Article(id=1153986644496605713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456083, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456083, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=258, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986644928619029, articleId=1153986644496605713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification and traceability research of Aspergillus flavus in Hunan characteristic chili sauce, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To study and analyze the content of aflatoxins in Hunan characteristic chili sauce and the main sources of aflatoxin contamination. Methods Content of aflatoxins in raw materials, wheat germ, semi-finished products, and finished products in Hunan characteristic chili sauce enterprises for 3 consecutive years was tracked and monitored. Traditional cultivation methods and gene sequencing technology was used to isolate and identify fungi in key production processes, and determine the main source links and strains of aflatoxins in Hunan characteristic chili sauce. Results Due to the influence of traditional techniques, the content of aflatoxin in spicy sauce products of various enterprises was unstable, with the highest aflatoxin content occurring in the wheat germ stage. Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae may be the main dominant microorganisms in the growth of spicy sauce. The 14 strains of fungi were isolated and screened from samples with high levels of aflatoxin, of which 6 strains were Aspergillus flavus. Through verification and traceability analysis, it was found that the main source of aflatoxin content in spicy sauce was Aspergillus flavus in raw materials or wheat germ. Conclusion Important step in the production of aflatoxin in Hunan characteristic chili sauce is the wheat germ making process, and the main source of aflatoxin is Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, the isolation, identification, and traceability research of Aspergillus flavus in Hunan characteristic chili sauce have important guiding significance for the quality and safety control of Hunan characteristic chili sauce.

, correspAuthors=Xing-Wang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan HE, Xing-Wang ZHOU, Xiao-Qing WANG, Xiao-Lan TANG, Feng-Jun YUAN, Tao YANG, Lan LIU, Song-Lai XIE, Zheng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986668076982336, articleId=1153986644496605713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究和分析湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素的含量及黄曲霉毒素污染的主要来源。方法 连续3年跟踪监测湖南特色辣酱企业中的原料、麦胚、半成品及成品中的黄曲霉毒素的含量。采用传统培养方法和基因测序技术对关键生产环节中的真菌进行分离和鉴定, 确定湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素的主要来源环节及菌种。结果 受传统工艺影响各企业辣酱产品中黄曲霉毒素含量出现不稳定的现象, 以麦胚环节黄曲霉毒素含量最高; 根霉和米曲霉可能为辣酱生长中的主要优势微生物; 从黄曲霉毒素含量高的样品中分离筛选得到了14株霉菌, 其中6株为黄曲霉。通过验证以及溯源分析得出辣酱中黄曲霉毒素含量主要来源是原料或麦胚中的黄曲霉。结论 湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素产生的重要环节是麦胚制作环节, 其黄曲霉毒素的主要来源是黄曲霉。因而对湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究, 对湖南特色辣酱质量安全控制具有重要指导意义。

, correspAuthors=周兴旺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周兴旺(1980—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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贺燕(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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贺燕(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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贺燕(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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Wuhan: Chinese Mycological Society, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428162055717535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=215, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=55, authorNames=白飞荣, 姚粟, 凌空, journalName=微生物学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白飞荣, 姚粟, 凌空, 等. 黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法[J]. 微生物学通报, 2018, 45(1): 215-226., articleTitle=黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1183428162118632096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=45, issue=1, pageStart=215, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=56, authorNames=BAI FR, YAO S, LING K, journalName=Microbiology China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI FR, YAO S, LING K, et al. 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Identification and application of a strain degrading aflatoxin B1 and antagonizing Aspergillus flavus[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(18): 231-238., articleTitle=Identification and application of a strain degrading aflatoxin B1 and antagonizing Aspergillus flavus, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183428155558740575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, awardId=2022SK2103, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南创新型省份建设专项(2022SK2103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1183428155625849440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, awardId=2022JJ90007, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1183428155684569697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, awardId=2022JJ90029, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90029), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183428150336832020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428150345220629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, companyId=1183428150336832020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: 显微镜形态图均采用40×100倍的显微镜倍数。

, figureFileSmall=SGshO79lKRjEOZLUO10ggg==, figureFileBig=von2rAmVm3g9rTWDaFfP4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428154635993687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=18S rDNA N-J phylogenetic tree of 6 strains of Aspergillus flavus , figureFileSmall=wIWJq/JftJxC1Rlp0zLlHg==, figureFileBig=3Gf3W23y/Mcb8nvVHvra+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428154745045592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=CN, label=图4, caption=6株黄曲霉18S rDNA N-J系统发育树, figureFileSmall=wIWJq/JftJxC1Rlp0zLlHg==, figureFileBig=3Gf3W23y/Mcb8nvVHvra+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428154803765849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detection results of aflatoxin B1 for raw materials, wheat germ, finished products, semi-finished products from different manufacturers from 2022 to 2024 (μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厂家
类别
原料(小麦颗粒) 麦胚 半成品 成品
2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年
XHS N.D N.D N.D N.D 0.17±0.01 223.00±18.00 N.D 0.36±0.02 35.80±1.90 N.D N.D 4.20±0.32
FX 1.48±0.11 N.D N.D 264.00±10.00 53.90±3.50 N.D 27.40±2.20 8.32±0.51 N.D 10.50±0.70 1.52±0.09 N.D
XB N.D N.D N.D 0.13±0.01 10.40±0.90 9.41±0.53 N.D N.D 0.62±0.04 N.D N.D 0.45±0.04
ZF 0.34±0.02 N.D N.D 118.90±8.20 N.D 7.17±0.36 14.00±0.90 N.D N.D 7.74±0.51 N.D N.D
XJ N.D 0.12±0.01 1.45±0.12 0.91±0.07 0.41±0.03 227.00±16.00 0.46±0.04 0.31±0.02 24.10±1.60 0.33±0.02 0.09±0.01 4.70±0.32
JY N.D N.D 0.80±0.06 117.00±9.00 5.59±0.43 252.00±13.00 15.40±0.90 2.48±0.18 15.60±0.90 5.20±0.40 0.13±0.01 5.42±0.37
), ArticleFig(id=1183428154904429146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2022—2024年不同厂家原料、麦胚、成品、半成品黄曲霉毒素B1检测结果(μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厂家
类别
原料(小麦颗粒) 麦胚 半成品 成品
2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年 2022年 2023年 2024年
XHS N.D N.D N.D N.D 0.17±0.01 223.00±18.00 N.D 0.36±0.02 35.80±1.90 N.D N.D 4.20±0.32
FX 1.48±0.11 N.D N.D 264.00±10.00 53.90±3.50 N.D 27.40±2.20 8.32±0.51 N.D 10.50±0.70 1.52±0.09 N.D
XB N.D N.D N.D 0.13±0.01 10.40±0.90 9.41±0.53 N.D N.D 0.62±0.04 N.D N.D 0.45±0.04
ZF 0.34±0.02 N.D N.D 118.90±8.20 N.D 7.17±0.36 14.00±0.90 N.D N.D 7.74±0.51 N.D N.D
XJ N.D 0.12±0.01 1.45±0.12 0.91±0.07 0.41±0.03 227.00±16.00 0.46±0.04 0.31±0.02 24.10±1.60 0.33±0.02 0.09±0.01 4.70±0.32
JY N.D N.D 0.80±0.06 117.00±9.00 5.59±0.43 252.00±13.00 15.40±0.90 2.48±0.18 15.60±0.90 5.20±0.40 0.13±0.01 5.42±0.37
), ArticleFig(id=1183428155026063963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Isolation and identification information of bacterial strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 鉴定结果 同源性/% NCBI比对编号
1# 曲霉属(Aspergillus sp) 100.00 MT645617.1
2# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
3# 横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa) 100.00 MT487859.1
4# 拟青霉(Paecilomyces sp) 99.67 AB217857.1
5# 红青霉(Penicillium rubens) 100.00 MT558923.1
6# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
7# 根霉(Rhizopus delemar) 100.00 LC514332.1
8# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
9# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN547373.1
10# 根霉 100.00 MT620751.1
11# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN856426.1
12# 拟青霉 99.66 MW793724.
13# 烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus) 100.00 MK834669.1
14# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN547373.1
), ArticleFig(id=1183428155118338652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株分离及鉴定信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 鉴定结果 同源性/% NCBI比对编号
1# 曲霉属(Aspergillus sp) 100.00 MT645617.1
2# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
3# 横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa) 100.00 MT487859.1
4# 拟青霉(Paecilomyces sp) 99.67 AB217857.1
5# 红青霉(Penicillium rubens) 100.00 MT558923.1
6# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
7# 根霉(Rhizopus delemar) 100.00 LC514332.1
8# 黄曲霉 100.00 ON171640.1
9# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN547373.1
10# 根霉 100.00 MT620751.1
11# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN856426.1
12# 拟青霉 99.66 MW793724.
13# 烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus) 100.00 MK834669.1
14# 黄曲霉 100.00 MN547373.1
), ArticleFig(id=1183428155231584861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of aflatoxin content determination in validation experiments

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接种黄曲霉编号 黄曲霉毒素含量/(μg/kg)
2# 702.00±19.00
6# 457.00±15.00
8# 746.00±24.00
9# 524.00±16.00
11# 312.00±17.00
14# 678.00±26.00
对照组 11.20±2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1183428155386774110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644496605713, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

验证实验中黄曲霉毒素含量测定结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接种黄曲霉编号 黄曲霉毒素含量/(μg/kg)
2# 702.00±19.00
6# 457.00±15.00
8# 746.00±24.00
9# 524.00±16.00
11# 312.00±17.00
14# 678.00±26.00
对照组 11.20±2.50
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湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究
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贺燕 1 , 周兴旺 1, * , 王晓庆 1 , 唐小兰 1 , 袁凤君 1 , 杨滔 1 , 刘兰 1 , 谢送来 2 , 李政 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(3): 258-264
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(3): 258-264
湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究
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贺燕1 , 周兴旺1, * , 王晓庆1, 唐小兰1, 袁凤君1, 杨滔1, 刘兰1, 谢送来2, 李政1
作者信息
  • 1.湖南省产商品质量检验研究院, 长沙 410007
  • 2.湖南丰新农业开发有限公司, 娄底 417700
  • 贺燕(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周兴旺(1980—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
Isolation, identification and traceability research of Aspergillus flavus in Hunan characteristic chili sauce
Yan HE1 , Xing-Wang ZHOU1, * , Xiao-Qing WANG1, Xiao-Lan TANG1, Feng-Jun YUAN1, Tao YANG1, Lan LIU1, Song-Lai XIE2, Zheng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Hunan Provincial Institute of Product Quality Inspection and Research, Changsha 410007, China
  • 2. Hunan Fengxin Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Loudi 417700, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029004
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目的 研究和分析湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素的含量及黄曲霉毒素污染的主要来源。方法 连续3年跟踪监测湖南特色辣酱企业中的原料、麦胚、半成品及成品中的黄曲霉毒素的含量。采用传统培养方法和基因测序技术对关键生产环节中的真菌进行分离和鉴定, 确定湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素的主要来源环节及菌种。结果 受传统工艺影响各企业辣酱产品中黄曲霉毒素含量出现不稳定的现象, 以麦胚环节黄曲霉毒素含量最高; 根霉和米曲霉可能为辣酱生长中的主要优势微生物; 从黄曲霉毒素含量高的样品中分离筛选得到了14株霉菌, 其中6株为黄曲霉。通过验证以及溯源分析得出辣酱中黄曲霉毒素含量主要来源是原料或麦胚中的黄曲霉。结论 湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素产生的重要环节是麦胚制作环节, 其黄曲霉毒素的主要来源是黄曲霉。因而对湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究, 对湖南特色辣酱质量安全控制具有重要指导意义。

辣酱  /  黄曲霉毒素  /  分离和鉴定  /  黄曲霉  /  溯源研究

Objective To study and analyze the content of aflatoxins in Hunan characteristic chili sauce and the main sources of aflatoxin contamination. Methods Content of aflatoxins in raw materials, wheat germ, semi-finished products, and finished products in Hunan characteristic chili sauce enterprises for 3 consecutive years was tracked and monitored. Traditional cultivation methods and gene sequencing technology was used to isolate and identify fungi in key production processes, and determine the main source links and strains of aflatoxins in Hunan characteristic chili sauce. Results Due to the influence of traditional techniques, the content of aflatoxin in spicy sauce products of various enterprises was unstable, with the highest aflatoxin content occurring in the wheat germ stage. Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae may be the main dominant microorganisms in the growth of spicy sauce. The 14 strains of fungi were isolated and screened from samples with high levels of aflatoxin, of which 6 strains were Aspergillus flavus. Through verification and traceability analysis, it was found that the main source of aflatoxin content in spicy sauce was Aspergillus flavus in raw materials or wheat germ. Conclusion Important step in the production of aflatoxin in Hunan characteristic chili sauce is the wheat germ making process, and the main source of aflatoxin is Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, the isolation, identification, and traceability research of Aspergillus flavus in Hunan characteristic chili sauce have important guiding significance for the quality and safety control of Hunan characteristic chili sauce.

chili sauce  /  aflatoxin  /  isolation and identification  /  Aspergillus flavus  /  traceability research
贺燕, 周兴旺, 王晓庆, 唐小兰, 袁凤君, 杨滔, 刘兰, 谢送来, 李政. 湖南特色辣酱中产毒黄曲霉的筛选鉴定及溯源研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 258 -264 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029004
Yan HE, Xing-Wang ZHOU, Xiao-Qing WANG, Xiao-Lan TANG, Feng-Jun YUAN, Tao YANG, Lan LIU, Song-Lai XIE, Zheng LI. Isolation, identification and traceability research of Aspergillus flavus in Hunan characteristic chili sauce[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 258 -264 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029004
辣酱是湖南的一种地方特色发酵食品, 主要以小麦和本地灯笼椒或牛角椒为主要原料, 通过小麦自然接种制作曲胚, 经发酵、晒干、磨碎, 再配以水、食盐、糯米、地蚕等辅料经晒制发酵而成。该发酵成品味道鲜美, 含有丰富的蛋白质及各种微量元素, 可直接食用, 亦可作为菜肴的调味品[1-2]。辣酱经敞开式的自然接种后形成了包含霉菌、酵母、细菌在内的丰富的微生物体系, 其中以霉菌为主, 可产生脂肪酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶等代谢产物从而分解小麦中的淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质等物质, 继而形成辣酱特有的风味体系[1]
由于湖南特色辣酱多为家庭式加工, 发酵工艺独特(发霉再晒制发酵), 易引起黄曲霉毒素B1超标、胀包质量安全问题[3]。黄曲霉毒素是一类主要由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasiticus)、集蜂曲霉(Aspergillus apicalis)、溜曲霉曲霉属(Aspergillus mucilaginus)真菌产生的有毒次生代谢物[4], 主要在谷物、坚果、饲料、中药材、牛奶及乳制品中较为常见[5], 是已知毒性最大的霉菌毒素[6], 其毒性是氰化钾的10倍、砒霜的68倍[7], 包括B1、B2、G1、G2、M1、M2等多种亚型, 其中B1是迄今发现毒性最强的真菌毒素[8], 对人和动物可造成急性或慢急性中毒, 具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用[9-10]
目前对于湖南特色辣酱的研究主要集中于辣酱生产工艺[11-13]、风味[2]、黄曲霉毒素的防控等[14-16], 而对于湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素溯源研究甚少。作为地理性标志产品的湖南特色辣酱已成为当地农产收入的重要来源。研究湖南特色辣酱中黄曲霉毒素溯源, 可以从根本上了解导致辣酱黄曲霉毒素超标的原因, 从而对湖南特色辣酱质量安全控制、食品安全、辣酱产业发展等方面具有重要指导意义。
选取6个湖南特色辣酱生产企业或小作坊2022—2024年的原料、麦胚、半成品、成品。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar medium, PDA)、孟加拉红培养基、产毒培养基(北京陆桥有限公司); 棉兰乳酚染色液(化学纯, 福州飞净生物科技有限公司); DNA提取试剂盒(生化试剂, 北京天根生化科技有限公司);甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 氯化钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾、盐酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
MIR-254生化培养箱(日本松下电器有限公司); C1000 Touch梯度聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)仪(美国伯乐公司); LC-20A高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司); QTRAP 4500高效液相色谱质谱三重四级杆联用仪(美国AB SCIEX公司); BS224s电子分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); CM-1000涡旋混合器(日本东京理化器械株式会社); Avanti JXN-26离心机(美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司); M64 LabTech多通道样品浓缩仪(北京莱伯泰科仪器股份有限公司)。
目前食品中黄曲霉毒素主要有高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatograph, HPLC)、高效液相色谱-质谱法(high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer, HPLC-MS)、酶联免疫法等, 主要以前两种方法为主[17]。为有针对性地对湖南特色酱类食品——辣酱产黄曲霉毒素产毒菌株进行筛选溯源研究, 收集从2022—2024年6个辣酱企业的发酵成品、半成品、原料以及曲种进行黄曲霉毒素的监测, 方法参照GB 5009.22—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》方法检测[18]
(1)分离培养
发酵成品或半成品、原料: 取25.0 g样品加入至225 mL无菌水后经拍打均质混匀, 稀释至合适梯度后取1.0 mL至无菌培养皿中, 根据实验需求加入已灭菌的孟加拉红培养基或PDA培养基, 于28 ℃培养3~5 d后挑取菌落进行分离纯化[19-21]
酱胚或曲胚子(麦胚): 称取1.0 g样品加入至225 mL无菌水后经拍打均质混匀, 稀释至合适梯度后取1.0 mL至无菌培养皿中, 根据实验需求加入已灭菌的孟加拉红培养基或PDA培养基, 于28 ℃培养3~5 d后挑取菌落进行分离纯化。
(2)真菌的鉴定
菌落观察: 根据有关真菌培养基选择的研究[22], 将分离纯化得到的菌株用接种环点接于孟加拉红或PDA平板上观察其菌落特征。
菌丝及孢子形态观察[23]: 于洁净载玻片上, 滴一滴乳酸石炭酸棉蓝染色液, 用接种环挑取菌落少量菌丝孢子放入棉蓝染色液中, 盖上玻片于显微镜下观察菌株的细胞形态。
(1)基因组DNA提取
柱式法[24]提取方法: 取1.5 mL离心管, 加入200 µL预处理液, 然后加入适量纯化后的菌株样品。加入20 µL蛋白酶K, 加入200 µL裂解液, 充分颠倒混匀, 于70 ℃金属浴放置10 min。加200 µL无水乙醇, 充分颠倒混匀, 短离心以去除管盖内壁液滴。过吸附柱, 洗涤1次, 漂洗2次。吸附柱于室温放置3~5 min, 以彻底晾干吸附材料中残余的溶剂。将吸附转入一个新离心管, 向吸附柱中间位置悬空滴加50~100 µL双蒸水, 室温放置3~5 min, 12000 r/min离心2 min, 将溶液收集到离心管中。
(2)聚合酶链式反应扩增
对真菌18S的ITS1: TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG和ITS4: TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC进行扩增。PCR扩增反应体系总体积为25 µL具体为: 上下游引物各1.0 µL(浓度为10 mol/L), DNA模板2.0 µL, PCR预混液12.5 µL, 双蒸水8.5 µL。PCR扩增条件为: 96 ℃ 5 min; 96 ℃ 30 s, 56 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 1 min, 35个循环; 72 ℃ 5 min。
(3) PCR产物检测及纯化
3 µL PCR产物进行1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶检测, 观察条带性状。PCR产物纯化按照磁珠纯化标准操作流程操作, 其原理主要是利用磁珠能够吸附或者释放带电荷物质, 在高盐低pH溶液吸附DNA, 在低盐高pH溶液释放DNA, 从而达到分离提纯DNA产物的目的。
(4)测序
将纯化后的PCR产物送至基因测序公司进行测序。
(5)结果比对
测序结果进行美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center of Biotechnology Information, NCBI)-BLAST比对。NCBI链接: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/。
将分离所得黄曲霉接种至煮熟的麦子中按照辣酱生产工艺进行发霉制作麦胚, 同时以不接种黄曲霉菌株麦胚的生产小试为对照, 麦胚发霉完成后, 经晒干清洗, 再晒干然后磨碎后, 按照1.3.1分别测定两者生产小试中的麦胚黄曲霉毒素的含量。为防止制作麦胚过程, 微生物的相互污染, 对照及验证分别选取同一环境下隔断成两个独立空间为霉胚发酵区域。
每个测定实验重复3次, 采用Excel 2003对结果进行数据统计分析, Origin 2019b制图。
湖南辣酱目前一般都属于传统的自然发酵, 主要以小麦为主要原料, 通过自然接种制作曲胚, 经发酵、晒干、磨碎, 再配以辣椒、食盐、水等经晒制而成。产品从制胚到成品, 历时5个多月, 最重要的就是晒制工艺, 以一年为生产周期。本研究对6个企业连续3年的原料、麦胚(发霉曲胚)、半成品、成品黄曲霉毒素检测的结果见表1
表1数据显示: 同一企业生产的酱类产品, 黄曲霉毒素的含量不稳定, 会因生产时间不同而不同, 出现质量不稳定的现象。以XHS、FX、JY企业最为典型, XHS企业在原料采购、工艺均未发生改变的3年里, 2022年、2023年里生产的酱类产品黄曲霉毒素均为未检出, 但在2024年麦胚黄曲霉毒素达到223.00 μg/kg, 成品黄曲霉毒素含量达到了4.20 μg/kg, 稍微低于GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》所规定的5.0 μg/kg的限量标准; FX企业在2022年麦胚黄曲霉毒素达到264.00 μg/kg, 成品黄曲霉毒素含量达到了10.50 μg/kg, 已超过了国家限量标准规定的2.0倍左右; JY企业出现了2022年、2024年产品黄曲霉略微超标的问题, ZF和XJ两家企业3年中也出现了1年的产品黄曲霉毒素含量比较高的情况, 从所抽的6家企业来看, 唯有XB企业生产的辣酱连续3年黄曲霉毒素都处于合格范围内。黄曲霉毒素出现不稳定可能的主要原因是敞开式自然发酵工艺, 生产过程中产品质量受原料、麦胚发酵以及气候、自然环境影响较大。对于XB企业连续3年保持产品质量稳定的主要原因为采用了接种优势菌种加自然接种的制胚方式。从连续监测的结果来看, 黄曲霉毒素指标是湖南酱类产品的一个重要风险指标, 各生产企业及监管部门需要高度重视。
通过对不同企业原料、麦胚、半成品和成品黄曲霉毒素的检测, 得出在酱类生产的全过程中, 原料中黄曲霉毒素含量为未检出, 个别出现检出的情况; 麦胚的黄曲霉毒素含量最高(最高可以达到264.00 μg/kg), 据分析原因主要为麦胚发酵时, 梅雨时间长, 空气潮湿, 发霉时间过长。经发霉的麦胚经后续清洗、添加盐水、辣椒、糯米等原料, 黄曲霉毒素的含量会有一定程度的降低; 麦胚黄曲霉毒素含量高的产品, 黄曲霉毒素检出或超标的概率大。以2022年FX和2024年XHS企业为例, 麦胚分别为264.00 μg/kg和223.00 μg/kg, 成品检出黄曲霉毒素的含量分别达到了10.50 μg/kg和4.20 μg/kg。从表1看到, 尽管曲胚黄曲霉含量达到了264.00 μg/kg, 但经过清洗麦胚、添加原料稀释后, 成品的黄曲霉毒素含量就降低到10.50 μg/kg。综合分析, 辣酱产黄曲霉毒素的重要来源工艺过程——麦胚的制作过程, 为本研究进行黄曲霉毒素的溯源提供了研究的切入口。
本研究主要以PDA、孟加拉红培养基为主要测试培养基。孟加拉红培养基因添加氯霉素, 真菌菌丝生长受到抑制, 生长的菌落较在PDA上小。这和有关培养基对酵母和霉菌检测结果影响研究的结论一致[3]
重点对6个企业或小作坊3年来成品和麦胚黄曲霉毒素含量极低或未检出的麦胚按照1.3.2进行分离和鉴定, 发现主要有2种优势菌(图1)。
图1A, 菌落生长初为白色绒絮状, 生长速度快, 几天后可布满整个培养皿, 发展成熟后, 整个菌落呈深褐色, 顶部为黑色。其显微镜特征(图2A): 菌丝呈无色透明状, 孢子囊呈球形, 无横隔, 分生孢子自顶囊全面着生, 像菊花状, 经过分子测序鉴定为根霉。图1B, 菌落先为白色菌落, 随后菌落中间后出现黄色小点, 随后中层为黄色, 随着进一步的培养, 孢子布满整个菌丝上面, 出现黄绿或蓝绿色的菌落。在显微镜下观察, 分生孢子梗较长, 菌丝无色透明, 顶囊粗大, 近似椭圆形, 小梗着生于顶囊上部, 分生孢子呈串着生在小梗的顶端(图2B), 参照齐组同《中国真菌志》第五卷曲霉属及其相关有性型可步鉴定属于曲霉属中的米曲霉[25]
辣酱产品主要靠前期制曲阶段的真菌生物(主要为霉菌), 产生的淀粉酶、蛋白酶、糖化酶等丰富的酶系来分解和发酵原料而形成。分离得到的两种霉菌, 根霉含有丰富的淀粉酶、酒化酶, 能产生乳酸、反丁烯二酸、琥珀酸、微量酒精及芳香的酯类物质[26]。米曲霉是一类产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、糖化酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶等复合酶的菌株[27]。对6个企业或小作坊3年来成品和麦胚黄曲霉毒素含量极低或未检出的麦胚中都能分离筛选到以上2种菌, 说明根霉和米曲霉可能为辣酱生长中的主要优势微生物。
对6个企业或小作坊中3年来黄曲霉毒素含量高的原料、麦胚、半成品、成品按照1.3.2的方法进行分离、鉴定, 由显微形态分析及基因测序, 得到了14株霉菌, 分为曲霉属、根霉属、青霉属、横梗属4个属6个种, 其中黄曲霉6株, 根霉2株, 拟青霉2株, 红青霉1株, 横梗霉1株, 烟曲霉1株。其中2#、6#、8#、9#、11#、14#为黄曲霉菌株, 分别来源于XF的麦子、XF的麦胚、ZF麦胚、JY麦胚、XHS的麦胚和半成品。分离所得到黄曲霉菌多生长较快, 结构疏松, 其菌落正面色泽随其生长由白色变为黄色及黄绿色, 呈半绒毛状。在显微镜下观察, 可见分生孢子顶囊呈烧瓶形或近球形, 分生孢子在小梗上呈链状着生, 分生孢子的周围有小突起、球形。分离得到6种真菌菌落及显微镜形态见图3。基因测序及NCBI比对结果如表2
为了解产毒黄曲霉的来源, 本研究将分离鉴定为黄曲霉菌种的2#、6#、8#、11#、9#、14#, 依据测序和BLAST结果, 构建发育树, 发现此6株黄曲霉与黄曲霉S7L6A (ON171640.1)的亲源关系最近(图4)。
辣酱生产工艺中, 发霉麦胚的制作对辣酱产品质量和口感起着决定作用。其过程实质是各种真菌微生物的繁殖、代谢的过程, 是有利于辣酱风味物质形成的各种酶的产生过程[28]
黄曲霉毒素的来源有寄生曲霉、黄曲霉等真菌的代谢产物, 寄生曲霉几乎所有的菌株可以产生毒素, 而黄曲霉则只有部分菌株可以产生黄曲霉毒素[29]。此外, 米曲霉和黄曲霉在具有相似特征, 采用传统方法鉴定会出现米曲霉误被鉴定为黄曲霉的情况[30], 因而对筛选分离所得的黄曲霉进行产毒验证, 更能进一步确认湖南特色酱中黄曲毒素的来源。在验证实验的过程中, 发现以接种黄曲霉的麦子, 生长霉的速度比对照组快, 从而形成发霉麦胚的时间过程要短。发霉麦胚形成后, 经晒干清洗磨碎后, 进行黄曲霉毒素含量的检测, 其检测结果见表3
表3中明显看出, 接种分离所得黄曲霉菌株制作的麦胚的黄曲霉毒素含量明显高于不接种分离黄曲霉的对照组麦胚。由此验证了分离鉴定所得的黄曲霉是能产生黄曲霉毒素的真菌。
黄曲霉是一种广泛分布的腐生好氧真菌, 污染粮食及相关食品和饲料后, 会产生具有强毒性的次生代谢产物—黄曲霉毒素[31]。从黄曲霉毒素含量高的原料、麦胚、半成品、成品中分离得到了比例占43% (14株中有6株为黄曲霉)黄曲霉。经实验验证, 添加该分离霉菌株后, 麦胚中黄曲霉毒素的含量明显高于对照组, 由此可推断出, 辣酱黄曲霉毒素含量来源主要是产毒黄曲霉。
辣酱前期原料主要是小麦, 而南方小麦的收割季节通常为5月份, 正值梅雨季节, 易滋生霉, 这是能在原料中能检出黄曲霉毒素的一个重要原因。滋生霉的小麦再用于麦胚的制作, 自然感染黄曲霉的几率就更大, 产生黄曲霉毒素的可能性也大。另一方面, 辣酱麦胚的制作期间一般为端午节过后, 多为多雨天气, 环境空气潮湿, 温度为25 ℃左右, 易于霉菌的生长。据生产企业多年经验发现, 若发霉期间持续下雨过长, 产品的黄曲霉毒素会明显偏高。同时, 麦胚制作为自然接种发酵, 霉胚室环境直接影响麦胚的质量。从2.2.2鉴定结果来看, 分离所得黄曲霉主要集中于原料和麦胚, 其中又以麦胚产生的几率最大。所以可以进一步推断辣酱黄曲霉毒素含量来源主要是原料和麦胚。此两个环节是辣酱生产工艺中需要重点关注的风险控制点。
经对2022—2024年3年6个辣酱企业或小作坊产品的黄曲霉毒素含量的监测得出, 受传统工艺影响各企业辣酱产品中黄曲霉毒素含量出现不稳定的现象, 以麦胚环节黄曲霉毒素含量最高。根霉和米曲霉可能为辣酱生长中的主要优势微生物。从黄曲霉毒素含量高的原料、麦胚、半成品、成品中分离经显微分析和基因测序鉴定, 得到了14株霉菌, 其中6株为黄曲霉, 通过产毒黄曲霉的验证实验以及溯源分析辣酱黄曲霉毒素含量来源主要是原料或麦胚中的黄曲霉。辣酱生产企业应注意麦胚制作的曲房环境条件, 在制曲和发酵过程中控制好温度和湿度, 促进优势霉菌的生长, 防止其他杂菌的滋生, 同时严把原料关, 以防止黄曲霉毒的污染。
  • 湖南创新型省份建设专项(2022SK2103)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90007)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90029)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241029004
  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
基金
湖南创新型省份建设专项(2022SK2103)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90007)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ90029)
作者信息
    1.湖南省产商品质量检验研究院, 长沙 410007
    2.湖南丰新农业开发有限公司, 娄底 417700

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* 周兴旺(1980—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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