15分)
瘦肉不够软烂, 肥肉口感肥腻(1~10分)
味道
(25分)
红烧肉特有的醇厚鲜美, 滋味丰满, 余味缭绕(16~25分)
有滋味, 不够醇厚(11~15分)
红烧肉味淡薄, 有异味(1~10分)
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391018578071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红烧肉感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 感官评分标准
色泽
(25分)
肉皮色泽红亮, 肥膘半透明, 瘦肉色泽酱红有光泽(16~25分)
肉皮红色, 肥膘不透明, 瘦肉色泽酱红, 无光泽(11~15分)
色泽淡红或红黑, 无光泽(1~10分)
香气
(25分)
红烧肉特有的香气, 香气四溢, 颊齿留香(16~25分)
有红烧肉香气, 不够浓郁, 无异味(11~15分)
味道不好, 没有猪肉香气, 有异味(1~10分)
口感
(25分)
瘦而不柴, 软烂适度, 肥肉入口即化, 肉皮软糯(16~25分)
瘦肉干柴或软烂(11~15分)
瘦肉不够软烂, 肥肉口感肥腻(1~10分)
味道
(25分)
红烧肉特有的醇厚鲜美, 滋味丰满, 余味缭绕(16~25分)
有滋味, 不够醇厚(11~15分)
红烧肉味淡薄, 有异味(1~10分)
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391077298328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different marination treatments on the marinade uptake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 腌制吸收率/%
超声波30 min 1.75±0.07c
超声波45 min 3.95±0.64b
超声波60 min 5.55±0.49a
对照30 min 1.38±0.19d
对照45 min 1.22±0.06d
对照60 min 1.67±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391148601497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同腌制处理对腌制吸收率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 腌制吸收率/%
超声波30 min 1.75±0.07c
超声波45 min 3.95±0.64b
超声波60 min 5.55±0.49a
对照30 min 1.38±0.19d
对照45 min 1.22±0.06d
对照60 min 1.67±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391219904666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Orthogonal experimental factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(糖油水
质量比)
B(老抽
用量)/g
C(香辛料
用量)/g
D(空列)
1 5:2:3 6 2.55 D1
2 4:3:3 8 3.40 D2
3 4:2:4 10 4.25 D3
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391287013531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交实验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因素
A(糖油水
质量比)
B(老抽
用量)/g
C(香辛料
用量)/g
D(空列)
1 5:2:3 6 2.55 D1
2 4:3:3 8 3.40 D2
3 4:2:4 10 4.25 D3
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391375093916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of orthogonal experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 A B C D(空列) y1(色泽) y2(香气) y3(口感) y4(味道) Y(总分)
1 1 1 1 1 21.4 20.1 20.4 20.7 82.6
2 1 2 2 2 21.7 21.8 20.9 20.2 84.6
3 1 3 3 3 21.2 20.8 20.2 20.2 82.4
4 2 1 2 3 19.2 16.5 15.8 15.3 66.8
5 2 2 3 1 18 17.6 15.6 16.4 67.6
6 2 3 1 2 18.6 15.7 17.1 16 67.4
7 3 1 3 2 18.8 17.6 21.1 18.4 75.9
8 3 2 1 3 17.1 16.6 14.6 15.8 64.1
9 3 3 2 1 19.1 19.6 17.7 18.4 74.8
k1 21.4 19.8 19.0 19.5 色泽 A>C>B>D
k2 18.6 18.9 20.0 19.7
k3 18.3 19.6 19.3 19.2
R 3.1 0.9 1.0 0.5
k1 20.9 18.1 17.5 19.1 香气 A>C>D>B
k2 16.6 18.7 19.3 18.4
k3 17.9 18.7 18.7 18.0
R 4.3 0.6 1.8 1.1
k1 20.5 19.1 17.4 17.9 口感 A>D>B>C
k2 16.2 17.0 18.1 19.7
k3 17.8 18.3 19.0 16.9
R 4.3 2.1 1.6 2.8
k1 20.4 18.1 17.5 18.5 味道 A>D>C>B
k2 15.9 17.5 18.0 18.2
k3 17.5 18.2 18.3 17.1
R 4.5 0.7 0.8 1.4
k1 83.2 75.1 71.4 75.0 总分 A>D>C>B
k 2 67.3 72.1 75.4 76.0
k 3 71.6 74.9 75.3 71.1
R 15.9 3.0 4.0 4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391471562909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 A B C D(空列) y1(色泽) y2(香气) y3(口感) y4(味道) Y(总分)
1 1 1 1 1 21.4 20.1 20.4 20.7 82.6
2 1 2 2 2 21.7 21.8 20.9 20.2 84.6
3 1 3 3 3 21.2 20.8 20.2 20.2 82.4
4 2 1 2 3 19.2 16.5 15.8 15.3 66.8
5 2 2 3 1 18 17.6 15.6 16.4 67.6
6 2 3 1 2 18.6 15.7 17.1 16 67.4
7 3 1 3 2 18.8 17.6 21.1 18.4 75.9
8 3 2 1 3 17.1 16.6 14.6 15.8 64.1
9 3 3 2 1 19.1 19.6 17.7 18.4 74.8
k1 21.4 19.8 19.0 19.5 色泽 A>C>B>D
k2 18.6 18.9 20.0 19.7
k3 18.3 19.6 19.3 19.2
R 3.1 0.9 1.0 0.5
k1 20.9 18.1 17.5 19.1 香气 A>C>D>B
k2 16.6 18.7 19.3 18.4
k3 17.9 18.7 18.7 18.0
R 4.3 0.6 1.8 1.1
k1 20.5 19.1 17.4 17.9 口感 A>D>B>C
k2 16.2 17.0 18.1 19.7
k3 17.8 18.3 19.0 16.9
R 4.3 2.1 1.6 2.8
k1 20.4 18.1 17.5 18.5 味道 A>D>C>B
k2 15.9 17.5 18.0 18.2
k3 17.5 18.2 18.3 17.1
R 4.5 0.7 0.8 1.4
k1 83.2 75.1 71.4 75.0 总分 A>D>C>B
k 2 67.3 72.1 75.4 76.0
k 3 71.6 74.9 75.3 71.1
R 15.9 3.0 4.0 4.9
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391551254686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 离差
平方和
自由度 均方 F P 显著性
A(糖油水质量比) 17.709 2 8.854 40.658 0.024 *
B(老抽用量)/g 1.269 2 0.634 2.913 0.256 -
C(香辛料
用量)/g
1.469 2 0.734 3.372 0.229 -
D(误差) 0.436 2 0.218
), ArticleFig(id=1183428391614169247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644886671889, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 离差
平方和
自由度 均方 F P 显著性
A(糖油水质量比) 17.709 2 8.854 40.658 0.024 *
B(老抽用量)/g 1.269 2 0.634 2.913 0.256 -
C(香辛料
用量)/g
1.469 2 0.734 3.372 0.229 -
D(误差) 0.436 2 0.218
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红烧肉配方及加工工艺优化
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郭双霜 * , 陈亚兰 , 邵佳华 , 李幸 , 于清利
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(3): 293-302
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(3): 293-302
红烧肉配方及加工工艺优化
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郭双霜* , 陈亚兰, 邵佳华, 李幸, 于清利
作者信息
  • 南京工业大学浦江学院国际酒店与饮食文化学院, 南京 211200

通讯作者:

* 郭双霜(1986—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:
Optimization of formula and processing technology of braised pork
Shuang-Shuang GUO* , Ya-Lan CHEN, Jia-Hua SHAO, Xing LI, Qing-Li YU
Affiliations
  • International Hospitality & Dietary Culture College, Nanjing Tech University Pujiang Institute, Nanjing 211200, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241109002
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目的 优化红烧肉配方及加工工艺。方法 采用超声腌制30、45、60 min、静态腌制对猪五花肉进行腌制, 以腌制吸收率、出品率、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率为指标比较超声和静态腌制对腌制效率和品质的影响。通过测定水分含量、热加工损失、感官评分比较传统工艺和真空低温慢煮工艺制作的红烧肉在感官特性上的变化。以感官评分为指标, 采用单因素和正交实验优化红烧肉配方。结果 与静态腌制相比, 不同时间超声处理有助于肉品腌制吸收率和出品率的提升, 且蒸煮损失率和滴水损失率显著低于静态腌制组。超声60 min, 腌制吸收率最高, 超声45 min和60 min出品率无显著差异。随着超声处理时间的延长, 滴水损失率逐渐增加, 最高到6.20%, 超声45 min和60 min蒸煮损失率均较低。整体来看, 超声波腌制45 min效果较好; 真空低温慢煮工艺方面, 65 ℃、70 ℃处理6 h和70 ℃处理8 h感官评分总分均较高。当慢煮温度设定为70 ℃, 持续6 h状态下, 红烧肉的色泽、香气、味道、口感均得到显著改善。与传统工艺相比, 蒸煮损失率显著降低, 水分含量显著提高; 配方优化方面, 结合各配料配比对红烧肉感官评分的影响, 糖油水质量比对感官评分的影响最为显著, 其次是香辛料和老抽。确定最优配方为: 五花肉250 g, 糖液30 g(其中白砂糖15 g、植物油6 g、水9 g), 老抽6 g, 花雕酒5 g, 水400 g, 八角2 g, 香叶0.2 g, 桂皮1.2 g。结论 超声波辅助腌制和真空低温慢煮技术可有效改善红烧肉品质, 改良后的配方工艺使得红烧肉综合感官评价最好。

红烧肉  /  超声波辅助腌制  /  真空低温慢煮  /  配方优化

Objective To optimize the formula and processing technology of braised pork. Methods The pork belly was cured by ultrasonic treatment for 30, 45 and 60 min and static curing as the control. The marinade uptake, production rate, drip loss rate and cooking loss rate were used as indicators to compare the effects of ultrasonic and static curing on curing efficiency and quality. The sensory characteristics of braised pork made by traditional and vacuum low-temperature slow cooking techniques were compared by measuring the moisture content, thermal processing loss and sensory scores. The formula of braised pork was optimized by using sensory scores as the index and conducting single factor and orthogonal experiments. Results Compared with static curing, different ultrasonic treatment times were beneficial to the improvement of the marinade uptake and production rate of the meat, and the cooking loss rate and drip loss rate were significantly lower than those of the static curing group. The marinade uptake was the highest after 60 min of ultrasonic treatment, and there was no significant difference in the production rate between 45 min and 60 min of ultrasonic treatment. With the extension of ultrasonic treatment time, the drip loss rate gradually increased, reaching a maximum of 6.20%, and the cooking loss rate was relatively low after 45 min and 60 min of ultrasonic treatment. Overall, ultrasonic curing for 45 min was the most effective. In terms of vacuum low-temperature slow cooking technology, the total sensory scores of 65 ℃ and 70 ℃ for 6 h and 70 ℃ for 8 h were relatively high. When the slow cooking temperature was set at 70 ℃ for 6 h, the color, aroma, taste and texture of braised pork were significantly improved. Compared with the traditional process, the cooking loss rate was significantly reduced and the moisture content was significantly increased. In terms of formula optimization, the sugar-oil-water mass ratio had the most significant effect on the sensory score, followed by spices and dark soy sauce. The optimal formula was determined as follows: 250 g of streaked pork, 30 g of sugar solution (including 15 g of white granulated sugar, 6 g of vegetable oil, and 9 g of water), 6 g of soy sauce, 5 g of Huadiao wine, 400 g of water, 2 g of anise, 0.2 g of fragrant leaves, and 1.2 g of cinnamon. Conclusion The ultrasonic assisted curing and sous-vide technology can effectively improve the quality of braised pork, and the improved formula technology makes the comprehensive sensory evaluation of braised pork the best.

braised pork  /  ultrasonic assisted pickling  /  sous-vide  /  formula optimization
郭双霜, 陈亚兰, 邵佳华, 李幸, 于清利. 红烧肉配方及加工工艺优化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 293 -302 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241109002
Shuang-Shuang GUO, Ya-Lan CHEN, Jia-Hua SHAO, Xing LI, Qing-Li YU. Optimization of formula and processing technology of braised pork[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 293 -302 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241109002
红烧肉, 作为中国烹饪艺术中的经典佳肴, 已广泛流传于千家万户, 并在中国饮食文化中占据了举足轻重的地位。其色泽红润、香气四溢、肥而不腻、入口即化的独特风味, 赢得了广大消费者的青睐[1]。随着现代社会生活节奏的加速, 加之红烧肉制作工艺繁杂, 普通家庭很难制作出感官品质俱佳的菜肴, 预制红烧肉因其便捷性而逐渐成为市场的新宠[2]。然而, 传统红烧肉制作工艺存在诸多不足, 如烹饪时间长、口感油腻、营养成分易流失等, 这些问题在一定程度上影响了其品质和市场适应性[3]
超声波技术在肉类加工领域主要应用于辅助冷藏保存、加工前的准备以及热处理阶段, 在提升肉质、促进冻结、加快解冻速度和辅助腌制等方面显示出了显著的效果[4]。肉类腌制过程中需要添加较多的盐分, 原料在长时间腌制浸泡中可能会变软, 导致其组织结构受损, 进而影响产品的质量和风味。为了克服盐分分布不均和腌制时间过长的问题, 提高腌制效率, 一些创新的腌制技术, 如超高压辅助腌制、脉动真空腌制[5]、超声波腌制[6]等高效、新型的腌制技术被广泛研究和应用。其中, 超声波作为一种新型绿色非破坏性技术, 在食品加工领域具有广阔的应用前景。超声波是大于20 kHz的机械震动波, 超声波的频率高、穿透能力强, 在液体中传播的效果最好[7]。在液体中传播产生热、空化及机械效应, 加速物质传输, 促进渗透与扩散, 提高腌制效率, 缩短腌制时间, 并确保腌制过程的均匀性[8]。超声时间短达不到理想的效果, 时间长可能会导致肌肉蛋白发生变性, 导致肌原纤维组织松散, 从而降低肉制品的品质特性, 因此在肉类加工中需要对超声波时间加以控制。
在配方优化方面, 传统红烧肉配方可能无法充分满足现代工业化生产的需要, 或在口感和风味的稳定性上存在不足。随着消费者对健康和食品品质要求的日益提高, 配方的优化显得尤为必要, 以减少油腻感和营养成分的流失。酱油和糖是红烧肉最重要的调味料, 酱油添加量, 糖、油、水的比例对红烧肉的口感至关重要。闵二虎等[9]添加白砂糖采用水炒糖色法, 经单因素与响应面优化得焦糖色最佳配方工艺; 项丰娟等[10]经单因素与正交实验确定了以感观评价为标准的红烧肉最佳配方。国外也有相关的研究, GUI等[11]通过评估几种甜味剂对红烧肉的风味、脂肪酸组成和品质的影响, 结果显示添加甜味剂烹制的红烧肉有别于一般的红烧肉。
真空低温慢煮技术是一种创新的烹饪方法, 其过程涉及将未经或仅轻微加工的食材置于真空密封袋中, 通过长时间的低温处理, 随后在恒温水浴锅中进行低温烹制, 或利用低温慢煮机完成烹饪过程[12]。在肉类加工中, 肉的中心温度控制在55~75 ℃左右, 加热时间长达数小时, 产品结束加热后应立刻贮藏于冷藏环境中[13]。这种真空低温慢煮能有效减少水分和营养素的流失, 保持肉的鲜嫩多汁, 从而在品质上实现显著的提升[14-18]。降低红烧肉的加热温度来减少氧化、保证营养价值的方法也越来越有待研究。
基于此, 本研究以超声时间为影响因素, 研究其对五花肉腌制过程中腌制吸收率、出品率、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率的影响, 以期解决传统腌制方法中腌制时间长、效率低和腌制不均匀等问题。从配料对其品质的关键影响因子加以探讨, 设置了3个单因素实验(熬糖色时糖油水质量比、调味时老抽和香辛料用量), 以三因素三水平正交实验优化红烧肉配比, 最后通过感官评定得出最佳配方。以感官评价、蒸煮损失率、水分含量为指标研究红烧肉真空低温烹饪工艺, 以期为了解低温慢煮加工特性、改善加工肉制品品质及开发新加工工艺提供新思路和理论参考。
精致猪带皮五花肉购于南京石湫怡购万家冷鲜肉; 葱、姜、八角、桂皮、酱油(海天调味食品股份有限公司); 料酒(千和味业食品股份有限公司); 鸡精(上海太太乐食品有限公司); 吴越稽山花雕酒、食用盐、糖、植物调和油等佐料购于南京溧水区怡购万家超市。
C22-IH9E32S多功能电磁炉、EJ28RP03不锈钢炒锅(浙江苏泊尔家电制造有限公司); CHS-D电子称(3 kg/0.01 g, 深圳市安衡衡器电子有限公司); KH-100E超声波清洗器(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); PMK224ZH/E万分之一电子天平(南京诺丹工程技术有限公司); HH 8恒温水浴锅(上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); DZQ400ID真空包装机(上海百振包装机械有限公司); DHG-9123A恒温干燥箱(上海鲨珍仪器制造有限公司); BCD-216STPT冰箱(海尔智家股份有限公司)。
红烧肉加工工艺流程如图1所示。
(1)腌制液配制
腌制液参照焦慎江等[19]的腌制液配方并加以改进。以1000 g肉为基准, 质量百分比按照葱2%, 姜2%, 糖2%, 八角2%, 桂皮2%, 香叶2%, 酱油5.2%, 料酒1%, 食盐0.4%, 味精0.2%, 油4%, 水40%配制腌制液。所有材料混合后煮开煮制5 min, 冷却后备用。
(2)腌制处理
选取新鲜五花肉, 将其切割成尺寸为30 mm×30 mm× 30 mm的肉块。将肉块按每袋500 g的规格进行分装, 并随机分为3组: 空白组(未进行任何处理)、对照组(仅添加腌制液并静置腌制, 腌制时间分别为30、45和60 min), 超声波处理组(在腌制液中施加40 kHz、100 W的超声波处理, 持续超声30、45和60 min)。所有腌制过程均在10 ℃以下的环境中进行, 确保腌制液能够充分覆盖肉块。
(3)腌制吸收率的测定
称取腌制前的肉块质量, 经腌制后用厨房用纸擦干表面汁液, 再次称重量, 腌制后质量与腌制前质量之差除于腌制前质量即为腌制吸收率, 如公式(1)。
$\text { 腌制吸收率 } / \%=\frac{\text { 腌制后质量 } / g \text {-腌制前质量 } / g}{\text { 腌制前质量 } / g} \times 100 \%$
(4)滴水损失率的测定
将腌制中间品及红烧后的成品肉块表面水分用厨房用纸擦干, 称质量m0, 然后用线悬空挂于4 ℃冰箱中静置24 h, 再次称质量m1[20]。滴水损失率按公式(2)进行计算。
$\text { 滴水损失率 } / \%=\frac{m_{0}-m_{1}}{m_{0}} \times 100 \%$
(5)出品率的测定
将原料肉进行称重(并去除表面水分)以获得初始质量c0, 炖煮完成后, 将肉品取出, 使用吸水性厨房用纸进行表面水分的去除, 并在室温条件下自然冷却至环境温度, 随后再次称重, 质量为c1。出品率的计算依据公式(3)进行。
$\text { 出品率 } / \%=\frac{c_{1}}{c_{0}} \times 100 \%$
(6)蒸煮损失率的测定
称取腌制处理后的肉块的初始质量w0, 进行烧制后, 取出冷却至室温, 擦干表面水分, 再称其重量w1, 蒸煮损失率按公式(4)计算。
$\text { 蒸煮损失率 } / \%=\frac{w_{0}-w_{1}}{w_{0}} \times 100 \%$
(1)糖油水比对红烧肉感官评分的影响
采用水油混合法制备糖色, 以250 g红烧肉为基准, 添加2.55 g香辛料(其中包含1.5 g八角、0.15 g香叶、0.9 g桂皮), 5 g花雕酒, 8 g老抽容易混淆后面糖油水概念, 翻炒后加水400 g。在保持糖油水总量一致的前提下, 设置不同的糖油水质量比(5:2:3、4:3:3、4:2:4、5:1:4、6:2:4), 进行单因素实验, 通过感官评分确定最佳的糖油水配比。
(2)老抽用量对红烧肉感官评分的影响
在设定糖油水比例为5:2:3, 香辛料用量为2.55 g、花雕酒5 g的条件下, 探究不同老抽用量(分别为4、8、12、16 g)对产品感官特性的影响, 并通过感官评分确定最佳的老抽添加量。
(3)香辛料用量对红烧肉感官评分的影响
设定糖油水比例为5:2:3, 添加老抽8 g、花雕酒5 g, 八角、香叶、桂皮按质量比10:1:6配比添加的条件下, 分别设置不同量级的香辛料(1.7、3.4、5.1和6.8 g), 并通过感官评分来确定最佳的香辛料用量。
(4)正交实验设计
在单因素实验结果的基础上, 在参考文献[20-23]的基础上, 以糖油水质量比(A)、老抽用量(B)和香辛料用量(C)为实验因素, 设计正交实验, 根据感官评价标准, 通过数据处理分析优化预制菜红烧肉配方。
(5)感官评定
参考相关文献[21,24]制定红烧肉感官评分表, 邀请10位相关专业的感官评价人员对预制菜红烧肉进行感官评价, 分别从色泽、香气、口感和味道4个方面进行评分, 取其平均值作为最终结果。感官评分表如表1所示。
猪五花肉洗净后切成均匀方块, 每250 g分装一袋。超声波腌制45 min。沥干后, 锅中加15 g糖、6 g油、9 g水炒糖色, 加入肉块翻炒, 加水煮沸, 再加5 g料酒、8 g老抽、1.5 g八角、1 g桂皮、0.2 g香叶、5 g花雕酒混匀装真空袋后放入水浴锅慢煮。于65、70、75 ℃下分别加热6、7、8 h, 测定红烧肉的感官评价、蒸煮损失率、水分含量指标。各处理组为传统方式烹饪(CT), 65 ℃低温慢煮6 h (SV1), 70 ℃低温慢煮6 h (SV2), 75 ℃低温慢煮6 h (SV3), 65 ℃低温慢煮7 h (SV4), 70 ℃低温慢煮7 h (SV5), 75 ℃低温慢煮7 h (SV6), 65 ℃低温慢煮8 h (SV7), 70 ℃低温慢煮8 h (SV8), 75 ℃低温慢煮8 h (SV9)。
(1)蒸煮损失率的测定
参照陈丽丽等[22]的方式计算蒸煮损失率。
(2)水分含量的测定
采用干燥法[23]测红烧肉水分含量变化。
采用Excel 2022与SPSS 26.0软件对实验数据进行统计分析, 所得结果以平均值±标准偏差的形式呈现。为保证实验结果的可靠性, 每组实验均进行随机抽样, 并且每项实验重复进行3次。方差分析采用Duncan多重比较法, 显著性水平设定为α=0.05。
腌制是改善肉类感官品质和烹饪特性的有效手段, 也是延长食品保质期、影响肉类微生物特性的重要方法[25]。如表2所示, 相较于静置腌制, 超声腌制组的腌制吸收率显著提升, 随着超声处理时间的延长, 腌制吸收率的变化趋势亦表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。此结果与田其英等[20]的研究相吻合, 即超声波处理能够破坏猪肉组织结构, 增强细胞膜的通透性, 从而促进腌制液的渗透速率, 进而提升腌制效率。另外, 通过诱导空化加速传质过程、缩短腌制时间。BAI等[26]研究也发现, 超声波有利于鲈鱼腌制过程中肌原纤维间隙的扩大, 增强了氯化钠的渗透, 缩短了腌制时间。
图2所示, 相较于空白组与对照腌制组, 超声波腌制组的红烧肉出品率显著提升P<0.05)。超声波腌制组的平均出品率达到76.50%, 相较于对照组提升了30.54%, 与空白组相比增加了20.40% (P<0.05)。此现象可能归因于超声波技术促进了腌制液的渗透作用, 进而增强了肉类的吸收能力, 腌制吸收率与出品率之间存在正相关关系。
图3所示, 与空白组相比, 超声处理样品滴水损失率显著降低(P<0.05)。这表明在腌制过程中超声处理对肌肉组织的保水性有积极作用。随着超声处理时间的延长, 样品的滴水损失率显著增加(P<0.05), 在60 min时达到6.20%。可能由于高强度超声波作用导致组织结构受损, 从而降低了肌肉的保水能力。但相比于静态腌制组, 超声波组滴水损失率在30 min和45 min显著降低。超声处理对肌肉保水性的影响可以从两个不同的角度来解释: (1)机械/物理前体。空化效应引起的加速盐分渗透改善了纤维间的静电排斥和蛋白质溶解, 这就是所谓的盐溶入现象[27]; (2)化学改性和氧化后果。超声波腌制对脂质和蛋白质氧化具有促进作用, 增加了蛋白质聚集, 空化效应产生的自由基导致蛋白质氧化的发生[28]。在超声处理过程中的适度氧化促进了蛋白质与水的相互作用以及肌纤维之间的毛细管效应, 从而增加了保水能力[29]。PAN等[30]也提出, 超声波能够促进盐离子在宰后肌肉中的快速扩散, 并且提高肌肉蛋白质的氧化敏感度。
图4可知, 超声波处理对蒸煮损失率有显著影响(P<0.05)。未经超声处理的对照样品的蒸煮损失率最高, 而超声波腌制的肉样蒸煮损失率逐渐下降, 显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。前人研究也发现了类似的趋势, MEHRABANI等[31]将牛肉样品超声20 min, 蒸煮损失显著减少。NAZHCAN等[29]研究发现, 与对照样品相比, 超声波腌制降低了鸡肉样品的蒸煮损失率并改善了持水性能。当前实验的结果与这些发现一致, 可能因为超声波的空化效应使肌肉组织松散, 肌原纤维蛋白能容纳更多水分。对照组蒸煮损失率差异不明显(P>0.05), 表明传统腌制方式保水性提升有限。超声波处理时间越长, 蒸煮损失降低越多, 保水性越好。
图5可知, 当糖油水质量比为5:2:3时, 红烧肉的色泽、香气和味道感官评价最优; 而在糖油水质量比为4:3:3时, 口感最佳。糖油水质量比对红烧肉的色泽、香气、口感、味道均有显著影响(P<0.05), 其影响程度依次为5:2:3>4:3:3=4:2:4=6:2:4> 5:1:4(色泽), 5:2:3>4:2:4=4:3:3>6:2:4= 5:1:4(香气), 4:3:3=5:2:3= 4:2:4>6:2:4=5:1:4(口感)。糖色制作中, 白砂糖、水和植物油的量需适中, 过多或过少均会影响红烧肉的品质, 如产生苦味、甜味过重、无法形成焦糖色或糖色粘锅等。因此, 糖油水质量比5:2:3是制作红烧肉时色泽、香气和口感较好的选择。
图6所示, 当老抽用量为8 g时, 红烧肉的色泽、香气和口感感官评价最优; 而用量为4 g时, 味道感官评价最好。老抽用量对红烧肉的色泽和口感有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着老抽用量增加, 色泽和口感评分先升后降, 8 g时达到最高。过多老抽会使肉质过柴, 色泽偏黑; 过少则色泽不够酱红。因此, 8 g老抽可使红烧肉的色泽和口感达到最佳。
图7所示, 香辛料如八角、桂皮等在红烧肉烹饪中可增强香气和滋味[32]。经研究发现八角具有一定抗氧化的效果, 在食物的保存中发挥一定的作用[33]。当香辛料用量为3.4 g时色泽和味道最佳, 5.1 g时香气最优, 6.8 g时口感最好。其中, 香辛料用量对香气影响显著(P<0.05), 最佳香气效果对应的用量为5.1 g, 但用量过多会掩盖肉香, 过少则难以掩蔽异味。综合考虑, 3.4 g香辛料用量时, 预制菜红烧肉的香气表现良好。
正交实验因素与水平表如表3所示, 直观结果如表4所示, 方差分析如表5所示。
由表9可知, 综合平衡法与直观分析法均得出A1B1C2组合较优。综合平衡法显示: 色泽、香气、味道上A>C>B, 最优组合分别指向A1B1C2A1B3C2A1B3C3; 口感上A>B>C, 最优A1B1C3。综合考量, 影响因素主次为A>C>B, 即糖油水质量比最关键, 其次是香辛料用量, 老抽用量最末。直观分析法亦证实此顺序。因此, 调整红烧肉配方时, 糖油水质量比最为关键。
表5可知, 糖油水质量比对红烧肉感官评分有显著影响(P<0.05), 而老抽用量和香辛料用量对红烧肉感官评分影响不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑感官评分及成本因素, 选择A1B1C2组合为预制菜红烧肉的最佳基础配料组合, 即糖油水质量比5:2:3、老抽用量6 g、香辛料用量3.4 g。采用A1B1C2组合所烹饪的红烧肉, 其色泽、香气、口感和味道的感官评分都高于20分, 且感官评分总分最高, 为91分。
图8所示, 在65 ℃的条件下, 随着煮制时间的延长, 感官评分总分显著下降, 但7 h和8 h之间的差异并不显著; 而在70 ℃条件下, 煮制6 h与8 h的样品获得了最高的感官评分, 且两者之间评分相近。图8揭示了在低温慢煮处理组中, SV1、SV2、SV3、SV8组感官评分总分均高于传统烹饪(CT)组。
(1)不同蒸煮时间对感官评分的影响
时间因素对真空低温慢煮红烧肉的感官品质具有显著影响。如图9所示, 烹饪时间的延长对红烧肉的色泽和口感产生积极效应, 随着烹饪时间的增加, 色泽、香气及口感的评分均呈现上升趋势。当烹饪时间达到6 h时, 各项感官评价指标达到峰值。若烹饪时间少于6 h, 红烧肉的质地则显得不够软, 鲜味亦显不足; 而烹饪时间超过6 h时, 水分的过度流失导致风味化学反应过度, 色泽加深, 香气减弱, 口感亦随之下降。综合考量, 6 h的烹饪时间能够制备出品质最佳的红烧肉。
(2)不同蒸煮温度对感官评分影响
真空低温烹饪技术通过低于正常烹饪温度加热肉类, 减少水分和营养素流失。如图10所示, 感官评分在70 ℃时最高, 65 ℃时肉表颜色偏红, 感官评分最低; 温度升至70 ℃时, 红烧肉红色减少, 嫩度适中, 香味浓。75 ℃时, 膻味减弱, 味道较70 ℃略微下降。综合考量, 选择蒸煮温度为70 ℃。
(1)不同蒸煮时间对蒸煮损失率的影响
图11所示, 低温慢煮组中蒸煮损失率随加热时间延长而上升。与CT对照组比, SV组损失率更低, 可能由于CT高温使水分汽化, 肉质失水, 而真空低温慢煮能增强持水性[34]。由于脂肪融化流出也会造成热加工损失, 研究报道, 随着加热温度的升高, 脂肪含量逐渐下降, 在相同温度下随着时间延长脂肪含量也下降[35-37]
(2)不同蒸煮温度对蒸煮损失率的影响
图12所示, 经CT处理的红烧肉在蒸煮过程中的损失率显著高于经过低温慢煮处理的样品, 这表明低温加工技术能够有效降低蒸煮损失率, 进而提升产品的出品率。研究发现, SV技术能降低损失率, 然而随着温度的升高, 损失率亦呈现上升趋势[38]。高温处理会导致肌纤维收缩和水分流失, 从而使得蒸煮损失率增加。此外, 疏水基团的暴露亦可能是导致损失率上升的一个因素。在本研究中, 随着蒸煮温度增加, 损失率没有显著变化。
(1)不同蒸煮时间对水分含量的影响
图13所展示, 相较于CT组, 低温慢煮处理的红烧肉样本水分含量显著提高, 并在加热6 h后达到峰值。随着时间的推移, 水分含量的下降趋势逐渐减缓。研究结果表明, 低温慢煮技术能够有效提升食品的水分含量, 从而增强其多汁性。然而, 长时间的处理可能会对食品的持水性产生不利影响。
(2)不同蒸煮温度对水分含量的影响
图14所示, 相较于CT组, 低温慢煮组红烧肉的水分含量较高, 且水分含量随加热温度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势。在70 ℃时, 水分含量达到峰值, 此时肉质口感适宜; 然而, 当温度超过70 ℃时, 蛋白质发生变性, 导致水分保持能力下降, 进而水分含量减少, 对肉质口感产生不利影响。
本研究针对红烧肉预制菜的品质提升, 通过改良配方、应用超声波腌制技术以及真空低温慢煮技术, 实现了显著的品质改善。超声波腌制技术的应用显著提升了腌制过程中的腌制吸收率, 并有效减少了滴水损失, 腌制45 min腌制效果最好。在配方优化方面, 通过实验确定了糖油水质量比的最佳比例为5:2:3, 以达到最佳的色泽、香气和味道; 而口感最佳的比例为4:3:3。此外, 确定了老抽的最佳用量为6 g, 以实现色泽和口感的最优化; 香辛料的最佳用量为3.4 g, 以最大化释放香气。真空低温慢煮技术的应用则有效降低了红烧肉在烹饪过程中的水分损失, 与传统工艺相比, 蒸煮损失率显著降低。研究发现, 在70 ℃条件下慢煮6 h可使红烧肉保持最高的水分含量, 同时达到适宜的口感。本研究为红烧肉预制菜的工业化生产提供了科学的技术支持, 并有望满足消费者对高品质预制菜红烧肉的追求。
  • 2023年度南京工业大学浦江学院科研创新团队建设项目(NJPJ20230304)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241109002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-09
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2023年度南京工业大学浦江学院科研创新团队建设项目(NJPJ20230304)
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    南京工业大学浦江学院国际酒店与饮食文化学院, 南京 211200

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* 郭双霜(1986—), 女, 博士, 讲师, 主要研究方向为农产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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