Article(id=1153986644161061392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456003, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456003, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986644609851924, articleId=1153986644161061392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on microbial degradation of tannins and the application of tannase in food industry, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tannins, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found within botanical realm, are extensively utilized across the food processing industry, medicinal applications, and cosmetics production. Considering the inherent bitter or sour characteristics of tannins, the regulation of their concentration is crucial for enhancing the quality of food products. In the context of tannin degradation processes, microorganisms harness the catalytic prowess of tannase to effectuate the degradation of tannins. Tannase is mainly produced by bacteria and fungi derived from microorganisms during metabolic processes. Its role in tannin degradation is not only to ameliorate the inhibitory effects of tannins on microbial populations but also to enhance the metabolic recycling of the byproducts derived from tannin degradation. Considering the biochemical diversity and enzymatic stability inherent to tannases, these enzymes have garnered extensive application within a multitude of industrial sectors, including but not limited to food processing, animal feed production, pharmaceutical development, and chemical manufacturing. The article provided a concise overview, elucidating the structural classification and degradation pathways of tannins while articulating the enzymatic mechanisms employed by microorganisms to metabolize them. It summarized the applications of tannase in food sectors such as nuts, tea, juice, and noodles, and explored the potential of current methods for screening high-yield, high activity, and high degradation rate tannase strains. These efforts aimed to provide references for the development of high-quality microbial resources and the expansion of enzymatic catalytic functional characteristics.

, correspAuthors=Yuan TIAN, Chong YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-Jing DUAN, Geng-Xuan YAN, Chun-Yan LIU, Hai-Hua XIA, Shu-Mei ZHANG, Yuan TIAN, Chong YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986647550059048, articleId=1153986644161061392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=单宁的微生物降解及单宁酶在食品工业中的应用研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

单宁是一种存在于植物界多酚类物质, 被广泛应用于食品加工、医药和化妆品生产中。由于单宁的苦味或酸味特性, 其含量的多少对提升食品品质极为关键。在单宁降解过程中, 微生物依赖单宁酶的催化作用来降解单宁。单宁酶主要由微生物来源的细菌和真菌在代谢过程中产生, 其在单宁降解中的作用不仅在于解除单宁对微生物的抑制效果, 而且还促进了单宁降解产物的进一步代谢循环。鉴于单宁酶的生物化学多样性和稳定性, 它们在食品、饲料、制药和化学工业等多个领域得到了广泛应用。本文简述了单宁的结构分类和降解途径, 并对微生物途径获取单宁酶用于降解单宁的机制进行阐述。总结了单宁酶在坚果、茶、果汁和面类等食品领域的应用, 并对当前筛选出高产、高活性和高降解率的单宁酶菌株的方法进行了展望, 以期为优质微生物资源的开发和拓宽酶催化功能特性提供参考。

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* 田缘(1995—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
于冲(1979—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物源功能食品。E-mail:
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段文靖(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品微生物的检测和诊断。E-mail:

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College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183427987308430273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, companyId=1183427987295847359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.东北农业大学食品学院, 哈尔滨 150030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183427989216837639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Biodegradation pathways of tannins, figureFileSmall=29S1GUKIxlJGncKurI4eXw==, figureFileBig=V+tmNuyXyYz53+nPgqkPrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427989296529417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单宁的生物降解途径, figureFileSmall=29S1GUKIxlJGncKurI4eXw==, figureFileBig=V+tmNuyXyYz53+nPgqkPrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183427989351055371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Some microorganisms producing tannase and their optimal growth conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物来源 中文名称 底物 最适pH 最适温
度/℃
最大速度一半时的底物浓度 最大反应速率 酶活力 参考
文献
细菌 Pediococcus pentosaceus STS-6 戊糖片球菌STS-6 单宁酸 6.0 60 1.6 U/mL [9]
Selenomonas ruminantium 反刍兽月形
单胞菌
没食子酸
甲酯
7.0 30~40 1.6 mmol/L 6.3 μmol/(min·mg) 提高17倍 [10]
Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌 单宁酸 5.0 50 0.00337 mol/L 3.041 μmol/(min·mL) 73.44 U/gds [11]
Enterobacter species 肠杆菌 没食子酸
甲酯
5.5 40 3.7 mmol/L 0.166 μmol/(min·mL) [12]
Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 单宁酸 5.0 40 0.445 mmol/L 125.8 mmol/(min·mg) 73.44 U/gds [13]
真菌 Rhodosporidium diobovatum Q95 双倒卵形红冬孢酵母菌Q95 单宁酸 3.0~6.0 40 27.3 U/mL [14]
Verticillium species 轮枝菌 单宁酸 5.5 25 1.05 mmol/L [15]
Paecilomyces variotii 宛氏拟青霉菌 单宁酸 5.0~7.0 30~50 6.1×10−4 mmol/L 5.6 μmol/(min·mg) 200 U/mL [16]
Aspergillus niger No.3 黑曲霉菌3号 单宁酸 5.0~5.5 40 1977.17 U/mg [17]
Kluyveromyces marxianus 马克斯克鲁维酵母菌 单宁酸 酸4.5
碱8.5
35 0.77 mmol/L 263.20 μmol/(min·mL) 1026.12 U/mg [18]
Arxula adeninivorans 解腺嘌呤阿氏酵母菌 没食子酸
甲酯
6.0 40 4.4 mmol/L 100 U/L [19]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989426552845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

产单宁酶的微生物及其最适生长条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物来源 中文名称 底物 最适pH 最适温
度/℃
最大速度一半时的底物浓度 最大反应速率 酶活力 参考
文献
细菌 Pediococcus pentosaceus STS-6 戊糖片球菌STS-6 单宁酸 6.0 60 1.6 U/mL [9]
Selenomonas ruminantium 反刍兽月形
单胞菌
没食子酸
甲酯
7.0 30~40 1.6 mmol/L 6.3 μmol/(min·mg) 提高17倍 [10]
Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌 单宁酸 5.0 50 0.00337 mol/L 3.041 μmol/(min·mL) 73.44 U/gds [11]
Enterobacter species 肠杆菌 没食子酸
甲酯
5.5 40 3.7 mmol/L 0.166 μmol/(min·mL) [12]
Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 单宁酸 5.0 40 0.445 mmol/L 125.8 mmol/(min·mg) 73.44 U/gds [13]
真菌 Rhodosporidium diobovatum Q95 双倒卵形红冬孢酵母菌Q95 单宁酸 3.0~6.0 40 27.3 U/mL [14]
Verticillium species 轮枝菌 单宁酸 5.5 25 1.05 mmol/L [15]
Paecilomyces variotii 宛氏拟青霉菌 单宁酸 5.0~7.0 30~50 6.1×10−4 mmol/L 5.6 μmol/(min·mg) 200 U/mL [16]
Aspergillus niger No.3 黑曲霉菌3号 单宁酸 5.0~5.5 40 1977.17 U/mg [17]
Kluyveromyces marxianus 马克斯克鲁维酵母菌 单宁酸 酸4.5
碱8.5
35 0.77 mmol/L 263.20 μmol/(min·mL) 1026.12 U/mg [18]
Arxula adeninivorans 解腺嘌呤阿氏酵母菌 没食子酸
甲酯
6.0 40 4.4 mmol/L 100 U/L [19]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989493661711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of tannase in food industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品 单宁酶作用 处理结果 最适条件 文献
坚果 核桃内
种皮
有效分解酯型儿茶素, 增加
非酯型儿茶素与没食子酸含量
绿原酸含量升高,
鞣花酸含量降低
酶解时间5 h、底物浓度20 mg/mL、
酶添加量1.2 mg/mL
[36]
花生衣 降低原花青素得率,
提升游离氨基酸得率
花生衣提取液的口感改善,
涩味降低
酶解时间5 h、酶解温度50 ℃、
酶添加量0.2%、底物浓度0.8%
[37]
果汁 柿子汁 降低涩味 酶解脱涩效果远高于其他处理,
脱涩率最高为82.65%
液料比7.6:1 (mL/g)、脱涩时间25 min、
摇床转速155 r/min
[38]
拐枣汁 具有底物专一性, 增加水解
单宁脱除率
确定最佳脱除条件, 消除涩味,
脱涩率57.53%
水解温度45 ℃、水解pH 4.5、
酶添加量1.2%
[39]
余甘子汁 增加多酚含量 降低黄酮含量, 保证维生素C含量,
有强烈回甘、减少涩味、调整风味
酶解时间120 min、水解温度50 ℃、
酶浓度0.1%
[40]
樱桃李汁 利用海藻酸钠微球固定化
黑曲霉, 保留没食子酸
脱出93.6%, 稳定保持
维生素C含量
最适温度40 ℃、最适pH 5.4、固定化
酶量36.6 U/mL、转速150 r/min
[16]
山楂汁 降解鞣酸, 降低底物活化
能直到稳定
改良色泽澄清度及口感, 优化工艺
条件, 得到酶解最佳条件
酶解时间120 min、酶解温度45 ℃、
单宁酶体积分数0.4%
[41]
刺梨汁 水解棓酸葡萄糖酯 优化果汁产量, 减少氧化褐变,
出汁率为83.96%
酶解2.5 h、酶解温度45 ℃、果胶酶:
单宁酶=1:1 (m:m)
[42]
乌龙茶 减少“冷后浑”现象 降低DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和OH-自由基含量, 得到IC50为14.5%、15.4%和44.5%, 提高贮存稳定性, 清除率为50% 酶浓度分别为28.3、133.3、
2374.3 mg/L
[43]
绿茶 减少苦涩味, 提高抗氧化能力 增强DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和OH-自由基的清除能力, IC50分别降低23.8%, 17.5%和59.2%, 清除率为50% 酶浓度分别为20.2、124.4、
1026.8 mg/L
[44]
红茶 实现茶叶各组分动态调控,
制备高茶黄素红茶
升高茶黄素含量, 速溶红茶茶黄素含量
达到2.3%, 是传统红茶原料茶黄素3倍,
速溶红茶得率38%
60%乙醇提取制备 [45]
黑毛茶 单宁唯一碳源产生胞外酶 降低茶叶苦涩味,
使茶叶滋味醇和
发酵时间72 h、发酵温度37 ℃、酶活力27.06 U/g、五倍子渣含量80%、添加碳源
α-乳糖1%、添加氮源硝酸铵0.5%
[46]
普洱茶 降解粗纤维为可溶性糖, 发酵
降解纤维素生成葡萄糖
降低可溶性总糖、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、
水浸出物含量, 提高咖啡碱、总黄酮、
总茶色素含量
处理时间6 h、处理温度50 ℃、酶添加量
1.2 kU/g、料液比5:8、可溶性总糖和
水浸出物含量8.75%和47.72%
[47]
面食 酸面团
发酵馒头
增加面筋蛋白的溶胀和溶解度,
提升面团的保水性。降低面团的
硬度, 增强气体滞留性。产生风味
化合物, 产生的一些抑菌活性物质
缩合单宁含量在红豆、扁豆、蚕豆中
分别降低57.8%、53.4%、62.95%,
游离总酚含量分别升高75%、
6.03%、169.12%
最适温度为32 ℃、最适pH 4.5、
酶活8.7 U/mL, 菌落数大于
9 log CFU/mL
[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1183427989564964880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644161061392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单宁酶在食品工业中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品 单宁酶作用 处理结果 最适条件 文献
坚果 核桃内
种皮
有效分解酯型儿茶素, 增加
非酯型儿茶素与没食子酸含量
绿原酸含量升高,
鞣花酸含量降低
酶解时间5 h、底物浓度20 mg/mL、
酶添加量1.2 mg/mL
[36]
花生衣 降低原花青素得率,
提升游离氨基酸得率
花生衣提取液的口感改善,
涩味降低
酶解时间5 h、酶解温度50 ℃、
酶添加量0.2%、底物浓度0.8%
[37]
果汁 柿子汁 降低涩味 酶解脱涩效果远高于其他处理,
脱涩率最高为82.65%
液料比7.6:1 (mL/g)、脱涩时间25 min、
摇床转速155 r/min
[38]
拐枣汁 具有底物专一性, 增加水解
单宁脱除率
确定最佳脱除条件, 消除涩味,
脱涩率57.53%
水解温度45 ℃、水解pH 4.5、
酶添加量1.2%
[39]
余甘子汁 增加多酚含量 降低黄酮含量, 保证维生素C含量,
有强烈回甘、减少涩味、调整风味
酶解时间120 min、水解温度50 ℃、
酶浓度0.1%
[40]
樱桃李汁 利用海藻酸钠微球固定化
黑曲霉, 保留没食子酸
脱出93.6%, 稳定保持
维生素C含量
最适温度40 ℃、最适pH 5.4、固定化
酶量36.6 U/mL、转速150 r/min
[16]
山楂汁 降解鞣酸, 降低底物活化
能直到稳定
改良色泽澄清度及口感, 优化工艺
条件, 得到酶解最佳条件
酶解时间120 min、酶解温度45 ℃、
单宁酶体积分数0.4%
[41]
刺梨汁 水解棓酸葡萄糖酯 优化果汁产量, 减少氧化褐变,
出汁率为83.96%
酶解2.5 h、酶解温度45 ℃、果胶酶:
单宁酶=1:1 (m:m)
[42]
乌龙茶 减少“冷后浑”现象 降低DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和OH-自由基含量, 得到IC50为14.5%、15.4%和44.5%, 提高贮存稳定性, 清除率为50% 酶浓度分别为28.3、133.3、
2374.3 mg/L
[43]
绿茶 减少苦涩味, 提高抗氧化能力 增强DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和OH-自由基的清除能力, IC50分别降低23.8%, 17.5%和59.2%, 清除率为50% 酶浓度分别为20.2、124.4、
1026.8 mg/L
[44]
红茶 实现茶叶各组分动态调控,
制备高茶黄素红茶
升高茶黄素含量, 速溶红茶茶黄素含量
达到2.3%, 是传统红茶原料茶黄素3倍,
速溶红茶得率38%
60%乙醇提取制备 [45]
黑毛茶 单宁唯一碳源产生胞外酶 降低茶叶苦涩味,
使茶叶滋味醇和
发酵时间72 h、发酵温度37 ℃、酶活力27.06 U/g、五倍子渣含量80%、添加碳源
α-乳糖1%、添加氮源硝酸铵0.5%
[46]
普洱茶 降解粗纤维为可溶性糖, 发酵
降解纤维素生成葡萄糖
降低可溶性总糖、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、
水浸出物含量, 提高咖啡碱、总黄酮、
总茶色素含量
处理时间6 h、处理温度50 ℃、酶添加量
1.2 kU/g、料液比5:8、可溶性总糖和
水浸出物含量8.75%和47.72%
[47]
面食 酸面团
发酵馒头
增加面筋蛋白的溶胀和溶解度,
提升面团的保水性。降低面团的
硬度, 增强气体滞留性。产生风味
化合物, 产生的一些抑菌活性物质
缩合单宁含量在红豆、扁豆、蚕豆中
分别降低57.8%、53.4%、62.95%,
游离总酚含量分别升高75%、
6.03%、169.12%
最适温度为32 ℃、最适pH 4.5、
酶活8.7 U/mL, 菌落数大于
9 log CFU/mL
[48]
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单宁的微生物降解及单宁酶在食品工业中的应用研究进展
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段文靖 1 , 闫更轩 1 , 刘春燕 2 , 夏海华 1 , 张淑梅 1 , 田缘 1, 3, * , 于冲 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(3): 115-122
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(3): 115-122
单宁的微生物降解及单宁酶在食品工业中的应用研究进展
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段文靖1 , 闫更轩1, 刘春燕2, 夏海华1, 张淑梅1, 田缘1, 3, * , 于冲1, *
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010
  • 2.黑龙江省科学院, 哈尔滨 150001
  • 3.东北农业大学食品学院, 哈尔滨 150030
  • 段文靖(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品微生物的检测和诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 田缘(1995—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
于冲(1979—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物源功能食品。E-mail:
Research progress on microbial degradation of tannins and the application of tannase in food industry
Wen-Jing DUAN1 , Geng-Xuan YAN1, Chun-Yan LIU2, Hai-Hua XIA1, Shu-Mei ZHANG1, Yuan TIAN1, 3, * , Chong YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Microbiology Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
  • 2. Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
  • 3. College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106007
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单宁是一种存在于植物界多酚类物质, 被广泛应用于食品加工、医药和化妆品生产中。由于单宁的苦味或酸味特性, 其含量的多少对提升食品品质极为关键。在单宁降解过程中, 微生物依赖单宁酶的催化作用来降解单宁。单宁酶主要由微生物来源的细菌和真菌在代谢过程中产生, 其在单宁降解中的作用不仅在于解除单宁对微生物的抑制效果, 而且还促进了单宁降解产物的进一步代谢循环。鉴于单宁酶的生物化学多样性和稳定性, 它们在食品、饲料、制药和化学工业等多个领域得到了广泛应用。本文简述了单宁的结构分类和降解途径, 并对微生物途径获取单宁酶用于降解单宁的机制进行阐述。总结了单宁酶在坚果、茶、果汁和面类等食品领域的应用, 并对当前筛选出高产、高活性和高降解率的单宁酶菌株的方法进行了展望, 以期为优质微生物资源的开发和拓宽酶催化功能特性提供参考。

单宁  /  微生物降解  /  单宁酶

Tannins, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found within botanical realm, are extensively utilized across the food processing industry, medicinal applications, and cosmetics production. Considering the inherent bitter or sour characteristics of tannins, the regulation of their concentration is crucial for enhancing the quality of food products. In the context of tannin degradation processes, microorganisms harness the catalytic prowess of tannase to effectuate the degradation of tannins. Tannase is mainly produced by bacteria and fungi derived from microorganisms during metabolic processes. Its role in tannin degradation is not only to ameliorate the inhibitory effects of tannins on microbial populations but also to enhance the metabolic recycling of the byproducts derived from tannin degradation. Considering the biochemical diversity and enzymatic stability inherent to tannases, these enzymes have garnered extensive application within a multitude of industrial sectors, including but not limited to food processing, animal feed production, pharmaceutical development, and chemical manufacturing. The article provided a concise overview, elucidating the structural classification and degradation pathways of tannins while articulating the enzymatic mechanisms employed by microorganisms to metabolize them. It summarized the applications of tannase in food sectors such as nuts, tea, juice, and noodles, and explored the potential of current methods for screening high-yield, high activity, and high degradation rate tannase strains. These efforts aimed to provide references for the development of high-quality microbial resources and the expansion of enzymatic catalytic functional characteristics.

tannins  /  microbial degradation  /  tannase
段文靖, 闫更轩, 刘春燕, 夏海华, 张淑梅, 田缘, 于冲. 单宁的微生物降解及单宁酶在食品工业中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106007
Wen-Jing DUAN, Geng-Xuan YAN, Chun-Yan LIU, Hai-Hua XIA, Shu-Mei ZHANG, Yuan TIAN, Chong YU. Research progress on microbial degradation of tannins and the application of tannase in food industry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106007
单宁, 作为一种具有抗氧化、抑菌和抗肿瘤等多种生物活性的天然化合物, 被广泛应用于医药开发、食品保鲜、疾病预防等方面。但是, 单宁的难降解性以及其潜在的毒害作用限制了它们在某些应用领域的发展。微生物降解单宁的过程不仅能够降低其对环境和人体健康可能构成的风险, 而且能够将单宁转化为具有更高生物利用度和功能性的小分子化合物。这一转化途径既增强了单宁的应用潜力, 而且为新型生物技术的开发提供了坚实的科学基础。
当前的研究主要集中在不同类型单宁的吸收、代谢途径的挖掘以及其在生物学层面的功能表现[1]。在酶工程领域, 寻找和筛选能够高效产生特定酶类的微生物是一项核心任务。因此, 探索和发掘细菌与真菌微生物中潜在的单宁酶资源, 已经成为一个研究价值深远的科学议题[2]。近年来, 研究者对单宁酶资源进行挖掘, 优化其生长条件和改造其基因序列, 以提高其催化效率和应用潜力。如GAO等[3]从不同的青贮样品中筛选出了4株具有高酸性产物产生能力和高单宁耐受性的乳酸菌菌株, 提高青贮发酵品质和蛋白质保存率。张蒙蒙等[4]通过利用响应面法探究不同碳源、氮源和无机盐的培养基条件, 确定了最优产酶培养基配方, 使得成团泛菌B-3的单宁酶活力提升了121.28%。ZHAO等[5]从白化假杜氏菌(Pseudoduganella albidiflava)中获取单宁酶基因在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达, 探索出具有更稳定酶学特性的新型单宁酶。这些研究为工业生产成本的降低, 工业化应用产出比的提高[6], 提供了宝贵的科学依据和技术支持。随着对单宁酶研究的深入, 其在食品工业中的应用愈加广泛, 如改善茶叶的澄清度, 提高饮品的口感, 促进食品发酵过程等。此外, 单宁酶还被广泛应用于饲料、医疗和化工等行业。
本文首先介绍了单宁的分类及降解途径, 进而探讨了微生物降解单宁的机制。在此基础上, 文章阐述了单宁酶在食品工业中的实际应用, 并对其未来发展方向进行展望。这些研究为单宁酶通过改善食品品质和增加功能性以促进工业的可持续发展提供理论基础。
单宁, 又名鞣质或单宁酸, 是一种黄色或棕黄色粉末, 根据结构组成, 可分为水解单宁、缩合单宁和复合单宁。作为仅次于木质素的第二大多酚类物质, 其在植物的茎、叶和果实中普遍存在。单宁的化学结构和性质决定了它们在生物体内的降解方式和效率。深刻理解单宁的分类和代谢途径对于揭示其微生物降解机制和酶的应用至关重要, 这对于优化单宁在食品加工、医药和人体健康领域的应用具有重要意义。
水解单宁是由没食子酸单体或其衍生物与一系列多元醇、儿茶酸等形成的酯类单宁, 水解后产生糖、多元醇、多元酚羧酸。水解单宁相对分子质量一般较小, 为了保持其结合能力, 必须有两个以上的酸性单位成分酯化成葡萄糖核心。根据水解产物的不同, 水解单宁又可分为没食子酸单宁(棓单宁)和鞣花单宁。没食子酸单宁被水解产生葡萄糖, 同时易在强酸、碱和酶的作用下分解产生没食子酸或间二没食子酸等缩酚酸以及多元醇类物质。鞣花单宁常以4,6-六羟基二苯酸或2,3-六羟基二苯酸两种结构存在, 水解产生鞣花酸或六羟基二苯酸等物质。
缩合单宁也称为聚合单宁, 是黄烷醇类化合物形成的聚合多酚类物质, 相对分子质量一般较大, 不含酯键且不能发生水解作用。缩合单宁可分为水溶性和不溶性两大类, 例如石栎叶缩合单宁、茶多酚和原花青素等为水溶性缩合单宁; 葡萄籽中的不溶性单宁、橡木鞣质、栎叶缩合单宁等是不溶性缩合单宁。以黄烷-3-醇和黄酮醇结构组成的缩合单宁发生降解时, 黄烷-3-醇分解产生2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸与原儿茶酸, 再形成中间代谢产物间苯三酚。黄酮醇的初步降解同样产生间苯三酚等物质, 在厌氧条件下, 两者的间苯三酚迅速被分解, 其降解产物随后进入柠檬酸循环, 参与能量代谢。以儿茶素没食子酸酯为代表的复合单宁是儿茶素或表儿茶素单体与两种水解单宁之一形成的复杂物质, 介于水解和缩合单宁之间, 具有前两者的共性[7-8]
单宁的分类影响单宁的生物降解途径如图1所示。单宁的生物降解不仅仅局限于微生物作用, 还包括植物、动物等生物体系中的降解过程。单宁的降解是酶的催化作用。在微生物降解中, 单宁酶是关键的酶类, 对单宁的生物降解途径的研究可以为微生物途径降解提供理论基础和技术支持。
植物单宁作为植物抵御外界不良环境因素的天然屏障, 能够影响微生物繁殖。但在自然环境中, 一些细菌和真菌也能通过分泌对单宁具有抗性并使其发生降解的酶类实现单宁的降解(表1)。首先, 微生物在单宁酶作用下催化单宁分子中酯键或缩酚键断裂, 生成相应的缩酚酸和多元醇。其次在多酚酶、脱羧酶等酶的作用下, 产生中间产物间苯三酚、间苯二酚, 最终降解生成小分子物质。一部分小分子物质作为碳源被利用, 还有一部分转化为酚衍生物排出体外。通常在单宁含量越高的环境中生长的微生物产生的单宁酶水解能力越强, 不同的微生物降解单宁的途径也存在差异。
细菌在有效降解没食子酸单宁和鞣花单宁方面极具潜力。过程中葡萄糖参与三羧酸循环, 没食子酸脱羧形成焦棓酸再分解为如邻苯三酚等多酚类物质, 最终在氧化酶催化下形成脂肪酸。大多数报道的细菌类单宁降解酶属于胞外单宁酶[20], 分子量通常在46.5~90.0 kDa之间。在早期对鞣酸及其单体的瘤胃降解研究中, 发现一些瘤胃细菌可以将没食子酸、邻苯三酚等化合物单体, 先经乙酰辅酶A还原, 最后水解成六碳酮酸[21]。在研究瘤胃中单宁分解细菌的代谢途径时, 发现微生物通过多种酶, 包括β-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶、丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶和乙酰辅酶A转移酶等, 促使3-羟基-5-氧己酸酯转变为乙酸和丁酸盐[22]。SARKAR等[23]从饲喂富含单宁酸饲料的羊的瘤胃中分离出24株能够降解单宁的细菌(tannin degrading bacteria, TDB), 并探索它们可能具有的纤维溶解活性。在一系列酶的作用下, 没食子酸酯间的深侧键和没食子酸酯与葡萄糖之间的酯键极易发生水解, 脱羧反应很快发生进而导致单宁被迅速降解。近年来, 乳杆菌物种在降解单宁上具有一定优势, 科学家们不断发掘新的乳酸菌种类。从石榴汁中分离得到植物乳酸菌[24], 该菌能够将鞣花单宁降解为鞣花酸, 鞣花酸水解内酯环并陆续脱去羧基、酚羟基, 最后生成的尿石素代谢和缀合进入血液中。
与没食子酸单宁相比, 缩合单宁不能被“经典单宁酶”水解, 最初的降解步骤是由单加氧酶或双加氧酶进行的。缩合单宁由于结构复杂不含有酯键只能在强氧化和酸性条件下解聚, 且不易被厌氧酶降解, 因此采用微生物的降解相对困难。但黄烷-3-醇和黄酮醇可以利用微生物的降解途径, 产生如苯酚等相对分子质量较小的酚类和酸类。类黄酮化合物在缩合单宁中的有氧分解分为两条途径[25]: 一是通过黄烷-3-醇裂解生成间苯三酚羧酸和原儿茶酸, 间苯三酚羧酸通过各种加氧酶的去羧基化和芳香环的断裂, 最终通过羟基对苯二酚和醋酸马来酯等中间体形, 最终转化为β-酮己二酸。原儿茶酸也通过顺式β-羧基、顺式粘膜酸酯和儿茶酚途径转化为β-酮己二酸酯; 二是黄酮醇分解为间苯三酚和3,4-二羟基苯乙酸酯, 前者也生成β-酮己二酸, 后者不降解。陈度宇等[26]利用梯度驯化法首次发现了可以将缩合单宁降解为原花青素和儿茶素的细菌B1, 该菌能以缩合单宁为单一碳源生长, 在72 h时单宁降解率达到最大值。符兵等[27]研究发现, 缩合单宁在厌氧环境中可以被消化道菌群转化为芳香中间体进而分解生成甲烷。
真菌中的青霉属和曲霉属大部分可以使水解单宁降解, 其中丝状真菌产单宁酶的类型最多。在单宁酶的作用下, 首先产生没食子酸, 但在不同真菌中, 没食子酸的降解产物存在差异。例如, 在黑曲霉中, 没食子酸被加氧酶氧化裂解形成三羧酸体系物质, 氧化后产物脱羧, 最终进入柠檬酸循环; 而在黄曲霉中, 没食子酸经三羧酸中间体降解为草酰乙酸, 最后转化为丙酮酸[28]。黑曲霉GH1靠消耗糖苷和游离酚类物质来生长[29], 通过产生特定的鞣花单宁酸酶降解鞣花单宁中的酯键, 释放出胡桃酸。少数酵母也被证明有解聚单宁的能力[14], 例如发酵菌、念珠菌和一些酿酒酵母菌等可以有效降解没食子酸单宁, 通过单宁酶催化单宁酯键断裂, 将单宁分解成没食子酸和葡萄糖, 但降解鞣花单宁能力并不理想。
真菌可以通过解聚作用有效降解缩合单宁, 且大多数情况下与细菌降解途径类似。如黄烷-3-醇被降解为间苯三酚羧酸和原儿茶酸, 前者经羟基喹啉-1,2-双加氧酶裂解对苯二酚等缩酚类物质而转化为β-酮己二酸, 后者通过原儿茶酸3,4-双加氧酶或原儿茶酸脱羧酶脱羧也转化为β-酮己二酸, 最终生成乙酰辅酶A。曲霉菌(Aspergillus awamori)通过其产生的水解酶和其他相关代谢酶, 降解果皮细胞壁中的非提取性缩合单宁, 增加了可提取的总鞣质含量[30]。类似地, JIAN等[31]的研究证实黄柄曲霉(Aspergillus flavipes)能够有效降解缩合单宁——杨梅栲胶。处于生长对数期阶段的黄柄曲霉, 通过优先消耗小分子酚类物质和聚黄烷醇, 改变酚类物质组成, 实现对缩合单宁的降解。一些酵母被报道可以降解缩合单宁(如金合欢单宁)[32], 如季也蒙假丝酵母菌(Candida guilliermondii)降解黄烷-3-醇结构但不影响白花青素成分, 直到最后将缩合单宁水解为酚类物质的过程。大多数酵母菌都能有效地降解毛树单宁, 并在5 d内将树皮提取物的单宁含量降低70%~80%[33]
微生物降解单宁的过程中依赖于它们分泌的单宁酶, 这些酶能够水解单宁中的化学键, 释放出较小的分子, 从而实现单宁的生物降解。单宁酶, 又称单宁酸酰基水解酶, 属于糖蛋白, 也是一种水溶性酶, 广泛存在于微生物和富含单宁的植物中。在单宁酶的获取方法中, 生物发酵法因其效率高、成本低、操作简便而被广泛使用[34]。微生物降解单宁的方法不仅有助于微生物自身的生长, 也为工业应用提供了重要的生物技术手段。为了促进工业向环保和可持续性的转变, 单宁酶已被广泛应用于化工、医疗、食品等多个领域。美国、日本等国已批准单宁酶为食品工业的安全添加剂, 中国卫生部也于2008年将其纳入食品添加剂名单[35]。单宁酶的应用在食品工业中日益广泛(表2), 特别是在处理果汁、葡萄酒和速溶茶等产品上, 有助于提升这些高单宁产品的品质。
单宁广泛存在于葡萄皮、籽以及茎中, 属于多酚类化合物中较易溶解的一种。在蓝莓、覆盆子和石榴等水果的储存过程中, 单宁会导致沉淀物形成、颜色加深和苦味增加。单宁酶可以被用于减少或消除如柿子、石榴、蓝莓等食品中的涩味, 提升食用体验。单宁酶能够改善果汁在加工和储存中的这些负面特性, 与传统的脱酸方法相比, 酶解脱酸技术更加安全高效[49]。TÜRKYILMAZ等[50], 研究了不同酶处理(包括单宁酶、单宁酶+乳酸酶、木瓜蛋白酶等)对石榴汁品质的影响。研究发现, 单宁酶结合兔源乳酸酶R-PON-1在石榴汁的澄清过程中表现出了优异的效果, 能够有效降低浑浊度和沉淀, 同时保持石榴汁的色泽和营养价值。
由于葡萄酒和啤酒中酚类化合物含量较高, 利用单宁酶水解冷藏啤酒中的多酚, 可以有效地减少啤酒的浑浊现象[51]。在葡萄酒和啤酒的生产中, 适当使用单宁酶可以调整产品的风味特性。如改善啤酒的口感, 使其更加温和、更加美味, 不仅增强了消费者的满意度, 也提高了产品的市场竞争力。在葡萄酒行业中, 通过精细调控葡萄品种中的单宁含量, 可以产生多样化的葡萄酒口感, 从而满足不同消费者的口味偏好[52]
单宁具有一定的抗营养特性, 能够与蛋白质、金属离子、碱和其他沉淀物产生不溶性化合物, 影响营养物质的吸收和利用[53]。单宁酶能分解饲料中单宁(如高粱籽实、蚕豆等原料), 减少其对蛋白质的结合, 减轻其抗营养效果。在饲料中添加单宁酶可以提高营养物质的消化率和利用率, 从而有助于动物健康和提高生产性能。相关研究证明, 单宁分解后还可以提升某些矿物质如铁的吸收, 从而提高食品的营养价值[54]
茶是全球最受欢迎的非酒精饮品, 全球超过2/3的人口均有饮用。当茶叶用冷水提取时, 其可提取固体的浓度有限, 导致制成的饮品色泽浅淡, 缺乏茶香。单宁酶的主要应用之一是速溶茶的制备, 在厌氧环境下利用单宁酶处理茶叶后, 可以降低冷水中的不溶性成分, 进而在冷水中提取出色泽和口感更佳的绿茶饮品。单宁酶作为一种澄清剂, 用于提高饮茶料的清澈度和改善其色泽, 防止长期存放时食品色泽变化。并且单宁酶处理可以减少即饮红茶制剂中茶霜的形成, 也可以增加多酚在冷水中的溶解度, 以增加茶汤的抗氧化能力[55]
在日常生活中, 单宁酶发酵可以显著改善酸菜的质地、风味和保存期限, 从而提升其整体品质。随着功能性食品的不断应用, 单宁酶可以用于开发具有特定健康益处的功能性食品, 如富含抗氧化剂的食品。在食品加工废弃物的处理中, 单宁酶有助于分解和回收有价值的成分。然而, 值得注意的是, 单宁酶的使用也需要考虑其对食品原有特性的影响, 确保最终产品的质量和安全[56]
单宁, 作为存在于高等植物中的次生代谢产物, 是一种分布广泛、种类繁多、数量众多的天然可再生资源。单宁易于修饰的分子结构以及其多样的生物学功能, 使其成为一类重要的精细工业产品。因此, 对其生物降解途径的深入研究不仅具有显著的科学意义, 而且对于推动相关工业应用的发展至关重要。在单宁的生物转化领域, 微生物显示出巨大的应用前景, 它们能够产生能够转化或分解单宁的酶, 以适应多样化的工业需求。产单宁酶的微生物广泛存在于植物表面、土壤、动物消化道、废水中, 真菌和细菌产生的单宁酶能够作用在单宁某些酚羟基底物上, 通过利用酯酶和缩酚羧酶水解单宁中的酯键和缩酚羧键。真菌单宁酶特别擅长于分解含有酚羟基并且能够形成酶-底物复合物的单宁化合物。而细菌单宁酶则在处理包括单宁酸在内的天然单宁表现出良好的催化能力。随着酶工程领域的迅猛发展, 酶制剂在食品工业中的应用被逐步拓展。作为一种安全、无毒、多功能的酶类衍生物, 单宁酶被用于脱除果实、茶饮品等中的苦涩味, 也可作为澄清剂改善饮料的外观色泽与储藏过程中产生的浑浊问题。
迄今为止, 单宁研究的核心目标仍然是降低微生物对单宁的敏感性、发掘高效且环境友好的单宁酶以促进单宁代谢、提升单宁酶的水解效率, 并构建卓越的生产工艺。近年来, 基因工程、发酵工程以及酶工程的兴起为单宁酶的研究提供重要手段, 筛选高产单宁酶菌株, 或利用基因编辑合成高活性、高降解率的单宁酶基因工程菌株已成为当前的研究热点。未来应在不断挖掘新的酶制剂的基础上, 提升酶结构的设计, 强化酶结构的改造, 解析酶与底物的互作关系, 一方面为优质微生物资源的开发提供技术支撑, 另一方面拓宽酶催化功能, 满足现代工业生产的需要, 促进单宁酶在医学、食品、化妆品等各领域发挥重要价值。
  • 黑龙江省科学院科学研究基金项目(KY2023SW02)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106007
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
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黑龙江省科学院科学研究基金项目(KY2023SW02)
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    1.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010
    2.黑龙江省科学院, 哈尔滨 150001
    3.东北农业大学食品学院, 哈尔滨 150030

通讯作者:

* 田缘(1995—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品微生物。E-mail:
于冲(1979—), 男, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为微生物源功能食品。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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