Article(id=1153986585927340921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241120006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061442119, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061442119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061442119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061442119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986586564875139, articleId=1153986585927340921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Contamination characteristics, dissipation pattern and detection technology of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp., columnId=1153986581653349021, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Modern Analysis Instrument in Food Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pyrus spp. are cherished by consumers for their unique taste and flavor, which has led to their widespread cultivation and consumption around the globe. Pesticides, an essential input for Pyrus spp. production, are vital in the prevention and control of pests and diseases; however, they also contribute to the issue of pesticide residues, which has emerged as a significant concern affecting the quality and safety of Pyrus spp. products. This paper briefly described the registered and commonly used pesticides in China's Pyrus spp. production, analyzed the contamination characteristics of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp. both domestically and internationally, discussed recent findings on the dissipation of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp., reviewed principal analysis techniques and recent advancements for their determination, including sample preparations such as solid phase extraction, dispersive solid phase extraction, multi-plug filtration cleanup, and array-thin film micro-extraction, as well as analytical procedures like triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced raman scattering, and immunoassay, and offered current shortcomings and future research recommendations in this field. This review aims to provide valuable references for ongoing studies on pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.

, correspAuthors=Teng-Fei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li ZHANG, Zi-Han MA, Hao-Qian LU, Teng-Fei LIU, Lin-Lin SHI, Dai-Feng YANG, Ming-Hui DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986602868134071, articleId=1153986585927340921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=梨中农药残留污染特点及其消解特性与检测技术, columnId=1153986581842092705, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

梨以其独特的口感和风味深受人们的喜爱, 在全球范围内被广泛种植和消费。农药作为保障梨生产必需的投入品之一, 在病虫害防控方面发挥了积极作用, 但同时带来了农药残留污染问题, 成为影响梨品质安全的重要因素之一。本文介绍了我国梨生产上农药登记的现状, 分析了国内外梨农药残留污染的特点, 概述了近年来梨中农药残留消解研究情况, 综述了梨中农药残留主要的检测技术及其研究进展, 包括固相萃取、分散固相萃取、快速滤过型净化、阵列式薄膜固相微萃取等前处理方法, 以及三重四极杆质谱、四极杆-飞行时间质谱、表面增强拉曼光谱、免疫分析等检测技术。文章还指出了当前研究尚存的不足之处, 并提出了今后研究工作的建议, 旨在为开展梨中农药残留研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘腾飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘腾飞(1985—), 男, 博士研究生, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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张丽(1986—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养。E-mail:

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张丽(1986—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养。E-mail:

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Jiangsu Zhenze High School, Suzhou 215200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985575257780302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, companyId=1177985575245197388, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江苏省震泽中学, 苏州 215200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985575341666384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985575350054993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, companyId=1177985575341666384, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 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College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985575450718294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, companyId=1177985575438135380, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.南京农业大学食品科学技术学院, 南京 210095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985578797772941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Pesticide residues in the market-sold Pyrus spp. from 31 regions of China between 2014 and 2017, figureFileSmall=KLgy+HeIsQlhhpzoGCYoQw==, figureFileBig=rURKK7Q3in+1jfvYlzgksQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985578860687502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2014—2017年中国31个地区市售梨中农药残留情况, figureFileSmall=KLgy+HeIsQlhhpzoGCYoQw==, figureFileBig=rURKK7Q3in+1jfvYlzgksQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985578931990671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scheme of the BiT-MSPD procedure[71], figureFileSmall=sG6DnoJ595GU0xGK1cp4YA==, figureFileBig=eZ0dD8ba2g2LYXw9Ru4LTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985578982322320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BiT-MSPD方法示意图[71], figureFileSmall=sG6DnoJ595GU0xGK1cp4YA==, figureFileBig=eZ0dD8ba2g2LYXw9Ru4LTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985579041042577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pesticide active ingredients registered in Pyrus spp. of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 农药有效成分 登记农药有效成分
数量/种
化学类 生物类 其他类
杀虫剂 高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、双甲脒、吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯、螺虫乙酯、噻虫胺、虫螨腈、马拉硫磷、阿维·高氯、阿维菌素·噻虫胺、氟啶·螺虫酯、阿维·吡虫啉、阿维·毒死蜱、吡虫·毒死蜱、阿维·双甲脒、敌畏·吡虫啉、阿维·噻虫胺、螺虫·呋虫胺、螺虫·噻虫啉、螺虫乙酯·噻虫胺、螺虫乙酯·依维菌素、阿维·矿物油、氯氰·毒死蜱、石硫·矿物油、阿维·氯氰、高氯·吡虫啉、氯氰·吡虫啉 阿维菌素、矿物油、
苦参碱、苏云金杆
菌、梨小性迷向素
34
杀菌剂 代森锌、苯菌灵、多菌灵、代森锰锌、氟硅唑、腈菌唑、噻唑锌、烯唑醇、戊唑醇、亚胺唑、苯醚甲环唑、甲基硫菌灵、丙森锌、噻菌铜、己唑醇、氟菌唑、克菌丹、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、百菌清、噻霉酮、多·福、二氰·锰锌、苯醚·甲硫、锰锌·烯唑醇、锰锌·腈菌唑、多·锰锌、烯唑·多菌灵、烯唑·甲硫灵、氟菌·醚菌酯、甲硫·氟硅唑、硅唑·多菌灵、腈菌·福美双、甲硫·福美双、苯甲·锰锌、锰锌·三唑酮、乙铝·锰锌、苯醚·噻霉酮、苯甲·二氰、苯甲·多菌灵、丙硫唑·春雷霉素、苯醚·咪鲜胺、春雷·喹啉铜、氟菌·戊唑醇、苯甲·氟酰胺、苯醚·戊唑醇、唑醚·戊唑醇、苯甲·吡唑酯、唑醚·氟硅唑、氟酰羟·苯甲唑、氟菌·多菌灵、甲硫·腈菌唑、春雷·噻唑锌、肟菌·戊唑醇、多抗·喹啉铜、醚菌·多菌灵、戊唑·醚菌酯、苯甲·嘧菌酯 春雷霉素、中生菌素、
多抗霉素、解淀粉芽
孢杆菌Xl 96-3、
氨基寡糖素
氢氧化铜、
碱式硫酸铜
65
除草剂 草铵膦、莠去津、草甘膦铵盐、草甘膦异丙胺盐、西玛津 5
生长调节剂 1-甲基环丙烯、乙烯利 赤霉酸、28-表高芸苔素内酯、赤霉酸A4+A7 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579124928658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国梨上登记农药有效成分情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药类别 农药有效成分 登记农药有效成分
数量/种
化学类 生物类 其他类
杀虫剂 高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、双甲脒、吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯、螺虫乙酯、噻虫胺、虫螨腈、马拉硫磷、阿维·高氯、阿维菌素·噻虫胺、氟啶·螺虫酯、阿维·吡虫啉、阿维·毒死蜱、吡虫·毒死蜱、阿维·双甲脒、敌畏·吡虫啉、阿维·噻虫胺、螺虫·呋虫胺、螺虫·噻虫啉、螺虫乙酯·噻虫胺、螺虫乙酯·依维菌素、阿维·矿物油、氯氰·毒死蜱、石硫·矿物油、阿维·氯氰、高氯·吡虫啉、氯氰·吡虫啉 阿维菌素、矿物油、
苦参碱、苏云金杆
菌、梨小性迷向素
34
杀菌剂 代森锌、苯菌灵、多菌灵、代森锰锌、氟硅唑、腈菌唑、噻唑锌、烯唑醇、戊唑醇、亚胺唑、苯醚甲环唑、甲基硫菌灵、丙森锌、噻菌铜、己唑醇、氟菌唑、克菌丹、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、百菌清、噻霉酮、多·福、二氰·锰锌、苯醚·甲硫、锰锌·烯唑醇、锰锌·腈菌唑、多·锰锌、烯唑·多菌灵、烯唑·甲硫灵、氟菌·醚菌酯、甲硫·氟硅唑、硅唑·多菌灵、腈菌·福美双、甲硫·福美双、苯甲·锰锌、锰锌·三唑酮、乙铝·锰锌、苯醚·噻霉酮、苯甲·二氰、苯甲·多菌灵、丙硫唑·春雷霉素、苯醚·咪鲜胺、春雷·喹啉铜、氟菌·戊唑醇、苯甲·氟酰胺、苯醚·戊唑醇、唑醚·戊唑醇、苯甲·吡唑酯、唑醚·氟硅唑、氟酰羟·苯甲唑、氟菌·多菌灵、甲硫·腈菌唑、春雷·噻唑锌、肟菌·戊唑醇、多抗·喹啉铜、醚菌·多菌灵、戊唑·醚菌酯、苯甲·嘧菌酯 春雷霉素、中生菌素、
多抗霉素、解淀粉芽
孢杆菌Xl 96-3、
氨基寡糖素
氢氧化铜、
碱式硫酸铜
65
除草剂 草铵膦、莠去津、草甘膦铵盐、草甘膦异丙胺盐、西玛津 5
生长调节剂 1-甲基环丙烯、乙烯利 赤霉酸、28-表高芸苔素内酯、赤霉酸A4+A7 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579196231827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Some pesticide varieties detected and exceeded in Pyrus spp. in China[12-14,16-18,24-27,29-32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
登记品种 未登记品种
超范围使用 禁止使用
马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、多菌灵、 敌敌畏、三唑磷、氯唑磷、丙溴磷、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、肟菌酯、乙氧氟 氧乐果、对硫磷、水胺硫磷、甲拌磷、克百威、灭多威
咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑 草醚、氯虫苯甲酰胺、灭幼脲、唑螨酯
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579250757780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
登记品种 未登记品种
超范围使用 禁止使用
马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、多菌灵、 敌敌畏、三唑磷、氯唑磷、丙溴磷、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、肟菌酯、乙氧氟 氧乐果、对硫磷、水胺硫磷、甲拌磷、克百威、灭多威
咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑 草醚、氯虫苯甲酰胺、灭幼脲、唑螨酯
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579313672341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dissipation pattern of different pesticides in Pyrus spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供试药剂 施药剂量
(有效成分)
原始沉积量
/(mg/kg)
消解动态 半衰期/d 备注 文献
消解方程 相关系数
45%毒死蜱乳油 600 mg/kg 2.692 Ct=1.5758e-0.166t -0.98 4.2 2019年山东、安徽和河北 [41]
25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油 50 mg/kg 0.241 Ct=0.2619e-0.096t -0.99 7.1
10%吡虫啉可溶性粉剂 100 mg/kg 0.181 Ct=0.1558e-0.056t -0.97 12.2
50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂 2000 mg/kg 3.732 Ct=3.9849e-0.057t -0.91 11.9
480 g/L毒死蜱乳油 450 mg/kg 4.68 Ct=4.1289e-0.154t -0.98 4.4 2018年 [42]
10%吡虫啉可溶性粉剂 30 mg/kg 0.12 Ct=0.1075e-0.056t -0.96 12.2
22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂 90 mg/kg 0.044 Ct=0.0383e-0.052t -0.98 13.1
10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 75 mg/kg 0.082 Ct=0.0586e-0.066t -0.97 10.3
0.3%苦参碱乳油 0.27 g/m2 0.6633 Ct=0.4352e-0.1418t -0.9806 4.89 天津 [43]
0.9140 Ct=0.4394e-0.1761t -0.9608 3.94 安徽
24%腈苯唑悬浮剂 144 mg/kg 0.6101 Ct=0.4889e-0.073t -0.9711 9.5 2017年河北 [44]
0.6692 Ct=0.5421e-0.057t -0.9905 12.2 2017年辽宁
2.5%氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂 18.75 g/hm2 0.159 Ct=0.127e-0.03t -0.9616 23.1 2016年济南 [45]
1.050 Ct=0.948e-0.09t -0.9939 7.7 2016年太原
0.424 Ct=0.278e-0.07t -0.9478 9.9 2016年杭州
15%亚胺唑可湿性粉剂 75 mg/L 0.23 Ct=0.9461e-0.042t -0.8859 16.5 2019年云南 [46]
0.15 Ct=0.3097e-0.041t -0.9385 16.9 2019年天津
1.8%阿维菌素水乳剂 48 mg/kg Ct=0.07808e-0.2343t -0.9709 3.0 2010年山东 [47]
Ct=0.02739e-0.4008t -0.9613 1.7 2010年安徽
Ct=0.04896e-0.5378t -0.8971 1.3 2010年河北
10%氟硅唑水乳剂 75 mg/kg 0.223 Ct=0.1547e-0.079t -0.9763 8.83 2019年山东 [48]
40%腈菌唑悬浮剂 75 mg/kg 1.310 Ct=0.4875e-0.048t -0.9669 14.4
250 g/L戊唑醇水乳剂 187.5 mg/kg 0.581 Ct=0.3720e-0.148t -0.9517 4.70
22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂 112 mg/kg 0.086 Ct=0.0825e-0.056t 12.4 河北 [49]
50%杀螟硫磷乳油 0.075 mL/m2 1.59 Ct=1.1704e-0.226t -0.9936 3.07 2020年浙江 [50]
250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂 50 g/kg 0.466 Ct=0.4053e-0.07t -0.9855 9.9 2020年山东、安徽和甘肃 [51]
10%双三氟虫脲悬浮剂 5 mL/20 L 0.29 Ct=0.3191e-0.068t -0.9474 10.19 韩国罗州 [52]
25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂 0.3 kg/hm2 0.51 Ct=0.51e-0.321t -0.9913 2.17 塞尔维亚库拉 [53]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579393364118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同农药在梨中的残留消解规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供试药剂 施药剂量
(有效成分)
原始沉积量
/(mg/kg)
消解动态 半衰期/d 备注 文献
消解方程 相关系数
45%毒死蜱乳油 600 mg/kg 2.692 Ct=1.5758e-0.166t -0.98 4.2 2019年山东、安徽和河北 [41]
25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油 50 mg/kg 0.241 Ct=0.2619e-0.096t -0.99 7.1
10%吡虫啉可溶性粉剂 100 mg/kg 0.181 Ct=0.1558e-0.056t -0.97 12.2
50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂 2000 mg/kg 3.732 Ct=3.9849e-0.057t -0.91 11.9
480 g/L毒死蜱乳油 450 mg/kg 4.68 Ct=4.1289e-0.154t -0.98 4.4 2018年 [42]
10%吡虫啉可溶性粉剂 30 mg/kg 0.12 Ct=0.1075e-0.056t -0.96 12.2
22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂 90 mg/kg 0.044 Ct=0.0383e-0.052t -0.98 13.1
10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 75 mg/kg 0.082 Ct=0.0586e-0.066t -0.97 10.3
0.3%苦参碱乳油 0.27 g/m2 0.6633 Ct=0.4352e-0.1418t -0.9806 4.89 天津 [43]
0.9140 Ct=0.4394e-0.1761t -0.9608 3.94 安徽
24%腈苯唑悬浮剂 144 mg/kg 0.6101 Ct=0.4889e-0.073t -0.9711 9.5 2017年河北 [44]
0.6692 Ct=0.5421e-0.057t -0.9905 12.2 2017年辽宁
2.5%氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂 18.75 g/hm2 0.159 Ct=0.127e-0.03t -0.9616 23.1 2016年济南 [45]
1.050 Ct=0.948e-0.09t -0.9939 7.7 2016年太原
0.424 Ct=0.278e-0.07t -0.9478 9.9 2016年杭州
15%亚胺唑可湿性粉剂 75 mg/L 0.23 Ct=0.9461e-0.042t -0.8859 16.5 2019年云南 [46]
0.15 Ct=0.3097e-0.041t -0.9385 16.9 2019年天津
1.8%阿维菌素水乳剂 48 mg/kg Ct=0.07808e-0.2343t -0.9709 3.0 2010年山东 [47]
Ct=0.02739e-0.4008t -0.9613 1.7 2010年安徽
Ct=0.04896e-0.5378t -0.8971 1.3 2010年河北
10%氟硅唑水乳剂 75 mg/kg 0.223 Ct=0.1547e-0.079t -0.9763 8.83 2019年山东 [48]
40%腈菌唑悬浮剂 75 mg/kg 1.310 Ct=0.4875e-0.048t -0.9669 14.4
250 g/L戊唑醇水乳剂 187.5 mg/kg 0.581 Ct=0.3720e-0.148t -0.9517 4.70
22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂 112 mg/kg 0.086 Ct=0.0825e-0.056t 12.4 河北 [49]
50%杀螟硫磷乳油 0.075 mL/m2 1.59 Ct=1.1704e-0.226t -0.9936 3.07 2020年浙江 [50]
250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂 50 g/kg 0.466 Ct=0.4053e-0.07t -0.9855 9.9 2020年山东、安徽和甘肃 [51]
10%双三氟虫脲悬浮剂 5 mL/20 L 0.29 Ct=0.3191e-0.068t -0.9474 10.19 韩国罗州 [52]
25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂 0.3 kg/hm2 0.51 Ct=0.51e-0.321t -0.9913 2.17 塞尔维亚库拉 [53]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579535970455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品基质 分析物 前处理方法 分析方法 回收率
/%
RSDs
/%
LOD及LOQ
/(μg/kg)
文献
34种农药 10 mL 1%乙酸-乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 83.3~109.4 1.3~10.8 LOQ: 5.0 [14]
22种农药 20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 匀浆提取, 不净化 UPLC-MS/MS 71.4~106.7 0.7~9.9 LOD: 0.9~4.6
LOQ: 3.0~15.4
[16]
21种有机磷农药 20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 匀浆提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS 85.4~100.4 1.9~6.8 LOD: 0.2~2.6 [18]
黄冠梨 31种农药 10 mL 0.1%乙酸-乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA+C18 d-SPE净化 HPLC-MS/MS 75.0~111.5 0.85~6.7 LOD: 0.25~25 [32]
苹果梨 19种有机氯农药 50 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, NH2 SPE柱[甲醇-二氯甲烷(1:19, V/V)洗脱]净化 GC-MS 86.1~108.9 4.0~9.5 LOD: 3.0~6.0
LOQ: 10.0~20.0
[58]
腈菌唑、烯唑醇、
氟环唑和甲氧滴滴涕
20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, PSA+GCB d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 80~111 0.82~1.18 LOQ: 10.0 [59]
香梨和番茄 9种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, 不净化 UPLC-MS/MS 61.7~116.5 0.7~18.9 LOD: 0.1~4.0
LOQ: 10
[60]
梨、葡萄和苹果 15种农药及助剂 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, NH2 SPE柱[甲醇-二氯甲烷(5:95, V/V)洗脱]净化 UPLC-MS/MS 80~112 5.5~16 LOQ: 5~10 [62]
梨等6种果蔬 噁唑酰草胺 10mL正己烷和5 mL乙腈-水(5:5, V/V)为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA+聚苯乙烯/二乙烯苯d-SPE净化 HPLC-MS/MS 63.9~113.7 1.0~22..2 LOD: 0.2~0.3
LOQ: 0.6~1.0
[64]
多抗霉素B和喹啉铜 20 mL 1%乙酸-甲醇(95:5, V/V) 为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 UPLC-MS/MS 78~99 ≤5.2 LOQ: 5~10 [65]
香梨、葡萄、红枣和杏 99种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, PSA+C18 d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 70~120 0.3~20 LOQ: 10.0~25.0 [66]
南果梨 16种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 78.5~98.6 3.8~11.4 LOD: 0.01~1.62
LOQ: 0.02~5.40
[67]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985579653410968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986585927340921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

梨中农药残留前处理方法和检测方法实例Tbale 4 Examples of pretreatment and detection methods for determining pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品基质 分析物 前处理方法 分析方法 回收率
/%
RSDs
/%
LOD及LOQ
/(μg/kg)
文献
34种农药 10 mL 1%乙酸-乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 83.3~109.4 1.3~10.8 LOQ: 5.0 [14]
22种农药 20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 匀浆提取, 不净化 UPLC-MS/MS 71.4~106.7 0.7~9.9 LOD: 0.9~4.6
LOQ: 3.0~15.4
[16]
21种有机磷农药 20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 匀浆提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS 85.4~100.4 1.9~6.8 LOD: 0.2~2.6 [18]
黄冠梨 31种农药 10 mL 0.1%乙酸-乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA+C18 d-SPE净化 HPLC-MS/MS 75.0~111.5 0.85~6.7 LOD: 0.25~25 [32]
苹果梨 19种有机氯农药 50 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, NH2 SPE柱[甲醇-二氯甲烷(1:19, V/V)洗脱]净化 GC-MS 86.1~108.9 4.0~9.5 LOD: 3.0~6.0
LOQ: 10.0~20.0
[58]
腈菌唑、烯唑醇、
氟环唑和甲氧滴滴涕
20 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, PSA+GCB d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 80~111 0.82~1.18 LOQ: 10.0 [59]
香梨和番茄 9种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, 不净化 UPLC-MS/MS 61.7~116.5 0.7~18.9 LOD: 0.1~4.0
LOQ: 10
[60]
梨、葡萄和苹果 15种农药及助剂 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, NH2 SPE柱[甲醇-二氯甲烷(5:95, V/V)洗脱]净化 UPLC-MS/MS 80~112 5.5~16 LOQ: 5~10 [62]
梨等6种果蔬 噁唑酰草胺 10mL正己烷和5 mL乙腈-水(5:5, V/V)为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA+聚苯乙烯/二乙烯苯d-SPE净化 HPLC-MS/MS 63.9~113.7 1.0~22..2 LOD: 0.2~0.3
LOQ: 0.6~1.0
[64]
多抗霉素B和喹啉铜 20 mL 1%乙酸-甲醇(95:5, V/V) 为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 UPLC-MS/MS 78~99 ≤5.2 LOQ: 5~10 [65]
香梨、葡萄、红枣和杏 99种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 超声提取, PSA+C18 d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 70~120 0.3~20 LOQ: 10.0~25.0 [66]
南果梨 16种农药 10 mL乙腈为提取剂, 振荡提取, PSA d-SPE净化 GC-MS/MS 78.5~98.6 3.8~11.4 LOD: 0.01~1.62
LOQ: 0.02~5.40
[67]
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梨中农药残留污染特点及其消解特性与检测技术
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张丽 1 , 马梓涵 2 , 陆皓茜 3 , 刘腾飞 3, 4, * , 施林林 3 , 杨代凤 3 , 董明辉 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025,16(4): 166-177
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:现代分析仪器在食品检测中的应用 2025, 16(4): 166-177
梨中农药残留污染特点及其消解特性与检测技术
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张丽1 , 马梓涵2, 陆皓茜3, 刘腾飞3, 4, * , 施林林3, 杨代凤3, 董明辉3
作者信息
  • 1.苏州市职业大学食品安全与营养研究中心, 苏州 215104
  • 2.江苏省震泽中学, 苏州 215200
  • 3.江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所, 苏州 215106
  • 4.南京农业大学食品科学技术学院, 南京 210095
  • 张丽(1986—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全与营养。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘腾飞(1985—), 男, 博士研究生, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
Contamination characteristics, dissipation pattern and detection technology of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.
Li ZHANG1 , Zi-Han MA2, Hao-Qian LU3, Teng-Fei LIU3, 4, * , Lin-Lin SHI3, Dai-Feng YANG3, Ming-Hui DONG3
Affiliations
  • 1. Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Suzhou Vocational University, Suzhou 215104, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Zhenze High School, Suzhou 215200, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
  • 4. College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241120006
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梨以其独特的口感和风味深受人们的喜爱, 在全球范围内被广泛种植和消费。农药作为保障梨生产必需的投入品之一, 在病虫害防控方面发挥了积极作用, 但同时带来了农药残留污染问题, 成为影响梨品质安全的重要因素之一。本文介绍了我国梨生产上农药登记的现状, 分析了国内外梨农药残留污染的特点, 概述了近年来梨中农药残留消解研究情况, 综述了梨中农药残留主要的检测技术及其研究进展, 包括固相萃取、分散固相萃取、快速滤过型净化、阵列式薄膜固相微萃取等前处理方法, 以及三重四极杆质谱、四极杆-飞行时间质谱、表面增强拉曼光谱、免疫分析等检测技术。文章还指出了当前研究尚存的不足之处, 并提出了今后研究工作的建议, 旨在为开展梨中农药残留研究提供参考。

梨  /  农药残留  /  污染特点  /  消解特性  /  检测技术

Pyrus spp. are cherished by consumers for their unique taste and flavor, which has led to their widespread cultivation and consumption around the globe. Pesticides, an essential input for Pyrus spp. production, are vital in the prevention and control of pests and diseases; however, they also contribute to the issue of pesticide residues, which has emerged as a significant concern affecting the quality and safety of Pyrus spp. products. This paper briefly described the registered and commonly used pesticides in China's Pyrus spp. production, analyzed the contamination characteristics of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp. both domestically and internationally, discussed recent findings on the dissipation of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp., reviewed principal analysis techniques and recent advancements for their determination, including sample preparations such as solid phase extraction, dispersive solid phase extraction, multi-plug filtration cleanup, and array-thin film micro-extraction, as well as analytical procedures like triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced raman scattering, and immunoassay, and offered current shortcomings and future research recommendations in this field. This review aims to provide valuable references for ongoing studies on pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.

Pyrus spp.  /  pesticide residues  /  contamination characteristics  /  dissipation pattern  /  detection technology
张丽, 马梓涵, 陆皓茜, 刘腾飞, 施林林, 杨代凤, 董明辉. 梨中农药残留污染特点及其消解特性与检测技术. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 166 -177 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241120006
Li ZHANG, Zi-Han MA, Hao-Qian LU, Teng-Fei LIU, Lin-Lin SHI, Dai-Feng YANG, Ming-Hui DONG. Contamination characteristics, dissipation pattern and detection technology of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 166 -177 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241120006
梨(Pyrus spp.)属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae)梨属(Pyrus L.)多年生木本植物, 是全球广泛种植的仁果类水果之一。梨具有独特的口感和风味, 富含维生素(如抗坏血酸)、矿物质(如钾、钙)和抗氧化成分(如酚类、黄酮类化合物)[1-2], 既可鲜食也可加工(如梨罐头、梨果汁), 受到全球消费者的喜爱, 2023年全球梨消费量超过了2500万t[3]。我国是梨主要的起源地之一, 梨种植历史悠久, 种质资源丰富[4]。近年来, 我国梨产业规模稳步发展, 种植面积和产量均居世界首位。根据联合国粮农组织统计数据, 截止2022年底, 我国梨种植面积约100.5万hm2, 总产量1936.7万t, 分别占世界总种植面积和总产量的70.9%和73.6%[5]。我国也是世界梨出口和消费大国。根据2024年6月美国农业部统计数据, 2023年我国梨出口量50万t, 消费量1912万t, 分别占世界梨出口总量和消费总量的27.7%和76.2%[3]。梨产业已成为我国农业发展的重要组成部分, 在助力脱贫攻坚、乡村振兴等方面做出了重要贡献。
梨在栽培过程中, 病虫害侵袭对梨的生长、产量和品质影响较大。农药作为不可或缺的投入品, 在梨病虫害防控上发挥了重要作用, 与此同时其残留问题引起了人们高度关注。许多国家和地区通过农药登记管理、制定限量标准、监督检测等措施对梨中农药残留进行防控, 有关梨中农药残留的污染调查、消解规律、检测技术等方面的研究也日益增多, 但缺乏系统的归纳和总结。本文通过查阅文献资料, 对近年来国内外相关研究进行综述, 以期为梨高品质生产中农药的科学使用提供参考。
梨树是一种多年生木本落叶植物, 喜欢生长在温暖、湿润、光照充足的气候条件下, 易于滋生病虫害。据统计, 目前国内外已发现并报道的梨树虫害达62种、病害则有26种[6], 这些病虫害多发、突发, 严重影响了梨产业发展。为了避免梨果减损, 农药的使用必不可少。
农药登记是加强农药管理, 确保农药使用规范化、科学化和安全化, 保障农产品和生态环境安全的一项重要举措。根据中国农药信息网的检索数据, 截至2024年10月10日, 我国登记在梨上且在有效期内的农药产品有803个, 农药有效成分共109种(表1)。按照成分及来源, 这些农药以化学类为主, 占登记有效成分总数的86.2%, 生物类及其他类相对较少; 按照防治对象, 以杀菌剂和杀虫剂使用居多, 占登记有效成分总数的比例分别为53.2%和26.6%, 除草剂及生长调节剂使用较少[7]。近年来, 由于害虫抗药性的不断增强, 农药复配产品在梨生产上的应用日益增多, 占登记产品总数的51.4%, 为梨产业提质增效发挥了积极作用。然而, 农药是一把“双刃剑”, 它们是一类有毒甚至高毒物质, 不科学使用严重影响梨的品质和梨园生态安全。因此, 在梨生产中, 应根据梨树病虫害季节性和世代重叠性发生规律, 如梨木虱一年内可发生4~5代, 其在梨树的落叶、树皮、杂草等处越冬, 并在2—3月进入蜇盛期, 6—7月对梨树的危害程度最深, 而梨小食心虫一年内可发生4~5代, 第1和2代幼虫主要危害树梢, 第3和4代幼虫主要危害梨果, 世代重叠现象明显[8], 实施科学精准用药, 利用智能无人机等新兴施药方式进行精准控量、均匀施药, 提高农药有效利用效率, 并在梨园积极推行物理防治、生物防治、生态调控等非化学防控技术, 从根本上减少用药甚至不用药, 推动梨产业绿色健康发展。
梨中农药残留问题不容忽视, 各国政府和科研工作者对梨中农药残留情况做了大量的调查研究, 由于研究的侧重点不同, 采取的调查范围、研究手段和视角各异, 获得的农药残留结果也有所差异。根据近年来文献报道及市场监督监测结果, 梨中农药残留污染现状呈现以下特点。
1999—2022年欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统通报发现, 梨是农药残留通报的15种主要果蔬品种之一, 样品总的检出率为5.69%。在24年间, 梨由农药残留引发的通报共123次, 通报国家主要来自于土耳其(57次)和意大利(18次), 通报的农药品种主要为双甲脒(55次)和矮壮素(5次)[9]。2010—2020年巴西农产品农药残留监测结果显示, 梨样品农药残留检出率高达97.1%, 其中80%以上的样品含有2种及以上农药残留, 残留农药主要为二硫代氨基甲酸盐类(26.1%)、三唑类(19.4%)、有机磷类(11.6%)、拟除虫菊酯类(10.5%)和N-甲基氨基甲酸酯类(0.5%)[10]。根据2022年美国农业部农药数据计划年度报告, 鲜梨样品的农药残留检出率高达91.5%, 并且超过84.7%的样品检出2种及以上农药残留, 其中在一份梨样中同时检出了18种农药残留[11]。在我国, 2014—2017年31个省份(直辖市、自治区)市售果蔬农药残留调查结果显示, 有15个地区的梨样品检出了农药残留, 其中江西省检出率最高, 为21.1%, 不同地区梨农药残留情况如图1所示[12]。此外, 2020—2021年四川省会理市种植基地果蔬农药残留检测结果显示, 梨样品的检出率为28.6%, 残留农药主要为氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉和多菌灵[13]。河北省梨农药残留抽检结果显示, 样品的检出率高达96.7%, 检出农药主要为毒死蜱(93.3%)和丙溴磷(16.7%)[14]。2018—2021年陕西省市售水果农药残留监测结果显示, 在被调查的6大类15种水果中, 梨是农药残留量较多的水果之一, 尤其是杀菌剂的检出率较高, 存在同时检出3种以上农药残留的情况[15]
同一地区梨中农药残留情况亦有较大差异。以我国山东省济南市为例, 在100批次被调查的梨样品中, 迟梦宇等[16]研究显示, 样品的检出率为31%, 残留农药主要为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、肟菌酯和乙氧氟草醚, 卢琦等[17]研究显示, 样品的检出率为18%, 残留农药主要为拟除虫菊酯类农药甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯, 而张艳等[18]研究显示, 样品的检出率仅为1%, 残留农药为马拉硫磷。这些差异可能与不同研究采取的检测手段、关注的农药检测项目不同等有关。
对1995—2021年间全球水果中农药残留研究数据进行系统综述和荟萃分析发现, 在被调查的27种水果中, 梨杀虫剂残留污染水平最高, 平均残留量为0.8 mg/kg[19]。欧洲食品安全局农药残留监测结果显示, 在2019―2020年间, 欧盟对梨等水果进行抽检, 梨样品的超标率为2.3%[20-21]。2021年美国农业部农药数据计划年度报告显示, 梨样品的超标率为0.14%[22]。根据2014—2017年中国31个省份(直辖市、自治区)市售果蔬中农药残留调查结果, 在1122份梨样品中, 样品的超标率为0.27%, 超标农药主要为氧乐果和甲拌磷, 残留量最大值分别为0.0461 mg/kg和0.0264 mg/kg[12]。此外, 2017—2019年我国北京市大兴区主产水果农药残留检测结果显示, 梨中氯唑磷残留量超标, 样品的超标率为0.67%[23]。2020—2021年我国浙江省特色水果农药残留研究结果显示, 梨中咪鲜胺残留量超标, 样品的超标率为4.76%[24]。2021年重庆市市售梨中检出氯唑磷残留量超标, 样品的超标率为1.4%[25]。2019—2023年山东省农药使用安全风险监测结果显示, 梨中检出多菌灵、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐残留量超标[26]。2021—2022年吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州种植基地梨中检出丙溴磷、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯残留量超标[27]。河南省郑州市市售梨中溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉残留量超标, 样品的超标率高达20%[28]。这些研究结果表明, 国内外梨中农药残留超标情况较为普遍, 但总体超标水平不高, 然而人体若长期过量摄入, 其健康暴露风险仍不容忽视。
根据2021年美国农业部农药数据计划年度报告, 梨样品中共检出了25种残留农药, 其中嘧霉胺残留量超标[22]。2021—2022年中国各省(市、区)市场监督管理部门果蔬农药残留监测结果显示, 我国梨中存在多种农药残留量超标, 主要为氯氟氰菊酯/高效氯氟氰菊酯、多菌灵、吡虫啉、敌敌畏和氧乐果[29]。根据2020—2021年中国浙江省特色水果农药残留研究结果, 梨中共有16种农药检出残留, 检出率较高的品种有吡唑醚菌酯(85.71%)、氯虫苯甲酰胺(71.43%)、多菌灵(42.86%)、灭幼脲(42.86%)、啶虫脒(33.33%)和氯氟氰菊酯(33.33%)[24]。2014—2015年我国山东省主产区苹果和梨农药残留风险监测结果显示, 梨中共检出了37种农药残留, 包括21种杀虫剂、13种杀菌剂和3种杀螨剂, 根据人群梨消费量以及各农药的毒性、毒效、使用频率与残留水平等因素, 参考英国兽残委员会兽药残留风险排序体系, 计算风风险得分和排序, 筛查出8种高风险农药品种, 分别是氧乐果、克百威、水胺硫磷、苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱、唑螨酯、灭多威和氟硅唑[30]。2015年我国河北省9个主产区抽取的237份梨样品检测发现, 大部分地区的样品中检出了毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯[31]。此外, 我国甘肃省武威市种植基地黄冠梨样品中检出多种农药残留, 包括克百威、毒死蜱、敌敌畏、氧乐果、对硫磷、苯醚甲环唑、三唑磷和氯唑磷, 其中克百威检出率最高, 为67.0%, 毒死蜱次之, 检出率为33.0%[32]
表2列举了我国近年来梨中检出和超标的部分农药品种。可以看出, 我国梨产品中检出和超标农药大多数为未登记品种, 表明在梨生产过程中存在超范围或违法使用农药的现象。按照我国市场监督监测规则, 检出未登记农药等同于产品不合格, 因此必须加强对此类农药的管控, 将其列入例行监测计划, 持续跟踪, 以减少消费者的暴露风险。
农药残留消解研究通过田间植株施药后定期取样, 对样品定量检测获得农药残留值, 并运用数理统计方法建立数学模型, 从而掌握农药残留的消解动态规律, 这对于预测未来的农药残留量具有重要意义[33]。农药在梨上的消解代谢过程复杂, 受到多因素的综合影响, 如农药性质、施药剂量、施药方法、环境条件、试验地域等。
施药剂量和施药方法影响农药在梨上的沉积量, 进而影响农药残留的消解过程。例如, SCHUSTEROVA等[34]通过2020—2022年3年田间试验, 研究了17种农药在梨上的消解行为, 建立了11种农药的消解动态数学模型(R2值为0.52~0.99)。由于各农药的性质、剂型、用量等不同, 造成各农药在梨上的消解情况差异较大, 半衰期(原始沉积量消解50%所需的时间)从3.3 d到54.1 d不等, 其中嘧霉胺的消解速度最快, 而啶虫脒的消解速度最慢。王吉腾等[35]设置常规剂量稀释2000倍液(D1)、推荐剂量稀释1000倍液(D2)、加倍剂量稀释500倍液(D3) 3个施药剂量, 对梨树喷施48%毒死蜱乳油并进行残留检测, 结果显示施药剂量不同使得毒死蜱在梨上的原始沉积量不同, 表现为高剂量施药大于低剂量施药, 即D3>D2>D1。施药方法对毒死蜱原始沉积量也有较大的影响, 由大到小表现为施药后套袋>裸果施药>套袋后施药, 但其消解速度表现为裸果施药>套袋后施药>施药后套袋, 这可能是由于毒死蜱为光敏性物质, 试验期间强光、高温对其消解有很大的促进作用, 致使其在梨上消解较快, 而套袋屏蔽了环境中光、风对梨中毒死蜱消解的影响, 降低了其消解速度。此外, WU等[36]采用根灌、直接喷药、套袋后喷药3种施药方式, 对梨树施用40%乙酰甲胺磷乳油1500倍液并进行残留检测, 结果显示直接喷药处理的梨中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷的残留量远高于根灌和套袋后喷药。在直接喷药的情况下, 乙酰甲胺磷在梨中的消解半衰期为8.5 d。施药20 d后, 3种施药方式下梨中2种农药的残留量均低于其限量值。农药在梨中的残留消解也受到试验地域的影响。例如, 兰丰等[37]于2015年、2016年在山东、安徽及河北开展了噻虫胺在梨上的残留消解试验, 2年试验结果表明, 噻虫胺在3地的残留消解速度不同, 表现为山东>安徽>河北, 平均半衰期分别为13.5、14.1和15.6 d。KABIR等[38]在韩国Naju和Gochang两地开展了亚洲梨上腈吡螨酯的残留消解试验, 结果表明腈吡螨酯在Gochang试验地梨上的消解速度明显快于Naju试验地, 两地的半衰期相差了4.6 d, 其原因可能是Gochang试验地的温度、湿度较高以及与两地梨品种不同及其生长情况有关。
环境条件对梨中农药残留的消解也会产生影响。例如, FANG等[39]设置25 ℃和2 ℃两个温度环境, 保存浸润了杀菌剂咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇的砀山酥梨样本, 研究不同温度条件对农药残留消解的影响, 发现2 ℃保存环境中梨果皮上3种农药的消解半衰期为99.0~346.6 d, 而25 ℃保存条件下农药的消解半衰期为8.8~13.9 d。在3种杀菌剂中, 戊唑醇在梨果肉中的残留浓度最低(最大值为0.226 mg/kg), 但其消解半衰期最长(大于等于231.0 d), 因此戊唑醇是用于在2 ℃条件下保存梨的最佳杀菌剂。此外, TANG等[40]研究发现, 在4 ℃和25 ℃温度条件下, 甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯和苯醚甲环唑4种杀菌剂在梨中的消解半衰期分别为31.6~173.3 d和7.2~21.1 d, 两者相差约2.9~8.2倍, 表明这4种农药在低温条件下用作防腐剂时, 更容易增加暴露风险, 带来健康隐患。
表3汇总了不同农药在梨中残留消解的研究结果。可以看出, 除了毒死蜱和多菌灵以外, 大部分农药在梨生产上使用后, 原始沉积量较低, 半衰期不超过24 d, 属于易降解农药, 消解行为符合一级动力学规律, 通常采用一级动力学方程Ct=C0e-kt来描述, 式中Ctt时刻梨中农药的质量浓度, C0为农药初始质量浓度, k为农药消解速率常数, t为施药后的天数。依据这些研究结果, 在梨实际生产中, 根据病虫害防治对象及发生规律, 可选择在梨果中消解较慢的药剂早用, 消解快的药剂晚用, 这对于对获得低残留结果具有指导意义。值得注意的是, 一些农药(主要包括吡唑醚菌酯、嘧霉胺和啶虫脒)并尚未在梨树上获得登记使用, 但在梨中已有检出或存在超标情况。鉴于此, 基于农药残留消解试验结果, 建议相关部门尽快对这些农药开展登记管理。
样品前处理是对样品中农药残留进行提取、净化和浓缩等一系列精细操作的过程。农药种类繁多、性质多样, 在对不同梨样品进行提取时, 一般采用乙腈[16,18,54-56]作为提取剂, 其优点是对大多数农药溶解性较好, 可获得较高的回收率, 并减少对基质成分的提取, 从而简化后续的净化过程。涡旋振荡法[14,32,54-56]和超声法[57-60]是用于提取梨中农药残留的常用方法, 与后者相比, 涡旋振荡设备简单, 更加低耗、快速与高效, 应用更广泛。有研究将该方法用于提取梨、苹果、黄瓜、番茄和白菜5种农产品中15种有机磷农药残留, 提取时间只需10 min, 回收率均在70%以上[61]。对于梨中农药残留物的净化分析, 主要采用保留杂质模式的固相吸附技术, 如分散固相萃取(dispersive-solid phase extraction, d-SPE)[14,18,32,59]和固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)[58,62]。研究表明, 与SPE相比, d-SPE对梨、桃、橙、西瓜、黄瓜、胡萝卜、油麦菜等果蔬基质中农药残留的净化效果更优异, 净化过程更灵活, 可针对不同果蔬的特性添加不同的净化吸附剂, 操作也更简单、快速[63]。吸附剂性能是影响净化效果好坏的关键因素之一, 商品化的吸附剂或填料, 如NH2、十八碳烷基硅烷(octadecylsilane, C18)、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary secondary amine, PSA)和石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon blacks, GCB), 因其效果好、价格低等优点而备受青睐[54-56,59,64]。在检测工作中, 应综合考虑梨基质的类型、待测农药的性质以及分析检测的需求, 选择合适的吸附剂或其组合, 以保证目标物回收和净化的效果。表4列举了近年来梨中农药残留检测常用前处理方法的部分实例。
除了上述方法, 一些新型的前处理技术也得到了发展和应用, 如快速滤过型净化(multi-plug filtration cleanup, m-PFC)和阵列式薄膜固相微萃取(array-thin film micro-extraction, aTFME)。m-PFC法以PSA和多壁碳纳米管为关键吸附材料, 通过将样品溶液移入m-PFC小柱上端, 推动注射杆使其经过小柱, 快速地消除色素等干扰成分, 用于梨等12种果蔬基质中234种农药残留净化取得了满意效果, 单个样品处理时间在10 min以内, 回收率均在73.2%以上[68]。aTFME法将聚丙烯腈-亲疏水平衡材料作为吸附剂固定在不锈钢片表面制备成aTFME薄膜, 直接置于梨样品溶液中吸附待测农药, 经乙腈-甲醇-水(17:2:1, V:V:V)解吸附后用于检测, 13种农药的回收率均在70%以上。该技术将样品提取、分离和净化集于一体, 操作简便, 可用于处理批量样品(大于等于96个), 并且薄膜经甲醇清洗干燥后可重复使用, 既环保又经济[69]。此外, SHIRANI等[70]合成了一种高性能的磺化三聚氰胺改性的NiFe2O4纳米粒子, 将其用作磁分散微固相萃取吸附剂快速富集梨和苹果中的15种农药残留, 经磁铁分离、乙腈洗脱后用于检测, 回收率大于92.5%, LOD低至0.065 μg/kg, 方法准确、灵敏。KEMMERICH等[71]提出了一种管装球基质固相分散技术(balls-in-tube matrix solid phase dispersion, BiT-MSPD)(图2), 适用于梨、桃、苹果和李子4种水果基质中133种农药残留的萃取净化, 整个样品制备过程只需25 min。相比于传统的MSPD, 该技术操作更简便, 耗时更短, 使用的溶剂更少(2 mL), 回收结果也更好(回收率≥72%)。
农药种类多, 结构多样, 其沸点、溶解性等理化特性也存在较大的差异, 对梨中农药残留进行检测时, 应基于待测农药的性质、检测需求和实验条件等多种因素, 选择适宜的检测方法。GC[54,57]和HPLC[56]是早期用于梨中农药残留检测的常用方法之一, 它们具有仪器价格低、使用维护简单等优点, 但是对样品前处理要求高, 定性能力较弱, 易导致结果误判, 近年来应用正逐渐减少。
随着分析仪器的发展, 三重四极杆质谱(triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry, QqQ-MS)与GC、HPLC或UPLC联用已成为梨中农药残留检测的主流技术(表4), 它们依靠农药的特征母-子离子信息, 通过多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式, 可实现对多类多种农药残留的同步定量分析。例如, 杜利君等[72]建立了用于检测7种农产品(梨、苹果、木耳、黄瓜、土豆、菠菜和西红柿)中143种农药及其代谢物的GC-QqQ-MS方法, 在动态MRM模式下测定, 所有农药均获得了较高的回收率(大于等于84.1%)和精密度(RSDs≤10.4%), LOD和LOQ分别为2.0 μg/kg和5.0 μg/kg, 从提取到完成检测整个过程仅需30 min, 方法快速、可靠。KEMMERICH等[73]采用UPLC-QqQ-MS建立了一步同时检测梨中170种农药残留的方法, 获得了满意的准确度(回收率≥70%)和精密度(RSDs≤20%), LOQ为2.5~10 μg/kg, 用于从阿根廷和智利进口到巴西的梨样品测定, 在其中检出21种农药残留, 含量在3.3~1427 μg/kg之间。QqQ-MS也是我国一些食品安全国家标准中推荐的检测技术, 它们采用GC或HPLC-QqQ-MS技术, 实现了梨等植物源性食品中421种农药及其代谢物的同步检测[74], 为梨质量安全监管提供了有力的技术保障。不过, QqQ-MS存在分辨率不足的缺陷, 它只适用于靶向检测, 无法用于未知农药成分的筛查。
四极杆-飞行时间质谱(quadrupole-time-of-flight MS, QTOF-MS)具有高分辨率、高质量精度的特点, 通过全扫描模式获得精确质量数信息和保留时间, 可用于待测农药的靶向检测和未知农药成分的非靶向筛查。MUNARETTO等[75]采用HPLC-QTOF-MS技术, 建立了筛查梨中152种农药和污染物的方法, 其中132种目标物获得了较满意的准确度(回收率≥66%)和精密度(RSDs≤20%), LOQ为10~40 μg/kg, 用于巴西南大河州超市梨样品筛查, 在其中检出多菌灵、噻苯唑、噻虫啉和甲基硫菌灵4种农药残留, 含量在<LOQ~158 μg/kg之间, 该方法还被成功用于苹果和葡萄样品的测定。CHENG等[76]建立了同时筛查分析梨中104种农药及污染物的GC-QTOF-MS方法, LOD低至0.02 μg/kg, 对我国不同省市(山西、新疆、甘肃、河北、宁夏、四川、山东、北京和天津)梨样品进行筛查, 检出百菌清、戊唑醇、氯氟氰菊酯和苯醚甲环唑4种农药残留。该方法用于苹果、番茄、黄瓜、卷心菜、韭菜和葡萄样品的测定, 也取得了满意的结果。此外, GKOUNTOURAS等[77]采用高选择性的线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱质谱(linear trap quadrupole/ Orbitrap MS, LTQ/Orbitrap-MS)技术, 对梨等82种果蔬产品中30种农药进行靶向筛查, 方法的LOQ为1~20 μg/kg, 用于希腊当地市场和超市梨样品检测, 检出嘧菌环胺、戊唑醇和腈菌唑3种农药残留, 含量为3.2~80.6 μg/kg。他们还运用该技术对355种农药化合物进行可疑筛查, 共筛查出71种可疑农药化合物。上述提及的高分辨质谱具有强大的分析能力, 但是专业性非常强, 设备价格昂贵, 这在很大程度上限制了它们的推广应用。
YU等[78]设计了一种基于金纳米粒子和微生物酯酶触发的荧光和比色双读数传感器, 用于对梨和大白菜中3种有机磷农药敌敌畏、敌百虫和对氧磷的同步定量检测, 方法灵敏、可靠, 加标回收率在80%以上, LOD[以10%抑制浓度(10% inhibitory concentration, IC10)表示]为3.2~22.4 μg/kg, 为农产品中有机磷农药的检测提供了一种新方法。WANG等[79]将毒死蜱适配体组装到普鲁士蓝涂覆的金纳米粒子上作为报告探针, 磁性纳米粒子结合的互补适配体为捕获探针, 研发了一种超灵敏的表面增强拉曼光谱(surface- enhanced raman scattering, SERS)的适配体传感器, 用于梨中毒死蜱的检测, LOD可达0.066 μg/L, 加标回收率在85.4%~91.7%之间, 与HPLC-QqQ-MS检测结果基本一致。该方法还被成功用于黄瓜及河水样品的检测, 为农产品和环境中毒死蜱的检测提供了一种新手段。此外, 有研究将SERS技术用于梨中敌敌畏的检测, 也取得了较满意的结果, 方法的回收率大于80%, LOD为20 μg/L[80]
张咏仪等[81]以生物素化纳米抗体为识别元件, 借助多聚辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉亲和素信号放大作用, 建立了百草枯的生物素-链霉亲和素酶联免疫分析方法, 实现了百草枯的超灵敏检测, LOD可达0.58 pg/mL。与传统的间接竞争酶联免疫分析方法(indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ic-ELISA)相比, 该方法灵敏度提高了85倍, 抗体消耗量降低至1/8, 用于雪梨和大白菜中百草枯检测, 加标回收率为94.5%~116%, 可作为仪器方法的补充, 用于果蔬中百草枯的痕量筛查。JIANG等[82]以2-(二乙氧基磷酸)乙酸为模板分子, Fe3O4@SiO2为载体, 制备了超顺磁性核壳类分子印迹聚合物, 将其作为仿生抗体, 以水溶性CdSe/ZnS量子点为标记物, 建立了同时测定敌百虫、毒死蜱和甲基对硫磷3种有机磷农药的仿生荧光免疫分析方法, 方法的LOD(以15%抑制浓度表示)为0.21~0.44 μg/L, 加标回收率在73.1%~119.3%之间, 用于梨、香蕉、胡萝卜和猕猴桃样品检测, 测得结果与GC相比无显著性差异, 但检测限低于GC方法。于祥东等[83]利用能特异性识别吡虫啉的单克隆抗体, 建立了吡虫啉ic-ELISA。方法的LOD (IC10)可达0.06 μg/L, 对吡虫啉结构类似物的交叉反应率低于8.48%, 用于梨、大米和卷心菜加标样品检测, 回收率为83.6%~112.7%, 与商品化试剂盒检测结果有良好的相关性(R2=0.9531), 这说明ic-ELISA法具有高灵敏性、特异性和准确性, 为梨农药残留监测提供了一种可行方法。此外, YUE等[84]还建立了甲基对硫磷和三唑磷的ic-ELISA检测方法, 成功用于梨、苹果、黄瓜和莴苣等果蔬产品检测。
梨是一种世界性水果, 其品质安全受到消费者高度重视。随着消费水平的不断升级, 消费者对优质梨的需求日益增加。农药是梨生产上必需的投入品之一, 对保障梨的健康生产起到了重要作用, 但同时也带来了农药残留污染问题, 影响梨的品质安全, 是决定梨品质“好不好”的重要因素之一。从本文综述结果来看, 梨中农药残留污染具有普遍性, 在许多国家和地区发现了农药残留污染和超标的情况存在, 且残留农药种类较多, 并以未登记农药品种居多, 必须加强产前、产中、产后全链条管控。农药在梨上使用后, 其含量会自然消解而减少, 不同农药受其理化性质、施药剂量、施药方法、使用地域、环境条件等因素影响, 在梨中的消解速度和半衰期不一。在梨生产上, 应结合病虫害防治对象和发生规律, 选择消解较慢的药剂早用, 消解快的药剂晚用, 以减少其在梨上的残留量。梨中农药残留污染、消解等方面的研究离不开检测技术的支撑。就样品前处理而言, 传统的涡旋振荡、超声提取技术以及SPE和d-SPE净化方法在应用中占有绝对优势, 一些新型的前处理技术(如m-PFC)正逐渐被应用。在检测分析方面, QqQ-MS是当前主要使用的检测技术, 而高分辨质谱技术如QTOF-MS和Orbitrap-MS, 在快速筛查中备受青睐, 但由于其专业性强、价格昂贵等因素, 推广应用受到了限制。此外, SERS、免疫分析等快检技术也得到了发展, 不过在检测农药的种类、数量等方面存在局限, 远不如色谱与质谱技术有优势, 而且很多技术仍局限于实验室研究, 无法真正推广到一线使用。
针对当前的研究现状, 提出以下几点建议: 第一, 针对梨病虫害发生特点研制高效低风险农药, 以最小用量实现最大防效, 最大程度地减少农药残留污染; 第二, 探明不同农药在梨中的消解机制, 为梨中农药残留消除技术和产品开发提供理论支持; 第三, 加强对梨产品的监督抽检和风险监测, 掌握梨中农药、特别是高风险农药的残留状况, 开展农药残留混合污染风险评估研究, 为降低人体暴露风险提供支撑; 第四, 研制将分离、净化、浓缩集于一体的高效、低成本、智能化的通用前处理技术和设备, 发展国产化的高端分析仪器, 实现国产替代, 降低使用成本, 推动现有检测技术的标准化和推广应用。
  • 江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师培养项目(2024)
  • 江苏省职业院校学生创新创业培育计划项目(GX-2024-0660)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241120006
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-20
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江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师培养项目(2024)
江苏省职业院校学生创新创业培育计划项目(GX-2024-0660)
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    1.苏州市职业大学食品安全与营养研究中心, 苏州 215104
    2.江苏省震泽中学, 苏州 215200
    3.江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所, 苏州 215106
    4.南京农业大学食品科学技术学院, 南京 210095

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* 刘腾飞(1985—), 男, 博士研究生, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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