Article(id=1153986582630617931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441332, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441332, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=234, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986583150711629, articleId=1153986582630617931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Spray drying preparation of pomelo powder and formulation and processing optimization of compound pomelo tea powder, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the process of spray drying pomelo powder and the formula of compound pomelo tea powder. Methods This study focused on optimizing the de-bittering process of pomelo peel powder and the spray drying parameters of pomelo powder, using sensory evaluation as key indicators. Subsequently, compound pomelo tea powder was made using maltodextrin, spray-dried pomelo pulp powder, pomelo outer peel powder, anhydrous citric acid, white sugar, and jasmine tea powder as raw materials. The formulation and production process of the compound pomelo tea powder were optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, with dispersibility and sensory evaluation serving as the key indicators. Results The optimal de-bittering process was achieved by treating pomelo peel in a water bath at 50 ℃ for 40 minutes with the addition of 1.8% β-cyclodextrin. The spray drying parameters were optimized with an inlet temperature of 160 ℃, an outlet temperature of 60 ℃, a feed flow rate of 2 mL/min, an air velocity of 3 m³/min, and an air pressure of 0.1 MPa. The final formulation of compound pomelo tea powder included 0.6% of pomelo pulp powder, 0.2% of pomelo outer peel powder, 0.1% of jasmine tea powder, 5% of sugar, 0.05% of anhydrous citric acid, and 0.4% of maltodextrin. The optimized product demonstrated excellent dispersibility 13.19 s, a high sensory evaluation score 76.3, and an overall score of 97.45, while retaining the distinct aroma of pomelo and the flavor of jasmine tea. Conclusion This process offers a promising approach for the industrial production of high-quality compound beverages.

, correspAuthors=Lin-Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-Long NI, Ya-Qing REN, Jia-Cheng ZHENG, Hua-Xiang CHEN, Qi-Hua LI, Lin-Na ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986627241234528, articleId=1153986582630617931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=柚子粉的喷雾干燥法制备及复合柚子茶粉配方工艺优化, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化喷雾干燥柚子粉工艺和复合柚子茶粉配方。方法 本研究首先以感官评价为指标确定了柚子外果皮的脱苦加工工艺和柚子粉喷雾干燥的加工工艺。其次采用麦芽糊精、喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉、无水柠檬酸、白糖、茉莉花茶粉为原料制作复合柚子茶粉。以分散性和感官评价为指标, 通过单因素试验和正交试验分析, 优化了复合柚子茶粉的配方和制作工艺。结果 柚子外果皮最佳脱苦工艺参数为: 水浴温度50 ℃, 水浴时间40 min, β-环状糊精1.8%; 喷雾干燥的最佳加工工艺为: 入风口温度160 ℃, 出风温度60 ℃, 进料流速2 mL/min, 风速3 m3/min, 气压0.1 MPa; 复合柚子茶粉的最佳工艺配方为: 柚子肉粉0.6%, 柚子外果皮粉0.2%, 茉莉花茶粉0.1%, 白糖5%, 无水柠檬酸0.05%, 麦芽糊精0.4%。最佳配方的复合柚子茶粉分散性为13.19 s, 感官评分为76.3, 综合评分为97.45, 具有茉莉花茶的风味和柚子的清香。结论 该工艺对柚子的高值化利用具有借鉴意义。

, correspAuthors=张琳娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张琳娜(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
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倪明龙(1985—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品加工及安全检测。E-mail:

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倪明龙(1985—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品加工及安全检测。E-mail:

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School of Geography and Tourism, Teochew Cuisine College, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985669268910131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, companyId=1177985669252132913, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.韩山师范学院地理科学与旅游学院、潮菜学院, 潮州 521041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985671215067239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different treatment on removing bitterness, figureFileSmall=dnMZpY5GvH1/3Qa7JKAMtQ==, figureFileBig=/bbU+pHAyUmyXGu6obAu3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671269593192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理方式对脱苦效果的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2~9同。

, figureFileSmall=dnMZpY5GvH1/3Qa7JKAMtQ==, figureFileBig=/bbU+pHAyUmyXGu6obAu3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671332507753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of inlet temperature on sensory evaluation of pomelo outer peel powder and pomelo pulp powder, figureFileSmall=10AeIYT+/RXgwT9Sv4DlEQ==, figureFileBig=j76sWqoi1b3ywtbnVT3S3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671391228010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图2, caption=入风口温度对柚子外果皮粉和柚子肉粉的感官影响

注: A. 柚子外果皮粉; B. 柚子肉粉, 图3同。

, figureFileSmall=10AeIYT+/RXgwT9Sv4DlEQ==, figureFileBig=j76sWqoi1b3ywtbnVT3S3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671445753963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of material concentration on sensory evaluation of pomelo outer peel and pomelo pulp powder, figureFileSmall=alL5Q738I6/J2nTpLqge0g==, figureFileBig=mweAfblwNK/PSyegqc3x7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671500279916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图3, caption=物料浓度对柚子外果皮粉和柚子肉粉感官影响, figureFileSmall=alL5Q738I6/J2nTpLqge0g==, figureFileBig=mweAfblwNK/PSyegqc3x7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671554805869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of maltodextrin supplementation on dispersibility and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=4jQZ18VxdbghzVLibhE1JA==, figureFileBig=KB+A7MMoTG4LJCp25OgZ0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671609331822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图4, caption=麦芽糊精添加量对复合柚子茶粉的分散性和感官评价影响, figureFileSmall=4jQZ18VxdbghzVLibhE1JA==, figureFileBig=KB+A7MMoTG4LJCp25OgZ0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671668052079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of adding amount of pomelo outer peel powder on dispersity and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=aZs1zecRzDxwalc27d+rbw==, figureFileBig=7+oChqKWthY+FShSMPQKbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671735160944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图5, caption=柚子外果皮粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉的分散性和感官评价影响, figureFileSmall=aZs1zecRzDxwalc27d+rbw==, figureFileBig=7+oChqKWthY+FShSMPQKbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671814852721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of pomelo pulp powder additive on dispersity and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=UTNOC0A1dz+DXJaFUxs/RA==, figureFileBig=71+1MYXhhCeceGoiLk8s2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671869378674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图6, caption=柚子肉粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉的分散性和感官评价影响, figureFileSmall=UTNOC0A1dz+DXJaFUxs/RA==, figureFileBig=71+1MYXhhCeceGoiLk8s2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671928098931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of anhydrous citric acid supplemental level on dispersibility and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=jwSm9xOs2egGoGZK+QKQtw==, figureFileBig=cZCyM2w9UkSG/r+zk8AxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985671986819188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图7, caption=无水柠檬酸添加量对复合柚子茶粉分散性和感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=jwSm9xOs2egGoGZK+QKQtw==, figureFileBig=cZCyM2w9UkSG/r+zk8AxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985672045539445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of tea powder addition amount on dispersibility and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=QypEPzM5aeQg73Dnu5N7tg==, figureFileBig=sni8mb5EHw0AzAsnp995aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985672100065398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图8, caption=茶粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉分散性和感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=QypEPzM5aeQg73Dnu5N7tg==, figureFileBig=sni8mb5EHw0AzAsnp995aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985672167174263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of added sugar on dispersity and sensory evaluation of compound pomelo tea powder, figureFileSmall=LObF6aWkztk6I6m/ymJWRQ==, figureFileBig=nUAlHF3iB8HAf+ASdslhyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985672242671736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=图9, caption=白糖添加量对复合柚子茶粉的分散性和感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=LObF6aWkztk6I6m/ymJWRQ==, figureFileBig=nUAlHF3iB8HAf+ASdslhyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985672301391993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design table of compound pomelo tea powder formula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(柚子肉粉
用量)/%
B(柚子外果皮粉
用量)/%
C(茉莉花
茶粉用量)/%
D(白糖
用量)/%
1 0.4 0.1 0.1 3
2 0.5 0.2 0.2 4
3 0.6 0.3 0.3 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672368500858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合柚子茶粉配方正交试验设计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 A(柚子肉粉
用量)/%
B(柚子外果皮粉
用量)/%
C(茉莉花
茶粉用量)/%
D(白糖
用量)/%
1 0.4 0.1 0.1 3
2 0.5 0.2 0.2 4
3 0.6 0.3 0.3 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672435609723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for bitter removal of pomelo outer peel powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
口感
(满分20分)
有柚子皮的清香, 无苦涩味 16~20
良好风味, 无明显苦味 11~15
风味较差, 略有苦涩味 6~10
无柚子皮的清香, 有明显苦涩味 0~5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672561438844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

柚子外果皮脱苦感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
口感
(满分20分)
有柚子皮的清香, 无苦涩味 16~20
良好风味, 无明显苦味 11~15
风味较差, 略有苦涩味 6~10
无柚子皮的清香, 有明显苦涩味 0~5
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672636936317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluations of spray drying pomelo powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
色泽
(满分20分)
粉末呈黄、白色, 色泽均匀一致 16~20
粉末黄、白色略淡, 色泽略微有差别 9~15
粉末呈现浅黄、白色, 色泽有明显差别 0~8
风味气味
(满分30分)
有柚子的香味, 无其他气味 25~30
柚子香味略淡, 无其他气味 15~24
柚子香味没有, 有其他气味 0~14
组织状态
(满分30分)
结构均匀, 输送无结块, 无杂质 25~30
结构致密, 无杂质, 轻微吸湿 15~24
结构紧密, 有杂质, 有结块, 粉末结块严重 0~14
口感
(满分20分)
柚子特有滋味, 口感柔顺 16~20
柚子风味较淡, 轻微粗糙感 9~15
无柚子味道, 有焦糊味, 明显粗糙感 0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672712433790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

喷雾干燥的柚子粉感官评价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
色泽
(满分20分)
粉末呈黄、白色, 色泽均匀一致 16~20
粉末黄、白色略淡, 色泽略微有差别 9~15
粉末呈现浅黄、白色, 色泽有明显差别 0~8
风味气味
(满分30分)
有柚子的香味, 无其他气味 25~30
柚子香味略淡, 无其他气味 15~24
柚子香味没有, 有其他气味 0~14
组织状态
(满分30分)
结构均匀, 输送无结块, 无杂质 25~30
结构致密, 无杂质, 轻微吸湿 15~24
结构紧密, 有杂质, 有结块, 粉末结块严重 0~14
口感
(满分20分)
柚子特有滋味, 口感柔顺 16~20
柚子风味较淡, 轻微粗糙感 9~15
无柚子味道, 有焦糊味, 明显粗糙感 0~8
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672783736959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory evaluations of compound pomelo tea powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
色泽
(满分20分)
浅黄色至黄褐色, 无杂色 18~20
浅黄色, 无杂色 15~17
浅黄色, 稍有杂色 11~14
黄褐色, 较多杂色 0~10
形态
(满分20分)
饮料均匀浑浊, 没有杂质沉淀 18~20
饮料均匀浑浊, 没有杂质稍有沉淀 15~17
饮料均匀浑浊 11~14
饮料浑浊, 有分层且沉淀较多 0~10
香味
(满分30分)
柚子味浓郁, 有茉莉花茶香味 28~30
柚子味浓郁, 茉莉花茶香稍重 24~27
柚子味较淡, 茉莉花茶香较重 21~23
茶香太重, 没有柚子味 0~20
滋味
(满分30分)
饮料酸甜适中, 微苦, 口感好 28~30
酸甜度稍高或稍低, 苦味稍重, 口感可接受 24~27
酸甜度较高或较低, 苦味较重, 口感较差 21~23
极甜或极酸, 苦味极重, 口感差 0~20
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672859234432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复合柚子茶粉的感官评价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标 评分标准 分值
色泽
(满分20分)
浅黄色至黄褐色, 无杂色 18~20
浅黄色, 无杂色 15~17
浅黄色, 稍有杂色 11~14
黄褐色, 较多杂色 0~10
形态
(满分20分)
饮料均匀浑浊, 没有杂质沉淀 18~20
饮料均匀浑浊, 没有杂质稍有沉淀 15~17
饮料均匀浑浊 11~14
饮料浑浊, 有分层且沉淀较多 0~10
香味
(满分30分)
柚子味浓郁, 有茉莉花茶香味 28~30
柚子味浓郁, 茉莉花茶香稍重 24~27
柚子味较淡, 茉莉花茶香较重 21~23
茶香太重, 没有柚子味 0~20
滋味
(满分30分)
饮料酸甜适中, 微苦, 口感好 28~30
酸甜度稍高或稍低, 苦味稍重, 口感可接受 24~27
酸甜度较高或较低, 苦味较重, 口感较差 21~23
极甜或极酸, 苦味极重, 口感差 0~20
), ArticleFig(id=1177985672930537601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of orthogonal test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 A B C D 分散性/s 感官
评分
综合
评分
1 1 1 1 1 12.35 54.1 82.54
2 1 2 2 2 12.85 59.3 85.07
3 1 3 3 3 13.19 62.3 86.44
4 2 1 2 3 13.09 65.8 89.48
5 2 2 3 1 13.57 66.0 88.30
6 2 3 1 2 13.14 66.9 90.20
7 3 1 3 2 13.52 71.1 92.45
8 3 2 1 3 13.19 76.3 97.45
9 3 3 2 1 14.01 74.1 93.53
分散性 k1 12.80 12.99 12.89 13.31
k2 13.27 13.20 13.32 13.17
k3 13.57 13.46 13.43 13.16
R 0.77 0.47 0.54 0.15
感官评分 k1 58.57 63.67 65.77 64.73
k2 66.23 67.20 66.40 65.77
k3 73.83 67.77 66.47 68.13
R 15.26 4.10 0.70 3.40
综合评分 k1 84.65 88.10 90.04 88.02
k2 89.30 90.27 89.30 89.23
k3 94.46 89.99 89.05 91.11
R 9.81 2.17 0.99 3.09
主次顺序 A>D>B>C
优水平 A3 B2 C1 D3
优组合 A3B2C1D3
), ArticleFig(id=1177985673006035074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

正交试验结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 A B C D 分散性/s 感官
评分
综合
评分
1 1 1 1 1 12.35 54.1 82.54
2 1 2 2 2 12.85 59.3 85.07
3 1 3 3 3 13.19 62.3 86.44
4 2 1 2 3 13.09 65.8 89.48
5 2 2 3 1 13.57 66.0 88.30
6 2 3 1 2 13.14 66.9 90.20
7 3 1 3 2 13.52 71.1 92.45
8 3 2 1 3 13.19 76.3 97.45
9 3 3 2 1 14.01 74.1 93.53
分散性 k1 12.80 12.99 12.89 13.31
k2 13.27 13.20 13.32 13.17
k3 13.57 13.46 13.43 13.16
R 0.77 0.47 0.54 0.15
感官评分 k1 58.57 63.67 65.77 64.73
k2 66.23 67.20 66.40 65.77
k3 73.83 67.77 66.47 68.13
R 15.26 4.10 0.70 3.40
综合评分 k1 84.65 88.10 90.04 88.02
k2 89.30 90.27 89.30 89.23
k3 94.46 89.99 89.05 91.11
R 9.81 2.17 0.99 3.09
主次顺序 A>D>B>C
优水平 A3 B2 C1 D3
优组合 A3B2C1D3
), ArticleFig(id=1177985673094115459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance table

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指标 因素 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
综合
评分
A 143.893 2 71.946 90.422 0.011 *
B 8.164 2 4.082 5.130 0.163
C(误差) 1.591 2 0.796 1.000 0.500
D 13.799 2 6.900 8.671 0.103
), ArticleFig(id=1177985673157030020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582630617931, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 因素 平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
综合
评分
A 143.893 2 71.946 90.422 0.011 *
B 8.164 2 4.082 5.130 0.163
C(误差) 1.591 2 0.796 1.000 0.500
D 13.799 2 6.900 8.671 0.103
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柚子粉的喷雾干燥法制备及复合柚子茶粉配方工艺优化
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倪明龙 1 , 任雅清 1 , 郑嘉城 2 , 陈华祥 1 , 李奇华 1 , 张琳娜 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(4): 234-242
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(4): 234-242
柚子粉的喷雾干燥法制备及复合柚子茶粉配方工艺优化
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倪明龙1 , 任雅清1, 郑嘉城2, 陈华祥1, 李奇华1, 张琳娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东食品药品职业学院, 实验实训中心, 广州 510520
  • 2.韩山师范学院地理科学与旅游学院、潮菜学院, 潮州 521041
  • 倪明龙(1985—), 女, 硕士, 实验师, 主要研究方向为食品加工及安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张琳娜(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
Spray drying preparation of pomelo powder and formulation and processing optimization of compound pomelo tea powder
Ming-Long NI1 , Ya-Qing REN1, Jia-Cheng ZHENG2, Hua-Xiang CHEN1, Qi-Hua LI1, Lin-Na ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Experimental Training Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China
  • 2. School of Geography and Tourism, Teochew Cuisine College, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109008
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目的 优化喷雾干燥柚子粉工艺和复合柚子茶粉配方。方法 本研究首先以感官评价为指标确定了柚子外果皮的脱苦加工工艺和柚子粉喷雾干燥的加工工艺。其次采用麦芽糊精、喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉、无水柠檬酸、白糖、茉莉花茶粉为原料制作复合柚子茶粉。以分散性和感官评价为指标, 通过单因素试验和正交试验分析, 优化了复合柚子茶粉的配方和制作工艺。结果 柚子外果皮最佳脱苦工艺参数为: 水浴温度50 ℃, 水浴时间40 min, β-环状糊精1.8%; 喷雾干燥的最佳加工工艺为: 入风口温度160 ℃, 出风温度60 ℃, 进料流速2 mL/min, 风速3 m3/min, 气压0.1 MPa; 复合柚子茶粉的最佳工艺配方为: 柚子肉粉0.6%, 柚子外果皮粉0.2%, 茉莉花茶粉0.1%, 白糖5%, 无水柠檬酸0.05%, 麦芽糊精0.4%。最佳配方的复合柚子茶粉分散性为13.19 s, 感官评分为76.3, 综合评分为97.45, 具有茉莉花茶的风味和柚子的清香。结论 该工艺对柚子的高值化利用具有借鉴意义。

喷雾干燥  /  配方工艺  /  复合柚子茶粉

Objective To optimize the process of spray drying pomelo powder and the formula of compound pomelo tea powder. Methods This study focused on optimizing the de-bittering process of pomelo peel powder and the spray drying parameters of pomelo powder, using sensory evaluation as key indicators. Subsequently, compound pomelo tea powder was made using maltodextrin, spray-dried pomelo pulp powder, pomelo outer peel powder, anhydrous citric acid, white sugar, and jasmine tea powder as raw materials. The formulation and production process of the compound pomelo tea powder were optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, with dispersibility and sensory evaluation serving as the key indicators. Results The optimal de-bittering process was achieved by treating pomelo peel in a water bath at 50 ℃ for 40 minutes with the addition of 1.8% β-cyclodextrin. The spray drying parameters were optimized with an inlet temperature of 160 ℃, an outlet temperature of 60 ℃, a feed flow rate of 2 mL/min, an air velocity of 3 m³/min, and an air pressure of 0.1 MPa. The final formulation of compound pomelo tea powder included 0.6% of pomelo pulp powder, 0.2% of pomelo outer peel powder, 0.1% of jasmine tea powder, 5% of sugar, 0.05% of anhydrous citric acid, and 0.4% of maltodextrin. The optimized product demonstrated excellent dispersibility 13.19 s, a high sensory evaluation score 76.3, and an overall score of 97.45, while retaining the distinct aroma of pomelo and the flavor of jasmine tea. Conclusion This process offers a promising approach for the industrial production of high-quality compound beverages.

spray drying  /  formulation and processing  /  compound pomelo tea powder
倪明龙, 任雅清, 郑嘉城, 陈华祥, 李奇华, 张琳娜. 柚子粉的喷雾干燥法制备及复合柚子茶粉配方工艺优化. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 234 -242 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109008
Ming-Long NI, Ya-Qing REN, Jia-Cheng ZHENG, Hua-Xiang CHEN, Qi-Hua LI, Lin-Na ZHANG. Spray drying preparation of pomelo powder and formulation and processing optimization of compound pomelo tea powder[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 234 -242 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109008
柚子[Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr.]又名文旦、朱栾、雷柚等[1], 为芸香科柑橘属(Rutaceae)水果, 是商业上重要的柑橘属栽培种, 在世界范围内广泛种植。我国柚子多产于南部, 外形多呈球形、扁圆形或梨形, 表皮多为淡黄色、果肉白色或红色居多、皮厚汁多[2-3]。柚子中含有丰富的甙类物质, 维生素和钙、磷、铁等人体必需元素, 除此之外, 还含有类黄酮物质, 如柚皮苷、橙皮苷等二氢黄酮类化合物[4-5], 以及以柠檬苦素、诺米林等为代表的柠檬苦素类物[6-7]
国内对于柚子的应用非常广泛, 柚子可以制作成固体饮料、酱类、面包点心类等食品[8-10]。柚子皮作为加工过程的主要副产物, 富含膳食纤维[11]。长期以来工业上对柚子皮的利用率较低, 处理手段主要以直接丢弃为主, 造成了资源浪费。提高柚子皮的利用率, 能为社会带来良好的经济效益[12], 具有广阔的市场前景。
茶被誉为三大饮料之一, 茶叶中含多酚类、咖啡因、蛋白质、氨基酸、芳香族化合物、维生素等多种有机化合物和十几种无机矿物质营养元素[13]。经常饮用茶水, 对人体健康大有好处[14]。喷雾干燥, 因其制备的果粉稳定性高、溶解性好等优点被广泛应用于食品加工业中[15]
为了有效利用柚子皮, 避免资源浪费及环境污染, 提高产品附加值, 本研究首先利用喷雾干燥技术制备溶解性能好的柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉, 然后与茉莉花茶粉等其他配料进行混合搭配, 制作复合柚子茶粉固体饮料, 并对其产品配方进行优化, 以期实现柚子皮的高值化利用, 并为柚子和茶的开发利用提供新的发展方向。
沙田柚, 当地市场购买。
β-环状糊精(深圳市乐福科技股份有限公司); 麦芽糊精(骊骅淀粉股份有限公司); 茉莉花茶茶粉(杭州茗宝生物科技股份有限公司); 黄原胶(新疆梅花氨基酸有限公司); 无水柠檬酸(潍坊英轩实业有限公司); 白糖(当地市场购买)。
HH-1型恒温水浴锅(城东新瑞仪器公司); ADL311S型喷雾干燥机(YAMATO雅马拓仪器公司); WK2102型电磁炉(美的集团股份有限公司); YP30002型电子秤(0~3000 g, 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司); L18-Y91A型破壁机(九阳股份有限公司); TP101型食品温度计(富纳德科技有限公司); MOC-120H型水分分析仪(日本岛津仪器有限公司); Fa25型均质机(FLUKO弗鲁克仪器公司)。
处理好的柚子肉→去其内核以及外边橘络, 并切块→加入黄原胶增稠剂→打浆→过滤→均质→喷雾干燥→过筛→柚子肉粉。
洗净的柚子皮→去表皮白瓤并切块→在滚水中加热→打浆→过滤→均质→过滤→水浴→喷雾干燥→过筛→柚子外果皮粉。
柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉、茶粉等配料→按比例调配→真空包装→成品。
(1)清洗, 剖果, 用水冲洗干净柚子, 并用刀将洗净后的柚子处理好, 取出其柚子皮和柚子肉, 将带有斑点的柚子皮处理弃置, 将处理好柚子肉和挑选好的柚子皮放置一旁备用。
(2)切块, 将柚子肉表面的白色部分以及柚子肉里面的核去除, 然后将柚子肉分成块状, 放置一旁备用。将分离出来的柚子皮去其白囊, 即柚皮白色层和黄色层分开, 黄色外果皮用于试验。将黄色外果皮切成粒状, 放在一旁备用。
(3)肉皮前处理, 将切成粒状的柚子外果皮放在准备好的沸水中煮4~5 min, 然后放入破壁机粉碎。将柚子肉放入破壁机进行打浆粉碎, 并在打浆粉碎时放入增稠剂0.4%黄原胶[16]
(4)过滤, 均质, 将处理好的柚子肉浆和柚子粉浆过滤, 紧接着柚子外果皮浆和柚子肉浆都要均质6 min。
(5)喷雾干燥, 过筛, 采用YAMATO喷雾干燥器ADL311S进行干燥。将干燥后的柚子粉过60目筛。
(6)调配, 真空包装, 加入速溶茉莉花茶粉、白糖、麦芽糊精、喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉、喷雾干燥的柚子外果皮粉、无水柠檬酸, 按照比例进行调配并将其粉末混合均匀, 最后进行真空包装。
(1) β-环状糊精添加量对感官评价的影响。试验研究β-环状糊精添加量(0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%)对柚子外果皮脱苦处理的影响, 以感官评价为标准, 确定β-环状糊精添加量。固定单因素条件为水浴时间40 min, 水浴温度为50 ℃。
(2)水浴温度对感官评价的影响[16]。试验研究水浴温度(30、40、50、60 ℃)对柚子外果皮脱苦处理的影响, 以感官评价为标准, 确定水浴温度。固定β-环状糊精添加量为1.8%, 水浴时间40 min。
(3)水浴时间对感官评价的影响[16]。试验研究水浴时间(40、50、60、70 min)柚子外果皮脱苦处理的影响, 以感官评价为标准, 确定水浴时间。固定β-环状糊精添加量为1.8%, 水浴温度为50 ℃。
(1)入风口温度对柚子肉粉, 柚子外果皮粉品质的影响, 入风口温度分别为120、140、160 ℃, 固定柚子外果皮物料浓度为40%, 柚子肉物料浓度为33%, 进料流速为2 mL/min, 风速为3 m3/min, 气压为0.1 MPa, 对柚子外果皮浆和柚子肉浆进行喷雾干燥处理, 以感官评价为评价指标, 确定入风口温度。
(2)物料浓度对柚子肉粉, 柚子外果皮粉品质的影响, 柚子外果皮物料浓度为20%、40%、50%、60%, 柚子肉物料浓度分别为50%、33%、25%、20%, 入风温度口为160 ℃, 进料流速为2 mL/min, 风速为3 m3/min, 气压为0.1 MPa, 对柚子外果皮浆和柚子肉浆进行喷雾干燥处理, 以感官评价为评价指标, 确定物料浓度。
该配方工艺优化试验在参考李素芬等[16]试验的基础上, 结合本试验进行了修改, 其中配料添加量以100 mL蒸馏水中添加的配料质量分数来表示, 例如往100 mL蒸馏水中添加麦芽糊精0.1 g, 则麦芽糊精添加量记录为0.1%。
(1)单因素试验
①麦芽糊精添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。麦芽糊精添加量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%, 速溶茉莉花茶粉添加量为0.1%, 柚子外果皮粉为0.1%, 柚子肉粉为0.5%, 白糖为4%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定麦芽糊精的添加量。
②柚子外果皮粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。喷雾干燥的柚子外果皮粉的添加量分别为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%, 速溶茉莉花茶粉添加量为0.1%, 柚子肉粉为0.5%, 白糖为4%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 麦芽糊精添加量为0.4%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定柚子外果皮粉的添加量。
③柚子肉粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉的添加量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%, 速溶茉莉花茶粉添加量为0.1%, 柚子外果皮粉为0.1%, 白糖为4%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 麦芽糊精添加量为0.4%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉的添加量。
④无水柠檬酸添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。无水柠檬酸添加量分别为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%, 速溶茉莉花茶粉添加量为0.1%, 柚子外果皮粉为0.1%, 柚子肉粉为0.5%, 白糖为4%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 麦芽糊精添加量为0.4%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定无水柠檬酸的添加量。
⑤茶粉添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。茉莉花茶粉添加量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%, 柚子外果皮粉为0.1%, 柚子肉粉为0.5%, 白糖为4%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 麦芽糊精添加量为0.4%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定茶粉的添加量。
⑥糖添加量对复合柚子茶粉品质的影响。白糖添加量分别为1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%, 柚子外果皮粉为0.1%, 柚子肉粉为0.5%, 无水柠檬酸为0.05%, 麦芽糊精添加量为0.4%, 加入100 mL温度为(95±5) ℃的水冲泡, 以感官评价和分散性测定值为评价指标, 确定茶粉的添加量。
(2)正交试验
在单因素试验的基础上, 固定麦芽糊精添加量0.4%, 无水柠檬酸添加量0.05%, 以感官评价和分散性作为评价指标, 对喷雾干燥的柚子肉粉的添加量、喷雾干燥的柚子外果皮粉的添加量、白糖添加量、茉莉花茶粉添加量采用四因素三水平正交表对影响复合柚子茶粉品质的因素进行正交试验, 正交试验设计表见表1
(1)柚子外果皮脱苦感官评价指标
由10名食品专业人士就柚子外果皮脱苦进行感官评价, 按照评分标准对产品进行综合评价, 然后算出总分, 最后取各平均分做比较。感官评价标准如表2所示。
(2)喷雾干燥感官评价指标
从色泽、风味气味、组织状态、口感4个方面设计感官评价标准[17], 随机选10名有经验的食品专业人士进行感官评价, 结果取平均值, 喷雾干燥的感官评价标准如表3所示。
(3)复合柚子茶粉感官评价指标
从色泽、形态、香味、滋味4个方面设计感官评价标准[16] (表4), 随机选10名有经验的食品专业人士对溶解后的柚子茶粉进行感官评价, 结果取平均值。
(4)复合柚子茶粉综合评分
通过测定柚子茶粉感官评价和分散性之间的关系, 计算出柚子茶粉的综合评分[16]。综合评分计算如公式(1)。
$\text { 综合评分 }=\frac{\text { 感官评分值 }}{76.3} \times 60+\frac{12.35}{\text { 分散性值 }} \times 40$
(5)复合柚子茶粉分散性的测定
将称量好的1 g复合柚子茶粉样品溶于100 mL (95±5) ℃左右水中玻璃棒搅拌, 使复合柚子茶粉充分溶解, 记录茶粉完全溶解的时间[16]
(6)水分含量测定
参照GB 5009.3—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》, 复合柚子茶粉的水分测定采用直接干燥法。
(7)微生物指标的测定
分别参照GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》、GB 4789.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学测定 大肠菌群计数》、GB 4789.15—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 霉菌和酵母计数》对复合柚子茶粉的菌落总数、大肠菌群数、霉菌进行测定。
采用Microsoft Office Excel 365软件对试验数据进行处理; 采用SPSS 22.0进行显著性分析; 利用Origin 2021画图; 工艺优化试验结果取3次试验的平均值。
不同处理方式对柚子外果皮脱苦效果的影响见图1
柚子外果皮中富含黄酮化合物, 其中柠檬苦素和柚皮苷等是引起苦味的主要物质[18-20]。有文献表明, β-环状糊精是一种具有像酶一样的疏水结合部分的低聚糖, 结构稳定, 且其无毒、低成本的特性促使他成为一种优良的包埋剂[21-22], 有利于保护喷雾干燥过程柚子肉中活性成分, 柚皮苷可被β-环状糊精包埋, 可降低柚子皮的苦涩味。
图1A可以看出, 柚子外果皮的感官评分随着水浴温度的增加而呈增加趋势, 当水浴温度为50 ℃时, 祛苦效果最佳。但一旦水浴温度超过50 ℃, 柚子外果皮就会严重分层, 结构变化较大呈现松软的现象, 且入口口感差, 由此确定水浴温度为50 ℃。
图1B可以看出, 当水浴时间为40 min时, 祛苦效果最好, 色泽好且具有柚子外果皮的清香, 但当水浴时间为50~70 min时, 由于水浴时间过长, 柚子外果皮的结构会呈现柔软、分层严重等现象, 同时颜色也会变暗淡, 所以感官评分值降低。由此确定水浴时间为40 min。
图1C可以看出, 柚子外果皮的感官评分会随着β-环状糊精的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势, 当β-环状糊精的添加量为1.8%时, 柚子外果皮脱苦效果以及感官评分最高。当β-环状糊精添加量为0.6%, 1.2%时柚子外果皮的脱苦效果为微苦, 色泽较好, 当β-环状糊精添加量为2.4%时, 感官评分会下降, 这可能是因为β-环状糊精的大分子结构可以将柚皮苷包裹起来, 在食用时阻隔与味蕾的接触而达到消除苦味的效果[23-24]。在β-环状糊精添加量为1.8%时, 基本能够将柚皮苷包裹达到饱和, 再提高添加量, 色泽变浅, 柚皮苷的包埋效果会受到影响。由此确定β-环状糊精添加量为1.8%。
结果表明, 柚子外果皮脱苦最佳工艺条件为β-环状糊精添加量1.8%, 水浴温度50℃, 水浴时间40 min。
图2A可以看出, 随着入风口温度的降低, 感官评分呈现先增后降趋势, 当入风口温度为160 ℃时, 感官评价分值达到了最高值78.3分。随着入风口温度的降低, 柚子外果皮粉的水分含量逐渐增高[25], 此时的柚子外果皮粉有较多结块和黏壁现象, 且柚子皮香味减弱, 口感降低, 入口些许粗糙, 色泽随着温度的降低变浅, 导致了感官评分显著下降, 因此160 ℃作为最适的入风口温度。
图2B可以看出, 当入风口温度为160 ℃时感官分值达到了最高值78.0分, 随着入风口温度的持续降低, 柚子肉的含水量没有减少, 但其吸水性也随着加强, 柚子肉粉吸湿较严重, 有较多结块, 色泽随着温度的降低变浅。因此160 ℃作为最适的入风口温度。
图3A可知随着物料浓度的提高, 感官评价分值呈现先增后降的趋势, 并在物料浓度为40%时, 感官评价分值最高。这可能是由于随着物料浓度的增大, 其黏度上升雾化不完全不利于喷雾干燥, 且进行喷雾干燥的时候会出现粘壁现象, 干燥所获得的粉沫颗粒不致密均匀, 结块的现象越来越严重[26]。而物料浓度太低时, 因物料浓度中含水过多, 所以物料中的固形物含量减少, 所获得的柚子外果皮粉色泽相比与浓度高的较浅。因此40%作为最适的柚子外果皮物料浓度。
图3B可知, 随着物料浓度的提高, 感官评价分值呈现先增后降的趋势, 并在物料浓度为33%时感官评价分值最高。这可能是由于随着物料浓度的增大, 其黏度上升, 不利于喷雾干燥, 同时柚子肉粉含有较多的果胶, 进行喷雾干燥时会出现严重粘壁的现象, 导致干燥所获得的粉末颗粒不均匀, 柚子肉粉结块现象越来越严重[27]。而当物料浓度太低时, 由于物料浓度中水含量过高, 所以物料中的固形物含量减少, 所获得的柚子肉粉色泽为乳白色, 与物料浓度高的相比较浅。因此, 选择33%作为柚子肉物料浓度。
所以得出柚子粉喷雾干燥工艺参数为: 入风口温度160 ℃, 柚子外果皮物料浓度40%, 柚子肉物料浓度33%, 进料流速2 mL/min, 风速3 m3/min, 气压0.1 MPa。
(1)麦芽糊精添加量的影响
因复合柚子茶粉由柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉和茶粉混合制成, 在贮藏过程中3种粉末均易吸潮结块, 尤其柚子肉粉最为明显, 而麦芽糊精具有乳化和赋性的作用, 能使产品形成稳定的颗粒结构[28-29]。由图4可以看出, 复合茶粉的感官评分分散性随着麦芽糊精添加量增加而上升, 分散性随着麦芽糊精添加量增加而降低, 因此综合感官评价和分散性, 0.4%的麦芽糊精添加量为最适添加量。
(2)柚子外果皮粉添加量的影响
图5可以看出, 当柚子外果皮粉的添加量为0.10%时, 感官评分最高。柚子茶粉的分散性随着柚子外果皮粉添加量的增加而增加, 这是因为柚子外果皮粉会吸潮结块。当产品为0.05%时, 茉莉花茶粉的香味盖过了柚子皮的清香, 当添加量为0.15~0.25%时, 柚子皮清香较好, 但是味道苦涩, 感官评分下降。所以综合考虑, 选择0.10%的柚子外果皮粉最佳。
(3)柚子肉粉添加量的影响
图6可以看出, 当柚子肉粉添加量为0.5%时, 复合柚子茶粉的整体感官评价最高。随着柚子肉粉的增加, 柚子肉粉的分散性逐渐变差, 且柚子茶粉的颜色逐渐变浅, 结块逐渐增多, 分层明显。但是柚子肉粉的添加量逐渐增加, 会使柚子的风味盖过茉莉花茶的香味, 且柚子肉粉容易形成团块, 导致分散时间变长。所以综合考虑, 选择0.5%柚子肉粉最佳。
(4)无水柠檬酸添加量的影响
图7可以看出, 无水柠檬酸添加量的多少对复合柚子茶粉的分散性影响关系不大, 但是对感官评价的影响很大, 随着无水柠檬酸添加量的增加, 酸度逐渐增大, 产品感官评分会下降, 在添加量为0.05%时感官评分最高, 产品酸甜适中。所以综合考虑, 选择0.05%无水柠檬酸最佳。
(5)茶粉添加量的影响
图8可知, 分散时间随着茶粉添加量的增加而增加, 但由于样品的颜色逐渐变深, 感官评分呈下降趋势。当复合茶粉添加量为0.1%时, 味道较好, 茉莉花茶的香气和柚子的清香突出, 但是当茶粉添加量逐渐增大时, 茉莉花茶的香气逐渐盖住柚子的清香, 使得感官评分下降。所以综合考虑, 选择0.1%茉莉花茶粉最佳。
(6)白糖添加量的影响
图9可以看出, 随着白糖添加量变多, 感官评分和分散时间呈上升趋势, 在白糖为添加量为4%时, 复合柚子茶粉的感官评分最好, 当白砂糖添加量继续增加时, 产品感官评分下降。白糖的主要作用是抵消柚子皮的苦涩, 以及促进产品的风味[30], 但当白糖添加量超过5%时, 感官评分值下降, 分散时间变长, 经综合考虑, 选择4%白糖最佳。
在单因素试验的基础上, 选择变量因素柚子肉粉、柚子外果皮粉、白糖、茉莉花茶粉, 固定无水柠檬酸含量为0.05%, 麦芽糊精含量为0.4%, 采用四因素三水平正交表对影响复合柚子茶粉品质的因素进行正交试验, 以感官评价和分散性作为评价标准, 确定复合柚子茶粉的最优配方, 试验结果见表5
表5可以看出: 影响柚子茶粉综合评分的因素为A>D>B>C, 即各因素影响的主次顺序为柚子肉粉添加量的影响最大, 白糖添加量的影响次之, 然后是柚子外果皮粉添加量, 影响最小的是茉莉花茶粉添加量。表6可以看出, 对于评价指标综合评分来说, 因素A对结果有显著程度的影响, 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05), 因素BCD对结果没有显著性影响, 差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05), 根据方差分析结果, 各因素对于综合评分的显著性顺序为A>D>B>C, 与极差分析法中, 极差结果保持一致。
综上所述, 柚子茶粉的最优组合为A3B2C1D3, 即柚子肉粉0.6%、柚子外果皮粉0.2%、茉莉花茶粉0.1%、白糖5%, 复合柚子茶粉分散性为13.19 s, 感官评分为76.3分, 综合评分为97.45分。由于最优组合出现在正交表中, 因此不需要进行验证试验。
产品质量指标结果如下, 优化工艺后的复合柚子茶粉水分含量为3.4%; 菌落总数(4.5×103 CFU/g)、大肠菌群(未检出)、霉菌(40 CFU/g)等指标均符合GB 7101—2022《食品安全国家标准 饮料》的要求。
(1)柚子粉喷雾干燥工艺条件为: 入风口温度160 ℃, 柚子外果皮物料浓度40%, 柚子肉物料浓度33%, 进料流速为2 mL/min, 风速为3 m3/min, 气压为0.1 MPa。 (2)通过单因素试验和正交试验两者相结合的方法, 最终确定复合柚子茶粉的最佳配方为: 柚子肉粉0.6%, 柚子外果皮粉0.2%, 茉莉花茶粉0.1%, 白糖5%, 无水柠檬酸0.05%, 麦芽糊精0.4%。最佳的复合柚子茶粉配方分散性为13.19 s, 感官评分为76.3, 综合评分为97.45, 水分含量为3.4%, 菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌等指标均符合GB 7101—2022的要求。此时的复合柚子茶粉色泽均匀, 有茉莉花茶的味道和柚子的香味, 略带苦味, 具有一定的营养价值。
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250109008
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
基金
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2024ZDZX2114)
广东食品药品职业学院平台孵化项目(2023PTFH02)
广东食品药品职业学院自然科学课题项目(2022ZR14)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2022DC02)
作者信息
    1.广东食品药品职业学院, 实验实训中心, 广州 510520
    2.韩山师范学院地理科学与旅游学院、潮菜学院, 潮州 521041

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* 张琳娜(1990—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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