Article(id=1153433750038892640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929635772, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929635772, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929635772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929635772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433751011971179, articleId=1153433750038892640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of flavor quality of red cheese by solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with intelligent electronic sensory techniques, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To deeply analyze the sensory quality of flavor during the ripening process of red cheese through various methods for measuring food flavor quality. Methods The volatile flavor compounds and sensory quality of red cheese at different ripening periods were analyzed by solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME arrow-GC-MS), electronic nose, electronic tongue, and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Results The results showed that there were differences in the flavor profiles of red cheeses at different ripening periods. A total of 85 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were identified in red cheese by GC-MS. The total content of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones first increased and then decreased, while the total content of esters continued to increase. Combined with the relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis, 28 kinds of characteristic volatile flavor compounds were identified. QDA yielded that yogurt flavor, wine flavor, and sour flavor would enhance significantly (P<0.05) during cheese ripening. In addition, electronic tongue analysis demonstrated significant differences in sourness and bitter aftertaste among red cheeses at different ripening periods (P<0.05). Conclusion This study analyzes and compares the sensory quality of flavor during the ripening process of red cheese from multiple perspectives by combining various methods for measuring food flavor quality. This study not only improves the understanding of the sensory qualities of red cheese but also provides a reference for the development, quality control, and flavor improvement of novel fermented dairy products.

, correspAuthors=Bei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-Dong WANG, Xin-Ying XU, Ying WANG, Xi-Ran WANG, Bei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433778534994852, articleId=1153433750038892640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法结合智能电子感官技术分析红纹奶酪的风味品质, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过比较多种食品风味品质测定方法, 深入解析红纹奶酪成熟过程中的风味感官品质。方法 采用箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME arrow-GC-MS)、电子鼻、电子舌以及定量描述分析(quantitative descriptive analysis, QDA)方法对不同成熟时期红纹奶酪中的挥发性成分及感官品质进行分析。结果 电子鼻可快速识别不同成熟时期红纹奶酪。GC-MS在红纹奶酪中共鉴定得到85种挥发性气味化合物, 其中酸类、醇类、醛类化合物和酮类化合物的总含量先升高后降低, 酯类的总含量则持续升高。结合相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)分析, 确定28种特征挥发性化合物。QDA得到酸奶味、酒香味和酸味会在奶酪成熟期间显著增强(P<0.05)。此外, 电子舌结果显示不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪在酸味和苦味回味上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 本研究通过结合多种食品风味品质测定方法, 多方位解析和对比了红纹奶酪成熟过程中的风味感官品质。研究结果不仅提高了对红纹奶酪风味感官品质的认识, 还为新型发酵乳制品的开发、品质控制和风味改良提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王蓓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王蓓(1981—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品风味与感知技术。E-mail:
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王亚东(1998—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为乳制品风味调控。E-mail:

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王亚东(1998—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为乳制品风味调控。E-mail:

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注: *表示差异显著(P<0.05), 图235同。

, figureFileSmall=+ibe6E4M2g/VX1G2kvT+og==, figureFileBig=IATILjs0eOY4Ily2Tt0pZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951593882088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Statistical chart of total volatile compounds in red cheese at different ripening time, figureFileSmall=E3AEQUKbiz9Yg0grq3SYaw==, figureFileBig=j+26+WhvigYOsrtqtbR7Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951673573865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同成熟时期红纹奶酪各类挥发性化合物总含量统计图, figureFileSmall=E3AEQUKbiz9Yg0grq3SYaw==, figureFileBig=j+26+WhvigYOsrtqtbR7Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951728099818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Radar map of sensory evaluation of red cheese at different ripening times, figureFileSmall=aRyApap0jmzWQVIAXjPQAQ==, figureFileBig=s2CytMZEawa8Q1uzA/L3tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951786820075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同成熟时期红纹奶酪感官评价雷达分析图谱, figureFileSmall=aRyApap0jmzWQVIAXjPQAQ==, figureFileBig=s2CytMZEawa8Q1uzA/L3tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951849734636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation between sensory properties and characteristic volatile flavor compounds of red cheese, figureFileSmall=CRbGFGYYkUicWjeUoD/E3A==, figureFileBig=6POvEBseGEpAtmz8ab9rhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951925232109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红纹奶酪感官属性与特征挥发性化合物的相关性, figureFileSmall=CRbGFGYYkUicWjeUoD/E3A==, figureFileBig=6POvEBseGEpAtmz8ab9rhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733951988146670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Radar map of red cheese at different ripening time detected by electronic tongue, figureFileSmall=21a+2FDoLxAQp+qppVRr/Q==, figureFileBig=6EvNVEefSfMjVRMa3AvCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733952051061231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电子舌检测不同成熟时期红纹奶酪的雷达分析图谱, figureFileSmall=21a+2FDoLxAQp+qppVRr/Q==, figureFileBig=6EvNVEefSfMjVRMa3AvCKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733952139141616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation descriptors and corresponding standards of red cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词 定义 参考
酸奶味 与双乙酰相关的芳香 2,3丁二酮(5 mg/L)
奶油味 与乳脂相关的芳香 多美鲜稀奶油
花果香 与水果相关的芳香 己酸乙酯水溶液(20 mg/L)
奶臭味 与短链脂肪酸相关的芳香 丁酸水溶液(1.2 mg/L)
酸味 与醋酸相关的芳香 乙酸水溶液(2.0 mg/L)
酒香味 与酒精相关的芳香 乙醇(350 mL/L)
), ArticleFig(id=1171733952227222001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433750038892640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红纹奶酪感官评价描述词及对应标准品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词 定义 参考
酸奶味 与双乙酰相关的芳香 2,3丁二酮(5 mg/L)
奶油味 与乳脂相关的芳香 多美鲜稀奶油
花果香 与水果相关的芳香 己酸乙酯水溶液(20 mg/L)
奶臭味 与短链脂肪酸相关的芳香 丁酸水溶液(1.2 mg/L)
酸味 与醋酸相关的芳香 乙酸水溶液(2.0 mg/L)
酒香味 与酒精相关的芳香 乙醇(350 mL/L)
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箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法结合智能电子感官技术分析红纹奶酪的风味品质
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王亚东 , 徐昕蓥 , 王颖 , 王喜然 , 王蓓 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(8): 152-160
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(8): 152-160
箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法结合智能电子感官技术分析红纹奶酪的风味品质
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王亚东 , 徐昕蓥, 王颖, 王喜然, 王蓓*
作者信息
  • 北京工商大学食品与健康学院, 北京 100048
  • 王亚东(1998—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为乳制品风味调控。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王蓓(1981—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品风味与感知技术。E-mail:
Analysis of flavor quality of red cheese by solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with intelligent electronic sensory techniques
Ya-Dong WANG , Xin-Ying XU, Ying WANG, Xi-Ran WANG, Bei WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115006
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目的 通过比较多种食品风味品质测定方法, 深入解析红纹奶酪成熟过程中的风味感官品质。方法 采用箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME arrow-GC-MS)、电子鼻、电子舌以及定量描述分析(quantitative descriptive analysis, QDA)方法对不同成熟时期红纹奶酪中的挥发性成分及感官品质进行分析。结果 电子鼻可快速识别不同成熟时期红纹奶酪。GC-MS在红纹奶酪中共鉴定得到85种挥发性气味化合物, 其中酸类、醇类、醛类化合物和酮类化合物的总含量先升高后降低, 酯类的总含量则持续升高。结合相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)分析, 确定28种特征挥发性化合物。QDA得到酸奶味、酒香味和酸味会在奶酪成熟期间显著增强(P<0.05)。此外, 电子舌结果显示不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪在酸味和苦味回味上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 本研究通过结合多种食品风味品质测定方法, 多方位解析和对比了红纹奶酪成熟过程中的风味感官品质。研究结果不仅提高了对红纹奶酪风味感官品质的认识, 还为新型发酵乳制品的开发、品质控制和风味改良提供参考。

红纹奶酪  /  红曲霉  /  气相色谱-质谱法  /  电子鼻  /  电子舌

Objective To deeply analyze the sensory quality of flavor during the ripening process of red cheese through various methods for measuring food flavor quality. Methods The volatile flavor compounds and sensory quality of red cheese at different ripening periods were analyzed by solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME arrow-GC-MS), electronic nose, electronic tongue, and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Results The results showed that there were differences in the flavor profiles of red cheeses at different ripening periods. A total of 85 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were identified in red cheese by GC-MS. The total content of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones first increased and then decreased, while the total content of esters continued to increase. Combined with the relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis, 28 kinds of characteristic volatile flavor compounds were identified. QDA yielded that yogurt flavor, wine flavor, and sour flavor would enhance significantly (P<0.05) during cheese ripening. In addition, electronic tongue analysis demonstrated significant differences in sourness and bitter aftertaste among red cheeses at different ripening periods (P<0.05). Conclusion This study analyzes and compares the sensory quality of flavor during the ripening process of red cheese from multiple perspectives by combining various methods for measuring food flavor quality. This study not only improves the understanding of the sensory qualities of red cheese but also provides a reference for the development, quality control, and flavor improvement of novel fermented dairy products.

red cheese  /  Monascus  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  /  electronic nose  /  electronic tongue
王亚东, 徐昕蓥, 王颖, 王喜然, 王蓓. 箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法结合智能电子感官技术分析红纹奶酪的风味品质. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 152 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115006
Ya-Dong WANG, Xin-Ying XU, Ying WANG, Xi-Ran WANG, Bei WANG. Analysis of flavor quality of red cheese by solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with intelligent electronic sensory techniques[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 152 -160 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115006
红纹奶酪是一种新型发酵乳制品, 内外有红色纹路, 风味品质独特。其红色外观来源于制作过程中加入的红曲霉菌, 这种真菌能代谢碳水化合物并分泌酯化酶, 提高奶酪中酯酶含量[1], 对风味形成至关重要。当前工艺研发主要借鉴表面霉菌成熟型(如卡门贝尔奶酪)[2-5]与内部霉菌成熟型(如蓝纹奶酪)[6-7]两类传统工艺, 但红曲霉的最适生长温度与传统工艺后熟条件存在兼容性瓶颈[8]。针对此矛盾, 本研究通过菌株筛选与工艺优化, 成功制备出具有酒香和果香特征的红纹奶酪, 红曲霉菌在奶酪内外均有生长。
奶酪风味感官品质对于提升产品品质、满足消费者需求和推动产业发展具有重要意义。目前, 红纹奶酪的风味品质已经展开了初步研究。王童等[9]以卡门贝尔奶酪的加工工艺为基础, 制作红曲霉类卡门贝尔奶酪, 通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)发现调控有机酸代谢网络, 可改变醇、酮、酯类挥发性物质合成路径。JIAO等[10]研究了红曲霉在半软质奶酪中的新应用。研究表明可通过重塑微生物群落结构, 干预蛋白质水解与脂肪降解进程从而影响奶酪风味品质的形成。徐杏敏等[11]采用非靶向代谢组学方法初步鉴定得到了红曲霉奶酪中23个特征代谢产物。然而, 对这些组学技术可以精准确定风味化合物, 但是往往实验时间较长、成本较高, 不适用于快速识别样品的风味品质。
电子感官技术, 包括电子鼻和电子舌等, 在奶酪风味研究中有多种应用。这些技术能够提供快速、客观、准确的风味品质分析结果, 有助于更好地理解奶酪的风味特性。电子鼻因其成本效益、快速性、灵敏度和无损检测而成为通过嗅觉评估食品质量的首选工具。高佳嘉等[12]根据电子鼻测定的5种不同植物基配比奶酪的风味轮廓优化了植物基奶酪的配方。王琳等[13]通过电子鼻分析不同凝固方式加工的硬质奶酪的香气特征, 结果表明在相同发酵菌种的条件下, 通过不同凝乳方式可以开发风味差异化的奶酪产品。电子舌凭借其快速响应特性、高灵敏度传感器阵列、非破坏性检测模式及多变量统计分析算法, 已构建多维度感知体系, 为食品风味组学中呈味物质的动态表征与代谢产物互作机制解析提供基础数据。HAYASHIDA等[14]使用电子舌系统测量了使用5种曲霉菌与商业卡门培尔奶酪相比成熟的奶酪样品的味道值。与卡门培尔奶酪样品相比, 所有曲霉菌奶酪样品都表现出较低的酸味和更大的苦味、涩味、咸味和鲜味浓郁度。每种味道特征的强度因曲霉菌株而异。但是目前, 关于红纹奶酪风味品质的研究主要集中于传统GC-MS, 而基于电子感官技术的多源数据融合分析体系在该领域的应用仍有待系统探索。将电子感官技术与GC-MS相结合, 可以更加全面的了解红纹奶酪的风味特性。
本研究采用电子鼻、电子舌、箭型固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(solid phase microextraction arrow-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME arrow-GC-MS), 定量描述分析(quantitative descriptive analysis, QDA)结合相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV), 对不同成熟时期红纹奶酪中的挥发性化合物及感官品质进行分析。研究结果有助于促进新型发酵乳制品产品的开发及乳品品质判别。
生牛乳[内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司]。
2-甲基戊酸、2-甲基-3-庚酮、正己烷、正构烷烃(C7~C33)(色谱纯, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 乳酸菌基础发酵剂CHOOZIT MM100[丹尼斯克(中国)有限公司]; CHY-MAX凝乳酶(平均活力1400 IMCU/g, 丹麦科汉森公司); 氯化钠(食品级, 中国盐业股份有限公司); 氯化钙(食品级, 上海鑫泰实业有限公司); 氯化钾、酒石酸(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司)。
PEN3电子鼻(德国Airsense公司); 7890B-5977A气相色谱质谱联用仪、色谱柱DB-Wax毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国Agilent公司); SA402B电子舌(日本INSENT公司); ME204/02电子天平[精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]。
实验中使用的生牛乳由内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司旗下的牧场提供。生牛乳中的乳糖、蛋白质、脂肪和pH分别为4.65%、3.35%、3.81%和6.56。红纹奶酪的制备方案如下。标准化后的牛奶在65 ℃下巴氏杀菌30 min。在凝乳之前, 牛奶在31 ℃下接种商业乳酸菌发酵剂(CHOOZIT MM100)和紫色红曲霉M1孢子菌悬液(5.0×107个/mL), 发酵30 min。然后, 在31 ℃下加入商业凝乳酶(CHY-MAX凝乳酶, 0.2 g/L牛奶), 凝乳45 min。然后, 将凝乳块切成约3 cm×3 cm×3 cm的立方体。排出乳清后, 向凝乳中加入氯化钠(2.00 g/100 g凝乳)。最后, 将奶酪转移到26 °C, 相对湿度为80%的恒温恒湿培养箱中成熟5 d, 然后转到10 °C成熟90 d。在4个不同的成熟期(0、30、60和90 d)取样用于进一步分析。取样一式3份。
参考王姣等[15]研究方法, 准确称取6 g红纹奶酪置于40 mL顶空瓶, 并将顶空瓶用封口膜密封, 在60 ℃水浴锅平衡30 min后用电子鼻系统通过吸取顶空气体进行检测分析, 每个样品测5次平行, 电子鼻设置检测时间180 s, 清洗时间120 s, 气体流速1 L/min, 其他参数取其默认值。获得电子鼻香气指纹图谱后, 利用电子鼻自带的WinMuster软件对不同红纹奶酪样品进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)。最终结果以雷达图呈现。
参考文献[16-17]研究方法, 将6 g红纹奶酪研磨粉碎, 装入40 mL顶空瓶中。加入1 μL 2-甲基戊酸和1 μL 2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标溶液(内标溶液使用正己烷稀释)。将红纹奶酪样品在50 ℃水浴中平衡30 min, 然后将萃取头插入顶空瓶中进行吸附, 注意竖直插入, 吸附涂层不要接触瓶壁, 吸附时间为30 min。
GC条件: DB-Wax毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm); 高纯度氦气(99.99%)用作GC-MS分析的载气, 流速1 mL/min; 升温程序: 溶剂延迟4 min, 烤箱温度保持在40 °C下5 min, 并以3 °C/min的速度升至230 °C。采用不分流模式, 进样口温度250 ℃。
MS条件: 电子电离源; 电离能量70 eV; 离子源温度230 ℃; 接口温度250 ℃; 四极杆温度150 ℃; 检测器温度250 ℃; 全扫描模式; 质量扫描范围m/z 20~350。
参考WANG等[18]研究方法, 采用3种方法对化合物定性。首先在美国国家标准与技术研究院质谱数据库(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST) 14中进行检索对比; 其次, 计算化合物的保留指数(retention index, RI)并与文献中的RI进行对比; 最后, 比对嗅闻结果。将正构烷烃C7~C33与在相同的色谱条件下得出GC保留时间按下式计算待测化合物的RI。根据内标半定量法计算各挥发性成分的含量。
参考于明等[19]和毛红艳等[20]研究方法, 利用ROAV定义对样品风味贡献最大的挥发性风味物质, 即ROAVmax=100, 其他挥发性成分ROAV按式(1)计算。
$ROA{{V}_{A}}=\frac{{{C}_{A}}}{{{T}_{A}}}\times \frac{{{C}_{stan}}}{{{T}_{stan}}}\times 100$
式中: TA为各组分感觉阈值, μg/kg; Tstan为贡献最大组分感觉阈值, μg/kg; CA为各组分相对含量, %; Cstan为贡献最大组分相对含量, %。
参考丛艳君等[21]和LIPKOWITZ等[22]研究方法, 称取红纹奶酪40 g加入200 mL纯净水搅拌混匀1 min, 8000 g离心10 min后过滤去留清液待测。SA402B电子舌配备了6个测试传感器和两个用于味道属性分析的参考传感器, 用于评估6种基本味道和2种回味, 即酸味、涩味和涩味回味、苦味和苦味回味、咸味、鲜味和甜味。在分析之前, 对传感器进行校准、诊断, 并在清洁溶液(30 mmol/L KCl+0.3 mmol/L酒石酸, 90 s)和参考溶液(30 mmol/L KCl+0.3 mmol/L酒石酸, 120 s+120 s)中洗涤。接下来, 将传感器浸入样品溶液中30 s以确定味道值。最后, 使用电子舌附带的味觉分析应用程序将电子舌结果转换为味觉值。采用软件Oringin 2022进行数据处理。
参考ZENG等[1]研究方法, 10人组成奶酪感官评价专家小组(8女2男, 平均年龄24岁, 均接受过初级感官评定训练), 可以进行初级感官评估, 具有良好的感官感知能力和对感官疲劳的高度耐受性。试验采用描述性感官评价分析, 感官描述词见表1所示, 评分区间设置为0~9分, 最终汇总得分并计算各项指标的平均值。
利用SPSS 23.0分析软件对数据进行显著性分析(P<0.05)。电子鼻、电子舌根据传感器采集的原始数据进行统计学分析(实验设置6次平行), 利用Origin 2022进行主成分分析和雷达色谱图分析。
不同成熟时期红纹奶酪电子鼻检测雷达图结果如图1所示, 其挥发性有机化合物的组成随成熟时间发生显著变化。10个传感器中, W1C(芳香成分)、W5S(氮氧化物)、W1S(甲烷)、W1W(硫化物)和W2S(醇、醛、酮类)的响应值差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这些变化可能反映了奶酪成熟过程中复杂的生化反应和微生物代谢的动态特征。
W1C传感器(芳香成分)的响应值在30 d之后随成熟时间延长呈上升趋势, 表明芳香化合物(如酯类、萜烯类)的积累。此类化合物通常来源于脂质氧化和蛋白质降解, 尤其在60 d至90 d阶段显著增加, 可能与后期乳酸菌的代谢活动增强有关。W5S传感器(氮氧化物)在30 d时响应值达到峰值, 随后逐渐下降, 暗示氮氧化物的生成可能与成熟早期的氧化反应相关。W1S传感器(甲烷)的响应值在0 d至30 d阶段显著升高, 可能与奶酪内部微环境从有氧向厌氧过渡有关。甲烷的产生通常与产甲烷菌的活动相关, 这类微生物在低氧条件下分解短链脂肪酸, 其活性在成熟初期较为活跃。W1W传感器(硫化物)的变化则呈现两阶段性: 0 d至30 d响应值呈增加趋势, 30 d后开始下降, 60 d和90 d基本保持一致。硫化物(如甲硫醇、二甲基硫醚)的形成主要源于含硫氨基酸(如蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸)的降解, 前期微生物蛋白酶活性增强可能导致其释放, 而后期可能因挥发性损失或进一步转化为其他化合物导致浓度降低。W2S传感器(醇、醛、酮类)的响应值在成熟过程中呈波动性变化, 其中30 d时显著高于其他阶段。这类化合物是脂质氧化和碳水化合物发酵的典型产物, 其波动可能反映了不同阶段优势微生物群落的演替。例如, 乳酸菌在中期主导产酸发酵, 而红曲菌在后期可能通过酯化反应生成更多酯酮类物质。电子鼻研究结果为进一步解析红纹奶酪风味形成机制提供了数据支持, 但无法对差异化合物进行定性定量分析, 需结合GC-MS等定量分析技术, 以更全面地揭示挥发性成分的动态变化[23]
通过SPME arrow-GC-MS对4个不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪进行检测, 共鉴定得到85种挥发性风味化合物, 包括酸类(13种)、酯类(45种)、醇类(14种)、酮类(8种)、醛类(4种)和烯烃类化合物(1种)。
酸类化合物在奶酪的风味形成中发挥着重要的作用, 通常来源于脂肪分解[24]。如图2所示, 红纹奶酪的酸类化合物的含量随着成熟时间的延长而逐渐积累, 在成熟的第30 d奶酪的酸类化合物总含量最高, 含量最高的酸类化合物为己酸、丁酸和辛酸, 分别为544438.705、275078.319、270713.192 μg/kg。这些短链酸在低浓度时能呈现奶香味, 而高浓度时则可能给奶酪带来汗臭味、刺鼻味和腐臭味[25]。因此, 酸类化合物的含量与奶酪的成熟过程和感官品质控制密切相关。
酯类化合物为奶酪贡献了花香和水果香气, 当浓度较高时, 还会产生发酵香气[26]。短链酯类化合物在常温下挥发性较强, 且具有较低的阈值, 可以抑制酸类化合物产生的腐臭气味, 在奶酪中起到风味修饰作用, 尤其是一些含有中短链脂肪酸的乙酯[27]。红纹奶酪的酯类总含量在成熟过程中逐渐升高, 在第90 d时达到最大值。其中含量最高的是辛酸乙酯(42874.402 μg/kg)、己酸乙酯(25469.521 μg/kg)、癸酸乙酯(27074.699 μg/kg)和丁酸乙酯(17495.127 μg/kg)。辛酸乙酯具有柔和、愉快而持久的白兰地酒香味, 己酸乙酯具有菠萝的香甜味, 而丁酸乙酯、和癸酸乙酯都具有奶香味、果香味以及奶油味。这些脂肪酸乙酯类化合物含量的持续升高与奶酪成熟后期酸类化合物含量的降低密切相关。
酮类、醇类、醛类和烯类化合物也在红纹奶酪的风味形成中也发挥着至关重要的作用。红纹奶酪中的酮类化合物多为甲基酮, 包括2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮、2-癸酮和2-十一酮。这些甲基酮类化合物在奶酪成熟的中后期逐渐增加, 通常会赋予奶酪果香味和奶香味。醇类化合物在红纹奶酪的成熟过程中逐渐产生, 整体含量是先升高后降低的。它们为奶酪提供了柔和、甜美的风味背景[28]。醛类化合物为红纹奶酪带来了果香、花香或脂肪香气, 这些香气使得奶酪的风味更加复杂和多样化[15]。烯类化合物为奶酪带来了清新的香气, 如青草香或草本香气[29]
通过计算ROAV值来确定红纹奶酪的特征风味化合物。由于丁酸乙酯的高含量和低阈值。因此, 将丁酸乙酯定义为对红纹奶酪风味贡献最大的挥发性风味物质, 即ROAVmax=100。其余挥发性化合物的ROAV值计算结果如表2所示。所有样品ROAV值大于1(对红纹奶酪的气味有重要贡献)的化合物有28个, 包含8个酸类化合物(丁酸、己酸、异戊酸、辛酸、壬酸、2-甲基丁酸、癸酸和9-癸烯酸), 6个酯类化合物(丁酸乙酯、己酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、十四酸乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯), 11个醇类化合物(乙醇、2-庚醇、异丙醇、异丁醇、己醇、庚醇、辛醇、2,3-丁二醇, 2-十二醇、苯乙醇和2-乙基己醇), 2个酮类化合物(丙酮和2,3-丁二酮)和1个醛类化合物(苯甲醛)。成熟0、30、60和90 d的红纹奶酪分别有10种、10种、13种和16种ROAV值大于1的化合物。奶酪成熟前期的主要特征风味化合物是酸类和醇类, 后期特征风味化合物逐渐转变为酸类、酯类和酮类化合物。
不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪的香气强度和喜好度进行评价如图3所示。4个不同成熟时期奶酪样品在6种属性的香气强度上均存在差异(P<0.05)。其中成熟0 d的奶酪, 酸味和酒香味尚不明显, 红纹奶酪的主体气味为奶油味。随着成熟时间的延长, 奶酪的酸奶味、酸味和酒香味等发酵气味逐渐增强, 而奶油味逐渐下降。这与后期奶酪的酸类化合物和酯类化合物含量较高有关。成熟红纹奶酪的气味感官轮廓主要由酸奶味、酒香味、酸味和花果香组成。
挥发性风味化合物和奶酪的感官品质随着奶酪成熟过程发生动态变化。对挥发性风味化合物和奶酪的感官品质进行相关性分析, 以分析其潜在的相关联性。皮尔逊相关系数显示, 部分挥发性风味化合物与奶酪的气味强度显著相关(|r|>0.80, P<0.05)(图4)。
酸奶味与13个挥发性化合物呈显著正相关, 与3个化合物呈显著负相关。如图4所示, 与酒香味呈正相关的主要是乙酯类化合物(丁酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等), 其次还包括一些醇类化合物, 例如己醇、庚醇、辛醇等。奶油味与2个挥发性化合物呈显著正相关, 分别是2,3-丁二酮和2-乙基己醇, 与2个化合物呈显著负相关, 分别是十四酸乙酯和棕榈酸乙酯。2,3-丁二酮一直以来被认为是酸奶的特征风味物质, 赋予酸奶奶油香气。花果香与19个挥发性化合物呈显著正相关, 与3个化合物呈显著负相关。与花果香呈正相关的主要是酯类化合物(丁酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯等)、酸类化合物(9-癸烯酸、癸酸和丁酸等)、醇类化合物(己醇、庚醇和辛醇等)。与花果香呈负相关的化合物是2-乙基己醇、异戊酸和2,3-丁二酮。奶臭味与2个挥发性化合物呈显著正相关, 与1个化合物呈显著负相关。与奶臭味呈正相关的化合物有2-甲基丁酸和苯甲醛等。与奶臭味呈负相关的化合物是2,3-丁二醇。酸味与18个挥发性化合物呈显著正相关, 与3个化合物呈显著负相关。与酸味呈正相关的主要是主要是酸类化合物(9-癸烯酸、壬酸等), 其次还包括酯类化合物(棕榈酸乙酯、十四酸乙酯等)、醇类化合物(己醇、庚醇等)等。与酸味呈负相关的化合物是2-乙基己醇、异戊酸和2,3-丁二酮。与酒香味呈正相关的化合物有13个, 主要包括(棕榈酸乙酯、十四酸乙酯等)、醇类化合物(己醇、庚醇等)等。负相关的化合物有3个(2-乙基己醇、异戊酸和2,3-丁二酮)。
综上所述, 不同气味属性的相关性化合物大不相同。红纹奶酪的酸味、酸奶味、奶臭味和酒香味主要和酸类、醇类和酯类化合物相关。花果香和奶油味主要和酮类化合物相关。相关性结果可为奶酪风味品质判定和改善提供基础数据。
电子舌技术是一种先进的味觉分析工具, 广泛应用于食品科学领域, 用于检测和分析食品的味觉特征。在红纹奶酪的研究中, 电子舌技术被用于检测不同成熟时期红纹奶酪的味觉特征。图5展示了4个不同成熟时期红纹奶酪的电子舌区别指数雷达分析图谱。如图5所示, 不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪在酸味和苦味回味上存在显著差异(P<0.05), 而其他味觉参数上的差异相对较小。这种显著差异可能是由于奶酪在成熟过程中游离脂肪酸类化合物的积累。游离脂肪酸是奶酪成熟过程中的重要代谢产物, 它们的积累会影响奶酪的风味和口感。此外, 苦味可能来源于氨基酸和肽类, 这些化合物在奶酪的成熟过程中通过蛋白质的水解而产生。氨基酸和肽类不仅影响奶酪的苦味, 还可能与其他风味化合物相互作用, 进一步影响奶酪的整体风味。为了更全面地理解红纹奶酪在不同成熟时期的味觉特征变化, 下一步需要结合红纹奶酪非挥发性代谢物的实验结果进行深入分析。非挥发性代谢物包括多种有机酸、氨基酸、肽类等, 这些化合物在奶酪的成熟过程中起着关键作用。通过综合分析电子舌数据和非挥发性代谢物的实验结果, 可以更准确地揭示红纹奶酪在不同成熟时期的风味变化机制, 为优化奶酪的生产工艺和提高产品质量提供科学依据。
通过电子鼻可以快速识别不同成熟时间红纹奶酪样本存在显著差异。进一步利用SPME arrow-GC-MS结合ROAV分析可以得到ROAV值大于1的28种特征风味物质, 包括己酸、辛酸、己酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯、2,3-丁二酮和2,3-丁二醇等, 酸类、醇类和醛类化合物的总含量在成熟期内先升高后降低, 成熟后期奶酪的酯类和酮类化合物含量显著提高。QDA分析确定成熟红纹奶酪的气味感官轮廓由酸奶味、酒香味、酸味和花果香组成, 且酸奶味、酒香味和酸味会在奶酪成熟期间显著增强(P<0.05)。皮尔逊相关性分析得到, 红纹奶酪的酒香味、酸奶味、奶臭味和酸味主要和酸类、醇类和酯类化合物相关。花果香和奶油味主要和酮类化合物相关。此外, 电子舌分析显示不同成熟时期的红纹奶酪在酸味和苦味回味上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。基于不同分析检测技术对红纹奶酪风味物质与感官品质的深入理解, 未来会结合消费者需求和市场趋势, 开发具有独特风味和营养价值的红纹奶酪产品。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(3272345)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250115006
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
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国家自然科学基金项目(3272345)
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    北京工商大学食品与健康学院, 北京 100048

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* 王蓓(1981—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品风味与感知技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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