Article(id=1153986581951144610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441170, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441170, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441170, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986582420906661, articleId=1153986581951144610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum aestivum L. by near-infrared spectroscopy technology, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content in Triticum aestivum L. kernels by establishing a quantitative prediction model based on near-infrared spectroscopy technology. Methods The reflectance spectra of Triticum aestivum L. samples in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm were collected, and the AFB1 content in Triticum aestivum L. was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The raw spectral data of the Triticum aestivum L. samples were subjected to preprocessing, and the feature wavelengths were extracted in order to establish a prediction model. A model for predicting the AFB1 content was developed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), the results of this model were compared with those of a full-wavelength modelling approach. Results The SVM model constructed following the application of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) processing demonstrates superior performance compared to the other models and the full-band modelling model. Conclusion The combination of the CARS algorithm and the MSC-CARS-SVM model allows for the rapid and non-destructive detection of AFB1 content. The feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of AFB1 content has been demonstrated, and this approach can be employed to assess the quality of Triticum aestivum L. during storage.

, correspAuthors=Yan-Yan ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-Feng HU, Li-Li CAO, Min PANG, Chun GAO, Li XU, Shao-Tong JIANG, Yan-Yan ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986619779572398, articleId=1153986581951144610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=近红外光谱技术定量分析小麦中黄曲霉毒素B1, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于近红外光谱技术建立定量预测模型, 实现快速无损测定小麦籽粒中黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)含量。方法 采集小麦样品在900~1700 nm波长范围内的反射光谱, 用高效液相色谱法测定小麦中AFB1含量, 将小麦样品原始光谱数据进行预处理, 提取特征波长, 分别通过反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network, BPNN)、随机森林(random forest, RF)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)建立AFB1含量预测模型, 并与全波段建模结果进行比较。结果 经多元散射矫正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)和竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)处理后建立的SVM模型优于其他模型和全波段建模模型。结论 结合CARS算法有效提取了AFB1值的特征波长, MSC-CARS-SVM模型能够用于AFB1含量的快速、无损检测, 利用近红外光谱技术实现对AFB1含量的定量分析是可行的, 可通过该方法实现储藏期间小麦品质的检测研究。

, correspAuthors=赵妍嫣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵妍嫣(1971—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品精深加工。E-mail:
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胡孟凤(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农产品无损检测。E-mail:

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胡孟凤(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农产品无损检测。E-mail:

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Infrared Physics & Technology, 2020, 105: 103226., articleTitle=Detection of fat content in peanut kernels based on chemometrics and hyperspectral imaging technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177985625304216196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, awardId=2023n06020014, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2023n06020014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177985620929557015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985620937945624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, companyId=1177985620929557015, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Jiexun Optoelectronic Technology Co of Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985621214769701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, companyId=1177985621202186787, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.安徽捷迅光电技术有限公司, 合肥 230012 ‌)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985623571968622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sample collection by NIRS, figureFileSmall=6Wv+ACWJg3ncRvUHLsPwag==, figureFileBig=TdswwLjT4/lVjWsb0J/dEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623630688879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NIRS采集样品, figureFileSmall=6Wv+ACWJg3ncRvUHLsPwag==, figureFileBig=TdswwLjT4/lVjWsb0J/dEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623681020528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=AFB1 content in Triticum aestivum L. at different days of incubation, figureFileSmall=X21HeAnHrKbO3naQgfoviw==, figureFileBig=NXPcurvaqnWC2ovqoXizUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623756518001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同培养天数小麦中的AFB1含量, figureFileSmall=X21HeAnHrKbO3naQgfoviw==, figureFileBig=NXPcurvaqnWC2ovqoXizUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623815238258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spectral curves of Triticum aestivum L. samples, figureFileSmall=wdnz5aVH2FavjuVsLIgE3w==, figureFileBig=YijgptMx/ZFCeeuW8v3MTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623873958515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小麦样品光谱曲线

注: a. 样品原始光谱图; b. 经平滑处理后的光谱图; c. 平均光谱图。

, figureFileSmall=wdnz5aVH2FavjuVsLIgE3w==, figureFileBig=YijgptMx/ZFCeeuW8v3MTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985623932678772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of spectral pre-processing of Triticum aestivum L. samples, figureFileSmall=7WWuFcMry0r5QQZ8+F2oWA==, figureFileBig=4hG2k9lVa5oWES6BmgBG0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624012370549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小麦样品光谱预处理结果

注: a. 经MSC处理后的光谱图; b. 经SNV处理后的光谱图; c. 经MD处理后的光谱图; d. 经FD处理后的光谱图。

, figureFileSmall=7WWuFcMry0r5QQZ8+F2oWA==, figureFileBig=4hG2k9lVa5oWES6BmgBG0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624154976886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Screening results of SPA, figureFileSmall=hI3Rsxw5IZgEa2R8IBecfg==, figureFileBig=QemMie4L0TZct7BsgcrQdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624213697143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SPA筛选结果

注: a. 最终选定的变量数: 15 (RMSE=27.9091); b. 选定的特征波长。

, figureFileSmall=hI3Rsxw5IZgEa2R8IBecfg==, figureFileBig=QemMie4L0TZct7BsgcrQdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624272417400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Screening results of CARS, figureFileSmall=qNkEVQrYixvsv7aKQ4jd/A==, figureFileBig=jyxVxdS8kgWdIHgEFUrHQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624339526265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CARS筛选结果

注: a. 波长保留趋势; b. RMSECV(交叉验证中的RMSE)变化趋势; c. 回归系数路径; d. 选定的特征波长。

, figureFileSmall=qNkEVQrYixvsv7aKQ4jd/A==, figureFileBig=jyxVxdS8kgWdIHgEFUrHQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985624402440826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model parameters of BPNN

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络结构参数 训练参数
输入层
神经
元数量
输出层
神经
元数量
隐藏层 隐藏层
神经
元数量
迭代
次数
目标
误差
学习率
57 1 1 5 1000 10-6 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1177985624469549691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BPNN模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络结构参数 训练参数
输入层
神经
元数量
输出层
神经
元数量
隐藏层 隐藏层
神经
元数量
迭代
次数
目标
误差
学习率
57 1 1 5 1000 10-6 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1177985624553435772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Model parameters of RF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构参数 数据处理参数
决策树数量 最小叶子节点数 输入特征数 输出目标数
100 5 36 1
), ArticleFig(id=1177985624616350333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RF模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构参数 数据处理参数
决策树数量 最小叶子节点数 输入特征数 输出目标数
100 5 36 1
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Model parameters of SVM

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模型结构参数 数据处理参数
惩罚因子 径向基函数
参数
容忍度 输入
特征数
输出
目标数
4.0 0.8 0.01 15 1
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SVM模型参数

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模型结构参数 数据处理参数
惩罚因子 径向基函数
参数
容忍度 输入
特征数
输出
目标数
4.0 0.8 0.01 15 1
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Statistical results of 3 kinds of models with different preprocessing methods

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模型 方法 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSE MAE RPD R2 RMSE MAE RPD
BPNN 0.6066 19.8077 14.3703 1.6207 0.1159 29.4942 21.9066 1.1037
MSC 0.7827 15.4047 10.0418 2.1807 0.3407 23.2480 19.6825 1.2781
SNV 0.7162 16.4689 11.3797 1.9080 0.2311 29.2436 19.9858 1.1835
MD 0.7654 14.7944 6.6103 2.0989 0.1405 30.0240 25.8817 1.1194
FD 0.5978 19.2963 10.3953 1.6029 0.1498 31.4603 23.9068 1.1254
RF 0.6384 18.0416 12.5366 1.6904 0.2420 30.6508 24.4341 1.1919
MSC 0.7451 15.2823 11.7977 2.0134 0.4187 22.0455 19.0727 1.3611
SNV 0.8208 14.1392 11.2590 2.4011 0.2212 24.2081 19.1020 1.1759
MD 0.8097 13.8763 10.6132 2.3302 0.2215 26.7742 21.1363 1.1761
FD 0.7573 15.1620 10.9401 2.0634 0.1825 29.3754 24.4149 1.1477
SVM 0.9180 9.3103 2.8784 3.5505 0.1158 28.0837 17.8915 1.1036
MSC 0.9986 1.2601 1.2467 27.1807 0.48583 19.2709 15.8376 1.4472
SNV 0.9984 1.2588 1.2467 25.1120 0.1909 29.1010 22.5854 1.1537
MD 0.9983 1.2373 1.2168 24.9824 0.2104 30.0901 27.6135 1.1678
FD 0.9980 1.2567 1.2414 22.8174 0.0265 37.7159 33.3029 1.0518
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不同预处理方法下3种模型的统计结果

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模型 方法 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSE MAE RPD R2 RMSE MAE RPD
BPNN 0.6066 19.8077 14.3703 1.6207 0.1159 29.4942 21.9066 1.1037
MSC 0.7827 15.4047 10.0418 2.1807 0.3407 23.2480 19.6825 1.2781
SNV 0.7162 16.4689 11.3797 1.9080 0.2311 29.2436 19.9858 1.1835
MD 0.7654 14.7944 6.6103 2.0989 0.1405 30.0240 25.8817 1.1194
FD 0.5978 19.2963 10.3953 1.6029 0.1498 31.4603 23.9068 1.1254
RF 0.6384 18.0416 12.5366 1.6904 0.2420 30.6508 24.4341 1.1919
MSC 0.7451 15.2823 11.7977 2.0134 0.4187 22.0455 19.0727 1.3611
SNV 0.8208 14.1392 11.2590 2.4011 0.2212 24.2081 19.1020 1.1759
MD 0.8097 13.8763 10.6132 2.3302 0.2215 26.7742 21.1363 1.1761
FD 0.7573 15.1620 10.9401 2.0634 0.1825 29.3754 24.4149 1.1477
SVM 0.9180 9.3103 2.8784 3.5505 0.1158 28.0837 17.8915 1.1036
MSC 0.9986 1.2601 1.2467 27.1807 0.48583 19.2709 15.8376 1.4472
SNV 0.9984 1.2588 1.2467 25.1120 0.1909 29.1010 22.5854 1.1537
MD 0.9983 1.2373 1.2168 24.9824 0.2104 30.0901 27.6135 1.1678
FD 0.9980 1.2567 1.2414 22.8174 0.0265 37.7159 33.3029 1.0518
), ArticleFig(id=1177985625060946562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581951144610, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistical results of 3 kinds of models with different feature extraction methods

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处理方法 模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSE MAE RPD R2 RMSE MAE RPD
MSC-无 BPNN 0.7827 15.4047 10.0418 2.1807 0.3407 23.248 19.6825 1.2781
RF 0.7451 15.2823 11.7977 2.0134 0.4187 22.0455 19.0727 1.3611
SVM 0.9986 1.2601 1.2467 27.1807 0.4858 19.2709 15.8376 1.4472
MSC-SPA BPNN 0.8203 11.7795 9.0045 2.3977 0.4902 27.0661 21.3260 1.4534
RF 0.7134 17.2045 13.8782 1.8988 0.4994 21.7225 17.1625 1.4668
SVM 0.9809 4.8236 2.4971 7.3594 0.7571 11.0854 7.2084 2.1057
MSC-CARS BPNN 0.8203 11.7795 9.0045 2.3977 0.4902 27.0661 21.3260 1.4534
RF 0.7807 16.1473 12.9482 2.1706 0.6289 14.1473 12.1905 1.7036
SVM 0.9977 0.0314 0.0293 21.0874 0.9426 0.1509 0.1160 4.3302
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不同特征提取方算法下3种模型的统计结果

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处理方法 模型 训练集 测试集
R2 RMSE MAE RPD R2 RMSE MAE RPD
MSC-无 BPNN 0.7827 15.4047 10.0418 2.1807 0.3407 23.248 19.6825 1.2781
RF 0.7451 15.2823 11.7977 2.0134 0.4187 22.0455 19.0727 1.3611
SVM 0.9986 1.2601 1.2467 27.1807 0.4858 19.2709 15.8376 1.4472
MSC-SPA BPNN 0.8203 11.7795 9.0045 2.3977 0.4902 27.0661 21.3260 1.4534
RF 0.7134 17.2045 13.8782 1.8988 0.4994 21.7225 17.1625 1.4668
SVM 0.9809 4.8236 2.4971 7.3594 0.7571 11.0854 7.2084 2.1057
MSC-CARS BPNN 0.8203 11.7795 9.0045 2.3977 0.4902 27.0661 21.3260 1.4534
RF 0.7807 16.1473 12.9482 2.1706 0.6289 14.1473 12.1905 1.7036
SVM 0.9977 0.0314 0.0293 21.0874 0.9426 0.1509 0.1160 4.3302
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近红外光谱技术定量分析小麦中黄曲霉毒素B1
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胡孟凤 1, 2 , 操丽丽 1, 2, 3 , 庞敏 1, 2, 3 , 高春 3, 4 , 许丽 3, 4 , 姜绍通 1, 2, 3 , 赵妍嫣 1, 2, 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(4): 10-17
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(4): 10-17
近红外光谱技术定量分析小麦中黄曲霉毒素B1
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胡孟凤1, 2 , 操丽丽1, 2, 3, 庞敏1, 2, 3, 高春3, 4, 许丽3, 4, 姜绍通1, 2, 3, 赵妍嫣1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 合肥 230601
  • 2.农产品现代加工安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
  • 3.农产品智能化绿色质选技术与装备安徽省联合共建学科重点实验室, 合肥 230012
  • 4.安徽捷迅光电技术有限公司, 合肥 230012 ‌
  • 胡孟凤(2000—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农产品无损检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵妍嫣(1971—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品精深加工。E-mail:
Quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum aestivum L. by near-infrared spectroscopy technology
Meng-Feng HU1, 2 , Li-Li CAO1, 2, 3, Min PANG1, 2, 3, Chun GAO3, 4, Li XU3, 4, Shao-Tong JIANG1, 2, 3, Yan-Yan ZHAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Modern Processing of Agricultural Products of Anhui Province, Hefei 230601, China
  • 3. Intelligent Green Quality Selection Technology and Equipment for Agricultural Products Key Laboratory of Anhui Province Jointly Constructed Disciplines, Hefei 230601, China
  • 4. Jiexun Optoelectronic Technology Co of Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930006
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目的 基于近红外光谱技术建立定量预测模型, 实现快速无损测定小麦籽粒中黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)含量。方法 采集小麦样品在900~1700 nm波长范围内的反射光谱, 用高效液相色谱法测定小麦中AFB1含量, 将小麦样品原始光谱数据进行预处理, 提取特征波长, 分别通过反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network, BPNN)、随机森林(random forest, RF)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)建立AFB1含量预测模型, 并与全波段建模结果进行比较。结果 经多元散射矫正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)和竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)处理后建立的SVM模型优于其他模型和全波段建模模型。结论 结合CARS算法有效提取了AFB1值的特征波长, MSC-CARS-SVM模型能够用于AFB1含量的快速、无损检测, 利用近红外光谱技术实现对AFB1含量的定量分析是可行的, 可通过该方法实现储藏期间小麦品质的检测研究。

近红外光谱技术  /  黄曲霉毒素B1  /  定量分析  /  无损检测  /  小麦

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content in Triticum aestivum L. kernels by establishing a quantitative prediction model based on near-infrared spectroscopy technology. Methods The reflectance spectra of Triticum aestivum L. samples in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm were collected, and the AFB1 content in Triticum aestivum L. was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The raw spectral data of the Triticum aestivum L. samples were subjected to preprocessing, and the feature wavelengths were extracted in order to establish a prediction model. A model for predicting the AFB1 content was developed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), the results of this model were compared with those of a full-wavelength modelling approach. Results The SVM model constructed following the application of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) processing demonstrates superior performance compared to the other models and the full-band modelling model. Conclusion The combination of the CARS algorithm and the MSC-CARS-SVM model allows for the rapid and non-destructive detection of AFB1 content. The feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of AFB1 content has been demonstrated, and this approach can be employed to assess the quality of Triticum aestivum L. during storage.

near-infrared spectroscopy technology  /  aflatoxin B1  /  quantitative analysis  /  non-destructive testing  /  Triticum aestivum L.
胡孟凤, 操丽丽, 庞敏, 高春, 许丽, 姜绍通, 赵妍嫣. 近红外光谱技术定量分析小麦中黄曲霉毒素B1. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 10 -17 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930006
Meng-Feng HU, Li-Li CAO, Min PANG, Chun GAO, Li XU, Shao-Tong JIANG, Yan-Yan ZHAO. Quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum aestivum L. by near-infrared spectroscopy technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 10 -17 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930006
小麦是中国三大粮食作物之一[1], 是中国农业的支柱, 对国家的稳定和经济增长具有重要影响。小麦从收获到食用中间需经历长时间储存, 由于其具有吸湿性, 当仓储环境的温度和湿度发生变化时, 容易受到植物病原菌的侵染, 从而导致霉变, 有的还会产生有害的真菌毒素, 例如, 黄曲霉会生成黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1), 而镰孢菌则可能产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)[2-4]。其中黄曲霉的代谢产物AFB1是其所有代谢产物中毒性最强并易致癌的物质, 可对人类和动物造成严重危害[5-8]。AFB1的污染对人类健康构成了重大威胁。许多国家已采取严格措施, 以控制粮食中AFB1的含量, 降低其对健康的风险。按照GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定, AFB1的浓度必须低于10 µg/kg, 然而, 欧盟的规定则更为严格, 其规定小麦中AFB1的浓度必须低于5 µg/kg。
目前, 用于检测AFB1的方法包括色谱技术、质谱技术和基于免疫测定的分子识别[9-10]。尽管色谱法和质谱法具有很高的准确度和精密度, 但检测时操作烦琐不可逆、成本高、破坏种子状态且不适用于快速准确的大规模检测等缺点[11], 已无法满足现代小麦AFB1污染状况快速无损检测的需求, 迫切需要一种快速准确的方法来检测小麦AFB1污染状况。
目前, 近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)法[12-14]、拉曼光谱法[15-16]以及高光谱法[17-19]等光谱检测技术由于高效简便且对样本无损等优点正日益广泛应用于食品安全检测领域[20]。NIRS检测技术利用不同化合物基团的运动具有各自固有的频率, 当电磁波的波长在780~2526 nm范围内时, NIRS对其的吸收会有所不同[21]。对于待测物质的化学结构, 可以通过吸收峰在光谱中的位置和形态来判断, 而待测物质中各成分的大小则由特征吸收峰的强度来决定[22]。在NIRS技术中, 待测样品不需要预处理, 而且检测耗时短、结果准确、效率高[23-26], 因此, NIRS已被广泛应用于现场检测中[27]。当小麦等粮食作物发生霉变时, 霉菌及其代谢物会产生特征峰, 这些特征峰的含量对待测样品的光谱信息具有重要影响[28]。由于NIRS数据中包含的信息量巨大且存在冗余, 因此去除无效信息并过滤特征波长以提高模型的效率和准确性至关重要。据此, 本研究利用高效液相色谱法测定小麦样品的AFB1值, 将采集的NIRS信息结合反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network, BPNN)、随机森林(random forest, RF)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)对光谱信息及化学值进行拟合, 从而建立一种高效、快速、无损的小麦中AFB1含量检测技术, 以期为小麦AFB1污染监测的便携式NIRS系统无损检测装置的设计与开发提供技术依据与方法参考, 同时也为粮食监管部门现场检测提供一种快速、准确、无损的技术方法。
小麦: 产地河南商丘。
AFB1标准品(纯度≥97.0%, 北京百奥莱博科技有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 三氯甲烷(纯度≥99.0%)、乙酸(纯度≥99.5%)(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 三氟乙酸(色谱纯, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司)。
S6000高效液相色谱仪(北京华谱科仪科技有限公司); NIRQUEST+1.7-100近红外光谱仪(上海蔚海光学仪器有限公司); TG-16E博科高速台式离心机(山东高芯生物传感器研究院有限公司); DHP-9032T生化培养箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); BSA124S-CW天平(精度0.0001 g, 德国Sartorius公司)。
将购买的黄曲霉菌2219接种到麦芽汁琼脂培养基斜面上, 在28 ℃下培养3 d后在斜面中加入无菌水制备孢子悬浮液, 将孢子悬浮液浓度调整为106 CFU/mL。
取400 g小麦放入培养皿中, 在样品表面喷洒一层无菌水并混匀, 加入20 mL稀释后的孢子悬液混匀, 在28 ℃培养箱中培养。设置培养时间为2、4、6、8 d, 每次取5 g污染样品(10份)并另取5 g未被污染样品(5份)于培养皿用无菌塑料封口膜封口后置于-18 ℃冷冻备用。
在反射模式下使用NIRQUEST+1.7-100近红外光谱仪采集样本在900~1700 nm范围内的光谱数据(图1), 由128个变量组成。每个光谱代表扫描100次的平均值, 积分时间为10 ms, 光谱分辨率为5.88 nm, 信噪比为13000:1。
参考GB 5009.22—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》中的高效液相色谱-柱前衍生法。
BPNN是一种双向传播的网络结构, 具备自主学习和自我进化的能力, 它主要由输入层、隐藏层和输出层构成, 输入层负责接受自变量; 隐藏层用于提取自变量对网络的影响权重特征; 输出层则生成最终的目标或预测结果[29]。在BPNN中输入数据通过正向传输从输入层流向输出层, 而误差则在反向传播过程中从输出层传回输入层, 通过这种反馈机制, 网络可以通过迭代调整权重和阈值, 优化结构, 减少误差, BPNN能够广泛应用于各类情况, 如分类、回归、模式识别和函数逼近等[30]
RF是一种基于集成学习思想的机器学习算法, 通过构建大量的独立决策树来进行预测, 每棵决策树的训练过程都使用特征和样本的随机子集, 这种随机性不仅增强了模型的多样性, 还有效地减少了不同树之间的相关性, 从而降低了过拟合的风险[31]。RF能够通过多棵树的投票机制或平均值来做出最终预测, 处理具有高维特征、噪声较大或复杂数据的任务, 有效捕捉数据中的潜在规律。尽管RF在准确性和鲁棒性方面具有显著优势, 但是它的训练过程通常需要构建大量的决策树, 这导致其在计算上相对较为繁重, RF的训练和预测速度会较慢, 尤其是在数据量较大时, 可能会消耗较多的计算资源和时间。
SVM是一种基于统计学习理论的监督学习方法, 广泛应用于分类问题。其核心思想是通过构建一个最优超平面, 将不同类别的数据点分开, 为了提高分类的准确性和鲁棒性, SVM不仅要求超平面能够正确地划分数据, 还通过最大化超平面与离它最近的样本点(即支持向量)之间的间隔, 从而实现最佳的分类效果[32]。SVM能够在高维特征空间中进行有效分类, 即使在数据中存在噪声和异常值时, 也能保持较好的性能。本研究所使用模型参数(BPNN模型参数、RF模型参数、SVM模型参数)见表1~3
以45份不同AFB1含量的小麦样品作为建立预测模型的样品, 每份样品在NIRS仪测定3次取平均值作为原始光谱数据, 对原始光谱数据进行预处理, 包括标准正态变化(standard normal variate, SNV)、多元散射矫正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)、一阶导数(first derivative, FD)和去中心化(mean detrending, MD), 使用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)以及竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)进行特征波长的提取, 可以增强分析的精确性和敏感度, 从而有效减少光谱数据的复杂度, 并提高模型运算的速度。将经预处理和特征波长提取后的样品按照7:3的比例随机划分为训练集和测试集, 分别建立BPNN、RF、SVM回归预测模型, 并与全波段建模结果进行比较。
其中NIRS预处理、特征波长提取和建模在MATLABR2023a中进行, 绘图在MATLABR2023a和Origin 2024b中进行。
AFB1含量预测模型建立后, 用训练集和测试集的决定系数(determination coefficient, R2)、均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE)和残差预测偏差(relative percent difference, RPD)对定量模型的预测性能进行综合评价。R2衡量所测的AFB1真实值与模型所给预测值之间的相关性, 值越接近1表示该预测模型拟合效果越好。RMSE衡量所测AFB1真实值与预测值之间的差异, MAE衡量所测AFB1真实值与预测值之间差异的平均大小, 两者值越小, 模型的预测性能越好, 误差越小。RPD表示预测误差相对于AFB1真实值变异度的比值, RPD<1.4, 认为所建模型不可靠; 1.4<RPD<2.0, 认为所建模型较可靠; RPD>2.0, 认为具备较高可靠性, 能够用于模型分析。各个指标的计算公式如(1)~(4)所示:
$R^{2}=1-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}\right)^{2}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}}$
$\mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}\right)^{2}}$
$\mathrm{MAE}=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}\right|$
$\mathrm{RPD}=\frac{\mathrm{SD}}{\mathrm{RMSE}}$
式中, yi表示第i个小麦样本的AFB1真实值, $\hat{y}_{\mathrm{i}}$表示第i个小麦样本的AFB1预测值, $\bar{y}$表示真实值的平均值, SD表示所有真实值yi的标准差, n为所有样本数。
采用高效液相色谱法测定得到40个污染样品的AFB1含量化学测量值的结果如图2所示, 5个未污染样品含量为0 µg/kg。高效液相色谱法的方法检出限(method detection limit, MDL)为15.82 µg/kg, 污染样品的AFB1含量均高于MDL。从图2中的中位线、均值可看出, 随着培养天数增加, 小麦AFB1含量呈现增加的趋势, 符合预期效果。
收集到样品的原始光谱如图3a所示, 原始光谱图存在噪声多、不够平滑并且基线不稳的问题[33]。因此本研究将原始光谱图进行平滑处理, 能够去除噪声和基线漂移, 增强数据平稳性, 如图3b所示。同时从图3c中的平均光谱图能够看出, 未霉变籽粒的吸光度明显高于霉变籽粒, 随着霉变程度的加剧, 吸光度降低。不同霉变程度小麦的平均光谱之间有明显差别。这是由于在霉变过程中, 脂质被氧化, 蛋白质和其他营养物质则被降解, 这种变化引起了C-H、N-H、O-H等化学键的变化, 从而影响吸光度[34]。为了消除光谱强度差异, 增强特征对比度还需要对平滑处理后的数据进行预处理。
光谱经MSC、SNV、MD、FD处理后的结果如图4所示, 再分别将未经过预处理的光谱信息, 经MSC、SNV、MD、FD处理的光谱信息和AFB1含量结合, 建立BPNN、RF、SVM回归预测模型, 结果如表4所示。由表4可知, 光谱数据经过MSC处理后, 在BPNN、RF和SVM模型中都得到了优化, 并且优于其他预处理方法的建模结果指标。其他方法如SNV和MD虽然在训练集上表现良好, 但在测试集上的泛化能力不足, FD的性能则显著较差。因此选择MSC处理光谱数据进行后续研究。
特征提取的目的是从原始光谱数据中筛选出最具信息量的特征, 以减少冗余和降低数据维度, 从而提升模型性能和解释能力。本研究使用以下两种方法分别对经MSC处理后的光谱信息进行特征提取。
SPA提取结果如图5所示, 由图5a可看出, 随着变量数的增加, RMSE呈下降趋势, 在变量数0到15之间下降趋势较快, 变量数为15时最小(RMSE=27.9091), 在15之后趋于平缓, 说明变量数大于15时, RMSE变化无明显差异, 最终选取15个变量用作回归预测模型的建立。选择的特征波长在全波段的分布情况如图5b所示。
CARS筛选特征波长结果如图6所示。从图6a图6b可以看出, 前期抽样过程中, 变量数量逐渐减少, 同时均方根交叉验证误差(root mean square error of cross-validation, RMSECV)也在降低。RMSECV是交叉验证中的关键指标, RMSECV值越小, 表示模型对未知样本的预测能力越强。当抽样次数达到16时, RMSECV降至最低值6.4416, 此后RMSECV开始波动上升, 这表明此时剔除的变量包含了相关信息。由图6c可知, 最终选择36个特征波长。选择的特征波长在全波段的分布情况如图6d所示。
将MSC-无(全波段建模)、MSC-SPA和MSC-CARS分别建立BPNN、RF和SVM 3种预测模型, 分别得到训练集和预测集的R2、RMSE、MAE和RPD结果如表5所示。由表5可知, 两种特征波长提取算法相比全波段建模的性能有不同程度的提升, 通过SPA特征提取, BPNN和SVM的预测能力有显著改善。CARS特征提取对所有模型的性能都有提升, 其中RF和SVM的表现较SPA特征提取显著提高。总体而言, SVM在所有特征提取方法中表现最优。
NIRS数据经平滑处理和MSC-CARS后, SVM模型在训练集上的R²值为0.9977, RMSE为0.0314, MAE为0.0293, RPD值为21.0874, 反映了模型在训练集上的预测能力很强。测试集的R²值为0.9426, RMSE为0.1509, MAE为0.1160, RPD值为4.3302, 表明模型在新数据上的拟合能力仍然很高, 预测集的RPD>2.0, 具有良好的性能。这些结果表明, 使用NIRS技术结合SVM回归模型来预测小麦中的AFB1含量是可行且有效的。模型在训练集和预测集上均表现出了较高的预测精度和可靠性, 在实际应用中, 模型能够提供准确的毒素含量预测。
本研究通过采集被黄曲霉菌污染时间不同的小麦的NIRS信息和测定样品中AFB1含量化学值, 通过不同预处理方法、特征波长提取算法来构建不同AFB1定量预测模型, 从中选择较好的预处理方法、特征波长提取算法以及定量预测模型, 并对部分样品进行预测, 最后得到的定量预测模型测试集和训练集的相关系数均大于0.90, 表明本研究建立的AFB1含量预测模型能够对未知样品进行检测。总体来说, NIRS无损检测方法在监测小麦中黄曲霉毒素含量方面具有显著的应用潜力和实际价值。
  • 安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2023n06020014)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930006
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2023n06020014)
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    1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 合肥 230601
    2.农产品现代加工安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
    3.农产品智能化绿色质选技术与装备安徽省联合共建学科重点实验室, 合肥 230012
    4.安徽捷迅光电技术有限公司, 合肥 230012 ‌

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* 赵妍嫣(1971—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为农产品精深加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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