Article(id=1153986583326872401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240910004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441499, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441499, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=215, endPage=223, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986583821800290, articleId=1153986583326872401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress of molecular imprinting technique in detection of tetracyclines residues in milk, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry, and their main ways of entering milk are through environmental exposure and direct ingestion by cows. Tetracyclines accumulate toxicity through the food chain and pose a threat to human health. Molecular imprinting technology can customize high molecular network polymers that specifically bind to tetracyclines, with many advantages such as high selectivity, good mechanical properties, low cost, high temperature and acid-base resistance, and reusability. It plays an important role in the detection of tetracycline residues in milk. The combination of molecular imprinting and solid-phase extraction technology can simplify the pretreatment process, optimize methods, and effectively solve the separation and purification problems caused by the complexity of milk matrix, including four solid-phase extraction and chromatography techniques: Solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, dispersed solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, etc. The specific recognition ability based on molecular imprinting technology combined with sensors (including 5 types of sensors: Molecular imprinting electrochemistry, fluorescence, photonic crystal, plasma resonance, and photoelectric sensors) can improve selectivity, stability, and response speed. The operation is simple, especially suitable for rapid screening on site. This article introduced the research progress of the above-mentioned technologies and sensors in detecting tetracycline residues in milk, analyzed and discusses their application effects, and pointed out the future direction of molecular imprinting technology in this field, providing reference for subsequent research and application.

, correspAuthors=Jian SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian SHANG, Xin-Ke SU, Shuai QIAO, Yang-Yang WANG, Jian-Wen LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986587730891675, articleId=1153986583326872401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=分子印迹技术在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中的应用研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四环素类抗生素在畜牧业中广泛应用, 其进入牛奶的主要途径为环境带入和奶牛直接摄取, 而四环素类经食物链积累毒性, 会威胁人类健康。分子印迹技术可定制与四环素类特异性结合的高分子网络聚合物, 具有诸多优势, 如选择性高、机械性能良好、成本低、耐高温和酸碱、可重复使用等, 在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中发挥重要作用。分子印迹结合固相萃取技术能简化前处理过程、优化方法, 有效解决牛奶基质复杂带来的分离纯化难题, 具体包括固相萃取、固相微萃取、分散固相萃取、磁固相萃取等4种固相萃取与色谱联用技术; 基于分子印迹技术的特异性识别能力与传感器(涵盖分子印迹电化学、荧光、光子晶体、等离子体共振、光电传感器这5类传感器)联用能提高选择性、稳定性及响应速度等, 操作简单, 尤其适用于现场快速筛查。本文分别介绍了上述技术和传感器在牛奶中四环素类残留检测的研究进展, 分析讨论其应用效果, 并指出未来分子印迹技术在该领域的努力方向, 为后续研发及应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=商健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 商健(1988—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品及化工产品质量与安全。E-mail:
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分子印迹技术在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中的应用研究进展
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商健 * , 苏新科 , 乔帅 , 王杨阳 , 李建文
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(4): 215-223
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(4): 215-223
分子印迹技术在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中的应用研究进展
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商健* , 苏新科, 乔帅, 王杨阳, 李建文
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  • 渭南市检验检测研究院, 渭南 714000

通讯作者:

* 商健(1988—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品及化工产品质量与安全。E-mail:
Research progress of molecular imprinting technique in detection of tetracyclines residues in milk
Jian SHANG* , Xin-Ke SU, Shuai QIAO, Yang-Yang WANG, Jian-Wen LI
Affiliations
  • Weinan Inspection and Research Institute, Weinan 714000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240910004
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四环素类抗生素在畜牧业中广泛应用, 其进入牛奶的主要途径为环境带入和奶牛直接摄取, 而四环素类经食物链积累毒性, 会威胁人类健康。分子印迹技术可定制与四环素类特异性结合的高分子网络聚合物, 具有诸多优势, 如选择性高、机械性能良好、成本低、耐高温和酸碱、可重复使用等, 在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中发挥重要作用。分子印迹结合固相萃取技术能简化前处理过程、优化方法, 有效解决牛奶基质复杂带来的分离纯化难题, 具体包括固相萃取、固相微萃取、分散固相萃取、磁固相萃取等4种固相萃取与色谱联用技术; 基于分子印迹技术的特异性识别能力与传感器(涵盖分子印迹电化学、荧光、光子晶体、等离子体共振、光电传感器这5类传感器)联用能提高选择性、稳定性及响应速度等, 操作简单, 尤其适用于现场快速筛查。本文分别介绍了上述技术和传感器在牛奶中四环素类残留检测的研究进展, 分析讨论其应用效果, 并指出未来分子印迹技术在该领域的努力方向, 为后续研发及应用提供参考。

分子印迹技术  /  牛奶  /  四环素类

Tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry, and their main ways of entering milk are through environmental exposure and direct ingestion by cows. Tetracyclines accumulate toxicity through the food chain and pose a threat to human health. Molecular imprinting technology can customize high molecular network polymers that specifically bind to tetracyclines, with many advantages such as high selectivity, good mechanical properties, low cost, high temperature and acid-base resistance, and reusability. It plays an important role in the detection of tetracycline residues in milk. The combination of molecular imprinting and solid-phase extraction technology can simplify the pretreatment process, optimize methods, and effectively solve the separation and purification problems caused by the complexity of milk matrix, including four solid-phase extraction and chromatography techniques: Solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, dispersed solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, etc. The specific recognition ability based on molecular imprinting technology combined with sensors (including 5 types of sensors: Molecular imprinting electrochemistry, fluorescence, photonic crystal, plasma resonance, and photoelectric sensors) can improve selectivity, stability, and response speed. The operation is simple, especially suitable for rapid screening on site. This article introduced the research progress of the above-mentioned technologies and sensors in detecting tetracycline residues in milk, analyzed and discusses their application effects, and pointed out the future direction of molecular imprinting technology in this field, providing reference for subsequent research and application.

molecular imprinting technique  /  milk  /  tetracyclines
商健, 苏新科, 乔帅, 王杨阳, 李建文. 分子印迹技术在牛奶中四环素类残留检测中的应用研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 215 -223 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240910004
Jian SHANG, Xin-Ke SU, Shuai QIAO, Yang-Yang WANG, Jian-Wen LI. Research progress of molecular imprinting technique in detection of tetracyclines residues in milk[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 215 -223 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240910004
四环素类抗生素(tetracyclines, TCs)由放线菌产生, 是一类广谱抗生素, 其成员包括天然产物, 如金霉素(chlortetracycline, CTC)、土霉素(oxytetracycline, OTC)、四环素(tetracycline, TC)、去甲金霉素(doxycycline, DC)及半合成产物(甲烯土霉素、强力霉素等)。迄今, 已知的天然TCs约40种, 合成TCs多达3000多种[1-2]。TCs对革兰氏菌、螺旋体、病毒及原生动物等均有抑制作用[3], 因此可作为兽药或饲料添加剂在畜牧业生产中广泛应用。然而, TCs易在动物体内残留, 并经食物链传递, 对人体健康构成威胁。它可能引发荨麻疹、多形性红斑等过敏反应, 严重时可导致肝脏毒性, 还会对人体消化系统产生不良影响, 造成恶心、呕吐、厌食、腹泻等症状。因此, 监测动物源性食品中TCs至关重要[4]
牛奶中TCs残留主要有两个来源, (1)环境代入, TCs在许多国家的医疗领域广泛应用[5], 使用后大部分TCs经人和动物的排泄物释放到环境中, 奶牛在喝水、进食时会被动摄入TCs[6]; (2)奶牛直接摄取, 养殖户给奶牛投喂含TCs的饲料或对患病奶牛给予TCs药物治疗[7], 这都会导致牛奶中TCs残留。近年来, 生鲜乳等动物源性食品中抗生素残留问题屡见不鲜, 牛奶的安全性受到更多关注, 这无疑对我国的奶业的发展和声誉产生了严重阻碍和不良影响[8-9]。值得注意的是, 我国农业部与美国食品药品管理局、欧盟都明确限定, 牛奶中TCs残留限量应≤0.1 mg/kg[10-15]
目前, 牛奶中TCs的检测方法包括高效液相色谱法[16-17]、液相色谱-质谱联用法[18]、传感器法[19-20]以及酶联免疫法(enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay, ELISA)[21]等。上述方法在检测前通常需要进行样品预处理, 常用的样品预处理包括固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)、加速溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取和液液萃取等。其中, SPE以其快速、简便、有机溶剂用量少、重现性好等优点而受到广泛关注。然而, 传统SPE吸附剂往往需要复杂的离心过程, 且缺乏选择性。因此, 迫切需要开发具有特异性识别能力的新型SPE吸附剂用于选择性富集和检测牛奶中痕量TCs。
分子印迹技术(molecular imprinting technique, MIT), 是指以某一特定的目标分子为模板, 制备对该分子具有特异选择性聚合物的过程[22-23]。20世纪40年代, PAULING首次提出“抗体形成学说”[24], 直到1972年, WULFF等[25]首次成功制备出对糖类和氨基酸衍生物具有选择性吸附能力的分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs), 标志着MIT正式形成。近年来, 随着MIT的不断发展和完善, MIT已在材料、环境、食品、化学、生物等领域被广泛关注。出于对生物体健康安全的考虑, 越来越多通过MIPs富集和检测TCs的研究工作被报道, 基于此, 作者综述了MIT在牛奶中TCs检测的研究进展, 旨在为食品检验检测机构、奶牛养殖场、牛奶生产企业及政府食品安全监管部门提供技术支撑。
目前, 牛奶中TCs测定的国家标准通用方法为GB 31658.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 动物性食品中四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类药物残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》和GB 31658.6—2021《食品安全国家标准 动物性食品中四环素类药物残留量的测定 高效液相色谱法》。这两种方法均采用SPE技术对牛奶中的TCs进行净化处理。SPE是当下应用极为广泛的前处理方法之一, 具有操作简单、回收率高、重现性好、可实现自动化等优点。SPE技术的核心是填料(吸附剂), 但目前大多数的吸附剂都存在选择性不高、分离烦琐、消耗大量溶剂等问题。通过MIT制备与TCs特异性结合的MIPs, 具有选择性高、机械性能好、成本低廉、耐高温和酸碱等极端条件、可重复使用等优点[26-27]。测定牛奶中TCs的方法主要为高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)和液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS), 这两种方法优势明显, 主要表现为灵敏度高, 定性定量准确。HPLC及LC-MS/MS前处理环节结合MIPs, 能够显著缩短检测时间, 节约成本, 为牛奶中TCs的快速分离与富集提供了一条高效的途径。目前, 分子印迹固相萃取(molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction, MISPE)主要包括填充柱固相萃取(column packed solid-phase extraction, PSPE)、固相微萃取(solid-phase microextraction, SPME)、分散固相萃取(dispersive solid phase extraction, DSPE)、磁固相萃取(magnetic-solid phase extraction, MSPE)等[28]
MIPs-PSPE将MIPs作为填料制备SPE柱[29], 经活化-上样-淋洗-洗脱以去除基质干扰, 实现TCs的分离与净化。MIPs-PSPE对TCs的特异性吸附能力可以有效减少杂质的干扰, 增强TCs的信号强度。此法简单、灵活、富集因子高, 无需相分离, 易于实现自动批量处理[30]。与传统SPE柱(如亲水亲脂平衡柱)比, MIPs-PSPE在检测方法灵敏度及结果的准确度、精确度方面均显著提升。
付珍珍等[31]开展了一项深入的研究, 以盐酸强力霉素为模板分子, 借助沉淀聚合法在丙酮-乙腈混合溶液中成功合成了MIPs, 随后, 以其为填料制作成SPE小柱, 并将其应用于牛奶中TCs含量的检测, 检测结果有力地证明了该方法的优越性。该MIPs对TC、OTC和CTC的平均加标回收率分别为82.0%~86.3%、82.0%~86.0%和79.4%~85.4%, 线性范围为0.05~10.0 μg/mL, CTC的检出限为0.05 μg/mL, TC和OTC的检出限为0.02 μg/mL。
FENG等[32]以CTC为模板分子, 甲基丙烯酸(methacrylic acid, MAA)为功能单体, 当模板/单体比例为1:4时, 可制备得到性能最优的印迹聚合物。制备的SPE柱能够同时捕获4种TCs, 具有高吸附容量(3560~4700 ng)和高回收率(>87%), 并且能够至少重复使用30次。所建立方法检出限为20~40 ng/g, 实际样品(牛奶、鸡蛋和猪肉)的回收率为74%~93%。这种MIPs-SPE柱的纯化效果优于3种商用SPE柱, 可成功用于牛奶中痕量TCs的分离与富集。
MIPs-SPME技术以MIPs为吸附剂涂渍在固定相上, 使用时将涂有吸附剂的萃取头伸入样品瓶的顶端, 或直接浸润于样品溶液中, 利用TCs在样品溶液和萃取纤维涂层两相间分配系数的差异实现萃取和浓缩[33], 其显著优点是简化操作步骤, 一步实现萃取、富集和进样, 简单、快速, 易于自动化, 同时消耗试剂少, 节约成本, 对环境友好[34]
庄园等[35]以OTC为模板分子制备了MIPs-SPME涂层, 建立了MIPs-SPME与HPLC联用同时测定牛奶中TC、OTC和CTC的分析方法, 结果表明, 这3种抗生素的线性范围为100~1000 μg/L, TC、OTC和CTC的检出限(S/N=3)为40~80 μg/L, 加标水平为500 μg/L时, 回收率可达97.8%~109.0%。KARDANI等[36]将金属-有机框架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)与MIPs复合制备多孔整体材料纤维束, 按照HPLC优化反应条件测定牛奶中9种TCs, 线性范围为5.0~1400 μg/L, 检出限和定量限分别为1.1~2.3 μg/L和3.3~7.6 μg/L, 平均回收率高于95.1%。该法可同时检测多种TCs, 灵敏度高, 准确可靠, 制备的新型多孔分子印迹涂层材料具有较高选择性和较大的吸附容量, 极具应用潜力。
以MIPs制备成MIPs-SPME, 能够对待测分析物进行快速萃取和富集, 然而, 涂层或多孔整体材料纤维束的装备相对烦琐, 考验操作人员的技术能力, 对于此类技术的发展仍具有一定的挑战性。
MIPs-DSPE是将MIPs作为吸附剂均匀分散在样品溶液中进行吸附, 增加了MIPs与样品的接触面积, 经离心或过滤分离MIPs, 再用适宜溶剂洗脱被吸附的目标分析物[37]。其优点是使吸附动力学速率提升, 提高吸附效率。
LV等[38]以OTC为模板, MAA为有机功能单体, 四乙氧基硅烷为无机前驱体, 甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂, 制备一种新型分子印迹有机-无机杂化复合材料用于牛奶中TCs抗生素的选择性吸附和富集。结果表明, 该材料对OTC表现出优异的亲和力和高选择性。在优化的SPE条件下, 获得了18.8的富集因子以及良好的样品净化效果。基于该材料所建立的方法检出限和定量限分别为4.8~12.7 μg/kg和16.0~42.3 μg/kg, 回收率为80.9%~104.3%, 精密度为1.5%~5.0%。
在传统MIP合成方法基础上引入MOFs, 能增加印迹空腔, 提高传质速率, 能有效解决模板分子因包埋过深造成的去除不完全、以及印迹点分布不均等问题, WANG等[39]利用MOFs的表面积大、多样性结构和孔径均匀可调节的优势, 建立了一种以MOF-MIP作为分散剂提取牛奶中总TCs的新方法, 分散时间仅为10 min, 结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)考察, 线性范围为1~100 ng/g; TC、OTC、CTC的线性相关系数分别为0.999、0.999、0.998; 检出限分别为0.278、0.318、0.217 ng/g; 日内和日间精密度为2.8%~7.4%; 加标回收率为84.7%~93.9%。该方法具备多重优势, 可同时对TC、OTC以及CTC进行测定。在实际应用中, 其样品制备耗时短、有机溶剂用量少, 检出限较低, 回收率表现良好, 为牛奶样品的制备提供了一种直接且可靠的途径。但是, 由于未考察印迹材料的重复利用性, 影响了该方法的广泛应用。
MIPs-MSPE解决了DSPE中吸附剂分离烦琐问题, 利用外加磁场即可将含TCs的磁性MIPs与样品溶液分离[40]。萃取操作简便、吸附剂易回收且可多次重复利用, 绿色环保, 在前处理领域发挥重要作用。
ZHOU等[41]以单分散磁性聚[4-乙烯基氯化苯-二乙烯基苯(Fe3O4@4-vinylbenzyl chloride-divinylbenzene, Fe3O4@PVBC-DVB)]微球为载体, 采用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合法制备了超顺磁核壳复合材料(restricted access media-magnetic MIPs, RAM-MMIPs); RAM作为亲水限进介质, 牛奶样品可不经沉淀预处理直接富集, 结合高效液相紫外法检测TCS (OTC、TC、CDC、DC), 线性相关系数为0.9991~0.9996, 线性范围为5.0~700 μg/L, 检出限为1.03~1.31 μg/L, 日内回收率为87.3%~97.8%, RSDs为2.1%~5.7%; 日间回收率为84.9%~95.1%, RSDs为1.7%~4.8%; 此外, RAM-MMIPs吸附剂可用3 mL水和甲醇再生, 吸附-解吸附重复使用6次后, TCs的回收率至少保持在90.8%~93.1%。实验数据证实RAM-MMIPs能有效排除基质中蛋白质分子引起的吸附干扰, 降低萃取过程损失, 可用于牛奶实际样品的准确分析, 应用前景可观, 同时, RAM的引入也为新型SPE剂的设计开发提供了一种很好的思路。
WANG等[42]以二氧化硅为牺牲载体, 多巴胺为双层功能单体, 小磁球为磁源, 通过绿色合成方法制备得到轻质双层中空磁性MIPs。所制备材料呈现为芝麻球状, 该独特的结构为特异性识别TC提供更多机会, 极大地提高了材料对TC的吸附容量(70.23 mg/g)和结合速率(15 min)。相较于传统MIPs, 该材料具有快速与基质分离的效果。此外, 将所制备材料作为SPE吸附剂与HPLC联合, 所建立的方法显示出较低检出限(0.83 ng/mL)和较高回收率(94.8%~98.5%)。本工作为牛奶中痕量TC的选择性吸附、富集和分离提供新方法。
MIPs结合HPLC和LC-MS优势明显, 具有准确可靠、重现性好、稳定性高的特点[43], 能精准定性定量; 但同时也应注意到HPLC和LC-MS存在仪器较昂贵、日常运行及维护保养成本高、依赖专业的操作人员、检测周期长、对实验室环境条件有限制等短板, 无法满足现场快速大批量筛查和持续监测的要求。
传统的化学分析技术因不便现场携带、无法满足大范围快速检测的需求, 对其应用的普适性产生了较大的影响, 分子印迹仿生传感器因其快速、灵敏、特异性高、经济、操作简单等优点在现场实时监测方面展示出巨大的应有潜力, 是目前MIT用于牛奶中TCs残留测定的研究热点。其是将MIPs作为特异性识别元件, 电化学、光学等传感器作为信号输出单元, 将两者结合, 实现检测的高灵敏度和高选择性, 随着该技术的不断发展, 其取代传统生物传感器已是必然趋势[44]
常见的分子印迹传感器根据传感机制分为光学传感器和电化学传感器, 其中光学传感器包括荧光传感器、光子晶体传感器、等离子体共振传感器、光电传感器等[45]。将这5类传感器对分子印迹传感器检测TCs应用现状进行分析[46]
分子印迹电化学传感器的识别元件为MIPs, 可通过直接或间接的方法在电极表面制备分子印迹敏感膜从而构建电化学传感器。电化学传感器是通过将分析物与电极表面受体之间相互作用产生的化学信息转化为可分析测量的信号来对目标分子进行定量分析的一类传感器, 其具有设备小型、成本低、生产较易、操作简单等明显优势, 是当前快速检测痕量TCs应用最广泛的一类仿生传感器[47]
高林等[19]采用电聚合邻苯二胺的方法, 成功制备了分子印迹电化学传感器。该传感器对TC及其结构类似物OTC和盐酸强力霉素进行检测, 线性范围为0.002~0.02 mmol/L, 检出限范围为6.0×10-7~7.5×10-7 mol/L, 牛奶样品中TC的加标回收率为82.8%~97.4%。由于MIPs本身导电性能偏低、有效印迹位点少等影响灵敏度, 目前大量研究致力于采用晶体或纳米材料进一步修饰工作电极以增加电子传质速率和比表面积等提高响应和灵敏度。如YANG等[48]采用丝网印刷技术成功构建了磁性共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)分子印迹(Fe3O4@COFs@MIPs)电化学传感器, 载体和修饰材料分别赋予了该传感器良好的磁性和优异的吸附能力; TC测定的线性范围为1×10-10~1×10-4 g/mL, 回收率为89.0%~103.1%(牛奶样品)。这项研究中的传感器操作简单、成本低廉, 为牛奶中TC的检测提供新的研究方法, 也为基于MIPs或COFs的传感器的构建和应用提供了新的设计思路。
分子印迹光学传感器近年来一直是仿生传感器研究的热点[49]。目前测定牛奶中TCs残留的分子印迹光学传感器主要有4种: 荧光、光子晶体、等离子体及光电分子印迹传感器。
分子印迹荧光传感器基于目标分子和荧光团之间电子到空穴的转移引起的荧光猝灭[50]实现定量测定, 取样量少、灵敏度高、易于可视化[51]。其中碳点(carbon dots, CDs)是一类常见的荧光团, 其水溶性和生物相容性好、绿色环保、制作容易且成本低、能够稳定的发光等[52-53], 被广泛用于制造荧光传感器。
ZHANG等[54]以NH2-MIL-53为载体, N,P-CDs提供荧光响应信号, 制备了一种新型核-壳分子印迹荧光探针NH2-MIL-53&N,P-CDs@MIP, 表现出对CTC具有较高的灵敏度和选择性, 方法检出限为0.019 μg/mL。同时, 基于探针的荧光“开-关”特性, 与智能手机集成, 成功实现可视化测定CTC, 检出限低至0.033 μg/mL。两种方法应用于牛奶样品中CTC的检测的回收率为88.73%~96.28%。此外, ZHANG等[55]还将N-CDs嵌入ZIF-8中, 利用溶胶-凝胶法制备N-CDs@ZIF-8@MIPs, 成功构建了用于牛奶中TC测定的高选择性、高灵敏度的新型荧光传感器, 方法检测浓度范围广(0.1~4.0 μg/mL), 检出限为0.045 μg/mL, 回收率为80.67%~95.22%。
以上两种传感器均以MOFs材料为载体, 元素掺杂的CDs为荧光光源, 结合MIPs制备构建, 综合了ZIF-8、N-CDs和MIPs的优点, 克服了CDs聚集态荧光猝灭效应, 同时提高了对CTC和TC的特异选择性, 表现出了良好的传感器性能。其中, 智能手机与荧光传感装置集成, 为TC的现场和准确定量分析赋予了巨大的潜力, 同时可视化检测使操作更为直观、简便, 对操作人员的专业水平要求降低, 更容易普及推广, 有望成为未来分子印迹传感器技术研究的一大热点。
光子晶体是一种具有特殊光学特性的晶体, 通过控制两种及(或)以上不同折射率的物质组成的周期性结构实现对光的控制, 呈现出吸收峰和目标分析物浓度之间的对应关系[56]。分子印迹光子晶体传感器利用MIPs的特异选择性, 在利用分子印迹光子晶体传感器检测TCs时, 分子印迹光子晶体因膨胀或收缩改变了其颗粒间距, 最终导致衍射峰波长和颜色发生周期性的变化, 从而实现简单、快速、可直接目测的快速检测技术[57]。样品预处理简单、成本低、对人员的专业能力要求不高、易于推广应用等[56]
HAN等[58]以聚苯乙烯二维光子晶体作模板, TC为模板分子, 以丙烯酰胺为功能单体, 乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂, 通过热聚合法成功制备出二维分子印迹光子晶体传感器。该传感器优势显著, 不但可使人们通过肉眼直接观察到颜色的变化, 而且在检测性能上表现优异。其灵敏度较高, 检出限为0.1014 mol/L; 响应快速, 响应时间在10 min内; 选择性良好, 对TC的响应远超结构类似物; 循环稳定性出色, 历经5次循环后, 仍能维持较高的灵敏度水平。同时, 该法在检测时样品无需进行前处理, 特别适用于基质复杂的样品, 能够作为一种快速、简单、准确的实时检测手段, 用于测定牛奶样品中TC的含量。
PAN等[59]成功研制出一种便携式分子印迹光子晶体水凝胶(fluorescent molecularly imprinted photonic crystal hydrogel, FMIPH)条带, 用于测定牛奶中TC含量。该条带的荧光响应线性范围为0.1~50 μg/mL, 检出限为0.067 g/mL, 实际牛奶样品中加标回收率为93.86%~112.59%。FMIPH检测条具有诸多优势, 它灵敏度高、特异性高、操作时间短, 稳定性好(可储存至少25 d), 能抵御环境中离子强度和pH的变化, 循环利用性良好(使用5次后仍能达到初始值的84.26%), 工艺重复性也较高。不过, 它也存在一些不足, 比如样品前处理步骤稍显烦琐, 且不能与便携式荧光读取装置相接。后续研究需进一步优化前处理过程, 集成便携式设备, 充分利用FMIPH条发展成一种商业化的现场实时监测的高效筛选策略。
分子印迹表面等离子共振传感器(surface plasmon resonance, SPR)是将MIPs固定在表面等离子体共振传感器芯片上, 当目标分析物与传感器上的MIPs特异性结合时引起折射率变化, 从而使等离子共振频率改变, 最终实现实时监测。作为一种常见的光学传感器, 其集合了表面等离子共振技术的高灵敏度和MIPs的高特异性, 可满足低样品消耗、从复杂样品基质中测定痕量的目标分析物要求[60]
MAA和乙烯基吡啶(vinylpyridine, VP)是两种常见的功能单体, 广泛应用于单官能团单体分子印迹合成策略, 由于可与众多模板相互作用, 导致印迹分子选择性和特异性较低。NAWAZ等[61]最先设计以衣康酸(itaconic acid, IA)和MAA双官能团单体协同作用开发等离子体共振传感器芯片并成功用于检测牛奶中TC, MAA、IA和TC的COOH基团之间通过氢键强结合提供高效的印迹位点从而使(IA-MAA@SPR)MIP传感器芯片显示出较高的吸附能力和选择性, 改善了单一官能团单体制备带来的缺陷, (IA-MAA@SPR)MIP也表现出优异的再利用性能(循环7次)和稳定性(室温保存60 d亲和力仍有80.73%), 同时, 该方法中样品无需复杂的预处理, 检出限极低, 仅为1.38×10-14 mol/L。可作为TC测定较为理想的候选芯片。这项研究无疑为今后精细印迹方法构建传感器提供了很好的设计思路。
分子印迹光电化学传感器是将MIPs通过特定方法涂层在电化学传感器的表面形成聚合物膜, 该聚合物膜与样品溶液中目标分析物发生特异性识别后, 聚合物膜的“印迹空穴”被占据, 从而阻碍电子传递, 进而引起光电流变化, 将化学信息转化为可分析测量的信号, 因此可实现对目标化合物的定量测定[62]。分子印迹光电化学传感器在不施加外加电压条件下以光电流为检测信号, 背景干扰较电化学传感器小, 灵敏度高, 在食品安全检测领域具有巨大的应用潜力[63]
彭友元等[64]首次以纳米氧化锌-还原氧化石墨烯作为光电敏感材料构建分子印迹光电化学传感器用于识别和检测OTC, 这种传感器稳定性、重现性和选择性较好, 线性范围为0.1~200 nmol/L, 检出限(S/N=3)为0.05 nmol/L, 灵敏度高。通过牛奶样品加标和与HPLC对比考察方法的准确度, 回收率高达95%~107%, 测定结果与HPLC基本一致, 此传感器通过引入氧化石墨烯调控氧化锌的形貌, 改善其对可见光的吸收, 降低光生电子-空穴对的复合率, 提升灵敏度; 这项工作成功地建立了一种制备简单、易于搭建、稳定性好的传感器法用于牛奶中OTC的痕量测定, 同时, 考察证实这种传感器制备工艺重复性好, 为大规模商业化合成提供了前提, 下一步如开发为商品化芯片可作为OTC测定的可靠方法推广应用。
MIPs因其特异性识别性能强、吸附能力优异、重复利用性好等特点, 已被广泛应用于复杂的动物源性食品(如牛奶)中痕量TCs的富集和分离。各种各样的MIPs(如MOFs改性等)相继得到开发应用, 同时结合方法学考察展现出了优异的材料性能, 目前, 样品前处理的预处理和纯化富集、结合传统传感器联用在MIT用于牛奶中TCs药物痕量残留测定中发挥主要作用。随着公众食品安全忧患意识的日益增强, 快速实时监测的现场甚至远程检测势必成为今后检测技术发展的方向。虽然MIT已经展现出了强大的分析能力和应用前景, 但也应当看到其在牛奶中TCs药物痕量测定中应用暴露出的不足, 指出今后努力的方向: (1)无论是构建生物传感器还是作为萃取剂用于前处理目前主要停留在实验室科研阶段, 食品检验检测机构测定牛奶中TCs药物仍旧依据国家标准, 操作耗时费力, 不能满足大规模快速筛查的检测需求, 现亟需将联用MIT制定成方法标准, 在全国范围内推广应用, 提高检测服务能力; (2)大规模实际应用的前提是商业化必须比较成熟, 但当前MIPs产品还不能实现工业化量产, 论文中印迹材料的合成工艺还需要进一步优化才能符合大规模生产的要求, 因此, 需要人力物力的充分保障投入研究, 以促进商业化进程; (3)现阶段针对多种牛奶中TCs残留的检测方法报道较少, 下一步可借助多模板等多种印迹策略、纳米材料后修饰及计算机建模法协同设计开发出针对多残留同时具有高选择性、高通量的新型MIPs; (4)充分利用智能手机内置的强大的传感器和计算成像能力, 基于分子印迹联合光纤技术和荧光技术等构建新型复合型生物传感器, 实现远程动态实时可视化监测药物残留, 充分保障牛奶的食用安全。
  • 陕西省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2022KY21)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240910004
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
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陕西省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2022KY21)
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    渭南市检验检测研究院, 渭南 714000

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* 商健(1988—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品及化工产品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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